abduction action analogy

A method of reasoning by which one infers to the best explanation. That which we do, in contrast to that which merely happens to us or our parts. A systematic comparison between structures that uses properties of and relations between objects of a source structure to infer properties of and relations between objects of a target structure. The view put forward by Donald Davidson that all mental events are identical to physical events, and that the only laws that govern the relations between events are physical, not psychological, laws. The science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by people! "#insky, $%&'(. )imilar to the notion of sense. *ntroduced by )earle "$%%+(. A set of nonrepresentational capacities that enable all representing to take place. The ,ackground includes biological and cultural capacities, skills, stances, assumptions and presuppositions. *ntroduced in )earle "$%-'(. The theory according to which mental states can be analy.ed in terms of observable behavior or dispositions to engage in such behavior. The view that a physical system reali.es a mental state not in virtue of the particular stuff it is made of but instead in virtue of the causal relations that parts of that system bear to each other. Any of a class of skeptical views against empirical knowledge based on the claim that claims to empirical knowledge are defeated by the possibility that we might be deceived insofar as we might be, for example, dreaming, hallucinating, deceived by demons, or brains in vats. An argument forwarded by /ohn )earle intended to show that the mind is not a computer and how the Turing Test is inadequate. 0ognitive science is the interdisciplinary study which attempts to further our understanding of the nature of thought. To have access to knowledge that has the properties of knowledge in the ordinary sense, but is not necessarily accessible to consciousness or dependent on warrant or justification. *ntroduced in 0homsky A relation among a number of elements, such as propositions or concepts, that fit together well1 consistency2 cohesiveness. Theories of color perception propose to explain how it is that colors are perceived as properties of physical objects. 3hat proposal one makes depends in turn on what proposal one makes about the nature of color. A series of rule governed state transitions whose rules can be altered. #odels based on the overarching hypothesis that the mind is a type of computer which can be described in algorithmic terms. A semantically evaluable, redeployable constituent of thought, invoked to explain properties of intentional phenomena such as productivity and systematicity. Applied to an assortment of phenomena including mental representations, images, words, stereotypes, senses, properties, reasoning abilities, mathematical functions, etc. A computational approach to modeling the brain which relies on the interconnection of many simple units to produce complex behavior. 0onstrued broadly, connectionism maintains that cognitive processes are "implemented in( processes taking place in networks of nerve cells. Thus construed, the history of connectionism spans a wide range of research in numerous disciplines over the course of centuries )elf4awareness. )ubjective experience. The way things seem to us. *mmediate phenomenological properties. 5henomenal consciousness p4consciousness! is just experience thus, p4conscious states are experiential states. The totality of the experiential properties of a state are p4consciousness, i.e. 6what it is like6 to have it.

anomalous monism

artificial intelligence aspectual shape background, the

behaviorism

causal functionalism

Cartesian skepticism

Chinese Room cognitive science cognize

coherence

color perception, theories of computation computational models

concept

connectionism

connectionism, history of

consciousness consciousness, phenomenal

consciousness, access

Access consciousness a4consciousness! is a kind of direct control2 a representation is access4conscious if it is poised to be under direct control of reasoning, reporting and action. 0reativity is an acid test for A* and cognitive science. *f computers cannot be creative, then "a( they cannot be intelligent, and "b( people are not machines. 7owever, the standard arguments against machine intelligence are not convincing. A method of reasoning by which one infers a conclusion from a set of sentences by employing the axioms and rules of inference for a given logical system. Desire about desires. That is, desire of the form 8* want x8 where x is a desire. 5ertaining to belief. Alternatively, also pertaining to states sufficiently like beliefs "thoughts, judgments, opinions, desires, wishes, fears(.

creativity

deduction

desire, second-order doxastic

dual-aspect theory

A view forwarded by )pino.a "also called the dual4attribute theory( in which the unitary substance 9od is expressed in the distinct modes of the mental and the physical. #ost generally, the view that reality consists of two disparate parts. *n philosophy of mind, the belief that the mental and physical are deeply different in kind1 thus the mental is at least not identical with the physical. The view that1 "$( the mental and the material comprise two different classes of substance and2 "+( each can have causal effects on the other. An area of mathematics used to describe the behavior of complex systems by employing differential and difference equations. :ecently this approach has been advanced by some as the best way to describe human cognition.. The view that, because mental states and properties are items posited by a protoscientific theory "called folk psychology(, the science of the future is likely to conclude that entities such as beliefs, desires, and sensations do not exist. The alternate most often offered is physicalist and the position is thus often called 8eliminative materialism8. 5roperties of a complex physical system are emergent just in case they are neither "i( properties had by any parts of the system taken in isolation nor "ii( resultant of a mere summation of properties of parts of the system. *n its strong form, the thesis that there is no knowable reality behind appearances. Thus, it is the job of science to catalog the formal relations which hold between appearances without claims of describing reality. The doctrine that mental phenomena are not causal despite the fact they may seem to be. A major branch of philosophy that concerns the forms, nature, and preconditions of knowledge. The equivalence thesis states that for any proposed notion of truth, each instance of the schema 6) is true if and only if 56 resulting from the substitution of a translation of the sentence designated by ) for 5, is true. This thesis is often taken to be a minimal requirement on any notion of truth. 5hilosopher of language and mind, best known for introducing, in his posthumously published The Varieties of Reference, the 9enerality 0onstraint, as well as the notion of nonconceptual content as parts of an account of singular referring demonstrative thought. A structure, act, or process that provides understanding. Those memories which a subject is able to cite as being a memory of a particular event. ;xternalists hold that there are mental events that do not supervene merely on physical events internal to the agent8s body, but supervene on environmental events as well. Also known as anti4individualism. The common4sense conceptual framework that we, as human beings, employ to understand, predict, and explain the behavior of other humans and higher animals. The view that the physical reali.ation of a functional component is not, in some sense, its essence. :ather, what makes a functional component the type it is, is characteri.ed in terms of its role in relating inputs to

dualism

dualism, Cartesian interactionist dynamical systems theory

eliminativism

emergence

empiricism

epiphenomenalism epistemology equivalence thesis

Evans, Gareth

explanation explicit memory externalism

folk psychology

functionalism !"

outputs and its relations to other functional components. functionalism #" An explanatory approach to behavior and the constitution of cognitive states that regards particular behaviors and cognitive structures and capacities as playing functional roles in particular domains or contexts. A type of counter example to the definition of knowledge as justified true belief. 9ood <ld4=ashioned Artificial *ntelligence. The view that parts of a system have significance mostly in virtue of their interrelations with other parts. A brand of monism, first forwarded by ,erkeley, in which everything is mental, as contrasted to materialism. The identity theory "*T( of mind is standardly understood to be the claim that every mental property is identical with some physical property. *mplicit memory is evident when the performance of a subject on a task is improved despite the inability of the subject to consciously recollect memories which facilitate to the task. A method of reasoning by which one infers a generali.ation from a series of instances. The thesis that all mental states are representational states. )pecifically, raw feels and qualia, are said to have representational content. The property of the mind by which it is directed at, about, or 8of8 objects and events in the world. Aboutness 4 in the manner of beliefs, fears, desires, etc. The power of a system "e.g. the mind( to be 6about6 something if that power is derived from that system8s connection to another, already intentional system. >anguage8s intentionality is said to be derived from that of the mind. 5eople normally distinguish between behaviors that are performed ?intentionally@ and those that are performed ?unintentionally.@ ,ut philosophers have found it quite difficult to explain precisely what the distinction amounts to. The intentional or mental component of an action. The intention in action causes, and is contemporaneous with, the agent8s bodily movement or state that is its condition of satisfaction. *ntroduced in )earle $%'A. *ntention formed prior to the action that is its condition of satisfaction. The prior intention represents the projected action as a unified whole. *nternalists hold that mental events supervene only on physical events internal to the body of the subject of those mental events. Also known as individualism. ;pistemically praiseworthy, non4propositional procedural elements of a cognitive system thought to underlie abilities where performance of a task is consistently better than chance. /ustified true belief "until the introduction of the 9ettier problem(. An argument from =rank /ackson "$%'+( purporting to show that physicalism is false on the ground that there exist facts that cannot be known solely in virtue of knowing all the physical facts. Bnowledge that enters into the production of behaviors andCor the constitution of mental states but is not ordinarily accessible to consciousness. *f ) knows p, and p entails q, then ) knows q.

Gettier $roblem G%&'( holism idealism identity theory

implicit memory

induction intentionalism

intentionality

intentionality, derived

intentional action

intention-in-action

intention, prior

internalism

kno) ho)

kno)ledge kno)ledge argument

kno)ledge, tacit

kno)ledge under entailment, principle of closure of kno)ledge under kno)n entailment, principle of closure of **-thesis

*f ) knows p, and ) knows that p entails q, then ) knows q.

*f ) knows p, then ) knows that ) knows p.

language of thought

A phrase coined by =odor to voice the view that all mental representations are linguistic expressions within an 8internal8 language which significantly resembles spoken language. The permanent memory store accessed after a considerable gap between the presentation of a stimulus and its recall. The view that everything that actually exists is material, or physical. #any philosophers and scientists now use the terms Dmaterial8 and Dphysical8 interchangeably. As distinguished from vehicle, mental content is that aspect of mentality which, ideally, refers to an object, property or relation and specifies some properties of that item The study of part4whole relationships. #ost generally, the problem of describing the relationship between the mind and body "or brain(. =irst explicitly raised by Descartes, it is, perhaps, the best know problem in the philosophy of mind. The thesis that all of reality is of one kind. The thesis that a mental state is the type it is independent of the physical reali.ation of that mental state. *n relation to mind, the view that mental phenomena can be explained as part of the natural order and are empirically accessible features of the world. The doctrine according to which the solution to certain philosophical problems "e.g., the mind4body problem( lies outside our cognitive abilities. The doctrine that reality, though unified, is neither mental nor physical but rather conglomerations of a neutral entity. A content, possibly of a non4 or sub4 doxastic state, whose canonical specification employs concepts which the subject need not possess in order to entertain the content, but rather might, for instance, be canonically specified in terms of abilities and skills the subject possesses, or in terms of significant though nonconceptuali.ed experience. )omething is objective insofar as it is independent of either a particular mind or minds altogether. The property of being objective. A view populari.ed by Eicholas #albranche whereby1 "$( the mental and the material comprise two different kinds of substance2 "+( neither has any direct causal effect on the other and2 "A( all seeming interactions between the two are due to the continual intervention by 9od who brings about a change in one on the occasion of a change in the other. <ntology is the study of what there is, an inventory of what exists. An ontological commitment is a commitment to an existence claim. The view that mental and physical phenomena occur in parallel but that these simultaneities never involve causal interactions. The 8how it is8 to cognitive systems in the world. A means of distinguishing how things are from how a cogni.er thinks they are. The monistic view that all empirical statements "such as the laws of physics( can be placed in a one to one correspondence with statements about only the phenomenal "i.e. mental appearances(. :ejection of the notion that representational states define and explain the most basic kind of human interaction with the environment. "$( subjective or phenomenal experience "+( a systematic study of consciousness from a first4person perspective originated by 7usserl. 5hilosophers often make claims about people@s intuitions regarding particular cases. ;xperimental philosophy aims to put these claims to the test using standard empirical methods.

long term memory +,-"

materialism

mental content

mereology mind-body problem

monism multiple realizability naturalism

naturalism, transcendental

neutral monism

nonconceptual content

ob.ective ob.ectivity occasionalism

ontology

parallelism

perception

phenomenalism

phenomenological critique of representationalism phenomenology

philosophy, experimental

philosophy of mind

The branch of philosophy that is concerned with the nature of mental phenomena in general and the role of consciousness, sensation, perception, concepts, action, reasoning, intention, belief, memory, etc. in particular. The view that everything that is real is, in some sense, really physical. The claim that functional properties cannot be reduced to physical properties, but that nevertheless all causality is physical. A stable, often incomplete formulation of a program of action. Thought is said to be productive, since, in a sense, normal cognitive agents are capable of having denumerably many distinct thoughts. The view that the mental and the physical comprise two different classes of property that are co instantiated in the same objects. The 8what it8s like8 character of mental states. The way it feels to have mental states such as pain, seeing red, smelling a rose, etc. Theories which explore possible connections between quantum mechanical phenomena and consciousness.

physicalism physicalism, non-reductive

plans productivity of thought" property dualism

qualia

quantum consciousness, theories of realism

,riefly, a realist about x holds that x enjoys mind4independent existence, that is, x exists regardless of whether anyone thinks, hopes or fears that x exists. A set of properties 5 reali.e a set of properties # just in case the instantiation of the properties in 5 is sufficient for the instantiation of the properties in #. =iguring out what to do2 reasoning directed towards action "as contrasted with reasoning directed towards arriving at belief(. A property of a representation which denotes what the representation is about, or 8of8. Two terms are referentially opaque if they cannot be substituted salva veritate "i.e. without changing the truth value of the statement(. That which stands for, refers to or denotes something or the relation between a thing and that which stands for or denotes it. A distributed representation is one in which meaning is not captured by a single symbolic unit, but rather arises from the interaction of a set of units, normally in a network of some sort.

realization

reasoning, practical

reference referential opacity

representation

representation, distributed

rule

A theoretical device for the explanation of behavioral regularities andCor cognitive states. :ules are generally, but not always, characteri.ed in terms of causally4operative mental representations. A concept due to 7erbert )imon which identifies the decision making process whereby one chooses an option that is, while perhaps not the best, good enough. The study of relations between a representation and what it represents. The view that the meaning of a representation is the role of that representation in the cognitive life of the agent. *t is an extension of the well known 6use6 theory of meaning as it supplements external use by including the role of a symbol inside a computer or a brain. The project of explaining semantic notions, such as 8means8, 8refers8, 8denotes8, in terms of non4semantic notions, such as correlation, causation, resemblance, structural isomorphism, or teleological function. The property of representations of a part of the world that captures that part as being a certain way2 meaning. The temporary memory store accessed after recent exposure to a stimulus to be recalled. A thought experiment proposed to support the notion of causal functionalism in 5ylyshyn "$%'F(.

satisficing

semantics semantics, functional role

semantics, naturalized

sense short term memory /,-" silicon chip replacement thought experiment

skepticism sub.ectivity sub.ective substance dualism supervenience

Any of a class of views that denies some claim to knowledge. The property of being subjective. )omething is subjective insofar as it is dependent on either a particular mind or minds in general. The view that the mental and the physical comprise two different classes of objects1 minds and bodies. A set of properties or facts # supervenes on a set of properties or facts 5 if and only if there can be no changes or differences in # without there being changes or differences in 5. An approach to understanding human cognition that is committed to language like symbolic processing as the best method of explanation. A number of putative psychological properties or regularities go by the name of systematicity. These diverse regularities are meant to constitute explananda that are supposed to support the view that there exists a syntactically and semantically combinatorial language of thought. An intentional mental phenomenon which has contents about things in the world. The view that for each mental event token there is a physical event token that it is numerically identical to. A correspondence theory of truth includes the assertion that a sentence "or proposition( is true if and only if that which the sentence expresses corresponds to the 8facts8 or to 8reality8. A simple mechanical device consisting solely of a tape, a readCwrite head, and a finite state machine. Turing was able to show that this machine is able to perform all the operations a person working with a logical system would be able to perform. A test devised by Alan Turing in the $%GFs to test for machine intelligence. The duplicate planet in a series of thought experiments inspired by 7ilary 5utnam. Those mental states of which we are unaware and can normally only access andCor alter with great difficulty, if at all. The semantic theory according to which the meaning of a word is determined by its use in communication and more generally, in social interaction. A psychological phenomenon with a force4like character which is evident in our acting or trying to act and is necessary for these types of events. The twin earth substance which looks and behaves exactly like 7+< "i.e. water( does on earth. A being that behaves like us and may share our functional organi.ation and even, perhaps, our neurophysiological makeup without conscious experiences or qualia.

symbolicism

systematicity

thought token identity thesis truth, correspondence theory of ,uring machine

,uring test t)in earth unconscious, the

use theory of meaning

)ill, the

012 zombie