Works Cited Addams, Jane. "Forbid an Atrocity like Child Labor, Says Janes Addams.

" The Day Book [Chicago] 16 June 1914: 1-3. Library of Congress. Web. 2 Dec. 2013. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045487/1914-06-16/ed-1/seq-1/>. This newspaper article features a speech from Jane Addams, a famous activist in women's rights, in a newspaper by The Day Book in Chicago, IL. I used this article to look for any interesting ideas or facts regarding the child exploitation in the 19th century, and I found tons of interesting ideas on how child labor could affect the future generations. Of course, I only used this newspaper for only one of my quotes, as child labor was only a small part of one of my pages that talk about the background information (before the founding of AFL). A.F. of L. and C.I.O. start peace conferences. 25 Oct. 1937. Lib. of Cong., Washington, D.C. Library of Congress. Web. 9 Dec. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/hec.23505/>. This picture shows a meeting between the representatives of A.F.L. and C.I.O. in 1937. Found by searching on Lib. of Cong. database, I used it on my "Merging into AFL-CIO" page to represent the alliance between those two groups, which seemed to have begun way before it united and merged together in 1956. "American Federation of Labor." ABC-CLIO American History. ABC-CLIO, n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2013. <http://americanhistory.abcclio.com/Search/Display/253369?terms=American+Federation+of+Labor>. This source focuses a lot on the early history of the AFL, so I might use its content to help me write

concise, yet detailed explanations on the events that took place not long after the formation of this labor union. "American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations." Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. 6th (2013) ed. N.p.: n.p., n.d. 1-2. MAS Ultra - School Edition. Web. 5 Sept. 2013. <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ulh&AN=39043473&site=ehos t-live>. This source might be used to give an idea of what happened to AFL in the modern era after the Progressive Era ended and how it still influences the American workers and laborers today. American Federation of Labor Building, 1919. 1919. Internet Archive. Open Library. Web. 24 Jan. 2014. <https://archive.org/stream/americanfederat00labogoog#page/n9/mode/1up>. This picture is one of the images from the book American Federation of Labor - History, Encyclopedia, Reference Book, one of the books that was used for research in this website. I liked this image inside the book, because the huge headquarter building personally made me realize how big the AFL could've been at that time. I decided to use it as a title image for "Entry into 20th Century" page to make it look more official and represent the "business-like" (I would say) interactions AFL had with other organizations. American Federation of Labor History Encyclopedia Reference Book. Washington, D.C.: n.p., 1919. Open Library. Web. 8 Dec. 2013. <https://archive.org/stream/americanfederat00labogoog>. This long book is a reference to the early and middle history of the American Federation of Labor, containing a variety of documents, statistics, and photographs related to AFL's history. I used this book as a

supplement, so I could find maybe a few more details (ex.: the number of members in AFL at a specific time period) about what happened to AFL after it was founded (to add to what I already had). I, of course, could use anything on this source for free, as it did not have any legitimate copyright. Babeuf, Franois-Nol. N.d. Bibliothque Nationale, Paris. Encyclopedia Britannica. Web. 2 Feb. 2014. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/8659/Francois-Noel-Babeufengraving-by-an-unknown-artist-18th-century>. This photo is a portrait of Franois-Nol Babeuf, one of the first people to invent and spread the idea of communism in the 19th century in Europe. It is meant to be an additional visual source for a part of "Early Years" page where the page explains the creation & spread of communism to the U.S. Bain News Service. LaFollette Sr. & Gompers. N.d. Lib. of Cong., Washington, D.C. Library of Congress. Web. 9 Dec. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/ggbain.37556/>. This photograph features a meeting between Samuel Gompers, the leader of A.F.L., and Robert M. LaFollette, an independent presidential candidate at the year of 1924. Finding it first easily off of Wikipedia (although I did not use the unreliable Wikipedia as a direct source for this image), I decided to use this picture in my "Entry into 20th Century" page to symbolize A.F.L.'s efforts to collaborate with political and other labor organizations in the early 20th century. Blakemore, Bill. Turning Points in History - Industrial Revolution. Youtube. Google, 2 Oct. 2009. Web. 4 Dec. 2013. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Efq-aNBkvc>. This Youtube video discusses the events of Industrial Revolution, and tells about both of its positive and negative effects on the U.S. society (ex.: growing economy, high-quality products, child exploitation, pollution). As this video contained a whole collection of rare

films and photos from the Industrial Revolution, I decided to use this video in my website, and has eventually been used to talk specifically about child labor in my "Workers' Rights in the 19th Century" page. Chin, Jim. "Interview on AFL: Four Questions." Message to the author. 30 Jan. 2014. E-mail. "Communism." Infoplease. Pearson Education, n.d. Web. 2 Feb. 2014. <http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/history/communism-originscommunism.html>. This webpage is written about the origin and the creation of the infamous ideal of communism, and this page helped me to see how Industrial Revolution and the decline in workers' rights related to the cause and creation of communism. I tried to research about communism in this case, as I heard it was a very well-known political theory worldwide by the end of 19th century. Duignan, Brian. "American Federation of LaborCongress of Industrial Organizations (AFLCIO)." Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, 22 Apr. 2013. Web. 2 Feb. 2014. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/19681/American-Federation-ofLabor-Congress-of-Industrial-Organizations-AFL-CIO>. Engels, Friedrich. 1879. Oxford Science Archives. Oxford Univ. Encyclopedia Britannica. Web. 2 Feb. 2014. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/121189/Friedrich-EngelsGerman-socialist-and-supporter-of-Karl-Marx-1879>. This photo is a portrait of Friedrich Engels, the co-creator of Marxist Theory that helped to spread communism all over Europe. It is meant to be an additional visual source for a part of "Early Years" page where the page explains the creation & spread of communism to the U.S. Executive Council of the Federation, 1881. Mar. 1981. Calisphere. Web. 8 Dec. 2013. <http://www.oac.cdlib.org/ark:/28722/bk0003z4v2t/FID1>. This image, coming from the

American Federalist, contains the pictures of the Executive Council of the FOTLU. I used this picture to represent FOTLU, as it was the only visual photographs of any members of the short-lived FOTLU that I could find. Front Cover of the American Federation of Labor History Encyclopedia Reference Book, featuring the seal of AFL. 1919. Open Library. Web. 8 Dec. 2013. <https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6616622M/American_Federation_of_Labor>. This image, coming from a book named the American Federation of Labor History Encyclopedia Reference Book, came from the book's front cover, and contains the seal of AFL. I used this picture in my title image for my "Founding of AFL" webpage (after cropping it and lowering its brightness), since I felt like it could be used to best symbolize the AFL as an organization. (As everything on the book was free of copyright, I could use this for free) HaymarketRiot-Harpers. 15 May 1886. Chicago History Museum, Chicago. Chicago History Museum. Web. 27 Nov. 2013. <http://www.chicagohs.org/hadc/visuals/59V0460v.jpg>. This image is a notable illustration of the Haymarket Riot in 1886, a riot that caused so much controversy that eventually led to the downfall of Knights of Labor. I used this illustration in my "Workers' Resistance Against the Employers" page's title image, as it was related to one of the labor unions I talked about in that page (Knights of Labor) and clearly showed the violence and action that would have added to the visual impact of the website. (Used after being cropped and significantly darkened) Interior of Magnolia Cotton Mills spinning room. See the little ones scattered through the mill. All work. Magnolia, Miss., 05/03/1911. 3 May 1911. National Archives. National Archives. Web. 25 Nov. 2013. <http://research.archives.gov/description/523307>. This

picture was used to represent the webpage relating to workers' rights, because it shows the workplace that the poor American laborers had to work in and (plus) children laborers found in the photo showed the prevalence of child labor at that time, which is one of the many prominent topics that would be talked about in the introduction pages of the website. "Knights of Labor." History Channel. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 28 Jan. 2014. <http://www.history.com/topics/knights-of-labor>. This webpage shows an article on the general history of Knights of Labor and its ideals & concepts. As I had unreliable/biased tertiary sources in the beginning when writing the article for Knights of Labor in my "Workers' Resistance Against its Employers", I decided to remove them and replace them with fewer (as the article was merely a small part of my introduction), but more reliable sources. History.com here shows generally equal amount and contents of information, but it did give me more of an idea on what the group believed in and how it helped to spur the creation of AFL. The Knights of Labor Seal Image File. N.d. Utah Collections Multimedia Encyclopedia. Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City. emedia. Web. 7 Dec. 2013. <http://eq.uen.org/emedia/items/6f02f5c2-e127-83e9-2b43f3f2dd245a1a/1/p_006015.jpg>. This image contains the seal of the Knights of Labor. I selected this version, since it came from a reliable educational source (Univ. of Utah). I used this image as a representative symbol of Knights of Labor in my visual gallery for Knights of Labor in my "Workers' Resistance Against the Employers" page, as I thought seals would be a good way to symbolize the union's distinction as a whole.

Kruz & Allison. Leaders of the Knights of Labor. 1886. Lib. of Cong., Washington, D.C. Lib. of Cong. Web. 5 Dec. 2013. <http://lcweb2.loc.gov/service/pnp/pga/01900/01926r.jpg>. This image is a caricature of all the leaders -- including the founder Uriah Stephens -- of Knights of Labor, all drawn in one old illustration that I got from Library of Congress. I love how it includes all the significant figures who led the Knights of Labor to popularity (for a short period of time), and I like how the artist (unknown) arranged them in such a way that it emphasizes on the founder in the center. I used this image as a part of my visual gallery for Knights of Labor in my "Workers' Resistance Against the Employers" page. Kulbler. Terence V. Powderly, circa 1886. 1886. ExplorePAHistory.com. Web. 7 Dec. 2013. <http://explorepahistory.com/kora/files/1/2/1-2-1D14-25-ExplorePAHistory-a0m7g0a_349.jpg>. This image is an illustration of Terence Powderly, an important leader of Knights of Labor who lived through its dramatic rise and huge drop. As he was an important figure in the history of this union, I decided to use this image (whose version was one of the only reliable ones I could find) to represent the Knights of Labor in its visual gallery in my "Workers' Resistance Against Their Employers" page. "The Labor Congress." Pittsburgh Commercial Gazette [Pittsburgh] 18 Nov. 1881: n. pag. Samuel Gompers Papers. Web. 2 Feb. 2014. <http://www.gompers.umd.edu/FOTLU1exp.htm>. This is one of the articles published on a Pittsburgh Commercial Gazette newspaper that talks about one of the meetings of the short-lived FOTLU (Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions). It talks about some of the concepts it had (ex.: eight-hour day) and a general overview of what type of topics they tried to discuss. The article helped me to get some of the thoughts the

members of FOTLU had that helped AFL in its future & gain some primary sources on the history of FOTLU. "Labor History Timeline." AFL-CIO. American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations, n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2013. <http://www.aflcio.org/About/OurHistory/Labor-History-Timeline>. This timeline source might be used to help organize the events related to labor unions and movements during the Progressive Era without having to look through all the crummy details. Labor's Service to Freedom. By Samuel Gompers. American Memory. Lib. of Cong., n.d. Web. 2 Feb. 2014. <http://lcweb2.loc.gov/mbrs/nforum/9000025.wav>. "Laissez Faire." St. Paul Daily Globe [St. Paul] 27 Sept. 1885: 11. Lib. of Cong. Web. 2 Feb. 2014. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn90059522/1885-09-27/ed-1/seq11/#date1=1836&index=0&rows=20&words=Faire+Laissez&searchType=basic&sequen ce=0&state=&date2=1890&proxtext=laissezfaire&y=12&x=11&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1>. This newspaper article is written about the concepts of laissez-faire and talks about how it can actually change the U.S. economy like it did to Europe economy and caused it to unfortunately break down. Some teachers advised me to add more primary evidence to prove that laissez-faire was a fairly popular system in the U.S. back in the Industrial Revolution (in "Workers' Rights in the 19th Century"), and I decided to use this source to accomplish that goal. Lewis in the CIO days, Circa 1935. 1935. United Mine Workers of America. Web. 3 Feb. 2014. <http://www.umwa.org/images/history/jll4.jpg>. Logo of CIO. N.d. United Mine Workers of America. Web. 3 Feb. 2014. <http://www.umwa.org/images/history/lewis/cio2.gif>.

Manly, Basil M. "Pan-American Affiliation of Labor Proposed as Peace Insurance." The Day Book [Chicago] 20 Feb. 1917: 12. Library of Congress. Web. 9 Dec. 2013. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn88085620/1917-02-23/ed-1/seq3/#date1=1836&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=American+AMERICAN+Feder+Fede ration+FEDERATION+Labor+LABOR&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=15&st ate=&date2=1922&proxtext=american+federation+of+labor&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType =yearRange&page=2>. This article (on the second page of this Labor Journal newspaper) features a story on the collaboration between leadership of AFL (ex.: Samuel Gompers) and South American labor leaders to create the Pan-American Federarion of Labor, which was to be confirmed in the one of AFL's 1916 Convention. I used this article as an example of collaboration between AFL and other labor unions in the early 20th century, and I was surprised to see this as well (since I only found this article by luck by searching it up in the database Lib. of Cong. had). McClure's Magazine. New York City & London: McClure Publications, 1911. Vol. 38 of McClure's Magazine: Volume 38. Google Books. Web. 2 Feb. 2014. <https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=3Su0lykF-OMC&rdid=book-3Su0lykFOMC&rdot=1>. McNamara, Robert. "The 1886 Haymarket Square Riot in Chicago." About.com: 19th Century History. About.com, n.d. Web. 2 Feb. 2014. <http://history1800s.about.com/od/organizedlabor/a/haymarket01.htm>. "National Labor Union Requested an Eight-Hour Workday." America's Story from America's Library. Lib. of Cong., n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2014. <http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/recon/jb_recon_workday_1.html>. This website

shows a brief summary of the history of NLU, one of first American labor unions to have ever existed. Its summary well showed the purposes and the demographics of this union, and it also helped me to know that its existence have caused the idea of labor reform and unionization to spread across the country, which would have been a major factor in the creation of later labor organizations like AFL. Norris, John. Views: Brooklyn. Various. View 014: Old Lefferts Mansion - destroyed. N.d. Brooklyn Museum Archives, Lantern Slide Collection. Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn. Brooklyn Museum. Web. 28 Nov. 2013. <http://cdn2.brooklynmuseum.org/images/opencollection/archives/size3/S10_12_Brookl yn_Various024.jpg>. This photo contains an image of Old Lefferts Mansion, a moderatesized mansion in Brooklyn that was destroyed in late 19th century. Inspired by what I heard about rich entrepreneurs back then owning huge mansions (like Mr. Hearst owning the Hearst Castle), I then decided to use this photo of an old mansion to try to represent the extremity of the wealth the businessmen had back then & therefore the economic gap between the rich and poor in the 19th century U.S (in my "Workers' Rights in the 19th Century" page). Office, American Federation of Labor, 1887. 1887. Internet Archive. Open Library. Web. 24 Jan. 2014. <https://archive.org/stream/americanfederat00labogoog#page/n11/mode/1up>. This picture is one of the images from the book American Federation of Labor - History, Encyclopedia, Reference Book, one of the books that was used for research in this website. I liked this image inside the book, because it showed people working inside the office, which kind of seemed to represent the work that people in AFL tried to

accomplish at that time. It's used as a title image for the "Early Years" page to represent the efforts of members of the AFL at their beginning. Open battle between striking teamsters armed with pipes and the police in the streets of Minneapolis, 06/1934. June 1934. National Archives. National Archives. Web. 7 Dec. 2013. <http://research.archives.gov/description/541925>. This image contains the scene of one of the violent strikes in the Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934. Getting it from the National Archives, I I used this image to represent the violence the workers had to go through when striking against their employers, as this picture shows the rare OPEN violence that used to be present in U.S. stirikers. (Used in "Workers' Resistance Against Their Employers" page) A Portrait of Karl Marx. N.d. Bio Channel. Web. 2 Feb. 2014. <http://www.biography.com/imported/images/Biography/Images/Profiles/M/Karl-Marx9401219-1-402.jpg>. This photo is a portrait of Karl Marx, the co-creator of Marxist Theory that helped to spread communism all over Europe. It is meant to be an additional visual source for a part of "Early Years" page where the page explains the creation & spread of communism to the U.S. Powderly, Terence Vincent. William H. Sylvis, founder of the National Molders Union, circa 1868. 1868. The Catholic University of America Archives. The Catholic Univ. of America, Washington, D.C. ExplorePAhistory.com. Web. 26 Jan. 2014. <http://explorepahistory.com/kora/files/1/2/1-2-1054-25-ExplorePAHistory-a0k4v5a_349.jpg>. This is a portrait of Willaim H. Sylvis, the founder of the National Labor Union in 1866. A notable labor leader, this photo was one of the most reliable ones I

could find (as others were from seemingly unreliable tertiary sources, like Wikimedia Commons). Purdy, J.E. Samuel Gompers. 1902. Lib. of Cong. Library of Congress. Web. 1 Dec. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2002736861/>. This famous photograph shows a portrait of Samuel Gompers, the founder of AFL. I used this image to represent him as the leader of the FOTLU and later AFL in my "Founding of AFL" page, as it represents him and therefore his ideals that forever changed the history of AFL in the first place. "Samuel Gompers." Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. 6th (2013) ed. N.p.: n.p., n.d. 1. MAS Ultra - School Edition. Web. 8 Sept. 2013. <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ulh&AN=39009194&site=ehos t-live>. This article is useful as it talks about the actions and ambitions of the founder of the AFL, which would likely have effects on AFL's ideology and influences on the U.S. history. "A Short History of American Labor." American Federationist Mar. 1981: 1-15. Calisphere. Web. 6 Dec. 2013. <http://www.oac.cdlib.org/ark:/28722/bk0003z4v2t/>. This long article -- which I had to read a long portion of it -- contained detailed information about the historical events that was covering the AFL during its existence in the 19th century (& continued up to its merging into AFL-CIO) & the actions of AFL in these periods. I used this to look for information regarding AFL in the early years in crucial details when writing about AFL in my "Early Years" and "Entry into 20th Century" pages. Silverman, Jacob. "How Labor Unions Work." HowStuffWorks. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Oct. 2013. <http://money.howstuffworks.com/labor-union2.htm>. I used this page to give an insight

to how labor unions basically function and are structured, so I can better understand the events that may have happened in AFL during its history as a labor union. Solvay Process Co.'s works, Syracuse [i.e. Solvary] . N.d. Lib. of Cong. Library of Congress. Web. 3 Dec. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/det1994007647/PP/>. This photo shows the Solvay Process Corporated's factories, blowing out fumes, in the late 19th century (photo taken between 1890 and 1901). I used this photo at the beginning to represent the changing landscape of the U.S., being increasingly dominated by machinefilled factories making high-quality products. Strike leader at Gary, Ind., advising strikers. 1919. Lib. of Cong. LC-USZ62-77539. Lib. of Cong. Web. 25 Nov. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/cph.3b24672/>. This image of a strike in 1919 shows a leader standing on a huge platform and trying to inspire the workers at the bottom to strike against their employers and fight for their rights. I used this photo, eventually, as a background for my entire website (although it was irrelevant to the events of AFL or CIO) since I thought it would be a good way to represent the eventual rise in power of the labor unions in the 20th century (including AFL). "The Struggles of Labor." Country Studies US. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2013. <http://countrystudies.us/united-states/history-82.htm>. This website, according to the writer, has used the information from U.S. Department of State (although not saying where), and I have only used this website as it provided the most reasonable view I could find of why the workers would have been treated so badly during the Industrial Revolution (for my Introduction page). I have not used any other info from this webpage for the site.

Sylvis, James. "First National Convention." The Life, Speeches, Labors and Essays of William H. Sylvis, Late President of the Ironmoulders' International Union: And Also of the National Labor Union. Cambridge: Harvard College University, 1872. Google Books. Web. 7 Dec. 2013. <https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=3Wj7FC0Asz4C>. This book contains not only a biography of William Sylvis (founder of National Labor Union), but also a whole group of quotes, speeches, and documents that he had made over his lifetime. I pretty much used this eBook to look for any real words he might have spoken (that would have reflected on his ideology), and eventually used a quote from its 31st page on my "Workers' Resistance Against Their Employees" page as a way to introduce him. Terrametrics. Map of Northeastern Part of the U.S. with Pittsburgh Highlighted in the Middle. Google Maps. Google, 2014. Web. 30 Jan. 2014. <https://maps.google.com/>. This map shows where Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, was located, which was the city where Samuel Gompers held the first meeting for FOTLU (Federation of Trades and Labor Unions). A screenshot of the map was used for adding visuals to the "Founding of AFL" webpage for the site. "Texts About Lowell Mill Girls." College of Staten Island Library. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2013. <http://www.library.csi.cuny.edu/dept/americanstudies/lavender/lowetext.html#1836song >. This webpage contains lyrics for two of the protest songs that Lowell Mill Girls sang in the strike of 1836, along with a 1834 newspaper quote from Boston that tells the fiery and deepness of the strike that was happening there at that time. Although the webpage did not look too formal and great, I continued to use this source anyway, because it (as

shown in the URL) was a part of Staten Island Library's online domain. I used this webpage mainly to look for quotes or any exact words that they might have spoke, and one of its songs has been written about on my "Workers' Resistance Against Their Employers". Wilcox, Julius. Views: Brooklyn. Various. View 024: Tenements. Brooklyn, Gold Street. 1890. 1890. Brooklyn Museum Archive, Lantern Slide Collection. Brooklyn Museum Archive, Brooklyn. Brooklyn Museum. Web. 28 Nov. 2013. <http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/archives/image/6395>. Finding this photo in the Brooklyn Museum Archive, this photo shows a huge slum/tenement where laborers had to live in the 1890s in Brooklyn, N.Y. (likely because they had low wages, so they could not get legitimate houses to live in). I loved this photo, because it was a clear representation of the poverty the workers had to come through before minimum wage laws took place in the U.S. This pic was eventually used in my "Workers' Rights in the 19th Century" page (along with my Old Lefforts Mansion image) to represent the gap between poor and rich in those old Industrial days. "William H. Sylvis Historical Marker." ExplorePAHistory.com. Historic Marker Program, n.d. Web. 25 Jan. 2014. <http://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-2BF>. This webpage shows the biography of William H. Sylvis, founder of National Labor Union. I found this webpage by luck when looking for a reliable portrait of him, and this gave a lot of great details on the events of National Labor Union. It told me about what kind of purposes and thoughts he had when creating the union, and it made me understand how NLU helped to spread the idea of labor unions back in those old days.