SGD B7 Learning task Arman, 35 years, a bank worker, visited Mak Erot (alternative healer practical to enlarge his

penis! "e received in#ormation #rom his #riend that the healer co$ld make the penis bigger and longer as needed #or better #$nction! 1. The role of androgens influences primary and secondary sex characteristics of male. Male sex hormones are also called androgens. The main androgen is testosterone. The greatest influences of testosterone in men are the roles it plays in both primary and secondary male characteristic. Primary sex characteristic is enlargement of the testes (and with it the production of spermatozoa). The secondary sex characteristic is increase body hair, larynx enlargement, and thic ening of the !ocal folds to lower !oice pitch, thic ening of the s in, increased muscular growth and change in body shape. "f testosterone le!els drop too much, due to disease or aging, many of these characteristics will not be maintained.

#. The four phases of the human sexual response The first phase is the excitement phase The excitement phase is when we start feeling that first little bit of arousal. This phase can be brought on by physical contact, our thoughts, or our emotions. "n this phase you and your partner will experience increased muscular tension, increase heart rate, and your blood pressure will rise. This is the phase when the male will become erect and the female$s clitoris will begin swelling. %omen$s nipples will start to harden and stand erect in this phase.

The second phase is the plateau phase The plateau phase is when our blood flow increases to our genitals to prepare us for orgasm. &lso our blood pressure and muscle tension increases e!en more. "n this stage our breathing becomes more rapid and hea!ier. &t this point, the man$s testes will swell and he will start to lea fluid. "n this phase the woman$s !agina will swell and the increase of blood flow will further engorge the area. 'ur excitement builds steady in plateau phase.

The third phase is the orgasm phase The orgasm phase is when our muscle contract and a sudden discharge is realeased. This is the shortest phase of all four phases. The orgasm phase is the highest point of our sexual pleasure. 'rgasm usually last longer for women than men. "t is normal for a woman to ha!e multiple orgasms during one cycle.

SGD B7 The fourth phase is the resolution phase The resolution phase is when our body returns to an unaroused state. "n this phase men experience what is called a (refractory period). & refractory period means the man cannot ha!e another orgasm during this time. The refractory period can last anywhere from ten minutes to se!eral hours, it all depends on each indi!idual. %omen do not ha!e refractory period and can experience another orgasm right away.

*. The possibility of &rman$s penis to be bigger and longer. +early impossible. The imiting factor of penis enlargement is tunica albuginea and septum that consist of collagen and elastic tissue. "t is nearly impossible of the penis to become bigger and longer due to strong collagen structures

,. -permatogenesis and some factors related with the fertilization -permatogenesis -permatogenesis produces haploid male gametes. There -permatocytogenesis (mitosis) (#) Meiosis and (*) -permiogenesis are three phases. (1)

%permatocytogenesis (also called mitosis . stem cells (type & spermatogonia) di!ide mitotically to replace themsel!es and to produce cells that begin differentiation (type / spermatogonia). -permatogonia ha!e spherical or o!al nuclei, and rest on the basement membrane. Meiosis. cells in prophase of the first meiotic di!ision are primary spermatocytes. This is a long stage, so many primary spermatocytes can be seen. Primary spermatocytes go through the first meiotic di!ision and become secondary spermatocytes. The cells 0uic ly proceed through this stage and complete the second meiotic. Meiosis is the process by which the diploid number of chromosomes presents in spermatogonia (the stem cells) is reduced to the haploid number present in mature spermatozoa. The products of the second meiotic di!ision are called spermatids. -ince spermatids go through a metamorphosis into spermatozoa, they occur in early through late stages. %permiogenesis. this is the metamorphosis of spherical spermatids into elongated spermatozoa. +o further mitosis or meiosis occurs. 1uring spermiogenesis, the acrosome forms, the flagellar apparatus forms, and most excess cytoplasm (the residual body) is separated and left in the -ertoli cell. -permatozoa are released into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule. & small amount of excess cytoplasm (the cytoplasmic droplet) is shed later in the epididymis.

&actors related to #ertili'ation.

SGD B7 2a!ing an autoimmune disorder. disease such as lupus, diabetes, thyroid disease, and rheumatoid arthritis can interfere with fertility /eing exposed to occupational or en!ironmental hazards. prolonged exposure to high mental stress, high temperature, chemicals, radiation, or hea!y electromagnetic or microwa!e emissions may reduce fertility -car tissue. rigid webs of scar tissue may form between the uterus, o!aries, and fallopian tubes, pre!enting the transfer of the egg to the fallopian tubes 3ysts. endometrial cysts may grow inside the o!aries and pre!ent the release of the egg or its collection by the fallopian tube Poor egg implantation. endometriosis may pre!ent the fertilized egg from adhering to the uterine wall

4. 2ormonal factor which affect the growth and de!elopment of external genital organs of male The external genitalia of males and females are essentially identical during the first 5 wee s of de!elopment, sharing in common a urogenital sinus, genital tubercle, urethral folds, and a pair of labioscrotal swelling. The secretion of testosterone masculinizes these structures to form the penis and spongy urethra, prostate, and scrotum. "n the absence of testosterone, the genital tubercle that forms the penis in male will become the clitoris in a female. -imilarly, the labioscrotal swelling form the scrotum in a male or the labia ma6or in female.

5. 2ormonal regulation of reproduction and influence of the brain dri!es sexual beha!ior The hypothalamus is nown to exert control sexual beha!ior !ia the endocrine system. "t stimulates the pituitary gland to release the sex hormones. %hen le!els of those hormones fall, so does sexual desire. The hypothalamus secretes gonadotropic7releasing hormone (8n92). This triggers the pituitary gland to release luteinizing hormone (:2) and follicle stimulating hormone (;-2), which both act on the testes or o!aries. :2 stimulates :eydig cells to produce testosterone. ;-2 prompts -ertoli cells to support de!eloping spermatozoa. ;-2 and :2, in turn, tra!el through the bloodstream to trigger the production of the sex hormones. estrogen and progesterone from the o!aries in girls and testosterone from the testes in boys. These hormones are responsible for all of the de!elopment underlying puberty in both sexes. The feedbac loop reduces 8n92 secretion in response to rising le!els of testosterone or estrogen.

<. The role of inhibin in order to regulate the ;-2 in male and some related mechanism. "nhibin is a dimeric glycoprotein that suppresses ;-2 secretion from the pituitary. Two bioacti!e forms of inhibin exist, inhibin & and /. the a!ailability of specific immunoassays for each of the

SGD B7 isoforms has enabled the study of the indi!idual inihibins and their physiological role. "n the male, inhibin / is the circulating form in all species studied to date except the sheep. "nhibin / is produced in the testis, principally by the -ertoli cells. There are temporal changes in inhibin expression and secretion with the changing role of the -ertoli cell in immature and adult testes. =ariations in inhibin / production between species reflect the different pattern of maturation.