IS : 6600 - 1972

Indim Standard
( Sixth
UDC

( Reaffirmed 2001 )

GUIDE FOR LOADING OF OIL-IMMERSED TRANSFORMERS

Reprint AUGUST 1997 )

621.314.212.016.3

@ Copyright 1972

BUREAU

OF

INDIAN

STANDARDS
MARC3

MANAK BHAVAN,

9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR NEW DELHI 110002

Gr 7

November 1972

IS:6600-

197

Indim Standard
GUIDE FOR LOADING OF OIL-IMMERSED TRANSFORMERS
Transformers Sectional Committee, ETDC
U&man
SHRI U. K. PATWARDRAN

16

Director, Prayog Electricals Mt,mbers

Pvt Ltd, 32 Sion East, Bombay 22 kepresenting

SHRI J. S. AIYEK Gtljarat Electricity Board, Baroda SHRI C. S. PARIKH ( Alternntc ) SHRI M. AR~MUGAM Tamil Nadu Electiicity Board, Madras SHRI E. S. NARAYANAN(Alternate ) ?hm B. G. BHAKEY K 4oskar Electric 90 Ltd, Bangalore DR B. N. JAYARAM ( Alternate ) SHRI T. K. BOSE National Electrical Industries Ltd, Bombay SHRI E. M. D. MELLO ( Alternate ) DIRECTOR ( TRANSMISSION ) Central Water & Ppwer Commission ( Power Wing ) DEPUTY DIRECTOR( SUPERGRID) ( Alternate) U. P. State Electricity &&d, Lucknow SHRI R. S. GARG Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation Ltd, Calcutta SHRI T. K. GHOSE SHRI P. K. BHATTACHARJEE ( Alternate ) Research & Development Organization for Electrical &RI AGNIVESH GUPTA Industry, Bhopal Heavy Electricals ( India ) Ltd, Bhopal $HRI D. P. GU~TA SHRI D. V. NARKE ( Alternate ) &RI E. J. MAI-XABLESHWARWA&LA Bombay Electric SUPD~Y & Transport Undertaking, -Bombay SHRI S. D. CHOTRANEY ( Alternate ) Insurance Association of India, Bombay SHRI S. V. MARPATIA SHRI A. C. MODY ( Alternate ) Tata Hydra-Electric Power Supply Co Ltd, Bombay SHRI D. B. MEHTA SHRI A. M. SAHNI( Alternate ) Madhya Pradesh Electricity Board, Jabalpur SHRI M. K. R. MENON Directorate General of Supplies & Disposals SHRI A. S. NAGARKA~I ( Inspection Wing ) SHRI G. R. BHATIA ( Alternate ) Crompdon Greaves Ltd, Bombay SHRI M. A. PANDIT Hindustan B&wn,Beveri Ltd, Bombay SHRI I. S. PATEL Siemens India Ltd, Bombay SHRI D. P. SAHCAL SHRI A. R. SALVI (Alternate ) NGEF Ltd, Bangalore SHRI K. G. SHANMVRHAPPA SHRI P. S. RAMAN{ Alterale )( Contint4ed on Pogc 2 )

BUREAU
MANAK

OF

INDIAN
o -IqDUR :ELHI

STANDAF?DS
SHAH 110002 ZAFAR ,wARQ

BHAVAN

-Is: 6600- 1972

( Continued from page 1 ) Members Representing Mysore State Electricity Punjab State El~~ff+ity Board, Bangalore Board, Patiala SHRI SOB&N SINWi SHRI B. N. RAM PAUL ( Alternate) SIJXRINTENDING Ex 31 NE E R Andhr-Pradesh El ctricity Depal,tment ( Ele+city Projects & Boaru 5 , Hyderabad ( OPER.~TI~N)

SHRIM. A. SHARIPP

ENGINEER TECHNICAL ( PROJECTS ) ( Ahnate ) DR VAKILAHMED Directorate

SUPERINTENDING

SHRIS. P. CH~UFIIZY ( dlfernale) Delhi Electric Supply Undertaking, Delhi SHRIS. C. VAR~HNEYA SHRI M. K. BHARGAWA ( AItemate) SARI Y. S. VENKATESWARAN, Director General, BIS ( 23x-oJicio Member )
Director ( Elec tech ) ( Semtary )

General of Technical Development ordination Section III), New Delhi

( GO_

Panel

for Guide to Loading of Power Transformers,

ETDC

16 : P2

(=onuener SHRID. P. GUPTA

Members Shri D. P. Gupta ) SHRI B. G. BHAKEY

Heavy Electricals ( India ) Ltd, Bhopal

SHRI D. V. NARKE( Alfemale to

Kirloskar Electric Co Ltd, Bangalore DR B. N. TAYARAM ( Alfernate 1 National Electrical Industries Ltd, Bombay SHRIT. K. B&E SKI K. S. DAYAMA ( Alternate) Tata Hydro-Electric Power Supply Co Ltd, Bombay SHRI A. V. KETKAR Crompton Greaves Ltd, Bombay SHRI C. R. VARIER SHRIV. G. DEODHAR ( A&?rnafe )

1!3:6600-1972

indian Standard
GUIDE FOR LOADING OF OIL-IMMERSED TRANSFORMERS

0. FOREWORD
0-l This Indian Standard was adopted by the Indian Standards Institution on 28 March 1972, after the draft finalized by the Transformers Sectional Committee had been approved by the Eiectrotechnical Division Council. 0.2 This guide covers general recommendations transformers conforming to IS : 2026-1962. for loading of oil-immersed

0.3 In the preparation of this guide considerable assistance has been derived from IEC Document 14 ( Central Office ) 16 Loading guide for oilimmersed transformers issued by the International Electrotechnical Commission. 0.4 While it is not possible to present accurate data for all conditions @ use and variations of transformer design, it is the purpose of this guide to enable the user when planning or operating, to determine the range of. permissible loads under given conditions. 0.5 Modern transform,ors are generally designed to permit loading in line with this guide, but if there is any question as to the capability of the transformer, either old or new, to carry the desired load, the manufacturer should be consulted. 0.6 The tables given in this guide have been drawn up in a manner as to be useful to the system planner as well as the operator. Whereas a system planner may be looking for an optimum size of transformer fora given load condition, the load controller or operator may like to know what overloads can be allowed on any day on existing transformers. 0.7 In this guide the values of exponents x anhy have been taken as O-9 and O+J respectively on the basis of IEC document 14 ( Central Office) 16 and IEC Publication 76 ( 1967 ) Power transformers . These values are different from those given in IS : 2026-1962 which is at present under revision. It is expected that in the revised version of IS : 2026-1962* the values of exponents x and y will be lined up with those given in IEC Publication 76. *Specificationfor powertranaformerr.
[ Since revised j.

IS:6600-1972 1. SCOPE 1.1 This guide is applicable

ON/OB complying to oil-immersed with IS : 2026-1962*. transformers of types ON and

1.1.1 IS : 2026-1962* does not take into consideration either temperatures different from normal or variations in the load ( which only exceptionally correspond to uninterrupted continuous operation at rated kVA ).
1.2 This guide indicates how oil-immersed transformers may be operated for different ambients and duties without exceeding the acceptable limit of deterioration of insulation through thermal effects. For very large transformers, for example, 100 MVA and above, the advice of the manufacturer should be followed. ( For additional limitations requiring reference to the manufacturers, see 3 ). 2. TERMINOLOGY 2.0 For the purpose of this guide, the following those given in IS : 2026-1962* shall apply. definitions in addition to

2.1 Hot-Spot Temperature - The maximum temperature that any part of the winding reaches under given load conditions and ambient. 2.2 Weighted Ambient Temperature - The temperature which, if maintained continuously during the period of time under consideration, would result in the same ageing of insulation as that occurring under the actual ambient temperature. 3. APPLICATION 3.1 This guide gives the permissible loading, under certain defined conditions, in terms of the rated kVA of the transformer, for the guidance of users and to help planners in choosing the rated kVA required for new installations. The rated kVA defined in IS : 2026-1962* is a conventional reference basis for uninterrupted continuous operation ( with defined limits of cooling medium temperature ) with normal expectation of life. temperature is 32C, but deviations 3.2 Basically, the cooling medium from this arc -provided for, in such, a way that the increased use of life when above 32C as in summer, operating with a cooling medium temperature is balanced by the reduced use of life when it is below 32C in winter. 3.3 Experience indicates be stated more precisely, in particular to operating another. that normal life is some tens of years. It cannot because it may vary even between units, owing factors which may differ from one transformer to
L

*Specification for power transformers. ( Since revised ).

IS : 6600 - I972 3.4 In practice, uninterrupted continuous ~operation at full rated kVA is unusual, and this guide gives recommendations for cyclic daily loads, taking The daily into account seasonal variations of ambient temperature. use of life due to thermal effects is indicated by comparison with the normal use of life corresponding to operation at rated kVA in an ambient of 32C. Tables 1 to 6 show the permissible load, for life, in the two following sets of conditions: a) Continuous and duty, with different cooling cooling medium a normal medium daily use of temperatures;

b) Cyclic

duty, with different

temperatures. applicable to

The general method described duties with any sort of load diagram

in Appendix as a function

A is also of time.

NOTE - This guide is restricted to thermal considerations. Other considerations, notably economic ( capitalization of losses, etc ) may determine the choice of rated kVA.
4. LIMITATIONS 4.1 In preparing this guide, the following the transformer have been assumed: a) For normal cyclic duty, the current rated value. limitations on the operation l-5 of

does not exceed

times the

NOTE - If currents up to this limit and for the durations permitted by this guide are to be carried with safety, it is necessary for the terminal outlets, the tap-change device and similar attachments also to be suitable for the duty. Because IS : 2026-1962* does not define the loading possibility of these fittings, their suitability should be determined by reference to the manufacturer and, if they are found not to be suitable, lower limits of loading and duration will need to be accepted. The user shall ascertain the thermal capability of associated equipment, for example, cables, circuit-breakers and current transformers.

b)

That

in no case a hot-spot is exceeded.

temperature

in the windings

of 140~

XOTF,1 - It has been mentioned by various authors that above 1400~ the Arrhenius Law is not c.ompletely in accordance with the phenomena, owing to accelerated deterioration effects, either because the formation of deterioration products is too fast fqr them to be taken away by the oil, or because a gaseous phase is started sufficiently rapidly to lead to over-?aturation and the formation of bubbles which may endanger the electric strength.
NOTE 2 - Attention is drawn to the fact that a transformer that has been operating at loads greater than the rated kVA may not comply with the thermal requirements on short circuit specified in IS : 2026-!962*. +Q&lication for power transformers. (Since revised).

;I!i.: 6600 - 1972

5. SYMBOLS USED IN THE TABLES

s.1 Only the following four symbols are used in the tables: x1 - Initial load ass fraction of rated kVA; x a = Permissible load as a fraction of rated kVA (may be greater than unity ) ;
h = Duration of Ks in hours; and

Ba = Temperature

of cooling medium ( weighted average).

where S is any value of power, and S, is rated kVA.

6. BASIS OF GUIDE 6.1 The basis for establishing the tables in this guide is as follows: a)
Thermal Deterioration of the Insulation ( Detailed in A-2 ) In a

temperature zone extending up to 14OC, the rate at which transformer insulation deteriorates increases exponentially with temperature; it doubles for every temperature increase of 6C.

a winding hot-spot b) Normal Rate of Insulation Deterioration-At temperature of 98C, insulation deterioration is occurring at a normal rate; the rate of deterioration at other temperature is compared with this normal rate.
NOTE- This temperature of 98% cotresponds to operation in an ambient temperature of 32C at the rated kVA of a transformer having a temperaturcrise at the winding hot spot of 66C ( as detailed in A-l ). The normal rate of insulation deterioration is obtained in practice. _ in 1 oarticular. , whm --~- a -transformer installed in a place where the annual effective ambient temperature ( weighted average according to A-3 ) is 32C, operates continuously at rated kVA. Periods of 32OC ( and compensated below 32C accelerated ageing when the ambient temperature is greater than the winding hot-spot temperature greater than 98C ) are then for by periods of slow agcing when the ambient temperature is ( and the winding hot-spot temperature less than 98C ). L-

c)

above 140C are prohibited.

Winding

Hot-Spot

Temperatures -

Winding hot-spot

temperatures

basis of the tables in this guide is the d) Typical Load Diagram -The simplified load diagram for cyclic daily duty shown in Fig. 1, where K, is the initial load, followed by Ks for a period of h hours I and returning to KS for the remainder of the 24 hours. 6

ls:6600-1972
The tables give permissible cyclic duty with a normal life consumption of 24 hours per day, equal to that consumed during 24 hours bat 98C. If there .are two ormore periods of high load separated by periods of low load, the high loading time h as represented in the diagram is the summation of the high loading times. This condition is less onerous than a single high load for the total time h. To use the guide, the actual fluctuating load cycle shall be converted to thermally equivalent simple rectangular load cycle such as is represented in Fig. 1. A transformer supplying a fluctuating load generates a fluetuating loss, the effect of which is about the same as that of an intermediate load held constant for the same period of time. This is due to the heat storage characteristics of the materials fin the transformer. A load which generates losses at the same rate as the average rate caused by fluctuating load, is an equivalent load from a temperature point of view. Equivalent by equation: Equivalent load or rms value where S,, S,, Ss, etc, are various load steps in actual kVA; and tl, t,, ta, etc, are the respective durations of these loads. Equivalent initial load is the rms load obtained a chosen period preceding the peak load. by Equation 1 over load for any portion of a daily-load cycle may be expressed
2 2 2 tn ... (

I t, + s2 t, + s3 t, + . . . . . . . . . $ t, + ta + t* + . . . . *.... t*

Equation

1)

Experience with this method of load analysis indicates that quite satisfactory, results are obtained by considering the 12-hour period preceding the peak in determination of the equivalent initial load. Time intervals ( t ) of 1 hour are suggested as further simplification of the equation which, for a 12-hour period, becomes: Equivalent initial load where s,, s,. . . . . . . . .S,, is the average load by inspection for each l-hour interval of the 12-hour period preceding peak load. Equivalent peak load for the usual load tiycle is the rms load obtained by Equation 1 for the limited period over which the major part of the actual irregular peak seems to exist. The estimated duration of the peak has considerable influence over the rms peak value. If the ~duration it overestimated, the rms peak value may be considerably below the maxim7 . . . . . . . ..&&.....
2

. ( Equation 2 )

IS : 6600 - 1972 orief peak demand. To guard against overheating due to high, overloads during the peak period, the rms value for the peak load period should not be less than 90 percent of the integrated half-hour maximum demand.

K2

OO

2A hr

.0
t

8,

(WINDING

HOT SPOT)

24 hr Fro. 1 SIMPLIFIED LOAD DIAGRAM FOR CYCLIC DAILY DUTY

e) Parameters 1) Type 2) Oil-air

of the

Tables -

The five parameters

of the tables are:

of cooling: thermal

ON and ON/OB. time constant: 3 hours for ON and ON/OB. 6 cases ( OC, lOC, 2OC, @7,0.8, 0.9 and 1 ). 24 medium:

3) Temperature 3OC, 32X, 4) Initial 5) Duration hours ).

of cooling 40C ). &:

load ( K, ): 6 values ( 0*25,0*5, of load 8 values

( 0*5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and

accuracy is obtained by having a single set of tables NOTE1 -Sufficient for ON and ON/OB types ofcooling, the deviation in the value of X, b&g only of the order of 1 to 2 percent. NOTE 2 - The effect of oil-a& thermal time constant is negligible for longtime loads. Even for short-time loads the effect is only f 2 percent between 2.5 and 3.5 hours.

f)

Determination of the Rated kVA ( Sr ) of a Transformer for a Given Service- The curves given with each table can be used for
determining the rated kVA of a transformer (with normal life duration ) for a load defined according to Fig. 1 for S, = K1 Sr of duration ( 24 - h ) and Ss = <s Sr of duration h. It is only necessary to find the intersection of the curve with the line of constant slope: Ks -=x; Ss S, which defines K1 and Ks whence Sr.

In order to find this line, corresponding points should be marked on ordinate ic, : 1 and abscissa K,: 1 and these points should be connected. 7. SELECTION

CALCULATION

OF APPROPRIATE

TABLES

AND EXAMPLES

OF

the table for the value of 19~. If the value of B,, lies between two tables, either select the nearest one above or interpolate between the $ nearest two tables. 7.2 For transformers rated for both ON and ON/OB cooling, use tables in terms of the rated kVA for ON cooling if the fans are not brought into operation and in terms of the rated kVA for ON/OB if the fans are brought into operation. These tables can also be used for ON cooling brought into operation. if the oil pumps are not

7.1 Select

The fans and oil pumps are normally put into service by a temperature sensitive device ( thermal image corresponding to winding hot-spot It is temperature or thermometer corresponding to top oil temperature ). recommended that pumps and fans ( where their use is not restricted by other considerations, such as noise ) are put into service ~before the high loading occurs, in order to have the hot-spot temperature of the winding The power taken by these low enough to slow down the ageing process. auxiliaries is at least partially compensated for by the decrease in load loss resulting from a lower temperature. the transformer on the basis of the annual weighted average NOTE 1 -Loading ambient temperature permits the transformer to be loaded to the same extent allowing for variations of Rr and Ks ( seeTables 1 to 6 ) in such a way that the increased use of life when operating with cooling medmm temperatures above 6. ( as in summer ) is balanced by the reduced use of life when it is below 0, ( as in winter ). NOTE2 - If the load cycle demands higher loading during winter than in summer this can he achieved by finding the daily or monthly pcrmisslble loading cycles from tables corresponding to daily or monthly valuea of 0a respectively. In such a case it is msential that the loading cycle for each day or month has to be ascertained from &e tables cerresponding to 0s for the day or month in @cation and followed for the entire
Year.

To determine rating of a transformer for a known load cycle at a location where the weighted average annual ambrent temperature of cooling medium is 32C. An ON transformer is required to carry a load+of 1 460 kVA for six hours and 800 kVA for the remaining 18 hours each day. 6
a I:

32C,

+x G = I.75
1

SfJSr -S,/Sr Line of slop: pC,/X1 = Table 5 for & = 32C, h = 6 curve, the value Therefore Sr = SJ1.14 therefore

K, K=

!2= 1.75 SI 1.75 is shown dotted at the intersection of of Kr is 1.14 and that = 1 400/1*14 = 1 228

on curves for this line with of XI is O-65. kVA.

Example2:
To determine rating of a transformer for a known load cycle at a location where the weighted average annual ambient temperature of cooling medium is lower than 32C. An ON transformer is required to carry a load of 1 400 kVA continuously for 24 hours each day at a location where the weighted average annual ambient temperature is 20C. & = 2OC, A d 24 hours, S, = 1.400 kVA Therefore from Table 3, X, = l-1 1 1400 Therefore Sr = 2 = -m= 1261 kVA. I.11 e To determine rating of a transformer for a known load cycle at a location where the weighted average annual ambient temperature of cooling medium is higher than 32C. An ON transformer is required to carry a load of 1 400 kVA continuously for 24 hours each day at a location where the weighted average annu+ ambient temperature is 40C. e . = 40X, A = 24 hours, Ss = 1 400 kVA Therefore from Table 6, K, = 0.92 Therefore Sr = x a 4 m= 4oo 1 521 kVA. ON of

as to how the rating of a of 45 to 55C at rated load is rwhen the ambient temperature ia difkrent from thestandard tanparWC.

tranrformaha&g a t~pe~tur~rbe

NOTE -The

ahove cxampl~~ ihtrate

10

I9:6699-1972
This method of selecting the rating of a transformer having the temperature-rise of 45 to 55C at rated load is preferable to selecting a transformer rating with different temperature-rise varying with ambient temperature. The loading of such transformer cannot be determined from this guide. Examfile 4: To calculate overload capacity of an existing transformer at a location where the weighted average annual ambient temperature ofcooling medium is 32C. A 1 000 kVA ON transformer has a load of 500 kVA throughout the day except for a period of 2 hours. What is the permissible overload for a duration of two hours? 500 t!* = 32C, Kr = I-ooo= 0.5, ir = 2 hours

From Table 5 for 0, = 32C gives K, = l-43 Therefore, the permissible overload for 2 hours is l-43 x 1 000 = 1 43~0kVA.

11

iSr6699-1972
r

TABLE1 2-L 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 l-9 t K, 1.7 l-6 196 l-4 t-3 192
l*l la0

PElllw88IB LE VALUBB dP A-, AT @a- O*C ( Ckaum 3.4and7.2)

1*6

O-3

04

0.8
Kl--r

l-0

1.2

1*4

Valuesof K, c5 1 2 4 6 8 12 24
,

-t + 1.77 1.53 1.43 1.38 1% 1.28 3

-+I 1.93 1% 1.50 1.42 1.37 1.33 1.28

+ 1.90 1.67 1.49 1.41 1.37 1.33 1!28

+ 1.85 1.65 1.48 1.40 1.37

1.99 E 1.61 1.46 1.40 1% 1+&l 1.28

1.74 1.52 1.43 I.38 1.33 1.28

~lcx?
1.28

In nom& cyclic duty the U~UCS of X shouldnot be greaterthan 1.5. the dsy indicate8thatK, t bigha than PO. fht vduep of Ka, greater than 1.5 are underlined.

12

IS:6600-1932
TABLE 2 PERMISSIBLE VALUES OF K, AT & =

lO='C

(&uses3.4 and 7.2 )

OQ5

o-5

o-7

O-8

o-9

1.0

Values of Kp

0.5 1 2
4

+ 1.95 I.68 l-45 I.36

+ 190 1.65 1.4

+ I.83 1.61
1.42

2.00 I.79 z,
1.41

1.94 1.74 1.55 I

1.39

!.87 1.69 -I<51

1.37

1.32 1.30 l-2.5 I.20 I.30 1.25 1.20 129 l-25 1.20 1.29 1.25 I.20 1.28 1.25

8 12 24

1.30 1.25

I
c

1.20

. ,pbm - In normal cyclic duty.the values of KS should not be greater than 1.5. The sign -I- indicates that KS is higher than2.0. The values of K% greaterthan l-5 are underlined.

13

.IS : s600 - 1972

TABLE 3 PERMEWBLE VALUES OF KS AT 8. = 20C ( Clauses 3.4 and 7.2 1

2-L 2.3 2.2 2.1 2*0 l-9 1.8 t ttl l-7 1.6 1*5 14 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.8 '(I1.0 ,1*2 1.6

RI

0.25

0.5

0.7 Values of KS.

0.8

0.9

1.0

0.5 1 2 4 6 8 12 26

+ 1.85 I.59 1.37 1.27 1.22 1.17 7.11

+ 1.79 _ 1.55 1.35 1.26 1.22 1.17 l-11

194 1.72 _ 1.51 133 1.25 1121 117 1.11

1.88 I.68 1.48 1.32 1.25 1.21 1.17 1.11

I.81 1.63 I.44 1.30 1.24 1.20 1.16 lill

1.72 1.55 I.39 1.27 I.22 I.19 I.16 1.11

Nom - 1~ normal cyclic du!y the values of Ka should not be greater than 1.5. ne Thevalues of Ka greater than 1.5 are +pip~&ii&caterthat KS IS higher than 2.0.

14

IS: TABLE4
PEiumss

fsxw-1972

IBLF. VALUE3 OF Es AT 0. = 30C (Clauses 3.4 and 7.2 )

-x

0.25

0.5

0.7 valued of Pi-,

0.8

0.9

1.0

0.5 1 2 4 6 8 12 24

3 1.74 1.49 1.28 1.18 1.13 1.08 1.02

1.90 2 1.45 1.26 1.18 1.13 1.08 1.02

Ml_ 1.61 1.40 1.24 1.16 1.12 1.08 1.02

1.75 1.56 1.37 1.22 1.15 1.12 1.08 1.02

5 1.48 1.32 1.19 1.13 1.10 1.07 I.02

1.42 1.28 1.17 1.09 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.02 TIC

NOTB- In normal cydk duty the vahd of KS should not be greater than 1.5. valua of K, greater than 1.5 are underlined.

15

I!3: 6600- 1972

IABLE 5 PERMISSIBLE VALUES OF KS AT 8s = 32C

( Clauses 3.4 and 7.2 )

1.9 t K2 I.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 i .I l-3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

k -

A
h
0.5 1 2 4 6 8 12 24

Kl

0.25

0.5

0.7 Values of Ks

0.8

0.9

1.0

1!95 1.72 1.47 1.26 1.17 l-12 1.06 1.00

1.88 1.66 1.43 1.24 1.16 l.11 1.06 1.00

1.78 1.58 1.38 1.22 I.14 1.10 1.06 1.00

1.72 1.53 1.34 1.20 1.13 1.10 I.06 1.00

x 1.45 1.29 1.16 1.11 1.08 1.04 1.00

1.00 l-00 1.00 1.00 1.00 l-08 1.00 1.00 The

NOTS - In normal cyclk duty the values of Ka should not be greater than 1.5. ~valua of K. greater than 1.5 are underlined.

ISr6609-1972
~TABLE 6 PERMISSIBLE VALUES OF KS AT 0. = 40%

( Clausa 3.4 and 1.2 )

l-9
1.8 1 *I l-6

1% 1.1 1.3 1.2 t 1.1 090 040 0*2 04 0.6 04 K11.0 1.2 KZ 1.0

0.25

o-5

o-7 values of Ka

O-8

0.9

0.5 1 2 a 6 8 12 24

I _
1.86 l-63 l-39 l-18 1.09 1.04 099 0.92

1.78 136 l?M 1.16 1.08 l-03 O-98 o-92

1.67 P48 .1*28 r-13 l-C?6 l-02 038 o-92

1.58 1% l-23 1.10 144 1.00 0.97 O-92

l*SS l-i9 l-07 0.99 O-96 @95 0.93 o-92 ne

NOTB- In normal cyclic duty the valt~ ofK, should not be greater than 1.5. valua of X8 greater than 1.5 are underlined.

17

APPENDIX ( CZause 3.4 )

METHOD A-8. SYMBOLS A&l FOLLOWED USED

A
THE GUIDE

IN PREPARING

The following is a list of the symbols used in this appendix: 4 = Temperature 8. = a= 6= c = d = in Cl. in C. A6 = Temperature-rise

Weight ambient temperature. Subscript representing ambient ( cooling medium ). Subscript representing top oil . Subscript representing ( hot spot of winding Ratio Load loss~at rated kVA No-load loss = Difference between average winding temperature-rise g average oil temperature-rise. h 5= Time duration in hours of any load kVA. K = Load kVA as a fraction of rated kVA = g.

and

Xl = Initial load kVA as a fraction of rated kVA = .$

. r r ealcu-

K , = Permissible load kVA as a fraction of rated kVA = -$

x = Exponent OfRated
lations.

Total losses
losses

used in oil temperature-rise

( Hot-spot temperature-rise - top oil temperaturerise) at kVAS y e3 Exponent of ( Hot-spqt$emperature-rise - top oil temperaturerise ) at rated kVA Sr used in hot-spot ten+erature-rise calculations. Jf I Number of equal intervals constituting period A. o = Subscript representing start of period h. p = Exponent ( constant ) used only in Montsinger relation. r = Subscript representing rated value. S - kVA ( any value ) ; Sf =I= rated LVA. 18

IS:66OO.l#72
t = Variable time during the period h. T = Absolute temperature, used only in Arrhenius Law.

V = Relative rate of using life. t = Oil-air thermal time constant at rated load in hours. lT%amplGS: Tcmpcraturc in C ,, = Weighted ambient ( cooling medium ) temperature. 89 6b = Top oil temperature = & + A Sb. e, = Winding hot-spot temperature = S,, + A SC. Temperature-rises in C Oil temperature-rise ( top ). A A 6br = Oil temperature-rise ( top ) at rated kVA. A ec = Winding temperature-rise. ( hot spot ). A e, = Winding temperature-rise ( hot spot ) at rated kVA.
eb =

A-l.

DETERMINATION

OF TEMPERATURE-RISE

A-l.1 Assumed ~Thermal Diagram -A simple thermal diagram, is assumed, as shown in Fig. 2, it being understood that such a diagram is the simplification of a more complex distribution. The top oil temperature-rise, as measured during a temperature-&e test, differs from that of the oil leaving the ,winding, because this oil is a mixture of partial oil flows which have circulated along the various windings, but these differences are not ,considered sufficiently significant to invalidate the method. Between the bottom of the cooling means and the bottom of the winding, the difference is even less. The-following simplified assumptions are made for the purpose of the guide and Fig:P: a) The oil temperature increases li*@rly up the winding. b) The average oil temperature-rise is the same for all the windings i of the same column. cc) The difference of temperature between the oil,& the top of the wmding ( assumed equal to that of the top c& ) and the oil at the bottom of the winding ( assumed equalto that at the bottom of the cooler ) is the same for all the windings. d) The average temperature-rise of the copper at any position up the winding increases linearly parallel td the oil temperature-tie with 19

a constant difference g between the two straight lines (g being the-difference between average rise by resistance and mean oil rise ) .

The average temperature-rise temperature-rise plus g.

of the top

coil

is the

top

oil

f 1 The

hot-spot temperature-rise is higher than the average rise of the top coil. To take account of the difference between maximum and average in the top coil, a value of 0.1 g is assumed for natural oil circulation. Thus, the temperature-rise of the hot spot is equal to the top oil temperature-rise plus 1*I g.
$15

l C

At

RATED

kVA)

AVERAGE

TOP COIL
WINDING RATED kVA)

TEMPERATURE-RISE

Fro. 2

THERMAL DIAGRAM

A-1.2 Conditions for Ratqd Power A-l 4.1 .Natural Oil Circulation ( measured by resistance ) = 55C = 45% * = Top oil temperature-rise plus 3: 36C = 19% = 66OC

Average copper temperature-rise Top oil temperature-rise Mean oil temperature-rise gr Hot-spot temperature-rise 1.1 gr = 45 + 21

Nors - Higher or lower oil temperature-rises are offsit by the correspondingly lowor higher values for g, necessary to keep the mean temperature-rise of the windings Appreciable differences in the assumed values only slightly influence the within 55C. permissible Ioading given in the tables. Greater accuracy is not required, because thee is, in practice, inevitable inaccuracy in the appreciation of the ambient, in the v&ability of the load ( current and voltage ), etc. 20

IS:6600-197% A-l .3 Values for Any Thermally Stabilized Condition

A-1.3.1 Toj Oil Temperature-Rise equal to the top oil temperature-rise of total losses with exponent x:

A 9b at Any Load kVA S-This is at rated kVA multiplied by the ratio (l+dKs) l+d

A& =

A~&

For this guide d is assumed to be equal to 5. A&i; y;tyd - . .

to be equal

1
x for ON, as given

x is assumed to be equal to 0.9 for ON and OB*. to 45C

marginally compensated

The value of d is relatively unimportant at high loading, giving only higher or lower oil temperature-rises in practice. Even this is for to some extent by the correspondingly lower or higher oil temperature-rises at 10W loads.
A-1.3.2 Hot-Sot Temfierature-Rise AtIc at Aity Load kVA S

This is equal to: Top oil temperature-rise

( AeerA&r) Key

At?b ( as calculated in A-1.3.1 ) plus

For ;FAg;i2 A&r is assumed to be equal to 66C as given - . . A&,;niygmed - . . to be equal to 45C for ON, as given

_y is assumed to be equal to 0.8 for ON and OB. A-1.4 Values

A-1.4.1 for Any Transient Condition

application

The top oil temperature-rise A&t at any time h after the of a given load is very close to the exponential rise given by; A&t = A&o+
(

Ab----Aebbo)( l-emhlT)
and

where A&,,, is the initial oil temperatme-rise; A&, would be the final stabilized oil temperature-rise corresponding to the load considered, as cdfculate~ in A-1.3.1. For the tables of the guide, t is assumed equal to 3 hours.
*This value of 0.9 has been taken both for ON and OB becauseit allows &gle wt af tables to be us& for both kinds of cooling, with errors only of the order- of f 2 percent,

21

A-1.4.2 The hot-spot temperature-rise at any time before stabl.,zed conditions are reached is approximated by assuming that the hot-spot temperature-rise above the top oil temperature-rise is established immediately. The temperature-rise of the hot spot at any time is thus equal to the top oil temperature-rise ( as calculated in A-l .4.1) plus ( A 8cr- A& ) X~Y. This can be simplified for loading Ks lasting for h hours and loading Kr lasting for the remainder of the 24 hours as follows: Aed, Aebo + ( Aeb-Aebo) ( I--@) + (

Aew- Aebr) K2

where Aebo = Aeb& = ~Aeb,

Deb

nab&

hebr

= Aebr [1~~~(l-~-h~7)+(Ae.,-Aeb~)x~

AnprOximatmg[ e A&&

:+$

J-

1 -x+&+$d,and

=_[l-(l-<)]=l-y+y$, Aebr [ :,$I 8-*/T= Aeb, (1 _@/T)

[,

(1 -x+j+-J+

{$Jj+(Aecr-Aebr)

(l-Y+Y<) 22

.-. A&4.

- Ah

(I:+d$).

,-hb+

(1

-e-h/T)

v--x+1+d ')]-(A&~
=
Ae,,r ( 1 - e-*T ),

- Aoh) (1 --Y)

+-J + ( aecr (1 -x+

Aebr)._Y

K;

+(l-e-Jr) :. A-, =

- ( A& - A+r) &

OF

(1 -_J>
Aebr

i%)]
>.Y

+ ( A&r -

A-2. RELATIVE RATE -THE INSULATION

THERMAL

DETERIORATION

OF

A-2.1 Law of Deterioration -The life af insulation, as affected by deterioration due to temperature and time, is given by the law of Arrhenius as:

Life = e

(A++)
e

where A and B are constants ( derived by experiment for any given insulating material) and T is the absolute temperature. In the range 80 to 140C this law can be expressed in the more convenient Montsinger relation as: Life = c-r

where@ is a constant and B is the temperature in C. Various investigators have not always agreed on the length of life at any given temperature. They do agree reasonably well, however, that over the range 80 to 140C the rate of using life in transformers is doubled for every temperature increase of approximately 6C and this value is used as the basis for this guide. A-2.2 Relative Rate of Using Life ( V)The Montsinger relation c+n now be used to obtain the relative rate of using life at any temperature Be, compared with the normal rate of using life at temperature Bsra and ir 23

given by:
O-693(+) e

( Formula The value of Bcr for a transformer is taken to be 98C. This temperature corresponds to operation in an ambient temperature of 32C at the orated kVA of a transformer having a temperature-rise at the hot spot of 66C, that is, 11C above the average temperature-rise ( measured by resistance ) of 55C. Such temperature conditions correspond to normal ageing of the insulation. Using Formula 1 and & = 98C, the following formula in terms of log,, is derived: v = Relative rate of using life = 10 (%Gq ( Formula 2 )

This is represented in Fig. 3 and by the following table:

Relative Rate of Using LifG

C 80 86 92 98 104 110 116 122 128 134 140 0,125 0.25 0.5 1.0 f:i 8.0 16.0 32.0 64.0 128.0

10 hours at 104C and 14, hours at 86C would use ( 10 x 2 > plus ( 14 x 0.25 ) = 23.5 hours life in 24 hours operation.

It may be noted that below 80C the use of l.if%can be considered negligible. ~-2.3 E&v&nt
~Life Loss Diagrams ia a 24Hour

Period

~~2.3.1 Operation at Constant %mPeraturc - Consider a rectangular tipam of temperatures in a 24-hour period corresponding to h hours at a
24

IS:6699-1972
constant temperature 6, with the complement to 24 hours corresponding to a sufficiently low temperature for negligible life loss; then the hours of life used are given by hV.
A-2.3.2 Operation at Variable Temflerature - In the case of a varying temperature Be = function of h, an integration is necessary with the preceding relations. The hours of life used are then given by: h Vdh

I ~a

An example at the end of the preceding table shows how this can be summated for a few values of Be and h.

A-2.3.3 Permissible Duration h hours of ~Operation at & to Use One-Days

L;fe

From Formula 2, Be = 98 + 19.93 long,, V

( Formula 3 )

Also, hours of life used = hV = h for hV to equal 24, h = T

10

( Formula 4)
(Formula 5).

= 24 x lo(=)

Formula 5 gives the number of hours per day of operation at any given value of & that will use one-days life per day. The following table gives values of h for various values of Be:
,Hours Per Day 24 16 ec C

12 E 4 3 2 1.5 I-0 0.75 o-5 o-375 O-25 0.188

25

101.5 104 107.5 110 113.5 116 119.5 122 125.5 128 131.5 134 137.5 140

98

Is : 6600- 1972 A-2.4 Method of Calculating KS A-2.4.1 Examfile Given 8s = 3OC, Kl = 0.9, h = 6 To determine Ks. Duration of Kr = 24 %rom A-1.3.1 n e&-r = 45 From A-l .3.2 A &x; = 38.47 + ( 66 - 45 ) ( 0.9 )2 0e8 = 56.2 86.2 1 + 5 ( 0.9 ) 1+5 6 = 18

1 =
0.9

38.47

:. e,ll, = 30 + 56.2 -

Corresponding to e&i = 86.2, relative rate of using life VK, ( from Fig. 3 ) = 0.25 Life lost during 18 hours = 0.25 X 18 = 4.5 Remaining hours of life per day = 24 4.5 = 19.5

Permissible relative rate of using life V&-s corresponding to Ks, for 19.5 6 hours = 6 = 3.25 &Ks corresponding to VK, = 3.25 from A-2.3.3 or Fig. 3,

ecx, = 98 + 19.93 log 10s*aj= 108.2

Permissible hot-spot temperature-rise A &Kz = 108.2 30 = 78.2. Substituting the values in the formula for Kg given in A-1.4.2 K-s= 1.13 Also from Table 4, for K1 = O-9 and h = 6 K , = 1.13 A-3. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE TABLES OF THE LOADING GUIDE DETERMINATION OF THE EFEEGTIV-E VALUE 0F e8 Ad.1 If & varies appreciably during the high loading time h, then a weighted value of ~0 I) should be used, because the weighted ambient temperature will be higher than the arithmetic average.

26

HOT-SPOT

TEMPERATURE LIFE LINE

$k)

IN C

FIG. 3

Consider oGeration at constant load with a varying ambient temperature 8. for a given period h. The weighted ambient temperature X during that period is given by the formula: X Be

h J, If the time h is divided into N equal intervals, the preceding formula becomes: X N 0%

27

Is:6609

-1972 this, the weighted ambient temperature

From

which is practically equal to

Example: The average temperature city are as follows: Month January February March April
68

for,. the several months of the year for a Month May June July August 4, 38.0% 37*8C 33.5% 32.4% Month September October November December
88

17.4% 22.2% 29.3C 33.4%

31.9% 29.8C 23.2C 19.4C

The average for the year would work out to 29*OC. 31.2%. Using the above formula, the weighted ambient average works out to

28

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