Determination of velocity of sound in Carbon Tetra-Chloride and Methyl Acetate by Brillouin Scattering

Rohan Ramdoyal 1 996414759

1

University of Toronto

In this experiment, the velocity of sound in Carbon Tetra-Chloride (CCl 4) and Methyl Acetate (MeOAc) as determined by investi!atin! "rillouin #catterin! of a $%%nm of a continuous ave laser li!ht usin! a &abry-'erot interferometer( The experimentally measured values obtained ere found to be in a!reement ith data found in literature( KeywordsBrillouin Scattering, Fabry- erot !nterferometer, Sto"es scattering

!#!$T%&D'CT!&$ Brillouin scattering is the inelastic scattering of light that arises due to collective time-dependent density changes in a medium such as sound aves! "hen sound aves ith velocity Cs and fre#uency $)s), ave vector qi travel in li#uid% regions of different densities are set up as a result of the rarefactions and compressions hich modulate the refractive inde& of the medium! "hen incident light ith ave vector (i, avelength ) and fre#uency )i and speed ' interacts ith such a li#uid of refractive inde& n% the light gets scattered (ecause the li#uid acts li)e a diffraction grating! *iven that the grating moves at the same velocity as the sound aves $ Cs+% the scattered light o(served ill have fre#uencies that are ,oppler shifted (y a fre#uency e#ual to the sound ave fre#uency $)s+! The interaction picture is given in -igure 1!

1ince the velocity of sound in li#uids is of the order of 1 )m/s% the corresponding ,oppler shift is of the order of 1*23 hich is small compared to the incident light4s fre#uency! The detection of such relatively small fre#uencies is made possi(le (y the -a(ry-5erot interferometer $-5+! The -5 consists of 0 mirror plates that are highly reflective separated (y a distance d and lo transmission coefficient that allo light to go through! "hen light of avelength ) satisfying the follo ing relation stri)es a mirror% constructive interference of the transmitted light ta)es place6

0nod . m )

*0+

"here(y m is an integer and no is the refractive inde& of the medium (et een the plates% hich in our case is air! "hen the distance d is ramped such that it covers multiples of )% identical pea) patterns corresponding to the fre#uencies of the transmitted light are displayed! 7n this e&periment% there ill (e a central pea)% called the Rayleigh pea) hich corresponds to the elastically scattered light% and 0 pea)s that arise due to Brillouin scattering! Because of the ,oppler shift% one pea) ill (e measured ith higher fre#uency than the Rayleigh pea) $1to)es pea)+ and the other ith lo er fre#uency $8nti1to)es pea)+! The distance (et een t o identical pea)s represents the -ree 1pectral Range $-1R+ hich is given (y 9#uation :6 -1R . *c+d !!# A
A%AT'S A$D

$:+
%&C,D'%,

Figure 1: Interaction picture of Incident light with the liquid sample# The sound velocity Cs is related to this ,oppler shift (y Cs . C)i / 0n)s sin$/2) (1)

The optical setup is sho n in -igure 0! 7t consists of a 6::nm continuous ave 2e;e laser% a sample cham(er to contain the li#uids (eing investigated% the -5% t o lenses for focusing the scattered light and a pinhole that feeds the scattered light into a 5hotomultiplier tu(e $5<+ hich is used to detect the very lo intensities of the scattered light (y amplification! 7n this e&periment% the angle = is set constant at 9>>! *iven the dependence on the angle (et een the incident light ave vector $(i+ and the sound ave vector qi% care as ta)en to ensure that the interaction occurred in a hori3ontal plane and not inclined! This as done (y ensuring the (ac)

reflection of the laser from the -5 and sample cham(er ere incident (ac) into the laser itself! The -54s operation is prone to fluctuations in vi(rations and temperature in the environment ?0@! 2ence the hole apparatus is cooled for at least an hour using a heat sin) (efore the e&periment is performed! The alignment of the -5 as done (y first using a mirror ith the 5hotomultiplier pinhole closed! The laser as turned on and the -5 mirror spacing as changed using the )no(s until circular fringes appeared on the pinhole! These fringes ere focused onto the pinhole using lens A 0! The ramp function of the -5 as then activated until concentric circular fringes appeared to (e converging onto the pinhole! Using A1 and A0% these fringes ere made to coincide e&actly onto the pinhole center! 8t that point% the -5 is said to (e aligned and ith the (ac) reflections chec)ed as mentioned previously% the e&periment using the li#uid samples could (e performed ith the configuration in -igure 1 respected% al(eit ith =.9>o!

trivially computed as a fraction of the -1R from the chart! Using 9#uation $1+% the speed of sound as computed for each sample and is summari3ed in Ta(le 1!

Figure Chart recorded for the MeOAc sample displayin! the 2aylei!h pea3 and the ,oppler shifted #to3es and Anti-

Figure 2 Optical Setup of experiment (reprinted permission from "rillouin #catterin! )an ,riel -./%0/1)

ith

The output of the 5< is connected to a chart recorder hich displays the patterns of the pea)s o(tained! The e&periment as run ith the <eB8c sample first and then immediately follo ed (y the ''l4! This as done such that the results for the 0 samples could (e compared assuming identical am(ient conditions given the -54s high sensitivity to am(ient conditions! The e&periment as performed in the dar) hile the pinhole as opened (ecause of the very high sensitivity of the 5< to e&ternal (ac)ground light! !!!# &BS,%-AT!&$S

The charts o(tained for <eB8c and ''l4 are reproduced in -igures 4 and 5 respectively! The -1R for the samples as recorded from the chart and the distance d (et een the -5 plates measured using a vernier caliper as d. $:!>>C/- >!>5+ mm! The -1R as measured on the chart as a function of its scale and from 9#uation $:+% its value in angular fre#uency units as determined! The ,oppler shift $)s+ as then

to3es pea3s( Figure ! Chart recorded for the CCl4 sample displayin! the 2aylei!h pea3 and the ,oppler shifted #to3es and Anti-#to3es pea3s( Table . 2esults of 5xperiment
Sample "elocity measured (m#s$ "elocity literature (m#s$ from

%ethyl &cetate 111' (#) * +ar,on -etra)+hloride .2/ (#) 2* 112* . *

!-#

D!SC'SS!&$

The results seen in Ta(le 1 sho that the measured values are in agreement ith the values o(tained from literature ?:@ and hence the e&periments successfully determined the speed of sound in the samples (y Brillouin scattering! The main source of uncertainty in the computations as in the determination of the distance d! 2ad the value of d (een made larger% the fractional error in its measurement ould have (een smaller leading to more accurate results! The full idth half ma&ima $-"2<+ of the pea)s ere measured and ere found to (e a(out 6!DE of the -1R hich as deemed precise enough for the e&periment! The Rayleigh pea) had the same -"2< as the Brillouin pea)s! 8ttenuation of the sound aves is reflected only in the idening of the Brillouin ?4@ pea)s% and not in the Rayleigh pea)% hich can (e #uantified (y the attenuation coefficient% F, given (y 9#uation 46 F . -"2< / Cs $4+

2o ever since the -2"< for all pea)s are the same% e conclude that the (roadening of the pea)s measured occurs as a result of the poor finesse of the -5! 7mprovement to this e&periment for e&perimental determination of ould re#uire the -"2< associated ith the finesse of the -5 to (e smaller than the (roadening resulting from the sound ave attenuation! 7n comparison ith literature ?5@% the value of -"2< of the Rayleigh pea) ould have to (e less than 1!DE of the -1R for this analysis to (e possi(le! -urthermore% it can (e seen that from -igure 5% the Brillouin pea) cannot (e resolved (y the -5 to produce a clean sharp pea)! This can (e improved (y using a multi-pass -5 to increase the 'ontrast ratio such that the pea) can (e easily distinguished and displayed! -# C&$C/'S!&$

1ince the e&perimental values of the velocity of sound in samples <ethyl 8cetate and 'ar(on Tetra-'hloride ere found e&perimentally to agree ith the values given in literature% the e&periment conducted as found to (e accurate and precise! 7mprovements to the e&periment to determine acoustic constants and to improve the pea)s4 resolution ere also discussed for future or)!

-!#

%,F,%,$C,S

?1@ Brillouin 1cattering 2! van ,riel 0>1: ?0@ Burleigh G Tech memo on -a(ry 5erot 7nterferometry ?:@ Bptical and acoustic properties of li#uids B!H! ,essai - 1970 ?4@ 2ypersonic 8(sorption of li#uids ,etermined from 1pontaneous and 1timulated Brillouin scattering 8!lau(reau% "! 9nglish% "!Iaiser 1969