INDEX CHAPTERS: 1. Introduction....4 i) ii) iii) Aim of project and problem definition...

5 Recent trends and developments in the field..5 Literature survey and technolo ical survey....!

". #heoretical details of the topic...$ ".1 %eed of &olar #rac'in system.1( "." %eed of &olar )onitorin &ystem..1( *. &ystem desi n....1" *.1 +loc' dia ram....1* *."+loc' ,ia ram description.14 4. -ircuit .or'in .1$ 4.1 &olar #rac'in &ystem ..."( 4." &olar /anel )onitorin &ystem.."( 5. Result0 -onclusion and 1uture &cope"1 i) Result."" ii) -onclusion."" iii) 1uture scope.."* !. References.."4 2. /roposed .or'.. "! 3. ,ata sheets "$

LIST OF FIGURES: 1. +loc' dia ram of solar trac'in system.........1* ". +loc' dia ram of solar /anel )onitorin system .14 *. &olar panel..15 4. /in confi uration of /I- 1!12*..1!

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

AIM OF PROJECT:
4ur aim is to desi n the system0 5hich 5ill automatically trac' the sun6s position and accordin ly chan e the direction of the solar panel to et the ma7imum output from the solar cell. Alon 5ith this 5e are oin to ma'e a solar monitorin system usin 8&) and 8/& module.

PROBLEM DEFINITION:
#o implement a solar trac'in system 5hich 5ill automatically trac' sun6s

position to increase the efficiency of solar system. #he 8&) facility is provided 5ithin the system 5hich helps the user to monitor the system from any5here in the 5orld.

RECENT TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN FIELD:

97istin techni:ues for trac'in sun rely typically on one of the follo5in methods; 1. 4ne of the methods ma'es use of sensors mounted on solar panels to obtain the desired rotation. ". In other method the diurnal motion of the sun is 5ell understood and the telescope is accurately mounted 5hose orientation is computer controlled dependin on sun6s calculated position +ut in our system 5e are directly trac'in the sun6s position 5ithout ma'in use of sensors thus ma'in the system cost efficient. .e are also providin the 8&) facility by 5hich 5e can monitor the system from any5here in the 5orld.

#he char in of the solar cell 5ill ta'e place ma7imum 5hen the sunrays are fallin on it 5ith some particular a uidin source. &olar cells constantly monitor the sunli ht and rotate the panel to5ards the direction 5here the intensity of sunli ht is ma7imum. #he sun moves from the east to 5est durin its day time.

LITERATURE SURVEY:
-riteria for choosin )icro controller: 1. #he first < foremost criterion in choosin a )icro controller is that it must meet the tas' at hand efficiently < cost effectively. In analy=in the needs of a )icro controller based project0 5e must first see 5hether an 3>bit0 or 1!>bit0 or *">bit )icro controller can best handle the computin needs of the tas' most effectively. Amon other considerations in the cate ory are; &peed; .hat is the hi hest speed that the )icro controller supports? /ac'a in ; ,oes it comes in 4(>pin ,I/ @dual in line pac'a e) or "3>pin ,I/ or a A1/ @:uad flat pac'a e) or some other pac'a in format? #his is important in terms of space0 assemblin < prototypin the end product. /o5er consumption; #his is especially critical for battery>po5ered products. #he amount of RA) < R4) on chip. #he number of IB4 pins < the timer on the chip. -ost per unit; #his is important in terms of the final cost of the product in 5hich a )icro controller is used. Co5 many inbuilt function it has? er0 a code E

". #he second criterion in choosin a micro controller is ho5 easy it is to develop products around it. Dey considerations include the availability of an assembler0 debu e7pertise. PIC 16F73 fro M!"ro#"$!% Cor%or&'!o(: efficient c lan ua e compiler0 emulator0 technical support0 and both in>house and outside

#his popular /I- 1!12* chip has inbuilt A,- and on>chip R4) in the form of pro ram and data memory. #his is ideal for development since flash memory can be erased in seconds compared to the t5enty minutes or more needed for the 3251 for this reason the /I- 1!12* is used in place of the 3251 to eliminate the 5aitin time needed to erase the chip < thereby

speed up the development time. #o use the /I- 1!12* to develop a micro controller based system re:uires a R4) burner that supports flash memoryF ho5ever0 a R4) eraser is not needed. %otice that in flash memory you must erase the entire contents of R4) in order to pro ram it a ain. /R4) burner itself does this erasin of flash < this is 5hy a separate eraser is not needed. Vo)'&*+ R+*,)&'or 7-./: .e need the re ulated 5 G output for the most of the I-6s used in our system. %o5 the output of brid e rectifier is unre ulated ,-. #o et 5G re ulated ,- output from it 5e have used re ulator I- 23(5. #he 23(5 is desi ned 5ith ade:uate heat sin'in and can deliver output currents in e7cess of 1A. It has internal thermal overload protection and internal short circuit current limitin . 1or proper operation a common round is re:uired bet5een input and output volta es.

MAX 030 1DS 12C0303: #he ,&14-"*" is a lo5 po5er dual driverBreceiver featurin an onboard ,- to ,converter. I-- is specified at *.( mA ma7imum0 ma'in the device ideal for battery and po5er conscious applications. #he driver6s sle5 rate is set internally and the receivers feature internal noise filterin 0 eliminatin the need for e7ternal sle5 rate and filter capacitors. #he device is desi ned to interface data terminal e:uipment @,#9) 5ith data circuit>terminatin e:uipment @,-9).

S'+%%+r Mo'or &(4 !'5 I('+rf&"!(* 6!'$ M!"ro Co('ro))+r : &tepper motor is a di ital actuator 5hose input is in the form of pro rammed ener i=ation of the stator 5indin s and 5hose output is in the form of discrete an ular rotation. S+)+"'!o( of '$+ 5'+%%+r o'or:

#o select appropriate stepper motor for our system 5as important tas' before use. .e had one throu h follo5in criterion of the stepper motor to et the appropriate one. #he selected stepper motor must provide specified0 1) /ositionin accuracy @)0 e7pressed in mmBmicrons0 or de Bminutes of arc

") &peed of operation @G)0 specified in mmBsec or de Bsec or radBsec 3) Acceleration @)0 e7pressed as the operatin speed v0 startin from rest

#he steps involved in the selection of stepper motor are as follo5s0 1) -ompute0 i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. &tep an le s from &teppin rate 1s @&tepsBsec) from G Acceleration @radBsec") #otal moment of inertia Ht reflected on the motor shaft #otal tor:ue #m re:uired to be developed by the motor &elect a ran e of stepper motors havin a step an le s

2) Refer to tor:ue Gs. steppin rate curves of the motor selected in step ". &elect a stepper motor 5hich is capable of deliverin tor:ue # #m computed in step 1@v) at a steppin rate 1 1s @stepsBsec) computed in step 1@ii) 3) ,etermine 5hether the stepper motor selected can provide the necessary acceleration .

CHAPTER 0: THEORETICAL DETAILS OF TOPIC

071 NEED OF A SOLAR TRAC8ER:

/hotovoltaic6s is the field of technolo y and research related to the application of solar cells as solar ener y. &olar cells have many applications. Individual cells are used for po5erin small devices such as electronic calculators. /hotovoltaic arrays enerate a form of rene5able electricity0 particularly useful in situations 5here electrical po5er from the rid is unavailable such as in remote area po5er systems0 9arth>orbitin satellites and space probes0 remote radiotelephones and 5ater pumpin applications. /hotovoltaic electricity is also increasin ly deployed in rid>tied electrical systems. &olar 9ner y has been the po5er supply of choice for Industrial applications0 5here po5er is re:uired at remote locations. )ost systems in individual uses re:uire a fe5 'ilo5atts of po5er. #he e7amples are po5erin repeater stations for micro5ave0 #G and radio0 telemetry and radio telephones. &olar ener y is also fre:uently used on transportation si nalin e. . li hthouses and increasin ly in road traffic 5arnin si nals. &olarIs reat benefit here is that it is hi hly reliable and re:uires little maintenance so itIs ideal in places that are hard to et to. .hile the output of solar cells depends on the intensity of sunli ht and the an le of incidence0 it means to et ma7imum efficiencyF the solar panels must remain in front of sun durin the 5hole day. +ut due to rotation of earth those panels can6t maintain their position al5ays in front of sun. #his problem results in decrease of their efficiency. #hus to et a constant output0 an automated system is re:uired 5hich should be capable to constantly rotate the solar panel. #he &olar #rac'in &ystem is made as a prototype to solve the problem0 mentioned above. It is completely automatic and 'eeps the panel in front of sun 5here 5e et ma7imum output.

070 N++4 of So)&r Mo(!'or!(* S95'+ :

4ur 8overnment pays 1*(( Rs. /er street li ht for per years to some a encies for chec'in proper 5or'in of a panel. #he contract is made for 5 years so in all total it pays !5(( Rs per street li ht. &o instead of ivin that money to some a encies for monitorin the street li ht 5e are oin to desi n a solar street li ht monitorin system 5hich 5ill 5or' for lifetime so there 5ill lots of savin of money. &o 5e are oin to desi n a system 5hich 5ill monitor all street li ht panel 5hich 5ill ive panel volta e0 panel current0 battery volta e0 battery temp. If any street li ht is not 5or'in then it 5ill be firstly 'no5n to our base station throu h our project accordin ly then that street li ht 5ill iven service.

CHAPTER 3: SYSTEM DESIGN

371 BLOC8 DIAGRAMS:

37171 So)&r Tr&":!(* S95'+ :

F!* 1: B)o": 4!&*r&

of 5o)&r 'r&":!(* 595'+

37170 So)&r Mo(!'or!(* S95'+

F!* 0: B)o": 4!&*r&

of So)&r Mo(!'or!(* S95'+

370 BLOC8 DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION:

#he system comprises of follo5in ei ht sections; So)&r C+)): A solar cell0 sometimes called a photovoltaic cell0 is a device that converts li ht ener y into electrical ener y. A sin le solar cell creates a very small amount of ener y @about .! volts ,-) so they are usually rouped to ether in an inte rated electrical panel called a

solar panel. &unli ht is a some5hat diffuse form of ener y and only a portion of the li ht captured by a solar cell is converted into electricity .hen the sun rays fall on the solar cell in some particular direction then only 5e et ma7imum output .#he output of solar cells depends on the intensity of sunli ht and the an le of incidence. #o et the ma7imum output the solar panels must remain in front of sun durin the 5hole day. Cence the solar cells are rotated in the direction of sun6s position 5here 5e et ma7imum efficiencyF the solar cell captures the sun6s rays and ives the analo output to the A,-. &unli ht is made up of pac'ets of ener y called photons. .hen the photons stri'e the semi>conductor layer @usually silicon) of a solar cell a portion of the photons are absorbed by the material rather than bouncin off of it or oin throu h the material. .hen a photon is absorbed the ener y of that photon is transferred to an electron in an atom of the cell causin the electron to escape from its normal position. #his creates0 in essence0 a hole in the atom. #his hole 5ill attract another electron from a nearby atom no5 creatin yet another 5hole0 5hich in turn is a ain filled by an electron from another atom. #his hole fillin process is repeated a fe5 =illion times and voila0 an electric current is formed.

F!* 2: So)&r %&(+)

PIC Co('ro))+r: #his is the heart of the project0 as 5e 'no5 the processor is the heart of any project. Cere /I- controller ta'es that job. #he chip used is Atmel 1!12*. #here are t5o memory bloc's in each of these /I- controllers. #he pro ram )emory and ,ata )emory have separate buses so that concurrent access can occur. #he pro ram memory can be read internally usin &pecial 1unction Resistors in /I-. /I- 1!12J devices have a 1* bit pro ram counter capable of addressin an 3D 5ord 7 14 bit pro ram memory space. #he /I- 1!12* devices have 3D 7 145ords of 1LA&C pro ram memory. PIN DIAGRAM FOR PIC

S'+%%+r

o'or:

&tepper motor is a di ital actuator 5hose input is in the form of pro rammed ener i=ation of the stator 5indin s and 5hose output is in the form of discrete an ular rotation. #he stepper motor is used to rotate the solar panel accordin ly 5here 5e obtain ma7imum volta e.

LCD:

)ost of the projects 5ith the any processorBmicrocontroller -/K @3(35B3(51BAR)) re:uire some form of display. In mar'et various displays are available li'e 2>se ment0 5L2 matri7 L9, and L-,0 bar raph0 L-,0 etc. It6s important for decidin the re:uired display set for our project. &election of display depends on various factors li'e po5er consumption0 ambient li ht conditions0 surroundin temperature0 visibility from lon distance0 total information to be display0 cost of display0 circuitBlines re:uired for display interfacin 0 etc.

MAX 030 : In our project 5e have used )AJ "*" for interfacin our system 5ith the 8&) port and computer. #he volta es enerated by solar panel are iven to computer serially throu h the hyper terminal. 1or this 5e re:uire serial IB4 interfacin standard. R& "*" is 5idely used serial IB4 interfacin standard. &ince R&"*" is not compatible 5ith the microcontroller0 5e need a line driver@volta e converter) to convert the R&"*"6s si nals to ##L volta e levels that 5ill be acceptable to the 1!12*6s #7, and R7, pins. #he )AJ"*" converts from R&"*" volta e levels to ##L volta e levels0 and vice versa. 4ne advanta e of the )AJ"*" chip is that it uses a M5 G po5er source that is the same as the source0 5hich is the same as the source volta e for the 1!12*.

PC !('+rf&"+: A continuous database can be maintained on the /-. #he memory and R#can be used to store the records of position of the solar cell in timely manner. Cence 5e can monitor our system 5hether it6s 5or'in properly as and 5hen re:uired.

GSM !('+rf&"+: #he current /anel volta e0 /anel -urrent0 +attery volta e0 +attery #emp. can be received on handset by sendin one &)&. A# -ommands are used in mobile interfacin 5ith )icro -ontroller so that 5e can monitor our system. 1ollo5in -ontroller. A#M-)81N1 > Ksed to select te7t mode A#M-)8&N O$35(315"(4PI E &ends a messa e to iven mobile number. 4n successful delivery a messa e reference number is returned. IA#M-/)&NP)9P >/referred &)& messa e stora e. &et command selects memory stora e to be used for readin and 5ritin 0 etc. IA#M-)8RNI Reads messa e. IA#M-)8,N1I>,elete messa es. different A# -ommands are used in mobile interfacin 5ith )icro

S;ITCHING IC 2./0:
#he s5itchin I- 4(5" is used to decide 5hether 8&) interface or 8/& interface is to be activated7 #he database 5ill be continuously maintained in /- and 5henever 5e receive si nal from 8&) unit that time s5itchin ta'es place and volta e at that particular time is sent on the handset.

CHAPTER 2: CIRCUIT ;OR8ING

2717 So)&r Tr&":!(* S95'+ :

#he /I- controller receives analo input from panel. #he ma7imum volta e 5hich can be obtained from solar cell is set as reference volta e in micro controller. #he /anel output volta e and current is compared 5ith the reference volta e and current accordin ly controller ives si nal to the stepper motor. If the output of A,- is e:ual to the reference volta e then stepper motor 'eeps the solar panel in same direction. And if output is less than reference volta e then stepper motor 'eeps rotatin the solar panel till 5e et the volta e e:ual to the reference volta e.

2707 So)&r P&(+) Mo(!'or!(* S95'+

#he /I- controller receives analo input from panel. #he ma7imum volta e 5hich can be obtained from solar cell is set as reference volta e in /I- controller. /anel volta e is compared 5ith reference volta e if @panel volta e Q *.2v) then char er must be on for purpose of char in battery. #hen /anel volta e is compared 5ith reference volta e if @panel volta e R *.4v) then inverter must be on for purpose of drivin load. #hen +attery volta e is compared 5ith reference volta e if @battery volta e N 14.3v) then char er must be off. #hen +attery volta e is compared 5ith reference volta e if @battery volta e N 1*.5v) then char er must be on.

#hen panel location is obtained throu h 8/& module and battery volta e0 panel location0 panel volta e0 panel current are sent throu h 8&) module to our base station.

Li'e5ise all panel are monitored in base station.

CHAPTER /: RESULT< CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

/71 RESULT AND CONCLUSION

9ach and every project is never complete as ne5 thin s are learned further modifications can be done. #hus 5e have tried to ma'e an automated solar trac'in system 5hich 5ill increase the efficiency of the solar panel system available. Althou h there is hi her initial cost involved 5e have tried to ma'e the system cost effective .#his is just the be innin 0 5e can add different enhancements to ma'e the system more efficient so that it 5ill 5or' round the year. #he solar panels usin this system compared 5ith the system prevalent at present has many advanta es. In the present system0 solar panels used are stationary 5hich ives less output and hence decrease the efficiency. +ut by ma'in use of trac'er solar panels 5e can increase efficiency of solar system.

#he operator interference is minimal since the system is automated this increases efficiency of the stationary solar system.

#here is a lot of hard 5or' involved in developin such a project. #hrou h years of e7perience the project 5ill et better. 9ach project 5ill et better than previous one as practice can ma'e us perfect.

/70 FUTURE SCOPE:

#here are al5ays remains an infinite scope of improvement to a system desi n. Its only the time and financial constraints that impose a limit on the development. 1ollo5in are the fe5 enhancements that may add further value to the system.

,urin rains0 rainfall sensors can be used to 'eep the system 5or'in . 1or ma'in the system more reliable 1ault indicators can be added. #he computer and &ystem -ontrol Knit 5ould have a 5ireless communication 5ith the mechanical structure of solar panel. #o ma'e emer ency control better more po5erful microcontrollers e. . /I-13177 5ould be used.

CHAPTER 6: REFERENCES

REFERENCES:
1. The PIC16F7X Microcontroller and embedded systems by M hammad !li Ma"idi #econd edition$ % blished in 2&&6 year by Pearson 'd cation$ I(C. 2. ! microcontroller)based stand)alone %hotovoltaic %o*er system +or residential a%%liances ),. !--aya Corres%ondin. ! thor Contact In+ormation$ ')mail The Corres%ondin. ! thor and !. !. / la-si"$ #elc - 0niversity$ 'n.ineerin. and !rchitect re Fac lty$ 'lectrical)'lectronics 'n.ineerin. 1e%artment$ 22&31$ /onya$ T r-ey),eceived 13 ! . st 2&&3. 3. Position control o+ s n trac-in. system)/halil$ !.!. 'l)#in.aby$ M.$ !rab !cad. +or

#ci. 3 Technol. 3 Maritime Trans%.$ '.y%t4 this %a%er a%%ears in5 Circ its and #ystems$ 2&&3. M6#C!# 7&3. Proceedin.s o+ the 26th I''' International Mid*est #ym%osi m on P blication 1ate5 27)3& 1ec. 2&&3$ 8ol me5 3$ 9n %a.e:s)5 1132) 1137 8ol. 3. 2. P8 mod le)based stand)alone solar trac-in. system 0rbano$ ;.!.4 Mats moto$ <.4 !somo"a$ ,.4 !ceves$ F.;.4 #otelo$ !.4 ;acome$ !.4 Photovoltaic 'ner.y Conversion$ 2&&3. Proceedin.s o+ 3rd 6orld Con+erence on 8ol me 3$ 12)16 May 2&&3 Pa.e:s)52263 ) 226= 8ol.3 1i.ital 9b>ect Identi+ier 1&.11&?@6CP'C.2&&3.13&=&?&. =. The #olar #ystem Modeler)#tyt"$ M.,.4 8anderb r.h$ ;.4 Aan-s$ #.A.4 Com% ter Bra%hics and !%%lications$ I''')8ol me 17$ Iss e =$ #e%t.)9ct. 1??7 Pa.e:s)527 C =7 1i.ital 9b>ect Identi+ier 1&.11&?@3D.61&2&=.

CHAPTER 7 :PROPOSED ;OR8

PROPOSED ;OR8
&olar #rac'in &ystem
&election 4f &olar /anel. ,esi nin 4f &tepper )otor and 8ear Assembly. &election 4f 8/& and 8&) )odule. ,evelopment 4f &oft5are and Card5are.

&olar )onitorin &ystem

,evelopment 4f &oft5are and Card5are. ,ata Lo er &ystem In .net and Hava.

)onitorin ,ata on .ebsite @)ade in flash).

TIME TABLE
A"'!=!'9 P)&(
&election 4f /roject and Literature survey Al orithm ,evelopment 1or 97traction < Identification Card5are < &oft5are ,evelopment #estin < )odification ,ocumentation feature

D,r&'!o( " months 1 month * months 1 month 1 month

CHAPTER - : DATASHEETS