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3. How to Frame the sentences 11 14 4. Conjugation 5. TENSES 6. Model Auxiliary Verbs 14 15 -18 19 -23
Effective Communication
1. Grammatically Correct Sentences
Eg: Imagine that you receive this telegram message SELL my CAR because I've GONE to FRANCE This sentence is not complete. It is not a "grammatically correct" sentence. But you probably understand it. These 4 words communicate very well. Somebody wants you to sell their car for them because they have gone to France. We can add a few words: Will you SELL my CAR because I've GONE to FRANCE The new words do not really add any more information. But they make the message more correct grammatically. We can add even more words to make one complete, grammatically correct sentence. But the information is basically the same: Will you SELL my CAR because I've GONE to FRANCE.
3. Grammar
Eg: The study of how words and their component parts combine to form sentences
4. Vocabulary
Eg: All the words of a language. The sum of words used by, understood by, or at the command of a particular person or group.
5. Body Language
Eg: communication via the movements or attitudes of the body
6. Variety of Sentences
Eg: it means using a variety of sentences...not just the same tone and flow of words repeatedly.
7. Voice Modulation
Eg: A change in stress, pitch, loudness, or tone of the voice
8. Expressing Feelings
Eg: .
11. Spontaneity
Eg: Spontaneous is an adjective that means seeming to occur through self-generation, by one's own means, or in a way requiring no outside influence or help.
12. Accent
Eg: an accent is a manner of pronunciation of a language
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Parts of Speech
1. Noun 2. Pronoun 3. Adverb 4. Adjective 5. Proposition 6. Conjunction 7. Interjection E.g.: Ravi and his best friend went quickly to Market Ravi - Noun (5), and - Conjunction (2) , his - Pronoun (10), best - Adjective (3) friend - Noun went - Verb (10) quickly - Adverb (13) to - Preposition (3) Market - Noun
Noun
CONCRETE NOUN
ABSTRACT NOUN
COMMON NOUN
PROPER NOUN
MATERIAL NOUN
COLLETIVE NOUN
Concrete Nouns are the names of persons, places and things which have a shape and which can be held. These are further divided into four. Common Noun: A name used in common or general E.g.: Market, Institute
Proper Noun: A name used for a particular person or place. E.g.: Ravi, Vani. Material Noun: Names of the metals or meterials from which things are made are called materials Nouns. E.g.: wood, iron, cement, steel Collective Noun: A collection taken together and spoken as a whole is called a collective nouns. E.g.: Sheep, fleet, army Sir introduced new words: Posse (or) cordon ( Group of Police People) Constellation or Universal (Galaxy) ABSTRACT NOUN: The things which cant see, feel and touch E.g.: Human - ity, Generous - ity, Public - ity, Electric - ity ity - suffix - end small attachment Suffixes & Abstract Noun ence ant ent sion ssion tion wood logy ism
ness ist
Pronoun
Its a word used Instead of a Noun
Personal Pronouns Objective Pronouns Possessive Adjective Possessive Pronoun Reflexive Pronoun Emphatic Pronoun I Me My Mine Myself Myself We Us Our Ours ourselves Our sleves You You Yours Yours Yourself yourselves Yourself yourselves He Him His His Himself Himself She Her Her Her herself herself It It Its Its itself itself They Them Their Their themselves themselves
I am a student - (Beginning of the sentence) Sir asked me (After verb) It is my book (Before Noun) (Possessive - Ownership) Here Pronoun work as adjective Before Noun
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This book is mine (At the end of the sentence) I blamed myself () I myself helped them ()
Other Pronouns Someone somebody something Somewhat anyone No one One of them none of them each of them This That These Each and Every one of them
VERBS
Definition: It Shows Action
Verbs
Auxiliary Verbs
ModelAuxiliary Verbs
do do does did
have have has had Will - would, Shall - should, Can - could May - Might, Used to, Ought to Need, Dare, must
Will Future Actions Talk about willingness Decided something to do (determination) Conditional Sentence.
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Adverbs It add meaning to Verb It adds meaning to Adjective It adds meaning to Adverb E.g.: Sit Straight Carefully Silently attentively Actively
listen
Run
E.g.: Ravi is Clever (Clever - adjective) Ravi is Very Clever Very, So, too (Adverb) E.g.: Ravi runs fast (fast - adjective) Ravi is fast run
Adjective It adds Meaning Noun or Pronoun in adjective. There are three types Positive Degree Little Much Good Well Bad Evil Ill Rich Beautiful Comparative Degree Less More Better Better Worse Worse Worse Richer More Beautiful Superlative Degree Least Most Best Best Worst Worst Worst Richest Most Beautiful
E.g. -1
E.g. - 2 E.g. -3
Note: Adjectives which have suffixes take more in comparative Degree, and most in superlative Degree Suffixes: ful, some, ish, ic, ical, ial, ive, our, ade, ible, ing, en, en, like
Prepositions It shows relationship between Noun & Noun, Noun & Pronoun Single Preposition: for, form, since, against, with, by, at, on, in above, below, under, along, through, around, among, between, but, except, including, excluding, save. Compound Preposition: across, about, along with, not with standing, beneath, through out, into, onto upto, upon, Prepositional Phrase: in case of, in case of not, in spite of, because of, owing to, according to, instead of, in the place of, on behalf on, due to, on par with (equal to)
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Conjunction A word which joints 2 words, 2 phrases, 2 clauses, 2 sentences Ex: and Complex sentences: If, whether, Unless, that, so that, though, Although, Even though, As, Since, because, what, when, where, why, who, whose, whom, which, How. Compound Sentences: and, but, still, yet, or, nor, eitheror, neither nor, or, nor, so, and so, therefore, or else, otherwise, as well as, not only but also, both and. Simple Sentence: too to
Interjection Words are sentences which express sudden feelings E.g.: wow!, oh!, ah!, oops!, ouch! Hurrah! Bravo! Alas! What a nice painting! How costly the watch is!
Do Does Did Have Has Had Have to Has to Had to Have + PP Has + PP Had + PP Used to
Dont do Doesnt do Didnt do Dont have Doesnt have Didnt have Dont have to Doesnt have to Didnt have to Havent + PP Hasnt + PP Handt + PP Didnt use to
8 Communicative forms 1. Positive Sentences 2. Negative Sentences 3. Yes or no questions (Positive) 4. Yes or no questions (negative) 5. wh questions (Positive) 6. wh questions (negative) 7. Question tags (negative) 8. Question tags (Positive)
Does
She does Engineering She does nt do Engineering Does she do Engineering Does nt she do Engineering What does she do? What does nt she do? She does Engineering? Doesnt she? She does nt do Engineering? Does she?
Did
He did two mistakes He didnt do two mistakes Did he do to mistakes Didnt he do to mistakes How many mistakes did he do? How many mistakes didnt he do? He did two mistakes, didnt he? He didnt two mistakes? Did he?
Has
She has three siblings She does nt have three siblings Does she have three siblings Does nt she have three siblings How many siblings does she have? How many siblings doesnt she have? She has three siblings? Has nt she? She doesnt have three siblings? Does she?
Had
He had urgent work He didnt have urgent work Did he have urgent work? Did nt he have urgent work? What type of work he had? What type of work he didnt have? He h ad urgent work? Had nt he He didnt have urgent work? Did he?
Has
She has three siblings She does nt have three siblings Does she have three siblings Does nt she have three siblings How many siblings does she have? How many siblings doesnt she have? She has three siblings? Has nt she? She doesnt have three siblings? Does she?
Had
He had urgent work He didnt have urgent work Did he have urgent work? Did nt he have urgent work? What type of work he had? What type of work he didnt have? He h ad urgent work? Had nt he He didnt have urgent work? Did he?
S form
She stays on the third floor She does nt stay on the third floor Does she stay on the third floor Does nt she stay on the third floor On which floor does she stay? On which floor doesnt she stay She stays on the third floor? Doesnt she? She doesnt stay on the third floor? Does she?
Simple Past
He wrote two letters He didnt writer two letters Did he write two letters Did nt write two letters Howmany letters did he write? Howmany letters didnt he write? He wrote two letters? Didnt he? He didnt write two letters? Did he?
Has to
She has to come on time She does nt have to come on time Does she have to come on time Does nt she have to come on time When does she have to come? When doesnt she have to come? She has to come on time? Does nt she?
Had to
I had to help him I didnt have to help him Did I have to help him Did nt I have to help him Whom did I have to help him? Whom didnt I have to help him? I had to help him Didnt I?
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Has + PP
She has answered all questions She has nt answered all questions Has she answered all questions Hasnt she answered all questions Howmany questions has she answered? Howmany questions hasnt she answered? She has answered all questions? Has nt she? She has nt answered all questions? Has she?
Had + PP
We had offered prayer before we came here We had nt offered prayer before we came here Had we offered prayer before we came here Had nt we offered prayer before we came here When had we offered prayer? When hadnt we offered prayer? We had offered prayer before we came here? Hadnt we? We had nt offered prayer before we came here? Had we?
CONJUGATION
Using one verb in 12 Tenses. That is called Conjugation
Conjugation of the Verb Write Simple Present Tense Present Continuous Tense: Present Perfect Tense Present Perfect Continuous Tense Simple Past Tense Past Continuous Tense Past Perfect Tense Past Perfect Continuous Tense Simple Future Tense Future Continuous Tense Future Perfect Tense Future Continuous Tense We wrote Letters We are writing Letters We have written Letters We have been writing Letters Since last year We wrote Letters We were writing letters at 7o clock We had written Letters before we came here We had been writing Letters for one hour before we came here We will write Letters We will be writing Letters at 7o Clock We will have written Letters by 9o Clock We have been writing Letters for one hour by 8o clock
TENSES
It shows time of the Action
Present Continuous
am/is/are + verb + ing Note: now, at present, presently, these days, now - a - days, at (adverbs), Uses: 1. Action which is happening now 2. Action which stops for sometime and continuous later 3. Immediate future action (going) E.g.: Sir is going to teach other tenses Sir is going to test our knowledge after some time I am going to have a cup of tea after the class 4. Arrangement of future fixed action E.g.: CM is visiting our institute day after tomorrow
Present Perfect
Have/has+ Past Participle Note: Since, for, recently, already, just, just now, yet, ever, never Usage: Action is completed, but its effect is seen in the presence Examples: 1. She has waited for the bus since 8o clock 2. She has waited for the bus for 30 minutes 3. Swamiji has already left 4. We have joined junior course recently 5. Sir has just completed present continuous Tense 6. I have nt started the work book yet 7. Have you ever visited a Birla Temple 8. No, I have never visited Difference between Present Perfect and Simple Past? I have taken Breakfast - Present Perfect I took Break fast - Simple past
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3. To give and take Permission informal situation E.g.: Informal Family, relative, friends We dont have any type of restrictions Can I use your cell Phone? Yes, You can. Can I Use your vehicle in emergency Yes, You can
4. Direct and indirect speech sentences E.g.: Ravi says, I can solve your problems Ravi says that he solve my problems
5. Conditional Sentence E.g.: If you try again, you can understand better
2. Could - Uses
1. Past ability 2. Polite English
Past ability: I went to bank I couldnt withdraw the money E.g.: I attended an interview last week, but I couldnt clear first round itself.
Polite English: How to give respect others E.g.: Could I Know the Pronunciation please? Could I know my feed back? Could I know the reason for delay?
3. Will - Uses
1. Future Action E.g.: I will come tomorrow 7799209353 He will deposit the money after sometime
2. Willingness E.g.: Sir will clear doubts I will drop you at liberty
3. Determination (Firm Decision) E.g.: I will speak Good English by the End of Junior course
4. Sure E.g.: She will get a rank this time My Friend will get admission in Bits Pilani The Baby will fall down
5. Direct & Indirect Speech Sentences E.g.: Ravi says will you deposit the money tomorrow? Ravi asks If whether I will deposit the money the next day.
6. Conditional Sentences E.g.: If you work hard, you will get success If you read it again, you will understand better
4. Would - Uses
1. Polite English E.g.: Sir would Guide us My Father would visit this institute. Amitab Bachan would get Ascar Award
2. Past habitual Action E.g.: When kalpana was six years, she would like to see in the sky. Kalpana Chavla would like see into the sky ours together when she was six I would work on system ours together when I was a student
5. May - Uses
1. Chances are Possibility of Something happening E.g.: The doctors may save the patient Swamiji may visit our class Sir may give us a chance for GD It may rain
2. To give and take Permission in formal Situation E.g.: May I come in? Yes, You may come
Sir, May I know the Pronunciation of this word Please May I know, whether my sentence is correct
6. Might - Uses
1. Remote are very less Possibility of Something happening E.g.: Swamiji might visit our class
2. Polite English (might + like) E.g.: Sir might like to give us chance for individual Presentation Swamiji might like to advice us on meditation Our Chief guest might like to have some refreshment
3. We hold someone responsible if some big mistake happens E.g.: The doctors might have saved the Patient You might have avoided using cell Phone He might have reduced the speed of the vehicle You might have stopped the children from entering water
7. Shall - Uses
1. Future Action (I, we) E.g.: I shall come tomorrow We Shall talk to sir after the class
2. Voluntary Help (I, we) E.g.: Shall I help you Shall we assist them Shall we arrange the chairs Properly
3. Promise (You, he, she, it, they) E.g.: You shall get consolation Prize for 100 percent attendance She shall get Promotion this time
4. Warning (You, he, she, it, they) E.g.: Those who take four leaves shall not be allowed attend he remaining classes Those who wear tea shirts with some writing on it shall not be allowed to attend the class
E.g.: The passengers shall be killed one by one, if our conditions are not fulfilled in 24 hours (*Screem Shouting Loudly)
8. Should or Ought to
1. Duty E.g.: The soldiers should Protect our country
2. Obligation E.g.: We should respect others We should maintain silence in the Prayer hall
3. Reference or Recommendation E.g.: You should advanced learners dictionary by oxford She should see a dermatologist
4. Suggestion (Related to work) E.g.: You should arrange the class The builder should increase the size of the rooms
5. Advice (related to a person or Person health E.g.: You should take care of your health He should mind his language
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