Data Communications

: (kchung@kw.ac.kr) : (ta@cclab.kw.ac.kr) : Data Communications and Networking Behrouz A. Forouzan, 5th Edition McGraw-Hill : http://cclab.kw.ac.kr/course.html Online Learning Center / Student Edition: www.mhhe.com/forouzan Quizzes & Solution to Odd-Numbered Practice Set
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Quizzes Report

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Part 1 Overview
Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Network Models

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Chapter 1. Introduction
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Data communications Networks Network Types Internet History Standards and Administration

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Data Communications
Data
Information presented in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating and using the data

Data communication
Exchange of data between two devices via some form of transmission medium

Fundamental characteristics of data communication

Delivery Accuracy Timeliness Jitter : Variation in the packet arrival time

Telecommunication: communication at a distance (tele in Greek=far)

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Five Components of Data Communication

Message: Information(data) to be communicated Sender Receiver Transmission medium: Physical path by which a message travels Protocol: A set of rules that govern data communication

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Direction of Data Flow

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Data Flow
Simplex
Unidirectional As on a one-way street

Half-duplex
Both transmit and receive possible, but not at the same time Like a one-lane road with two-directional traffic Walkie-talkie, CB radio

Full-duplex
Transmit and receive simultaneously Like a two-way street, telephone network Channel capacity must be divided between two directions

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Network
Network: interconnection of a set of devices capable of communication Device: A host such as a large computer, desktop, laptop, workstation, cellular phone, or security system. A connecting device such as a router, a switch, or a modem To be considered effective and efficient, a network must meet a number of criteria

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Type of Connection

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Type of Connection
Point-to-point
Dedicated link between two devices The entire capacity of the channel is reserved Ex) Microwave link, TV remote control

Multipoint
More than two devices share a single link Capacity of the channel is either

Spatially shared: Devices can use the link simultaneously Timeshare: Users take turns

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Physical Topology

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Mesh Topology
Dedicated point-to-point link to every other devices A mesh network with n nodes has n(n-1)/2 links. A devices has n-1 I/O ports (links) Advantages: No traffic problems, robust, security, easy fault identification & isolation Disadvantages: Difficult installation/reconfiguration, space, cost

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Star Topology
Dedicated point-to-point link only to a central controller, called a hub Hub acts as an exchange: No direct traffic between devices Advantages: Less expensive, robust Disadvantages: dependency of the whole on one single point, the hub

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Bus Topology
Multipoint, one long cable that links all devices Tap, drop line, cable end Limit on the # of taps, distance between those taps Advantages: Easy installation, cheap Disadvantages: Difficult reconfiguration, no fault isolation, a fault or break in the bus stops all transmission

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Ring Topology
Dedicated point-to-point link only with the two devices on each sides One direction, repeater Advantages: Easy reconfiguration, fault isolation Disadvantage: Unidirectional traffic, a break in the ring cab disable the entire network

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Hybrid Topology
Example: Main star topology with each branch connecting several stations in a bus topology To share the advantages from various topologies

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Network Types

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LAN
Usually privately owned network for an office, building, or campus Each host in LAN has an identifier, an address

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WAN
Long distance transmission, e.g., a country, a continent, the world Point-to-Point WAN and Switched WAN

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Internetwork
Internetwork (internet) : two or more networks are connected by internetworking devices Internetworking devices: router, gateway, etc. The Internet: a specific worldwide network An internetwork made of two LANs and one WAN

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Internetwork
A heterogeneous network made of two WANs LANs

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Switching
An internet is a switched network in which a switch connects at least two links together. A switch needs to forward data from a network to another network Two most common types of switched networks are circuitswitched and packet-switched networks

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Circuit-Switched Network
A dedicated connection, called a circuit, is always available between two end systems

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Packet-Switched Network
Communication between two ends is done in blocks of data called packets

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The Internet
The Internet today is an internetwork that allows any user to become part of it. The user, however, needs to be physically connected to an ISP. The physical connection is normally done through a point-to-point WAN
1967: ARPANET proposed by DoDs ARPA(Advanced Research Project Agency) 1969: ARPANET in a reality: UCLA, UCSB, SRI, U. of Utah 1973: Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn propose TCP, To split TCP into two protocols TCP and IP 1983: MILNET & ARPANET split CSNET (1981), NSFNET(1986), ANSNET(1991) Today: WWW, Multimedia, Peer-to-Peer Applications
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Protocols
Protocol : rule
A set of rules that govern data communication For communication to occur, entities must agree upon a protocol

Key elements of a protocol

Syntax: structure or format of data Semantics: meaning of each section in the structure Timing: when and how fast data should be sent

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Internet Standard
Maturity levels of an RFC(Request for Comment)

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RFC
Internet standard Five requirement levels
Required, Recommended, Elective, Limited Use, Not Recommended (historic)

RFC can be found at http://www.rfc-editor.org

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Internet Administration
ISOC(Internet Society), IAB(Internet Architecture Board), IETF(Internet Engineering Task Force), IRTF(Internet Research Task Force)

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Standards Committees
ISO
Voluntary international organization

ITU-T
Formerly, CCITT formed by UN

ANSI
Private non-profit corporation in the US

IEEE
The largest engineering society in the world

EIA
Non-profit organization in the US

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