Lecture 14

AC STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS
LEARNING GOALS
SINUSOIDS
Review basic facts about sinusoidal signals
SINUSOIDAL AND COMPLEX FORCING FUNCTIONS
Behavior of circuits with sinusoidal independent sources
and modeling of sinusoids in terms of complex exponentials
PHASORS
Representation of complex exponentials as vectors. It facilitates
steady-state analysis of circuits.
IMPEDANCE AND ADMITANCE
Generalization of the familiar concepts of resistance and
conductance to describe AC steady state circuit operation
PHASOR DIAGRAMS
Representation of AC voltages and currents as complex vectors
BASIC AC ANALYSIS USING KIRCHHOFF LAWS
ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
Extension of node, loop, Thevenin and other techniques
This course of lectures will
extend dc circuit analysis
to deal with ac circuits
AC Waveforms
EE111, 2013-2014, Autumn, IITB
Frequency
Heinrich R. Hertz (1857-1894)
cycles/second Hertz, Hz
Frequency
Frequency
Period
AC Linear Circuits
Steady-State
Why Sinusoidal?
(i) Every periodic wave, no matter what its shape, can be expressed in
terms of multiple sine and cosine waves (fundamental and harmonics).
This is the basis of the Fourier series and Fourier analysis.
(ii) Signal processing involves differentiation and integration. The
derivative and integral of sinusoids are also sinusoids. For example d/dx
of sin x is cosx, which is, in essence, a sinusoid slightly displaced (phase
difference of 90 degrees).
This very powerful property of sinusoids gives them huge advantages
over other waveforms.
(iii) The electric generator produces sinusoidal waveforms because of its
constructional geometry. So our home power supply is also an
alternating sine wave.
Sinusoidal waveform is the most fundamental waveform for several reasons.
The sinewave is therefore the most basic waveform to study in order
to understand any other waveform. EE111, 2013-2014, Autumn, IITB
Fourier Analysis
Representation of Sinusoids
Representation of Sinusoids
SINUSOIDS
t X t x
M
sin ) ( =
(radians) argument
(rads/sec) frequency angular
value maximum or amplitude
=
=
=
t
X
M
Adimensional plot
As function of time
t T t x t x T + = = = ), ( ) (
2
Period
) (cycle/sec Hertz in frequency = = =
2
1
T
f
f 2 =
" by leads "
" by lags "
BASIC TRIGONOMETRY
) cos(
2
1
) cos(
2
1
cos cos
) sin(
2
1
) sin(
2
1
cos sin
sin sin cos cos ) cos(
sin cos cos sin ) sin(

+ + =
+ + =
+ =
=
IDENTITIES DERIVED SOME

cos ) cos(
sin ) sin(
sin sin cos cos ) cos(
sin cos cos sin ) sin(
=
=
= +
+ = +
IDENTITIES ESSENTIAL
) sin( sin
) cos( cos
)
2
cos( sin
)
2
sin( cos

=
=
=
+ =
t t
t t
t t
t t
NS APPLICATIO
) 90 sin( )
2
sin( + = + t t
CONVENTION EE ACCEPTED
RADIANS AND DEGREES
(degrees)
180
(rads)
degrees 360 radians
=
= 2
LEARNING EXAMPLE
) 45 cos( + t
) cos( t
Leads by 45 degrees
) 45 cos( + t
) 180 45 cos( + t
Leads by 225 or lags by 135
) 360 45 cos( + t
Lags by 315
LEARNING EXAMPLE
VOLTAGES BETWEEN ANGLE PHASE AND FREQUENCY FIND
) 30 1000 cos( 6 ) ( ), 60 1000 sin( 12 ) (
2 1
+ = + = t t v t t v
Frequency in radians per second is the factor of the time variable
1
sec 1000

=
Hz Hz f 2 . 159
2
) ( = =
To find phase angle we must express both sinusoids using the same
trigonometric function; either sine or cosine with positive amplitude
) 180 30 1000 cos( 6 ) 30 1000 cos( 6 + + = + t t
) 180 cos( ) cos( = with sign minus of care take
) 90 sin( ) cos( + = with cosine into sine Change
) 90 210 1000 sin( 6 ) 210 1000 cos( 6 + + = + t t
We like to have the phase shifts less than 180 in absolute value
) 60 1000 sin( 6 ) 300 1000 sin( 6 = + t t
) 60 1000 sin( 6 ) (
) 60 1000 sin( 12 ) (
2
1
=
+ =
t t v
t t v
= + 120 ) 60 1000 ( ) 60 1000 ( t t
120 by leads
2 1
v v
= + 120 ) 60 1000 ( ) 60 1000 ( t t
120 by lags
1 2
v v
LEARNING EXTENSION
by_____? leads
by_____? leads
3 1
2 1
3
2
1
) 60 377 sin( 25 . 0 ) (
) 10 377 cos( 5 . 0 ) (
) 45 377 sin( 2 ) (
i i
i i
t t i
t t i
t t i
+ =
+ =
+ =
) 90 sin( cos + =
) 90 10 377 sin( 5 . 0 ) 10 377 cos( 5 . 0 + + = + t t
= + + 55 ) 100 377 ( ) 45 377 ( t
55
2 1
by leads i i
165
3 1
by leads i i
) 180 sin( sin =
) 180 60 377 sin( 25 . 0 ) 60 377 sin( 25 . 0 + = + t t
= + 165 ) 120 377 ( ) 45 377 ( t t
Resistors Linear Circuit Elements and AC
Resistors and Sinusoids
Capacitors
Capacitors and Sinusoids
Inductors
Inductors and Sinusoids
Inductors and Sinusoids
Resistance and Reactance
SINUSOIDAL AND COMPLEX FORCING FUNCTIONS
If the independent sources are sinusoids
of the same frequency then for any
variable in the linear circuit the steady
state response will be sinusoidal and of
the same frequency
) sin( ) ( ) sin( ) ( + = + = t B t i t A t v
SS
, B
parameters the determine to need only we
solution state steady the determine To
Learning Example
) ( ) ( ) ( t v t Ri t
dt
di
L = + : KVL
t A t A t
dt
di
t A t A t i
t A t i

cos sin ) (
sin cos ) (
) cos( ) (
2 1
2 1
+ =
+ =
+ = or , state steady In
R / *
L / *
t V
t RA A L t RA A L
M

cos
cos ) ( sin ) (
1 2 2 1
=
= + + +
M
V RA A L
RA A L
= +
= +
1 2
2 1
0
algebraic problem
2 2
2
2 2
1
) (
,
) ( L R
LV
A
L R
RV
A
M M
+
=
+
=
Determining the steady state solution can
be accomplished with only algebraic tools!
FURTHER ANALYSIS OF THE SOLUTION
) cos( ) (
cos ) (
sin cos ) (
2 1

+ =
=
+ =
t A t i
t V t v
t A t A t i
M
write can one purposes comparison For
is voltage applied The
is solution The
sin , cos
2 1
A A A A = =
2 2
2
2 2
1
) (
,
) ( L R
LV
A
L R
RV
A
M M
+
=
+
=
1
2
2
2
2
1
tan ,
A
A
A A A = + =
R
L
L R
V
A
M

1
2 2
tan ,
) (

=
+
=
) tan cos(
) (
) (
1
2 2
R
L
t
L R
V
t i
M

+
=
voltage the lags WAYS current AL the For 0 = L
90 by voltage the lags current the inductor) (pure If = 0 R
AC Circuit Analysis
AC Circuit Analysis
SOLVING A SIMPLE ONE LOOP CIRCUIT CAN BE VERY LABORIOUS
IF ONE USES SINUSOIDAL EXCITATIONS
TO MAKE ANALYSIS SIMPLER ONE RELATES SINUSOIDAL SIGNALS
TO COMPLEX NUMBERS. THE ANALYSIS OF STEADY STATE WILL BE
CONVERTED TO SOLVING SYSTEMS OF ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS ...
WITH COMPLEX VARIABLES
) (t y
) sin( ) ( sin ) (
) cos( ) ( cos ) (

+ = =
+ = =
t A t y t V t v
t A t y t V t v
M
M
identity) (Euler : IDENTITY ESSENTIAL
sin cos j e
j
+ =
t j j t j t j
M
e Ae Ae e V

=
+ ) (
add) (and j / *
j
M
Ae V
If everybody knows the frequency of the sinusoid
then one can skip the term exp(jwt)
Learning Example
t j
M
e V t v

= ) (
) (
) (
+
=
t j
M
e I t i Assume
) ( ) ( ) ( t v t Ri t
dt
di
L = + : KVL
) (
) (

+
=
t j
M
e I j t
dt
di
t j j
M
t j
M
t j
M
t j
M
e e I R L j
e I R L j
e RI e LI j t Ri t
dt
di
L

) (
) (
) ( ) (
) (
) ( ) (
+ =
+ =
+ = +
+
+ +

t j
M
t j j
M
e V e e I R L j

= + ) (
R L j
V
e I
M
j
M
+
=
L j R
L j R
/ *
2 2
) (
) (
L R
L j R V
e I
M
j
M
+

=
R
L
e L R L j R

1
tan
2 2
) (

+ =
R
L
M
j
M
e
L R
V
e I
1
tan
2 2
) (
+
=
R
L
L R
V
I
M
M
1
2 2
tan ,
) (

=
+
=
) cos( } Re{ ) (
} Re{ cos ) (
) (

= =
= =
t I e I t i
e V t V t v
M
t j
M
t j
M M

sin , cos
tan ,
1 2 2
r y r x
y
x
y x r
re jy x
P C
j
= =
= + =
= +

Lecture 14

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Descrizione originale:

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Lecture 14

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

AC STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS

) (cycle/sec Hertz in frequency = = =

EE111, 2013-2014, Autumn, IITB

Potrebbero piacerti anche