Battery eliminator Battery Eliminator is a device used to convert high voltage alternating current into low voltage direct

current. A circuit arrangement is employed with which 220 volt alternating current is converted into 4 volt direct current. Since with the help of this appliance, the use of the attery is eliminated, therefore it is !nown as a attery eliminator. "t consists of following parts #

$ransformer # "t is a device used to convert small alternating current at high voltage into low voltage alternating current or low voltage alternating current into high voltage alternating current. "n our pro%ect step&down transformer is used. 'ectifier # "t is a device used to convert alternating current into direct current. 'ectifier have two types. (i) (ii) *alf wave rectifier +ull wave rectifier.

"n our pro%ect full wave rectifier is used which converts a full wave of alternating current into full wave of direct current.

$ransformer # $he transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or a high alternating voltage into a low alternating voltage. ,rinciple # "t is ased on the principle of mutual induction that is if a varying current is set&up in a circuit induced e.m.f. is produced in the neigh ouring circuit. $he varying current in a circuit produce varying magnetic flu- which induces e.m.f. in the neigh ouring circuit. Step&down $ransformer # "n our pro%ect step&down transformer is used # $his transformer converts high voltage at alternating current into low voltage alternating current. "n step&down transformer the num er of turns in primary coil remains large as compare to secondary coil. .onstruction # $he transformer consists of two coils. $hey are insulated with each other y insulated material and wound on a common core. +or operation at low fre/uency, we may have a soft iron.

$he soft iron core is insulating y %oining thin iron strips coated with varnish to insulate them to reduce energy losses y eddy currents. $he input circuit is called primary. And the output circuit is called secondary. $heory # Suppose, the num er of turns in the primary coil is 0, and that in the secondary coil is 0S. $he resistance of the coil is assumed to e 1ero. 2et d/3dt e the rate of change of flu- in each turn of the primary coil. "f Ep e the e.m.f. in the primary circuit then. E, 4 50, (6) 7e suppose that there is no loss of flu- etween the primary and secondary coils. $hen, the induced e.m.f. in the secondary coil will e # ES 4 50S +rom e/uations (i) and (ii), we find # (2)

0s30p 4 8 is called transformer ratio or turn ratio. +or step up transformer 8 9 6

+or step down transformer 8 : 6 $hat is for step&up transformer 0S 9 0,, therefore ES9E,. +or the step down transformer 0S : 0, therefore ES : E,. Efficiency # $he efficiency of the transformer is given y #

"f "p and "s e the currents in the primary and secondary circuits.

+or ideal transformer $herefore ES"S 4 E,", or

4 6 4 600;.

$herefore, for step up, transformer current in the secondary is less than in the primary ("S : ",). And in a step down transformer we have "S 9 ",. Energy 2osses in $ransformer #

"n practice, the output energy of a transformer is always less than the input energy, ecause energy losses occur due to a num er of reasons as e-plained elow. 6. 2oss of <agnetic +lu- #

$he coupling etween the coils is seldom perfect. So, whole of the magnetic flu- produced y the primary coil is not lin!ed up with the secondary coil. 2. "ron 2oss #

"n actual iron cores inspite of lamination, eddy currents are produced. $he magnitude of eddy current may, however e small. And a part of energy is lost as the heat produced in the iron core. =. .opper 2oss #

"n practice, the coils of the transformer possess resistance. So a part of the energy is lost due to the heat produced in the resistance of the coil. 4. *ysteresis 2oss #

$he alternating current in the coil tapes the iron core through complete cycle of magnetisation. So energy is lost due to hysteresis. >. <agneto restriction #

$he alternating current in the transformer may e set its parts in to vi rations and sound may e produced. "t is called humming. $hus, a part of energy may e lost due to humming. 'ectifier 'ectifier # $he rectifier is an electronic device used to convert alternating current to direct current. $he ,.0. ?unction as +uel 7ave 'ectifier. +ull 7ave 'ectifier # "t is a device used to convert full wave of alternating currents into full wave of direct current. ,rinciple "t is ased on the principle that a crystal diode conduct only in forward ias and then an output current flows in the circuit. 7hen @6 is forward iased, the @2 is reverse iased and vice&versa. $he diode @6 and @2 send current through the load resistance in the same direction during oth halves of the time period. $his cause full wave rectification of the input power. .onstruction

$he full wave rectifier consists of two ,&0 %unctions diodes connected to secondary part of the transformer. 7hen input A... is applied across the primary coil (,) of a transformer. Ane terminal of the secondary coil (S) of the transformer is connected to the positive terminal of the %unction diode @2. "n the secondary part of the transformer a load resistance '6 is connected. $he output is drawn across the two terminals of the load resistance. 7or!ing "n case of a crystal diode as full&wave rectifier the two diodes @6 and @2 are used in such a way that during 0 to "" crystal diode @6 ecomes forward& ias and on output current ", flows similarly during ne-t half cycle "" and 2"" crystal diode @2 ecomes forward ias and on output current "2 flows in the circuit in this way a crystal diode converts full wave of alternating current into a full wave of direct current. Efficiency of +ull 7ave 'ectifier # $he efficiency of the full wave rectifier may e B0;.

wor!ing 7or!ing of a Battery Eliminator # A attery eliminator consist of mainly three wor!ing parts, transformer, 'ectifier, +ilter circuit. "n our pro%ect step down transformer is used. $his transformer converts high voltage alternating current into low voltage alternating current. $his low voltage alternating current passes from rectifier which converts alternating current into direct current. "n our pro%ect full wave rectifier is used. "n full wave rectifier two diodes @6 and @2 are used in such a way that during 0 to "" crystal diode @6 ecomes forward & ias and an output current ", flow in circuit. Similarly during ne-t half cycle "" and 2"" crystal diode @2 ecomes forward ias and an output "2 flows in the circuit. "n this way a crystal diode converts full wave of alternating current into a full wave of direct current. $he direct current which we get from rectifier output circuit is fluctuating direct current. "n order to ma!e it pure direct current filter circuit are used. "n our pro%ect capacitor is used as a filter circuit. "t is an electrolytic capacitor of capacity 6CD, 6000 microfarad. $he output now availa le is 4 volt direct current and it may e suita ly

connected with the transistor.

ideal transformer

circuit diagram.

A attery eliminator is a device powered y an electrical source other than a attery, which then converts the source to a suita le @. voltage that may e used y a second device designed to e powered y atteries. A attery eliminator eliminates the need to replace atteries ut may remove the advantage of porta ility. A attery eliminator is also effective in replacing o solete attery designs. Some e-amples of attery eliminators include the nine volt mains power supply, the si1e and shape of a ,,E attery, originally intended to replace the attery in porta le radios in the 6EC0s. A solar panel providing power for a porta le appliance may also e considered a attery eliminator. $he term is also sometimes used as a misnomer when using a igger attery for more runtime when ranching out a power supply to wired electrical e/uipment using @. input.

8endriya Didyalaya no. 6, ?aipur ,hysics "nvestigatory

,ro%ect a.c. to d.c. conversion (+F227ADE 'E.$"+"E') Fnder Guidance #

Su mitted By# <r. '.$etarwal

$anu% Sharma

H""&B

622=I

.E'$"+".A$E ccc$his is to certify that <aster $anu% Sharma is a ona fide student of class H"" of 8endriya Didyalaya 0o.6, ?aipur, 'oll 0o.# 62240 Session 2062&206=. $he pro%ect report on A... $A @... .A0DE'S"A0 su mitted y him is in fulfilment of class H"" .BSE, oard practical e-amination. "t is further certified that the candidate did the pro%ect under my supervision and guidance. <r. '.$etarwal (,G$ ,hysics) 8.D.0o.6, ?aipur

A.80A72E@GE<E0$ " selected this pro%ect as a part of my studies, titled A... $A @... .A0DE'S"A0, as a gratitude, " convey my sincere than!s to <r.'.$etarwal (,G$ ,hysics 8.D.0o.6, ?aipur) who was the constant guide during the period of study. " also convey my than!s to my parents and my friends, without whose help it would not have een possi le for me to complete this pro%ect and its su mission in all "ndia Senior Secondary E-amination 2062& 206=. $anu% Sharma H"" 5 B (622=I) 8. D. 0o. 6, ?aipur A... $A @... .A0DE'$E' SJ0A,S"S A... converter is a device, which is used to convert an A... supply into @... supply through semi conductor diode. "t finds its application in many fields of electricity. "t is used in atteries eliminators, televisions, radios electroplating etc. " have studied a out it and have recorded o servations in this ,ro%ect 'eport. .A0DE'$E' "t converts an A... supply into @... or @... into A... But in this pro%ect it converts A... into @... $he converter which converts A... into @... is !nown as 'ectifier and this process of converting into @... is !nown as 'E.$"+".A$"A0. "t mainly consist of four parts# 6.Step @own $ransformer 2.'ectifier =.+ilter Element 4.Autput 0E.ESS"$J A0@ A,,2".A$"A0 A+ @... @... output voltage which is practically constant is a solutely essential for electrolytic and electro chemical processes such as electroplating. Electrotyping electro refining production of aluminium, copper and other metals y electrolysis. @.. is also necessary for running of 6 ampere current for cinema pro%ection and welding. $'A0S+A'<E' A transformer is device used for changing the form of electrical energy i.e. for converting a low

voltage alternating current into high voltage alternating current or vice versa. 7hen the low voltage A.. is converted into high voltage A... the transformer is called Step Fp $ransformer. 7hen the high voltage A... current is converted into low voltage A... then the transformer is called Step @own $ransformer. ,'"0.",2E A transformer is essential in an A... device, which wor!s on the principle of mutual induction i.e. when the strength of current in one circuit changes an induced E.<.+. is generated in the neigh ouring circuit. .A0S$'F.$"A0 A transformer consist of two coils insulated from each other and wound on the same core. $he coil to which the alternating electrical energy is supplied is called ,rimary .oil. $he coil, from which output electricity energy is o tained, is !nown as Secondary .oil. "t consist of very thin strips of special alloy of steel. $hese strips are insulated from other. $his is done with a view to avoid energy losses due to currents. S$E, @A70 $'A0S+A'<E' +or a given transformer 4 ! constant. *ere ! is called transformation ratio, 0s is no. of turns in secondary coil, 0p is no. of turns in primary coil. "n case of Step @own $ransformer Es:Ep, where Ep is instantaneous value of E.<.+. applied to primary coil. Es is instantaneous value of E.<.+. applied to secondary coil. Es4voltage availa le is output. 44! "n step down transformer, the secondary coil consist of few turns of thic! insulated copper wire and the primary consist of vary large no. of copper turns. +F22 7ADE 'E.$"+"E' +or o taining oth halves of the input wave we use two semiconductor diodes. A''A0GE<E0$ @6 and @2 are teo semiconductor diodes. $he sources of A... to e rectified is connected to primary ,6, ,2 of transformer. $he ends S6, S2 of the transformer is connected to the plates of two semiconductor diodes. $he output is ta!en across the resistance. 7A'8"0G @uring the half of input cycle, let ,6 ecome negative(&) and ,2 ecomes positive(K). An account of mutual induction S6 ecomes positive (K) and S2 ecomes negative(&). $hen upper p&n %unction is in forward ias. $he forward current flows on account of ma%ority carriers of upper p&n %unction diode in direction shown during other half cycle of input A..., the upper p&n %unction diode and vice versa.

$he forward current flows on account of the ma%ority carriers of lower p&n %unction diode. 7e use filter circuit. E0E'GJ 2ASSES "0 $'A0S+A'<E' 6..opper 2osses $his is the energy loss in form of heat("2'). 2."ron 2osses $his is the energy wasted as heat due to the development of eddy currents. =.*ysteresis 2oss $his is due to iron core undergoing repeated cycle of magnetisation and de&magnetisation when an E.<.+. is applied. 4.2ea!age of <agnetic +luAwing to imperfect insulation and winding, sources of the magnetic flu- lea!s out. +"2$E' ."'.F"$ $he variation in the amplitude of the output voltage must e smoothed out to ma!e the rectified @... voltage suita le for satisfactory operation of p&n %unction diode. $he variation in output is !nown as ripple, those circuits which are used to remove ripple !nown as +ilter .ircuit. +ilter circuits are used for esta lishing action of shunt capacitor and the circuit smoothing action of a series cho!e. @epending upon whether the first component is as capacitor input filter. $his is !nown as type filter ecause of its configuration. $he cho!e value varies from 60 to 6>*. A small fluctuation is still present in filter output, ut this current have very small fraction of the @.... Aut voltage is practically constant. B"B2"AG'A,*J L,hysics 0.E'$ $EH$BAA8 L<odern ,hysics y 8.B.'a%a(,h.@.) Lwww.google.com Lwww.wi!ipedia.com .onvert ,@+ to *$<2