AME 331 Heat Transfer

Lecture #1 Tuesday, 14 January 2014

Lecture, Discussion, Office Hours

Lecture, Discussion:
Section #28761
GFS-118, Lecture Tu, Th 11:00 to 12:20

Office Hours:
Rick Martin, BHE-315
Tu 9:00 am to 10:30 am Tu 2:30 pm to 4:00 pm

Section #28762
GFS-118, Lecture Tu, Th 12:30 to 1:50

Manny Dekermenjian, BHE-315

Th 10:00 am to 11:00 am Th 2:30 to 4:30 pm

Loc TBD, Discussion #1

Tu 4-5 pm???

TA, Runhua Zhao, RRB-207

M 3-5 pm W 4-6 pm

Loc TBD, Discussion #2

W 3-4 pm

TA, DJ Lee, ???-???

W 10 am-noon ???
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About the Instructor Manny Dekermenjian

Principal, ENVIRON International, Inc. PhD, BS University of California, Los Angeles

Licensed Professional Engineer in CA, TN Certified Fire/Explosion Investigator Editorial Board, International Society of Environmental Forensics Expertise: Applying engineering principles to the investigation of real world disasters
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About the Instructor Rick Martin

Principal, Martin Thermal Engineering PhD BS, MS University of California, Berkeley Stanford University

Licensed Professional Engineer in CA, NV, AZ, CO, KY Certified Fire Investigator Certified Fire Protection Specialist Secretary, NFPA 86 Ovens & Furnaces, NFPA 87 Fluid Heaters Extracurricular Interest: Philosophy of Faith and Science

The Charge
The practice of science and engineering involve the pursuit and application of truth. Excellence in engineering is paramount because anything less can lead to technology failures, which may cause personal injury and property damage. Engineering students should seek to augment or improve their:

Engineering is a noble professionadmire and respect it!

Knowledge of the way humans interact with the natural world; Habits of observing, investigating, analyzing. Desire to apply engineering fundamentals to the service of humankind.

Syllabus
Textbook: Heat & Mass Transfer Fundamentals and Applications Supplementary Textbook: Heat Transfer 2nd Edition (Schaums Outline) Announcements Dr. Martin
See Blackboard Authors: Yunus Cengel, Afshin Ghajar Chapters 1 to 9, 11 to 13

Dr. Dekermenjian

Routine emails: richarjm@usc.edu Urgent emails: rmartin@martinthermal.com Routine emails: dekermen@usc.edu Urgent emails: manny_duke@yahoo.com

Homework
Homework:
See Class Schedule (posted on Blackboard) for assigned problems. Due most Thursdays Late if not received by instructor at the end of class
25% penalty if 1 to 24 hours late 50% penalty if 25 to 48 hours late 75% penalty if 49 or more hours late

Solutions posted on Blackboard after 2nd day

Late credit will be given for homework submitted up to the last day of class (Thursday, May 1, 2014)
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Late HW may be submitted by PDF via email. Regular HW must be submitted as hardcopy, in class.

Course Schedule

Grading
24% Homework (12 assignments, almost weekly) 10% Quiz (4 quizzes, biweekly except for midterm weeks) 30% Midterm (2 midterms) 30% Final 6% Design Project (presentation at course end) 0-4% Extra credit (Optional = 2 during term)

Heat Transfer
is a difficult subject. Dont fall behind. Do ALL the homework. You can earn a good grade, but you will have to work hard for it. If you dont understand something, ask the Instructor or TA right awaydont wait.
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Presentation of Homework Solutions

Name Class Section (1 or 2) Assignment #, Problem # Problem Statement Brief summary in your own words Sketch Set up the problem visually (as needed for clarity) Nomenclature Define variables (as needed for clarity) Assumptions e.g., steady, 1-D, properties constant, etc. (very important!) Governing Equations mass, momentum, energy Boundary Conditions heat flux, temperature, convection Solution Show pertinent steps to obtaining solution Illustration Graphs, tables (as needed for clarity) Discussion Interpretation of results (general interest) Final Answer For the decision maker

As a Professional Engineer, you must have someone check your work. Communicate clearly so they can follow it.
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Significant Figures
Accuracy Precision Homework problems will be checked for correct presentation of significant figures. If an input has low precision, answer should also have low precision To avoid round-off error, carry extra significant figures through intermediate computations, but truncate at the end.
Some inputs (e.g., 10C) may have higher precision (e.g., 10.0C) Quizzes and Exams will be docked for gross misuse of significant figures. An answer with too many/few significant figures is a partially incorrect answer (and potentially embarrassing)

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CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Heat Transfer

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Video Clip

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSZYZLfZ7E

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Observations?
What are the three methods of heat transfer depicted? At what temperature do you think melting occurred? What can you say about the geometry of the three different experiments? What can you say about the time scale of the three different experiments? How much electric power do you think these three appliances deliver?
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Chapter 1 - Introduction
Heat Transfer A Predictive Science
Non-equilibrium process Rate of energy transfer

Conduction
Fouriers Law

Thermal Conductivity
Material properties

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Steady (Not Transient) System

0 ( M Cv T ) = Steady State

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Review of Thermodynamics
First Law
Production + Input = Output + Storage
= 0 Energy is neither created nor destroyed In this class, conversion of energy from chemical, nuclear, or electrical to thermal constitutes Production Work across system boundary Heat across system boundary Mass across system boundary

+ = +

Energy flows in and out of system due to:

Storage is change of internal energy (temperature)

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Review of Thermodynamics
What is the driving force for heat transfer?
Second Law (Entropy)

Consider a blacksmith cooling a red-hot horseshoe in a bath of cool water.

Thermodynamics predicts the final temperature Heat Transfer predicts how much time is required

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Enthalpy vs Internal Energy

For a control volume (moving):
H = enthalpy (total) h = enthalpy (per unit mass)

For a control mass (stationary):

U = internal energy (total) u = internal energy (per unit mass)

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Specific Heat
Specific Heat:
How much heat (kJ) can be stored in a substance per unit mass (kg) for a unit rise of temperature (C). Specific heat varies with temperature.
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Molecular Processes
Conduction: Convection: Radiation:
Molecules of higher energy (temperature) transfer energy by collisions/vibration with adjacent molecules of lower energy (temperature). Conduction augmented by a moving fluid. Transfer of energy by photons, without contact between bodies. Boiling/condensation; melting/freezing. [Not studied here] Mass and energy exchange in moving fluids. [Not studied here]
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Phase Change: Mass Transfer:

Conduction
Gradient
Spatial variation of a scalar or vector property = P

Heat Conduction in a given direction is proportional to that temperature gradient

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Variation in Space, Time

Temperature Field
May vary in all three dimensions May vary in time , , ,

Partial Derivative

Rate of change with respect to one variable Other variables held constant , , ,

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Illustration
For a given y, z, and t, Heat flow in x direction is proportional to temperature gradient in x direction If gradient is negative (T declining) in x-direction, heat flow is positive in x-direction. Proportionality requires a negative sign. Qx T = k k is thermal conductivity.

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Think Stop
Can a temperature field be variable in time but not in space? Can a temperature field be variable in space but not in time? Can a temperature field be invariant in both space and time? What is temperature? [Not studied here]
For the curious 1 ,

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Problem Solving Pathway

Objective:
Determine how temperature varies in a body.

Differential Equation:
Fouriers Law

Boundary Conditions:
Temperature at hot surface Temperature at cold surface
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Terminology
Heat Flux = Flow of heat through an area: = = 2

The symbol = means has units of

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Terminology
Temperature Gradient = Change in temperature over a distance in a particular direction = lim = 0
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Terminology
Thermal Conductivity = the property of a substance that governs the quantity of heat flow by molecular motion in a given direction.
W k= mK
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Terminology
Density = mass of a substance in a given volume = = 3 Specific Heat = heat energy required to raise a unit mass of a substance by a unit temperature rise = =

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Terminology
Heat Generation = Heat energy released into the interior volume of a substance, typically through chemical reaction or electrical resistance = = 3
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Fouriers Law
In one dimension, Fouriers Law of Conduction is an Ordinary Differential Equation:
Heat Flux Q x x= q = A Temperature Gradient Thermal Conductivity

dT dx

W Q x = 2 A m

W k= mK

dT K = dx m
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First Law in One-Dimension

First Law: Production:

= E + E +E in out E
E =
Differential Volumetric Volume Element Heat Generation

gen e

Heat Inflow:

Heat Generation Fourier Conduction Fourier Conduction Heat Capacity

Heat Outflow:

Energy Storage

dT Qin = k A dx x =0 dT k A Qout = dx x +x

= E

T c V t Volume Volumetric
Heat Capacity Time Rate Of Change
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Thermal Conductivity

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Thermal Conductivity

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Example Problem

Does the answer seem like a large or small rate of heat transfer? Compare to a light bulb.
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Collegium Practicum
Human Body Heat Transfer
Prevention of Overheating
Perspiration Exhaling Blood vessel dilation

Prevention of Overcooling
Shivering Blood vessel contraction Subcutaneous fat layer
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Collegium Practicum
Personal Conduction Technologies
Skiing Hand and Foot Warmers:
Chemical heat release. 4 Fe(s) + 3 O2(g) 2 Fe2O3(s)

First Aid Ice Pack:

Phase change heat absorption. Water-based gel from freezer.

Electric Blanket:
Sleeping comfort; Energy savings. Low-voltage models are easier to safeguard.
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