Name

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Class

The Scale of the Universe

Write the letter of the correct answer on the line at the left.
1. ___ In space, light travels at a speed of about 300,000,000 m/s. Which expresses that speed correctly in scientific notation? A 300,000 km/s 9 B 3 10 m/s 8 C 3 10 m/s 7 D 3 10 m/s 3. ___ After six months, an astronomer notices that star A moves a greater distance than star B. Which conclusion is correct? A star A is closer than star B. B star A and star B are equally far away. C star A is farther away than star B. D More observations are necessary to determine which star is farther away. 2. ___ A star is 9 10 meters from Earth. What is that number in expanded form? A 900,000,000,000 meters B 9,000,000,000,000 meters C 90,000,000,000,000 meters 12 D 9.0 10 meters 4. ___ A star looks like its located one place in the sky in January and a different place in June. What is this phenomenon called? A a light-year B parallax C refraction D scientific notation
12

Fill in the blank to complete each statement. WORD BANK: scientific notation, distance, universe, parallax, position, light-year
5. _______________________________________ uses powers of ten to write very large or very small numbers in shorter form. 6. The _____________ is made up of all of space and everything in it. 7. A light-year is a measure of _____________. 8. Astronomers use _____________ to measure the distance to stars that are within several hundred lightyears of Earth. 9. The distance light travels through space in a year is one _____________. 10. Parallax is the apparent change of _____________ of an object when you look at it from different places.

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Class

Gravity and Motion

Read the passage and complete the table below. Then use a separate sheet of paper to answer the questions that follow.

Weight in the Solar System

Each object in the solar system has a different mass and diameter. As a result, you would have a different weight on the moon than on Mars or on earth. Use the table below to calculate a persons weight on the surfaces of some solar system objects. In the case of the sun, youll have to use your imagination. Its really impossible to stand on the suns gaseous surface. For your calculations, use the example of an astronaut who weighs 150 pounds on earth. In your calculations, use newtons instead of pounds. One pound is about equal to 4.5 newtons. To find your weight on the surface of each object, multiply your weight on earth by the proportion of earths gravity for each object. Enter your weight on each object into the table. Solar System Object Proportion of Earths Gravity Moon Venus Mars Pluto Sun 0.165 0.905 0.379 0.059 274 Weight on Surface

1. Which object has a much higher gravitational attraction than Earth? 2. On which object would you weigh the least? Why do you think this is so? 3. Could you jump higher on Venus or on Mars? 4. Image that the sun contracted to a smaller volume. How would this affect the gravitational force on its surface?

Name

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Class

Characteristics of Stars
Use the H-R diagram on the right to answer questions 15. Write your answers in the spaces provided.
1. Star _____________ has the greatest absolute brightness. 2. Star _____________ has the greatest surface temperature. 3. Stars B, C, D, and E are probably _____________ _____________ stars. 4. Star F is probably a(n) _____________ _____________ star.

Fill in the blank to complete each statement. Word bank: Mass, Inertia, Weight, Gravity, Masses,
upper, less than, greater than, color, brighter 5. The amount of matter in an object is its _____________. 6. _____________ attracts all objects toward each other. 7. An object with greater _____________ is more difficult to stop or start. 8. The _____________ of two objects and their distance from each other determine the gravitational force between them. 9. The measure of the force of gravity on an object is the objects _____________. 10. On a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, the star in the _____________ left corner will have the highest absolute brightness and surface temperature. 11. A star is closer to Earth than the standard distance that is used to measure absolute brightness. Its apparent brightness is ___________________________________ its absolute brightness. 12. Stars A and B have the same absolute brightness and are far from Earth. Star A is twice as far away as Star B. Star As apparent brightness is _________________ Star Bs apparent brightness. 13. A stars surface temperature and its _____________ are directly related. 14. Larger stars usually appear _____________ than smaller stars.

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Lives of Stars
Understanding Main Ideas
Fill in each blank with the correct letter from the diagram.

3. ___ Part of a nebula 1. ___ Red giant or supergiant 4. ___ White dwarf, neutron star, or black hole 2. ___ Where nuclear fusion begins 5. ___ The stage the sun is in

Write the letter of the correct answer on the line at the left. 1. ___ A pulsar is a spinning A black hole B neutron star C supernova D white dwarf 2. ___ Which progression do astronomers expect our sun to follow as it runs out of fuel? A red giant, white dwarf B red giant, neutron star C supergiant, supernova, white dwarf D supergiant, supernova, black hole 4. ___ When is a star born? A when the nebula starts spinning B when gas and dust start to contract C when X-rays get emitted D when nuclear fusion starts

3. ___ What determines the life cycle of a star? A gravity B the type of protostar C its mass D its temperature

Fill in the blank to complete each statement. Word Bank: black holes, nebula, pulsar, supernova, white dwarf, neutron star
5. Since no electromagnetic radiation escapes from ______________, astronomers locate them by looking for X-rays from gas accelerating toward them. 6. An explosion that occurs at the end of a massive stars life is a(n) _____________. 7. A(n) _____________ is a large cloud of gas and dust in space. 8. A low- or medium-mass star becomes a(n) ________________________at the end of its life. 9. A(n) _____________ appears to emit regular bursts of radio waves. 10. A(n) ______________ forms from the leftover material from a supernova; it may contain as much as three times the mass of the sun.

The Sun
Understanding Main Ideas
Label the diagram of the sun below.

Building Vocabulary
Match each term with its definition by writing the letter of the correct definition in the right column on the line beside the term in the left column. 7. ___ solar flare 8. ___ core 9. ___ chromosphere 10. ___ sunspot 11. ___ corona 12. ___ nuclear fusion 13. ___ photosphere 14. ___ solar wind 15. ___ convection zone a. layer of the suns atmosphere that gives off visible light b. layer of the suns atmosphere that has a reddish glow c. layer of the suns atmosphere that looks like a halo during an eclipse d. areas of gas on the suns surface that are cooler than the areas around them e. eruptions that occur when the loops in sunspot regions suddenly connect f. stream of electrical particles from the sun

g. center of the sun h. outermost layer of the suns interior i. joining of hydrogen atoms to form helium

The Sun
Write the letter of the correct answer on the line at the left.
1. ___ Areas of gas on the suns surface that are cooler than the gases around them are A B C D solar flares B sunspots C solar wind D prominences 4. ___ The sun produces energy through A A B C D solar flares B supra-sunspots C solar wind D prominences photosynthesis photovoltaic cells fusion fission prominences solar wind sunspots 2. ___ Large eruptions of gas from the sun out into space are A solar flares

3. ___ Huge loops of gas that link different parts of sunspot regions are

Fill in the blank to complete each statement. WORD BANK: radiation zone, hydrogen chromosphere, photosphere, solar wind, auroras
The suns layers, from innermost to outermost, are the core,___________, and convection zone.

5.

6. You see the _____________ when you look at an image of the sun. 7. You see the middle layer of the suns atmosphere, the _____________, at the start and end of a total eclipse. 8. The corona sends out a stream of charged particles called the ___________________. 9. The solar wind can interact with Earths magnetic field to create powerful electric currents that cause _____________ near the poles. 10. About three fourths of the suns mass is _____________.