1

NORMED LINEAR SPACES

1.1 Normed Linear Spaces

Definition 1.1 (Linear or Vector Space)
Let . X | = , K a scalar field (usually , K = the real line). Suppose the two functions
, + ,
+ : X X X
: K X X
called respectively addition and scalar multiplication are defined, (that is, for any
, , x y X e scalar , K e x y X + e and x X e )
such that
1. X is an abelian group
( that is, for any , , , x y z X e
x y y x + = +
( ) ( ) x y z x y z + + = + +
- 0 X e : 0 x x + =
, x X e ( ) x X - e : ( ) 0 x x + = )
2. ( ) x y x y + = + , , , x y X e K e
3. ( ) x x x o | o | + = + , , , K o | e x X e
4. ( ) ( ) x x o| o | = , , K o | e , x X e
5. 1 x x = for 1 K e , x X e

Then X is called a linear space or a vector space over . K If K is the set of real
numbers, X is called a real linear space or if K is the set of complex numbers, X is
called a complex linear space.

(Notation: We take x x = ).

2

Definition 1.2 (Normed Linear Space)
Let X be a linear space over K .
A norm on X is a real-valued function , where

| )
: 0, X
such that for any , , x y X e K e the following conditions are satistied:
1: N 0 x > and 0 x = if and only if 0 x =
2: N x x = , K e , x X e
3: N x y x y + s + , , x y X e

A linear space with a norm defined on it is called a Normed linear space.

Examples of Normed linear spaces
Example 1.3
Let
2
X = (the plane). For any
2
. , x y X e =
1 2
( : ( , ), x x x =
1 2
( , )), y y y = scalar
, o e
Define
1 1 2 2
: ( , ) x y x y x y + = + +

1 2
: ( , ) x x x o o o =
With these definitions, (easy, exercise!),
2
is a Vector Space!

For each
2
1 2
( , ) , x x x = e define
| )
2
: 0,

by

{ }
1 2
1 2
max , max
i
i
x x x x

s s
= =
W.T.S:
2
( , )

is a normed linear space.

3

Verification
1: N Absolute value of any real number ,
i
x 0,
i
x >
Thus

1 2
max 0
i
i
x
s s
>
i.e.
1 1
: max 0
i
x
x x

s s
= >
Next, suppose
( )
1 2
, 0 x x x = =

W.T.S: 0 x

=
Now
1 2
( , ) 0 x x x = =

1
0 x = ,
2
0 x = (in Cartesian Coordinate System)
and so
1 2
max 0
i
i
x
s s
=
Next, suppose 0. x

=
W.T.S : 0 x =
Now 0 x

= means
1 2
max 0
i
i
x
s s
=
Without loss of generality (wilog),
let
1
1 2
max
i
i
x x
s s
= .
Then
1
0 x = implies
2
0 x =
(since
1 2
0 x x = > and none is negative).
Hence
1 2
0 x x = =
1 2
0 x x = =
So,
1 2
( , ) (0,0) 0. x x x = = =

2: N
1 2 1 2
( , ) ( , ) x x x x x o o o o

= =

1 2 1 2
1 2
: max max max
i i i
i i
i
x x x x o o o o

s s s s
s s
= = = =
i.e. . x x o o

=

4

3: N Let
1 2
( , ), x x x =
1 2
( , ), y y y =
Then
1 2 1 2
( , ) ( , ) x y x x y y

+ = +

1 1 2 2
( , ) x y x y

= + +

{ }
1 1 2 2
1 2
max , max
i i
i
x y x y x y
s s
= + + = +

1 2
max( )
i i
i
x y
s s
s +

1 2 1 2
max max
i i
i i
x y x y

s s s s
s + = +

2
( , ) ( , ) x

= is a normed linear space.

Example 1.4. Let
2
. X = For any
1 2
( , ) x x x X = e ,
Define | )
2
: 0, X by
1
2 2
2
1 2
2
( ) x x x = +
W.T.S:
2
2
( , ) is a normed linear space.

Verification
1 N : Trivial (Exercise!!!)
2: N
1 2 1 2
2 2
( , ) ( , ) x x x x x o o o o = =

{ }
1
1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
1 2 1 2
: ( ) ( ) ( ) x x x x o o o o = + = +

1
1
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) x x x x o o ( = + = +



2
x o =
3: N (Recall Cauchy Schwartz Inequality for
n
)
For { }
1
n
i
i
x
=
, { }
1
n
i
i
y
=
,
n
e

1 1
2 2
2 2
1 1 1
.
n n n
i i i i
i i i
x y x y
= = =
| | | |
s
| |
\ . \ .


5

This is used to verify 3 N as follows:
Let
1 2
( , ), x x x =
1 2
( , ) y y y =
2
e


Then

2
2 2
2
1 1 2 2
2 2
1
( , ) : ( )
i i
i
x y x y x y x y
=
+ = + + = +

2
2 2
1
( 2 )
i i i i
i
x x y y
=
= + +

2 2 2
2 2
1 1 1
2
i i i i
i i i
x x y y
= = =
s + +



1
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
2
i i i i
i i i i
x x y y
= = = =
| | | |
s + +
| |
\ . \ .

(Cauchy Schwartz)

2 2
2 A AB B = + +
(where
1
2 2
2
2
1
i
i
A x x
=
| |
= =
|
\ .

,
1
2 2
2
2
1
i
i
B y y
=
| |
= =
|
\ .

2 2
2 2
( ) ( ) A B x y = + = +

2
2
2 2 2
( ) x y x y + s +
(If (
2
1
( (# )) ve +
2
2
( (# )) ve s +
1 2
(# ) (# ) ve ve + s + )

2 2 2
x y x y + s +

2
2
( , ) is a normed linear space.

Example 1.5
Let
2
, X = for any
2
1 2
( , ) , x x x = e
define
2
1
1
:
i
i
x x
=
=

6

W.T.S :
2
1
( , ) is a normed linear space. (Exercise)

The Spaces
n
p
(1 p s < ) and
n

Let
n
X = and define the map

| ) : 0,
n
p
X =
such that for any ( )
1 2
, ,...,
n
n
x x x x = e

( )
1
1 2
1
: , ,..., : ,
n p
p
n i
p
p
i
x x x x x
=
| |
= =
|
\ .

1 p s <
(In example 1.5, 1, p = 2 n = ), and if p = ,

1
: max
i
i n
x x

s <
=

The verification that

is a norm is easy. (Exercise!)

So we verify the case of the map
p

1: N For any
1 2
( , ,..., )
n
n
x x x x = e

1
1
:
n p
p
i
p
i
x x
=
| |
=
|
\ .

, (1 ), p s <
i
x e for 1 i n s s
Clearly, 0,
p
i
x >
1
0
n
p
i
i
x
=
>

and
1
1
0,
n p
p
i
i
x
=
| |
>
|
\ .

implying 0.
p
x >
Assume 0
p
x =
1
1
0
n p
p
i
i
x
=
| |
=
|
\ .

1
0
n
p
i
i
x
=
=

0
p
i
x =
0,
i
x =

1 i n s s

0 x =
,
Next, assume 0 x = 0
i
x = 1 i n s s
1
0
n
p
i
i
x
=
=

0
p
x =


7

2: N For any , e

( )
1 1 1
1 2
1 1 1
, ,..., :
n n n p p p
p p p p
n i i i
p p
p
i i i
x x x x x x x x
= = =
| | | | | |
= = = = =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .



3: N We need Hlders Inequality: For , ,
n
x y e
1 2
( , ,..., )
n
x x x x = and
1 2
( , ,..., ),
n
y y y y =

1 1
1 1 1
n n n p q
p q
i i i i
i i i
x y x y
= = =
| | | |
s
| |
\ . \ .


where
1 1
1
p q
+ = , and thus ( , ) p q is called the conjugate pair. If 2, p q = =

the Hlders Inequality becomes Cauchy-Schwartz Inequality. This Hlders inequality is
used to verify 3 N as follows: for , ,
n
x y e

( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
1
, ,...,
n
p
p p
n n i i
p
p
i
x y x y x y x y x y
=
+ = + + + = +

1
1
n
p
i i i i
i
x y x y

=
= + +

1 1
1 1
n n
p p
i i i i i i
i i
x x y y x y

= =
s + + +


Using the Hlders inequality on each of the terms on the r. h. s, we have

( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1
n n n n p q p q
p p q p p q p
i i i i i i
p
i i i i
x y x x y y x y

= = = =
| | | | | | | |
+ s + + +
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .



( )
1
1
1
( )
n q
p q
i i
p p
i
x y x y

=
| |
= + +
|
\ .

From
1 1
1,
p q
+ =
( )
1
1
p
p q

= ( )
1 p q p =
8


( )
1
1
n q
p p
i i
p p p
i
x y x y x y
=
| |
+ s + +
|
\ .

( )
1
1
p
n
p q
p
i i
p p
i
x y x y
=
| |
= + +
|
\ .

( )( )
p
q
p p p
x y x y = + +

( )
1
1 p
q
p p p
x y x y
| |

|
\ . + s +

p p p
x y x y + s + (since
1 1
1
q p
= )

Remark 1.7
The space
n
with norm,

is denoted by
n

, while the space

n
with norm
p

is denoted by
n
p
. The notations
( )
n
p
and
n
p

( )
are used to emphasize the type of
n tuple as follows:
( ) :
n
p
= ( )
( )
1
1 2
1
, ,..., : , :
n
p
n p
p
n i i
i
x x x x x x x
=

| |
= e =
`
|
\ .

)

( ) ( )
( )
1
1 2
1
: , ,..., : , :
n
p
n p
p
n
p n i i
i
z z z z z z z
=

| |
= = e =
`
|
\ .

)

The space
n
with norm
2
is called the Euclidean Space and the space
n
with
norm
2
is called the Unitary Space.

9

Next we consider the space
p
of infinite sequences
{ }
1
i
i
x

=
such that
1
,
p
i
i
x

=
<

1 p s < , that is
( )
1 2
1
: , ,... , :
p
p i i
i
x x x x x

=

= = e <
`
)

We now study the space
p
into some detail.
For 1 p = ,
( )
1 1 2 3
1
, , ,... :
i
i
x x x x x

=

= = < +
`
)

If ( )
1, 1,0,0,0,... y = is
1
? y e
We notice,
1
1 1 0 0 0 ... 2 .
i
i
y

=
= + + + + + = <

So
1
y e .
If
1 1 1
1, , , ,...
2 3 4
w
| |
=
|
\ .
, is
1
? we
Again, we compute
1
1 1 1
1 ...
2 3 4
i
i
w

=
= + + + +

. This series is called the Harmonic

Series which certainly does not converge, that is,
1
i
i
w

=
<

is false. So
1
. w l e
For 2, p =
( )
2
2 1 2 3
1
: , , ,... : ,
i i
i
x x x x x x

=

= = e <
`
)

For , y w, considered above,
2
y e and
2
. we So
1 2
. _
One can generalize to have:
Proposition 1.8
If p q s , then
p q
_ .
Proof : (Proof by contradiction)
10

Assuming by contradiction let p q s , and let 1, 2 p q = = , and
2 1
_
but by the above illustration,
1 2
_ ; a contradiction! Therefore for , p q s
p q
_ .

Exercise 1.9: (The Space,
p
)
The space

p
( )
1 2
1
(1 ) , ,... :
p
i
i
p x x x x

=

s < = = < +
`
)

with addition and scalar multiplication

defined in an obvious way, is a normed linear space with norm defined by

1
1
:
p
p
p
i
i
x x

=
| |
=
|
\ .

for ( )
1 2 3
, , ,... .
p
x x x x = e

Exercise: Verify that
( )
, ,
p
p
( )
1 p s < + is a normed linear space.

The space

is defined by
:

= { ( )
1 2 3
, , ,... , :
i
x x x x x x = e is bounded},
That is,

is the space of all bounded sequences. This means that if

( )
1 2 3
, , ,... x x x x

= e then there exists a real constant M such that
i
x M s i .
Consider ( )
1,1, 1,1, 1,1,... , y = then y

e . Observe that
1
ye ,
2
y e for
1 1 1
1, , , ,... ,
2 3 4
e
| |
=
|
\ .
. e

e

Example 1.10 (The Space

)
Let : X

= = { ( )
1 2 3
, , ,... : ,
i
x x x x x M = s for some real constant M }
Define

| )
: 0,

11

by

1
sup
i
i
x x

>
=

Exercise: Verify that
( )
,
l
l

is a normed linear space.

Next, consider the sequence space c defined by
: c ={
( ) { }
1 2
1
, ,... :
i
i
x x x x

=
= converges}
Since a convergent sequence of numbers is necessarily bounded, then c is a subspace
of

. To see that c is a proper subspace of ,

it is observed that the vector
( )
1,1, 1,1,... y

= e (since y is bounded)
but
y c e (since y is not convergent).
It is therefore proper to define the same norm on c as defined for

.
Example 1.11 (The Space, c )
Let : c ={
( ) { }
1 2
1
, ,... :
i
i
x x x x

=
= converges}. For any ( )
1 2
, ,... x x x c = e ,
define

1
: sup
i
c
i
x x
=
=
Then
( )
,
c
c is a normed linear space (Exercise!!)

Example 1.12 (The Space,
0
c )
Let
{ }
0 1 2
: ( , ,...) : 0 .
n
n
c x x x x

= = For any
0
x c e , define

0
1
: sup
i
c
i
x x
>
=
then
( )
0
0
,
c
c is a normed linear space. Clearly
0
c is a proper subspace c .
12


Example 1.13
Let
| |
, , X C a b = the space of all real-valued continuous functions: , , f g which are
functions of an independent variable
| |
, , t a b e closed and bounded interval. For any
| |
, , , f g C a b e define
( )( ) ( ) ( )
: , f g t f t g t + = +
| |
, , f g C a b e
and ( )( ) ( )
, f t f t = , K e
| |
, f C a b e

With these definitions
| |
, C a b is a vector space. (Verify)
For arbitrary
| |
, f C a b e , define

| | ,
: sup ( )
t a b
f f t

e
=

1
: ( )
b
a
f f t dt =
}


( )
1
2
2
2
: ( )
b
a
f f t dt =
}

Then,
( )
, X

,
( )
1
, , X and
( )
2
, , X are normed linear spaces. The proofs are
left as exercises.

Exercise 1.1
1. Let | | , X C a b ' = be the space of all continuous real-valued functions on
| |
, a b which
also have continuous first order derivatives on
| |
, . a b For any
| |
, , f C a b ' e define
( )
( )
: max max
a t b a t b
df t
f f t
dt
s s s s
= +
Verify that , X with obvious addition and scalar multiplication, is a normed linear
space.

13

2. Let
| |
, X C a b = be the space of all real-valued continuous functions on
| |
, . a b For
any , f X e define
( )
: .
b
a
f f t dt =
}

Verify that X with addition and scalar multiplication as defined in Example 1.13 is
a normed linear space.



3. Let
| |
, X C a b = be the space of all continuous real-valued functions on
| |
, a b with
( )
( )
1
2 2
:
b
a
f f t dt =
}

for any
| |
, . f C a b e Verify that X is a normed linear space.
(Hint: Use Cauchy-Schwartz Inequality for Integration: For any
| |
, , f g C a b e )

( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1
2 2 2 2
b b b
a a a
fgdt f t dt g t dt s
} } }


4. Let X be a normed linear space. Prove that for any , x y X e
a. x y x y s
b. The mapping x x is continuous ( in the sense that if
n
x x , then
n
x x )
c. Addition and scalar multiplication are jointly continuous, that is, if
n
x x and
n
y y , then
n n
x y x y + + and if
n
x x and
n
a a , then
n n
a x ax
as n , where
n
a and a are real numbers.