*"at is a Disease?

How Disease Develops?

Erlinda R. Cruz-Lacierda Associate Professor Institute of Aquaculture Colle e of !is"eries and #cean $ciences %niversit& of t"e P"ilippines 'isa&as

a(nor)alit& in structure or function displa&ed (& livin or anis)s t"rou " a specific or non-specific si n

slow rowt" rate nor)al appearance nor)al swi))in (e"avior

a(nor)al swi))in (e"avior

!actors in Develop)ent of Disease

+. Host ,. Disease a ent-Pat"o en .. Environ)ent
"e)orr"a ic lesions on (od& surface of fis"

+. Host

+. Host
defense )ec"anis)s
p"&siolo ical / p"a oc&tes1 avoidance )ec"anis)s1 local tissue reactions i))unolo ical / i))une s&ste) and its specific activit& a ainst (iolo ical a ents

defense )ec"anis)s
structural / s0in1 scale1 e2os0eleton1 )ucus

+. Host
a e differences

,. Disease a ents-Pat"o ens

a. P"&sical )ec"anical1 t"er)al1 radiation

(. C"e)ical - nutritional i)(alances species differences

environ)ental conta)inants to2ins c"e)ical over dosa es non-infectious disease a ents

nutritional status

,. Disease a ents-Pat"o ens

c. 3iolo ical - virus
(acteria fun i parasites infectious disease a ents )ultipl& in "ost tissue direct trans)ission

3iolo ical Disease A ents

+. virus
+4 / .44 n) o(li ate intracellular parasites sin le t&pe of nucleic acid
D5A or R5A ta2ono)ic identification

3iolo ical Disease A ents

,. Disease a ents
3. Infectious-3iolo ical
,. (acteria
A. Cocci 7$treptococcus8 3. Cocci 7$tap"&lococcus8 C. 3acilli D. Coco(acilli E. $piral !. Co))a-s"aped 7'i(rios8 A 3 C

,. (acteria
unicellular 4..-+4 6) visi(le colonies

3iolo ical Disease A ents

3iolo ical Disease a ents

.. !un i
)ost are saprop"&tes / o(tain food fro) dead or deca&in or anic )atter or parasites / attac0s livin or anis)s causin disease out(rea0s

.. !un i
eu0ar&ote lac0s c"lorop"&ll cell wall contains lucans 7plants8 and c"itin 7e2os0eleton of art"ropods8 rel& on prefor)ed or anic co)pounds - "eterotrop"ic

3iolo ical Disease A ents

.. !un i
fila)ents are called 9"&p"ae: septate or aseptate 7coenoc&tic8 9"&p"ae:

3iolo ical Disease a ents

;. Parasites / protozoans

3iolo ical Disease a ents ;. Parasites / tre)atodes 7flatwor)s8

3iolo ical Disease a ents ;. Parasites / ne)atodes 7roundwor)s8

3iolo ical Disease a ents

<odes of trans)ission
Horizontal

;. Parasites

ectoparasite

endoparasite

'ertical - parent to offsprin

Portals of entr&
water(orne / conta)inated water 7pond effluents and processin plant effluents= natural "osts in water 7carriers8 air(orne / )i rator& (irds1 insects1 wind

.. Environ)ent
facilit& location1 desi n and construction

water qualit& overland transport route / infected seeds

and (roodstoc0s1 feeds1 "u)ans1 ani)als1 ve"icles1 far) equip)ent

.. Environ)ent
(iolo ical factors
infected "osts / seed1 (rood1 vectors1 inter)ediate "osts1 reservoir "osts non-"ost (iolo ical carriers / (irds1 do s1 insects1 ot"er predators1 "u)ans fo)ites / water1 ve"icles1 (uc0ets1 s"oes1 nets1 clot"in

Hu)an !actor
adequate 0nowled e and understandin of t"e cultured or anis)

)ana e)ent and operation practices

Host

Pat"o en

$uscepti(le Host

'irulent Pat"o en

Adversed Environ)ent

Environ)ent

DI$EA$E
Host-Pathogen-Environment Interrelationship

"andlin 1 overcrowdin 1 )alnutrition1 poor environ)ental conditions

$tress
+. Alar) sta e / fis" atte)pts to escape fro) t"e pro(le)

$tress

Disease #ut(rea0

$tress / 9su) of p"&siolo ical responses t"e fis"

)a0es to )aintain or re ain its nor)al (alance:

$tress
,. Adaptive sta e
fis" react to environ)ental c"an e= fis" tries to ad>ust to t"e c"an e1 reac" a new equili(riu)= )a& not a(le to )aintain rowt"1 reproduction and disease i))unit& disease )a& occur

$tress
.. E2"austion sta e
fis" e2"austs its reserve of ener &= fis" dies

?&pical $i ns of Disease
3e"avioral a(nor)alities

?&pical $i ns of Disease
3e"avioral a(nor)alities
ru( fis"@ (od& on o(>ects

aspin at water surface

let"ar &

?&pical $i ns of Disease
3e"avioral a(nor)alities

?&pical $i ns of Disease
P"&sical si nsA

loss of appetite slow rowt" rate

?&pical $i ns of Disease
P"&sical si nsA

?&pical $i ns of Disease
P"&sical si nsA

discoloration

"e)orr"a ic lesions on (od& surface= ulceration of s0in

?&pical $i ns of Disease
P"&sical si nsA

?&pical $i ns of Disease
P"&sical si nsA

fin rot

E&e a(nor)alities

?&pical $i ns of Disease
P"&sical si nsA

?&pical $i ns of Disease
P"&sical si nsA

opaque )uscle-tissue

Lordosis Drops&

?&pical $i ns of Disease
P"&sical si ns

?&pical $i ns of Disease

swollen (ell&

w"ite spots on (od& surface and ills

?&pical $i ns of Disease

?&pical $i ns of Disease

parasites

a(nor)al condition a(nor)al color of ills

?&pical $i ns of Disease

?&pical $i ns of Disease

)ortalit&

A 3

3asic Procedures in Disease Dia nosis

Reco nize earl& or consistent si ns of disease

<easure-record water qualit& conditions C Bat"er infor)ation on pattern of )ortalities Evaluate rearin conditions1 sanitation and )ana e)ent practices E2a)ine fres" )aterials fro) "ealt"&-nor)al1 )ori(und and dead fis"

<ortalit& Patterns
A. Acute Environ)ental !ailure 3. Acute Infectious Disease C. C"ronic Infectious Disease

Levels of Dia nosis

Level , Level +
on-site o(servation and )onitorin ocular o(servation or )acroscopic e2a)ination

Levels of Dia nosis

(acteriolo & )&colo & parasitolo & "istopat"olo &
requires specialized trainin and access to necessar& equip)ent

Levels of Dia nosis

Level .
virolo & electron )icroscop& i))unolo & )olecular dia nostics
requires specialized trainin and access to necessar& equip)ent