Trade of Electrician

Standards Based Apprenticeship

The Transformer
Phase 2 Module No. 2.1 Unit No. 2.1.10

C U!SE N TES

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Electrical Course Notes - Unit 2.1.10

Created by Gerry Ryan - Galway TC Revision 1 April 2000 by Gerry Ryan - Galway TC John Watters - Sligo TC Revision 2 Nov 2002 by Gerry Ryan - Galway TC Chris !"dlow - #"ndal$TC Revision % A"g 200& by Chris !"dlow - #"ndal$TC Revision '( Nove)ber 201% S*!AS

Published by

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U!!er "a##ot Street $ublin % &reland ' SOLAS - 201

All rights reserved No part o+ this p"bli,ation )ay be reprod",ed( stored in a retrieval syste) or trans)itted in any +or) or by any )eans( ele,troni,( )e,hani,al( photo,opying( re,ording or otherwise( witho"t the prior per)ission o+ the ,opyright owner

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Electrical Course Notes - Unit 2.1.10

Ta"le of Contents
TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL, PHOTOCOPYING, RECORDING OR OTHERWISE, WITHOUT THE PRIOR PERMISSION OF THE COPYRIGHT OWNER.................................................................................................................................2 TABLE OF CONTENTS...............................................................................................................................3 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................4 THE TRANSFORMER..................................................................................................................................5 TRANSFORMER SYMBOLS.......................................................................................................................5 TRANSFORMER CONSTRUCTION..........................................................................................................6 THE TRANSFORMER PRINCIPLE...........................................................................................................7 TURNS AND VOLTAGE RATIO................................................................................................................9 STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER................................................................................................................!" STEP UP TRANSFORMER........................................................................................................................!! CURRENT RATIO.......................................................................................................................................!2 POWER TRANSFER IN TRANSFORMERS...........................................................................................!4 POWER RATING OF TRANSFORMERS...............................................................................................!5 TRANSFORMER LOSSES.........................................................................................................................!6 TRANSFORMER EFFICIENCY................................................................................................................!6 RESISTANCE TEST ON A TRANSFORMER.........................................................................................!7 INSULATION RESISTANCE TEST ON A TRANSFORMER..............................................................!#

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Electrical Course Notes - Unit 2.1.10

#ntroduction
Wel,o)e to this se,tion o+ yo"r ,o"rse( whi,h is designed to introd",e yo" the learner( to the trans+or)er

Objectives
-y the end o+ this "nit yo" will be able to. Re,ognise and "se appropriate sy)bols /nderstand the prin,iple o+ the trans+or)er State the relationship between $%&'( &)$*+( ,+-$)./ &)$*+ and 0%&&/'$ &)$*+ 01plain the di++eren,e between a ($/1 2+3' and a ($/1 %1 trans+or)er Sele,t a s"itable power rating +or a given load Test trans+or)er winding resistan,e and ins"lation resistan,e

Reasons
The trans+or)er is a very widely "sed pie,e o+ ele,tri,al e2"ip)ent The i)portan,e o+ "nderstanding how it operates ,annot be over e)phasised

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Electrical Course Notes - Unit 2.1.10

The Transformer
A trans+or)er is an ele,tri,al devi,e "sed to ,hange the val"e o+ an )-$/&')$*'. ,+-$)./ Trans+or)ers are widely "sed in ele,tri,al wor$ They are en,o"ntered daily( in ind"strial( ,o))er,ial and do)esti, sit"ations They vary in si3e +ro) )iniat"re "nits "sed in ele,troni,s to h"ge "nits "sed in power stations The e++i,ient trans)ission and distrib"tion o+ ele,tri,ity thro"gho"t the ,o"ntry wo"ld be i)possible witho"t the "se o+ power trans+or)ers Trans+or)ers are also "sed +or sa+ety reasons on ,onstr",tion sites when "sing power tools and in do)esti, bathroo) sit"ations in shaver "nits They are "sed in doorbell operation and also to power ele,troni, e2"ip)ent( battery ,hargers( televisions( ,o)p"ters( alar) syste)s( et, Trans+or)ers vary ,onsiderably in ,onstr",tion( si3e and shape depending on their appli,ation All trans+or)ers rely on the prin,iple o+ )"t"al ind",tan,e +or their operation 4"t"al ind",tan,e was dis,"ssed in detail in /nit 2 1 & 4agnetis)( 0le,tro)agnetis) and 0le,tro)agneti, 5nd",tion

Transformer S$m"ols
A&04*$/0$%&)- S567+-( C*&0%*$ (567+-(

F*.%&/ !

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Electrical Course Notes - Unit 2.1.10

Transformer Construction
A trans+or)er ,onsists o+ two ,oils o+ wire ,alled windings( whi,h are wo"nd onto a ,o))on iron ,ore The wire "sed in the two windings( pri)ary and se,ondary( is ,oated with an ins"lating varnish -oth ,oils are wo"nd onto( b"t ins"lated +ro) the iron ,ore See 7ig"re 2

Primar$ %indin&

Secondar$ %indin&

Applied Alternatin& Current Suppl$

Alternatin& #nduced EM'

F*.%&/ 2

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Electrical Course Notes - Unit 2.1.10

The Transformer Principle

When a ,ond",tor or ,oil is )oved in a stationary )agneti, +ield it ,"ts the lines o+ )agneti, +l"1 and an 047 is ind",ed in the ,ond",tor or ,oil This sa)e prin,iple also applies when a ,ond",tor is held stationary and the )agneti, +l"1 is )ade to ,hange or vary Now ,onsider an alternating ,"rrent applied to a stationary ,oil A )agneti, +ield will b"ild "p and ,ollapse in the ,oil( ,ontin"ally rising and +alling in har)ony with the applied AC ,"rrent as shown in 7ig"re %

AC Suppl$

Alternatin& flu( continuall$ "uildin& up) collapsin& and chan&in& in polarit$

F*.%&/ 3 5+ a se,ond ,oil 8 ,oil 2 9 is pla,ed ,lose to the +irst ,oil 8 ,oil 1 9 the alternating )agneti, +l"1 in ,oil 1 lin$s with ,oil 2 See 7ig"re ' This res"lts in an 047 being ind",ed in ,oil 2 This is a pro,ess $nown as 6%$%)- *'2%0$*+'.

C o il 1

C o il 2

A p p lie d A lt e r n a t in & C u r r e n t S u p p l$

A lt e r n a t i n & # n d u c e d EM'

F*.%&/ 4

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Electrical Course Notes - Unit 2.1.10

5+ ,oil 1 and ,oil 2 are )o"nted on an iron ,ore the )agneti, +l"1 aro"nd both ,oils will be ,on,entrated This arrange)ent o+ ,oils and an iron ,ore +or) the ,o)plete devi,e $nown as a $&)'(8+&6/& See 7ig"re 6

Primar$ %indin&

Secondar$ %indin&

Applied Alternatin& Current Suppl$

Alternatin& #nduced EM'

*ines of 'lu( set up "$ Primar$ %indin& F*.%&/ 5 The inp"t ,oil o+ a trans+or)er is +ed +ro) the AC s"pply and is ,alled the 1&*6)&5 3*'2*'. The o"tp"t ,oil( to whi,h the load is ,onne,ted( is ,alled the (/0+'2)&5 3*'2*'.. 5t is i)portant to re)e)ber that there is no ele,tri,al ,onne,tion between the pri)ary winding and the se,ondary winding o+ a trans+or)er The only ,o))on lin$ between the two windings is the )agneti, +ield

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Electrical Course Notes - Unit 2.1.10

Turns and +olta&e !atio

The relationship between the n")ber o+ pri)ary winding t"rns 8N19 and the n")ber o+ se,ondary winding t"rns 8N29 together with the pri)ary inp"t voltage 8/ 19 and the se,ondary o"tp"t voltage 8/29 ,an be e1pressed as a ratio or e2"ation as shown below U! Where. N1 N2 /1 /2 < < < < U2
9

N! N2

N")ber o+ =ri)ary Winding t"rns N")ber o+ Se,ondary Winding t"rns =ri)ary 5np"t >oltage Se,ondary *"tp"t >oltage

This +or)"la ,an be trans+or)ed to +ind any one "n$nown provided the other three are $nown /1 < /2 1 N1 N2 /1 1 N2 /2 /2 < /1 1 N2 N1 /2 1 N1 /1

N1

<

N2

<

Example:
A trans+or)er has 100 t"rns on the pri)ary winding and 20 t"rns on the se,ondary winding 5+ the pri)ary voltage is 2%0>AC( what is the se,ondary voltage? S+-%$*+' /1 /2 /2 1 N1 /2 N1 N2 /1 1 N2 /1 1 N2 N1 2%0 1 20 100 46 V+-$(.

< < <

/2 /2

< <

The trans+or)er re+erred to in this e1a)ple is a step-down trans+or)er and is said to have a t"rns ratio o+ 100.20 This )ay be e1pressed as a ratio o+ 6.1 =ri)ary t"rns are always stated +irst

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Electrical Course Notes - Unit 2.1.10

Step,-o.n Transformer
-e,a"se the sa)e )agneti, +l"1 lines ,"t both ,oils o+ a trans+or)er( the ind",ed 047 in the se,ondary winding( is proportional to the n")ber o+ t"rns on both the pri)ary and se,ondary windings 5+ the n")ber o+ t"rns on the se,ondary winding is less than the n")ber o+ t"rns on the pri)ary winding( then the se,ondary o"tp"t voltage will be less than the pri)ary inp"t voltage This type o+ trans+or)er is ,alled a ($/1 2+3' $&)'(8+&6/& and is ill"strated in 7ig"re &

P r i m a r $ % i n d in & A p p lie d A lt e r n a t in & C u r r e n t S u p p l$

S e c o n d a r $ % in d in & / a 0 in & l e s s t u r n s t h a n t h e P r i m a r $ % i n d in &

S t e p , - o . n T r a n s fo r m e r

F*.%&/ 6

Example
A trans+or)er has 2&&0 t"rns on the pri)ary side and 1'0 t"rns on the se,ondary side 5+ the pri)ary voltage is 2%0 >olts AC( +ind the se,ondary voltage? S+-%$*+' /1 /2 /2 N1 N2 /1 1 N 2 N1 2%0 1 1'0 2&&0 !2.!" V+-$(.

<

<

/2 /2

< <

This is a step down trans+or)er and is said to have a t"rns ratio o+ 2(&&0.1'0 or 1@.1

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Electrical Course Notes - Unit 2.1.10

Step,Up Transformer
5+ the n")ber o+ t"rns on the se,ondary winding o+ a trans+or)er is greater than the n")ber o+ t"rns on the pri)ary winding( then the se,ondary o"tp"t voltage will be greater than the pri)ary inp"t voltage This type o+ trans+or)er is ,alled a step-"p trans+or)er and is ill"strated in 7ig"re : P r im a r $ % in d in & A p p lie d A lt e r n a t in & C u r r e n t S u p p l$ S e c o n d a r $ % in d in & / a 0 in & m o r e t u r n s t h a n t h e P r im a r $ % i n d i n &

S t e p , U p T r a n s fo r m e r F*.%&/ 7

Example:
A trans+or)er has 200 t"rns on the pri)ary winding and 1200 t"rns on the se,ondary winding 5+ the pri)ary voltage is 2%0>AC( what is the se,ondary voltage? S+-%$*+' /1 /2 /2 < N1 N2 /1 1 N2 N1 2%0 1 1200 200 !3#" V+-$(.

<

/2 /2

< <

This is a step-"p trans+or)er and is said to have a t"rns ratio o+ 200.1200 or 1.&

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Electrical Course Notes - Unit 2.1.10

Current !atio
With 3ero losses ass")ed +or a trans+or)er( the power in the se,ondary o"tp"t winding e2"als the power in the pri)ary inp"t winding This relationship ,an be e1pressed as a ratio or e2"ation as shown below =ower 5np"t /1 1 51 or U! U2 < < =ower *"tp"t /2 1 5 2 I2 I!

<

7ro) the above e2"ations it ,an be seen that the ,"rrent ratio is the inverse o+ the voltage ratio( that is( a voltage step-"p in the se,ondary winding res"lts in a ,"rrent step-down in the se,ondary winding( and vi,e versa

Example:
A trans+or)er has a pri)ary voltage o+ 2%0 >olts and a se,ondary voltage o+ 116 >olts A ,"rrent o+ & 6 A)ps is +lowing in the pri)ary winding 7ind the load on the se,ondary winding /1 /2 52 < 52 51 /1 1 5 1 /2 2%0 1 & 6 116 !3 A61(

<

52 52

< <

The se,ondary winding does not generate its own power b"t rather ta$es it +ro) the pri)ary winding There+ore( the ,"rrent step-"p or step-down is in ter)s o+ the se,ondary ,"rrent The pri)ary ,"rrent is deter)ined by the load resistan,e a,ross the se,ondary winding These points are ill"strated by the +ollowing e1a)ple

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Electrical Course Notes - Unit 2.1.10

Example:
A trans+or)er with a 20.1 voltage ratio 8 step-down 9( provides a se,ondary voltage o+ & >olts AC a,ross a 0 & *h) load resistor Cal,"late the +ollowing val"es. 1 Se,ondary C"rrent 8 52 9 2 =ri)ary C"rrent 8 51 9 S+-%$*+' #1 A C + o lt s #2 1 + o lt s 0 .1

F*.%&/ # 819 52 < N1 N2 & 0& !" A61( /2 1 N1 N2 & 1 20 1 120 >olts /2 1 52 /1 & 1 10 120 ".5 A61

52 52 829

< <

/1

<

/1 /1

< <

51

<

51 51

< <

1%

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Electrical Course Notes - Unit 2.1.10

Po.er Transfer in Transformers

#1 2 0 . 3 A U 2 120+ U #2 2 1 0 A 2 1+ 0 .1

F*.%&/ 9 5n 7ig"re @ we ,an now loo$ at the ,ir,"it +ro) the previo"s e1a)ple( redrawn with the ,al,"lated voltage and ,"rrent val"es in,l"ded The power in the pri)ary winding o+ a trans+or)er trans+ers to the se,ondary This is ill"strated in the e1a)ple below =ower in =ri)ary /1 1 5 1 120 1 0 6 &0 >A < < < < =ower in Se,ondary /2 1 5 2 & 1 10 &0 >A

Re)e)ber that the winding with the higher voltage has the lower ,"rrent and the winding with the lower voltage has the higher ,"rrent 5n the above e1a)ple the voltage ratio is 20.1 while the ,"rrent ratio is 1.20 The se,ondary winding wo"ld need to be wo"nd with wire o+ a larger ,ross se,tional area than that o+ the pri)ary winding in order to ,arry the larger ,"rrent R/8-/0$*'. +' F+&6%-)/ /1 /2 /1 /2 There+ore /1 /2 And so N1 N2 < 52 51 < N1 N2 < 52 51 N1 N2 52 51

<

and

<

1'

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Electrical Course Notes - Unit 2.1.10

Po.er !atin& of Transformers

The power rating o+ a trans+or)er )ay be ,al,"lated by )"ltiplying the se,ondary AC voltage by the +"ll load se,ondary AC ,"rrent Rating Rating Rating < < < Se,ondary >oltage 1 Se,ondary C"rrent > 1 A 8 /2 1 5 2 9 >A

A rating 2"oted in >A will apply to s)all trans+or)ers The rating o+ larger trans+or)ers will be 2"oted in $>A or 4>A >A 1000 >A 1000(000 $>A 1000

That is

<

$>A

or

<

4>A

or

<

4>A

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Electrical Course Notes - Unit 2.1.10

Transformer *osses
Iron Losses in a Transformer
0ddy ,"rrents are ind",ed into the trans+or)er ,ore These "nwanted eddy ,"rrents( ,a"se heating o+ the ,ore They represent a loss in the trans+or)er and are re+erred to as *&+' -+((/( The iron ,ore is )ade "p o+ steel la)inations( to red",e eddy ,"rrents to a )ini)") Sili,on steel is generally "sed as its )agnetis) is easily reversed

Copper Losses in a Transformer

Copper losses are d"e to( 0%&&/'$ +lowing thro"gh the &/(*($)'0/ o+ the windings( and are o+ten re+erred to as the 52R losses 8 = < 5 2 1 R 9 The greater the ,"rrent +low thro"gh the windings( the greater the ,opper losses

Transformer Efficienc$
A trans+or)er has no )oving parts and is a highly e++i,ient devi,e Nor)al trans+or)er e++i,ien,y is aro"nd @;A 5n general( the larger the trans+or)er the higher its e++i,ien,y 0++i,ien,y is de+ined as the ratio o+ power o"tp"t to power inp"t

Warning
Great ,are )"st be e1er,ised when ,onne,ting the pri)ary and se,ondary windings o+ trans+or)ers The rated voltage o+ the windings )"st never be e1,eeded otherwise da)age will res"lt to e2"ip)ent( property and )ay also present a danger to the Bealth and Sa+ety o+ person8s9

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Electrical Course Notes - Unit 2.1.10

R/(*($)'0/ T/($ +' ) T&)'(8+&6/&

Conne,t an oh))eter a,ross the two ends o+ the pri)ary winding o+ the trans+or)er and re,ord the resistan,e See 7ig"re 10

P r im a r $ % in d in &

S econdar$ % in d i n &

F*.%&/ !" Conne,t an oh))eter a,ross the two ends o+ the se,ondary winding o+ the trans+or)er and re,ord the resistan,e See 7ig"re 11

P r im a r $ % in d in &

S eco n d ar$ % in d in &

F*.%&/ !!

Conclusion:
5+ an in+inite resistan,e is obtained in either o+ the two tests this will indi,ate an open ,ir,"it in that winding and hen,e non-+"n,tion o+ the trans+or)er The resistan,e val"es o+ both windings )ay di++er 2"ite s"bstantially d"e to the di++eren,e in the n")ber o+ t"rns on ea,h winding and also the di++eren,e in the ,ross se,tional area o+ the wire in the pri)ary and se,ondary windings To deter)ine i+ the resistan,e val"es )eas"red are ,orre,t( the )an"+a,t"rerCs spe,i+i,ations will have to be obtained and both resistan,e readings ,o)pared

1:

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Electrical Course Notes - Unit 2.1.10

#nsulation !esistance Test on a Transformer

Class 1 Transformer I'(%-)$*+' &/(*($)'0/ $/($( 7/$3//' /)04 3*'2*'. )'2 /)&$4
Temporar$ short for the duration of the test

Primar$ %indin&

Secondar$ %indin&

M 300+

Test 1 =ri)ary Winding to ,ore

Test 2 Se,ondary winding to ,ore

I'(%-)$*+' &/(*($)'0/ $/($ 7/$3//' 3*'2*'.(

T e m p o r a r $ s h o r t fo r t h e d u r a t io n o f t h e t e s t

P r im a r $ % in d in &

S econdar$ % in d in &

M 300+

The )ini)") ins"lation resistan,e val"e a,,epted in ea,h o+ the above tests is 24 A 600> 5ns"lation Resistan,e Test is s"itable +or 110 D '00 >olt trans+or)ers

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Electrical Course Notes - Unit 2.1.10

Class 2 Transformer
D+%7-/ I'(%-)$/2 S567+-

I'(%-)$*+' R/(*($)'0/ T/($ B/$3//' W*'2*'.(

T e m p o r a r $ s h o r t f o r t h e d u r a t io n o f t h e t e s t

P r im a r $ % in d i n &

S eco n d ar$ % in d in &

M 300+

The )ini)") ins"lation resistan,e val"e a,,epted in the test is 2 4

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