Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
10-2011
Overview
1. Introduction 2. HVDC Station Layout and Equipment LCC 3. HVDC Station Layout and Equipment VSC 4. Integration of Renewable Energy Sources using HVDC 5. Conclusions
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1.
ntroduction
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Electric Power Markets they need HVDC Increasing Demand for Power Generation* from 3,620 GW in 2000 to 5,324 GW in 2010 and to 9,669 GW in 2030 Strong Environmental Constraints Limitation on Power Plant Expansions Natural Energy Resources far away from the Load Centers Severe Right-of-Way Constraints
A crucial Issue in many Countries, in Europe in particular
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2.
S tation Layout
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Equipment LCC
and
HVDC
Configuration Possibilities
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Configurations Bipolar
Configurations Monopolar *
Multiterminal HVDC
Terminals in series
Terminals in parallel
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AC
AC
System 2
4 Thyristor Valves
5 Smoothing Reactors
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AC
AC
System 2
To/ from other Terminal
DC filter
Pole 1
6 DC Switchyard
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8 AC-Filter Bus 1 C1 3 AC-Bus L1 Fachv L2 4 FacIv C2 Arr A 2 7 Arr B4 Arr B3 6 Arr B2 Arr B1 10 Lsmooth
DC Line Arr D
Arr C
Fdc
Fdc
AC-Filter
Arr E1 Neutral
Arr E2 11
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4 3
Multiple Valve Unit (Quadruple Valve)
A B C
2 1 A
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B
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Valve Arm
to DC Line: + or DC Station Layout & GA
Example 500 kV
Cigr Tutorial 2012
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Unit
MW Bundle km m m
300 kV
600 ~ 1,000 Monopolar / Bipolar 2x / 3x / 4x 300 -750 40 8.50
400 kV
1,000 ~ 2,000 Monopolar / Bipolar 2x / 3x / 4x / 6x 500 ~ 1,000 45 ~ 50 10.00 11.00
500 kV
1,500 ~ 3,000 Monopolar / Bipolar 4x / 6x / 8x 700 ~ 1,500 55 ~ 70 11.00 13.00
800 kV
3,000 ~ 7,500 Monopolar / Bipolar 6x / 8x 1,500 ~ 5,000 85 ~ 90 16.00
m -
25 ~ 40 Cap & Pin / Porcelain Longrod / Composite 4.34 (Porcelain Cap & Pin) / 3.60 (Composite)
Lattice Tower: 36 ~ 51 / Monopole: 49.18 ~ 48.18 Cap & Pin / Porcelain Longrod / Composite 5.06 (Composite) / 6.18 (Porcelain)
39 ~ 93
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flexible
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DC Station
500 MW 2006
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Bass Strait
Underground Cable
Underground Cable
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Extruded
Voltages up to 320 kV DC. Conductors up to 3,000 mm2 (Al)
Photos: Prysmian Cables and Systems, 2009 Data: Status 2011 Cigr Tutorial 2012
DC Cable Laying
Cable Termination
Joints
100 km
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1 km only !
Cigr Tutorial 2012
Hotel DC
2001
Cigr Tutorial 2012
2001
Benefits
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660 MW 2007
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AC Switchgear
AC Filters
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Storeblt
Customer: Energinet.dk System Data: Rating 600 MW Voltage 400 kV DC Thyristor 8 kV LTT Cable Length 56 km
2010
BritNed
Customer: BritNed Developm. Ltd. System Data: Rating 2 x 500 MW Voltage 450 kV Thyristor 8 kV LTT Cable Length 260 km
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Power Exchange by Sea Cable Sharing of Reserve Capacity No Increase in Short-Circuit Power
Cigr Tutorial 2012
2010 600 MW
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2011 2 x 500 MW
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800 km
1,450 km
Reduction in CO2: 688,000 tons p.a. through 37 % less Transmission Losses at*
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2,000/2,500 MW 2003/2007
Cigr Tutorial 2012
2010 2,500 MW
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Reduction in CO2: 1.2 m tons p.a. (52 %) by using Energy-Mix from the Mainland
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versus local Supply with a new Oil-fired Power Plant on the Island
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400 MW 2011
Example of HVDC Classic
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DC
DC Wall Bushing
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Air-Core, Air-cooled Smoothing Reactor and Converter Transformer The Dimensions are huge
500 kV DC in Pictures have meanwhile been extended to 800 kV DC
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Test Voltages
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DC (2 hrs) 1,175 kV AC (1 min) 1,020 kV PR (90/90/45 min) 935 kV SI 1,790 kV LI (FW/CW) 2,080/2,320 kV
Cigr Tutorial 2012
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DC Neutral
LV 12-Pulse Bridge
400 kV DC
400 kV DC
HV 12-Pulse Bridge
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to 800 kV DC Line
400 kV DC
9.5 m
Test Set-up
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800 kV DC
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Technical Data
Rated Voltage: 816 kV DC Operating Voltage: 800 kV DC Withstand Voltage: 1,200 kV DC Switching Impulse Voltage:1,790 kV Lightning Impulse Voltage: 2,205 kV Operating Current: 5,000 A DC Short-Circuit Current: 50 / 20 kA 1 s Creepage path: 38,746 mm No. of Operating Cycles: 2,000 CO Weight: 6,000 kg
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11.4 m 13 m
20.8 m
Test Set-up
Special Challenges
Two Resin-Paper Capacitor Windings with a total Weight of 4,000 kg Design of the Windings and Production with no Shrinkage Holes
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10.6 m
800 kV DC
9m
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+ 400
- 400
kV D
kV DC
+ 80
0 kV
DC
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Yunnan-Guangdong
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2009/2010
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Back to Germany: All UHV DC Transformer Tests completed, ready for Shipping to China
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DC Side
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800 kV DC
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800 kV DC Towers
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Sources:
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In Co-Operation with
Fulong Converter Station HVDC Transformers & Thyristor Valves with new 6-inch Thyristors
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Double Valve Towers of a Fulong 6-Pulse Bridge at the 800 kV Converter End
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Two HV and two LV Valve Towers for Fulong Converter Station during Erection for the dielectric Type Tests in Xihari HV Test Field in Xian, China (Arresters not yet connected)
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Design of Thyristor Valves for Fulong Station: Latest Development of Power Thyristors: 6-ETT
DC Current Capability of more than 4,500 A Optimum Blocking Voltage of 8.5 kV Joining of the Silicon Pellet to a Molybdenum Carrier Disk using low-Temperature highPressure Sintering Excellent thermal Coupling Low thermal Resistance Outstanding Short-Circuit Current Capability: > 80 kA High Reliability, Failure Rate < 10 fit
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New Level:
660 kV DC
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HVDC
Types of Electrodes
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Sea Electrodes Shore (Pond) Electrodes Shore (buried) Electrodes Ground (Land) Electrodes Deep Hole Electrodes
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3.
S tation Layout
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Equipment VSC
and
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Converter Module
Converter Reactors
Vd
ud
PM 1
PM 1 PM 2
PM 1 PM 2
IGBT1
D1
PM 2
D2 IGBT2
PM n
PM n
PM n
Phase Unit
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VAC
- Vd /2
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Energy Project of the Year American Society of Civil Engineers, Region 9; Sacramento, 9th March 2011
Elimination of Transmission Bottlenecks
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Space Saving
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Options:
C D a)
s e l b Ca
b C D )
B 2 B
85 m
(279 feet)
96 m
(315 feet)
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(148 feet)
Half the Width by vertical Arrangement: 2 Reactors and 2 Converter Modules on Top of each other
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DC Chopper
AC Busbars
Converter AC Yard, Insertion Resistors Neutral Reactors Converter Transformer 3-Phase / ODAN
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4.
I ntegration
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of
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2030: Up to
350 GW
of Wind Power !
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Integration of large Offshore Wind Farms into the Main Grid the German Prospects
VSC HVDC for Onshore Grid Access & Offshore DC Multiterminal
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
= = =
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HVDC Classic for Load & E DC T Station PS S/Re Layout & Sharing GA Generation Reserve
= = = = = =
= = =
Solutions for Grid Access: AC and DC with SVC PLUS and HVDC PLUS
HVDC PLUS
132 kV AC 320 kV DC
132 kV AC
33 kV AC
132 kV AC
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Definition of most economic Wind Farm Network and Grid Connection (AC versus DC). Define Layout and specify Components of the entire Grid Connection. Load-Flow Studies and Short-Circuit Calculations of the whole System. Define the System Grounding Concept and perform Insulation Coordination for the entire Grid Connection. Verification the static and dynamic Performance and Design of Reactive Power Compensation and / or DC System. Evaluation of System Resonance Behavior driven by the Cables, Transformers, Reactors and Wind Generators. Prove the Conformity with the GRID CODE. Design of Protection, Control (SCADA) and Communication System. System Efficiency: Evaluation of overall losses for various Scenarios. Evaluation of electro-magnetic Interferences for the Grid Connection. Optimization of System Reliability and Availability.
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Example of System and Design Studies: Dynamic Modeling of a big Number of Wind Generators
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HVDC PLUS and WIPOS: SylWin1, Germany Worlds first Offshore MMC with 864 MW, BorWin2 and HelWin1&2
WIPOS Siemens Wind Power Offshore Substation
Siemens offers a Family of WIPOS Designs with the Flexibility to meet a Variety of Offshore Weather, Tide, and Seabed Conditions with three main Configurations:
WIPOS self-lifting Solution WIPOS Topside Solution (Topside/Jacket) WIPOS floating Solution
2014 2015
+/- 320 kV 690 MW
=
The Modular Multilevel Converter Technology (MMC) reduces Complexity and therefore the Space 10-2011 101 required for Installation
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HelWin1
BorWin2
=
2013
~
2013
SylWin1
HelWin2
= =
== ~ = ~ =
Prospects and Locations of Tennets Offshore Projects one with AC and all others with DC Links
Source:
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Source: http://www.tennet.eu/
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Source: http://www.tennet.eu/
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Grid Access of Green Energy with HVDC PLUS: WIPOS Advanced self-lifting Offshore Platform Layout
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Siemens has a commitment in the Desertec Industrial Initiative (DII). The objective of this initiative is to develop over the mid-term a technical and economic concept for solar power from Africa. Work will also focus on the clarification of legal and political issues.
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5.
onclusions
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AC Transmission: 400 kV (HV) / 500 kV AC (EHV) 1.5 / 2 GVA 800 kV AC (EHV) 3 GVA 1,000 kV AC (UHV) 6 to 8 GVA
** Reference: Bowmanville, Canada, 1985 - Siemens *** Reference: Huanghe Laxiwa Hydropower Station,
China, 2009 - CGIT (USA)
400 kV AC (HV) 1.8 GVA / 2.3 GVA (directly buried / Tunnel or Outdoor) 500 kV AC (EHV) 2.3 GVA / 2.9 GVA (directly buried / Tunnel or Outdoor) 550 kV AC (EHV) Substation: Standard 3.8 GVA / Special 7.6 GVA ** 800 kV AC (EHV) Tunnel: 5.6 GVA ***
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Summary: Features and Benefits of HVDC HVDC High-Voltage DC Transmission: It makes P flow
Three HVDC Options available: PLUS (VSC), Classic and Bulk With DC, Overhead Line Losses are typically 30-50 % less than with AC For Cable Transmission (over 80 km), HVDC is the only Solution HVDC can be integrated into the AC Systems HVDC supports AC in Terms of Stability System Interconnection with HVDC and Integration of HVDC: DC is a Firewall against Cascading Disturbances Bidirectional Control of Power Flow quite easy Frequency, Voltage and POD Control available Staging of the Links with DC quite easy No Increase in Short-Circuit Power DC is a Stability Booster
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