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Structure
14.1 Introduction
Objectives
14.4 Supporting Towers 14.5 Summary 14.6 Key Words 14.7 Answers to SAQs
14.1 INTRODUCTION
In many engineering structures, such as suspension bridges, transmission lines, aerial tramway, guy-wires for high towers etc, cables are suspsded between supports and subjected to vertical loads. The load of the bridge floor is transferred to a cable which is stretched over a span to be bridged. The cable is flexible and can adopt any curvature as required by the load. Bridges are of two types (a) unstiffened, and (b) stiffened. In unstiffened bridges the curve of the cable undergoes changes with passage of loads over the bridge and decking also gets disturbed. The decking of stiffened bridge is stiffened by .girders or trusses which distribute the loads evenly over the entire cable. Various components of the suspension bridge are as follows : (1) the cable, (2) decking, (6) vertical suspenders,
(7) supporting towers,
The unstiffened bridges subjected to concentrated and uniformly distributed load, shape of cable, tension, length of cable are discussed in Section 14.2.
General
Since flexible cable offers no resistance to bending, the resultant internal force on any cross-section of cable must act along the tangent to the cable at that section. The resist'ulce to bending offered by actual cables is usually relatively s m l l and can be neglected without serious error. Thus, cable structures carry their load through tension which is most efficient way of re9isting loads. A cable suspended between two supports at its ends may be subjected to different types of loading and the shape assumed by the cable, therefore, will depend upon the type of loading. Various types of loads are as follows : (a) (b) Vertically downward concentrated load(s) Distributed load (i) The weight of a suspension bridge roadway is an example of this type of load, which is uniformly 'distributed along the horizontal span. Cables loaded uniformly along the span remains in the shape of a parabola.
Miscellaneous Topics
(ii)
The weight of homogeneous cable of constant cross-secti'on is an example of load distributed uniformly dong the cable. A cable loaded uniformly along the cable assumes the shape of a catenary.
Assumptions
(a) The cable is perfectly flexible. The wire ropes and parallel wire cables are obviously quite flexible and have little flexural stiffness. Eye bar chains cannot carry any momentsbecause of the freedom of rotation at the hinges. The stiffening girder is straight, its moment of inertia is constant and it is tied to the cable throughout its length. This assumption takes into account the deformation of only the chord members of the truss and neglects the deformation of the web members. Also since suspenders are closely spaced, their loads may be assumed to be uniformly distributed without the introduction of serious error. The dead load of the truss (stiffening girder), cable and suspenders is uniform per unit horizontal length; therefore the initial curve of the cable becomes parabolahThis is achieved in practice by attaching the girder, after the dead loads have been transferred to the cable, by adjusting the suspender forces during erection by meals of turn-buckles provided in them for this purpose. The form and magnitude of ordinates of the cable curve remain unchanged even after the application of the live loads. By this assumption, the cable always remains parabolic with the same central sag. Obviously, the stiffening girder must deflect under live loads, pulling the cable downwards along with it. These deflections and resulting errors will increase with larger span and shallower trusses. It is found that with small spans and deep trusses, the errors are small. The errors, however, are found to be always on the safe side.
(b)
(c)
(d)
Concept
To understand the structural behavior of the cable, consider a simply supported beam as shown in Figure 14.1 (a). Beam is subjected to a point load P at mid point. As the cable has zero moment carrying capacity, insert an internal hinge under load so that moment carrying capacity of beam at that point reduces to zero and beam assumes shape as shown in Figure 14.1 (b). Considering the equilibrium 6f point B as shown in Figure 14.1 (c) tension in beam
P . T = - stn8, 2
and both horizontal components are T cos 8 which are equal and opposite at B.
P
a 1
c
B
e
(c I
Figure 14.1
Objectives
After studying this untt, you should be able to evaluate the tension in the cable under various loading and calculate final length of the cable, find the horizontal and vertical reactions at the point of support, evaluate the moment at the base of suspension pier, compute the bending moment and shear force in the stiffermg girder, find the forces in the suspenders under various loadings, and construct influence line diagram (ILD) for BM and SF in girders, reactions at cable supports etc.
Suspension Bridges
Consider cable supported on horizontal span of 8 m and length of cable on application of load is 10 m as shown in Figure 14.2 (a). The freebody at B is shown in Figure 14.2 (c).
Figure 14.2
P
2 sin 0 Horizontal component of T
5P
6
Now the moment which is product of horizontal component at B and sag at point B, is
Assuming rigid beam as shown in Figure 14.2 (b). Bending moment at B is calculated as
which is same as calculated in Eq. (14.1). From above, the following general cable theorem may be stated.
At any point on a cable acted upon by vertical loads, the product ofthe horizontal component of cable tension and the vertical distance from that point to the cable chord equals the bending moment which would occur at that section if the loads carried by the cable were acting on an end supported beam of the same span as that ofthe cable.
Example 14.1
Application of general cable theorem may be understood by following illustrative example : Suppose that the loading on a cable is defined as shown in Figure 14.3 (a) and that the vertical distance from the cable to the cable chord is known at one point. Neglecting the weight of the cable itself, the bending moment at point C on an imaginary beain Figure 14.3 (b) may be found as follows. Support reactions :
Miscellaneous Topics
Giving, and
RAv = 3.5
1.17 = 2.33 kN
Moment at point C, considering equilibrium of portion ABC, and applying general cable theorem
M c = 2 . 3 3 ~ 2 - 1 ~ 1 - H ~ 1 = 0
Figure 143
Segment AB To detennine the distance of any other point such as B from the cable chord, the general cable theorem is applied for portion AB at section B, leading to
from which
YB = 0.64 m
The segment o f the cable between A and B along a straight line, has length equal to
Since the horizontal component of cable tension is equal to 3.67.kN, the actual cable tension between A and B equals
k
Length of segment DE =
J[m
=
2.10 m
Segment BC
[;b" )
\ /
- = 3.85 kN
Length of BC =
(I)+ ~ (1 - 0.64)'
\
-
] = 1.06 m ]
SuspensionBridges
Segment CD
Length of CD =
Figure 14.4 (a) shows a cord ABCD of negligible weight supported at A and D and carrying the load system W , and W2. Let the tensions in the parts AB, BC, CD of the cord be TAB,TBCand TCD rey9ectively.
Figure 14.4
Since the forces acting on the cord form a system in equilibrium, the following conditions must be satisfied. Let the applied loads Wl and Wz be represented by nb and bc to a suitable scale. Through 'a' draw line ao parallel to AB and through 'c' draw line co parallel to CD and thus obtain point '0'. Now abcoa is the force polygon corresponding to the system of forces keeping the cord in equilibrium. Draw od perpendicular to the load line alx, so that (la represents and cd represents the vertical reaction Rr>v. the vertical reaction RAV Now consider the equilibrium of point B. The force acting at this point are T A ~ TBc , and Wl. TABis represented by ao, W I is represented by ab, therefore, by principle of triangle of forces. Tsc is represented by ho. Similqly, other forces can be found out. Example 14.2 A cable supported at A and E is loaded as shown in Figure 14.5 (a). Compute the reaction components and the tension in different portions of the cable.
Solution
Considering the cable as whole in equilibrium [Figure 14.5 (b)] and applying condition of equilibrium Fx r 0.
Miscellaneous Topics
Thus,
We get,
8REv - 2H = 56 since the sag of the point C is known, we consider the equilibrium of the portion CDE of thc cable as shown in Figure 14.5 (c).
Similarly,
(ii)
and H = 1 6 k N Fr
= 0,
Giving
RAv = 3kN
4kN
6kN
CkN
YB = 0.875 m
L~ =
= 2.035
Segment BC
Suspension Bridges
Segment CD
Applying general cable theorem at point D,
Segment DE
Let ABC in Figure 14.6 (a) be a flexible cable supported and loaded as shown. The lowest point of the cable B, is selected as the origin for the co-ordinate axes. A free -body diagram of portion of the cable immediately to the right of point B is shown in Figure 14.6 (b). The horizontal tension in the cable at B is denoted by TBand the tension at any other pointy (x, y) by Tp .
Here,
Tp COS 8 = TB ; Tp sin 8 = qx (14.3) where q is the load per unit length (measured horizontally). Elimination of T from these equations gives
9x tan 8 = TB since the slope of the curve is at point P,
It gives
Miscellaneods Topics
Eq. (14.6) shows that shape of cable is a parabola with its vertex at the lowest point of the cable.
Tension in Cable
Eq. (14.7) shows that the tension (T) in the cable varies from the minimum value, TB at the lowest point in the cable when x equal to zero, to maximum values at the supports of towers. By substituting the value of x and y at support in Eq. (14.6) and using Eq. (14.7) the tension at supports
Where fA and fc are vertical cmrdinates of A and C, while a and b are horizontal intercepts of A and C with respect to B as shown in Figure 14.6 (a). Eq. (14.8) can be used to determine the sag for a given tension and span in case of power transmission lines.
Length of Cable
Sometimes it is desirable to evaluate the length of cable, L, between the origin and one of supports. The length of the curve from B to A, LA is given by the following expression,
and thus,
when Eq. (14.9) is integrated directly, the result is a cumbersome hyperbolic ar logarithmic function. A mare useful expression for LA can be obtained by expanding the integrand by the binomial expansion and integrating term as follows :
Suspension Bridges
This series converges to the correct length of LA for srnall value of fAla less than 112. Similarly, the length of the cable LC from the origin to the left support is
The series converges to the correct length of LC for all values of f c lb less than 112. Usually the ratiofAla or fc Ib is quite small, and the first two terms of the series give a sufficiently close approximation to the actual length. Length of cable ABC,
I
Elastic Stretch of Cable When a cable supports a load, it undergoes an elastic stretch, which is often of importance in determining cable sags and also for other purpose. By the definition of the modulos of elasticity.
An element of a cable of length day is subjected to tension Tas shown in Figure 14.6 (c). A convenient method of determining the elastic stretch of a cable consists in first determining T , which by definition will be taken as that average tension which if . applied throughout the length of the cable will cause the same total elastic change of length as actually occurs. It can be expressed as
where A and E are assumed constant and in Figure 14.6 (c). Hence,
(4:
-
Tds
Miscellaneous Topics
Example 14.3 A chain weighing 2.0 N/m is suspended between two poles with the same elevation,
spaced 6.0 m apart. The pull of the chain on the poles is 35 N. Deternline the sag and the length of the chain, assuming the weight to be uniformly distributed along a horizontal axis.
Solution
Substituting the values,
q = 2 N/m,
6 = 3 m and TA = 35 N in =2
m.(14.8)
Therefore,f~ = 1.7 m
SAQ a
A SO kN load is uniformly distributed over a span of 61 m. It is to be supporled by ;I single flexible cable hung from two towers at the same level. The design staength of Ihe ci~h!es 1s 100 kN. neberrnine the miraimurn sap ;mdlel~gtlm of cahle which can he used.
Exampk 14.4 A cable carries a load of 2 kN per horizontal meter as shown in Figure 14.7. The left support is lower than the right support by 3 m, and the sag measured from the left support is 3 m. The supports are 46 m apart. Determine the minimum and maximum
tension in the cable and the length of the cable.
Solution
In this problem, assume A is right s u p j x ~and t C is left support. fA=6m, f c = 3 m
Suspension Bridges
2 x (46 - a)' (2 x 3)
Figure 14.7
Tension at support C
f~ = 6 = 0.22. NOW.a 27
Miscellaneous Topics
The I l c x ~ h i :cahl:. ~ ne~!!\iu~y 15 K N , m ili~!\o\ hc't'.v~', !x ! t i t ; \rriy~i>r!\ I I H I I r r ,q'.iu J , I I I I left support 3 In L ~ O V Ctile rr~lll supporr ?he ,ago[ tlr= cahi~, talc;r\urcill I r o r i ; h-rghcr el\d ms 5 m Find the li(ir~~ont:~l tlliunt. Inaxinlurn L ~ I I S I : I I I 111 tl~c cable ant1 the 1cn:di of the cable
Anchor cable
\
Suspension cable
Tower
(b)
Figure 14.8
Let
Vp = TcosOI
Horizontal force on, the top of the pier = TsinOl - Tsin82 = T(sin8,
- sine2)
This horizontal force will cause bending moment in the tower. If the cable is supported on a saddle mounted on rollers, as shown in Figure 14.8 (b) the saddle remains in equlibirium, horizontal component of suspension cable and the anchor cable will be equal. TI sill
= T2 sin O2 = H
Vp = TI cos O1
Example 14.5
+ T2cos02
A suspension cable 180 m span and 18 m central dip carries a load of 1 ldrl per linear horizontal meter. Calculate the maximum and minimum tensions in the cable. Find horizontal and vertical forces in each pier under the following alternative conditions (a) If the cable is firmly clamped to saddles carried on frictionless roller on the top of the piers.
(b)
If the cable passes over frictiorlless pulley on me top of the piers. In each case the back stay is inclined at 30' to the horizontal.
Suspension Bridges
The maximum tension (T)in the cable is always at its ends while the minimum tension in the cable is at its lowest point 'B" and is equal to H.
Solution
Horizontal thrust in cable is also the minimum tension occuring at lowerst point of cable;
which is (a)
@=
When cable is clamped to saddle the horizontal components of tension balances. Let T, = tension in the back stay or anchore cable
TA sin 0
+R
(b)
When the cable passes over the frictionless pulley, the tension in the back stay T,is equal to the tension in the cable TA. Let the inclination of the cable be 0 with horizontal Loadonpier= TAsin0+Tsin300= ~ + T s i n 3 0 ' (when TA=Ts=T)
Horizontal shear = T cos 0 - T cos 30' = 225 - 242.33 cos 30' = 15.14 kN
SAQ 3
4 -~~\prn\h~ j nd l ~of l e120 1x1 spnn and 15 111ce~llral dip carrles a load 01 5 kN ptbr Inlcar mc:re, calculate tlic nllnlmum and rrlax~rnuln teiisri)n Find thc Ilori7ontal and ver llc31 11)tcesIn p~cr. When
I I h)
the cable is clanlpcd t o s;idcjles carrlcs 19y rollers. In each back stay is i!~clint-s: ;it 45" with Iir3rrizont:ll.
I
I
(a1
(b)
Figure 14.9
A free body diagram of the portion of the cable of length L from B to any point P (x, y) is as shown in Figure 14.9 (b). When the equations of equilibrium are applied to the free body diagram as shown in Figure 14.9 (b), the results are as follows :
Tcos 0 = TB, Tsin 0 = qs when T is eliminated from Eq. (14.13) (14.14) and TB.The equation may be written in terms of cartesian co-ordinates by using the following relationship, which applies to any plane curve. (14.13)
2
since
ds
[&I.,)=
ds
sine(%)
and thus,
Integrating,
v =
( p ) s e c O t i m o d = [$)sect)+c,
Slpspension Bridges
TB
& = tan0
dx
4 2
and dx = 1)
tiom which
when x is equal to zero, v is equal to D and cosh (1) is equal to zero, therefore C2 is equal written
-'
Eq. (14.16), the equation of the curve in cartesian co-ordinates, is called a catenary. When D TB . is substituted for -in Eq. (14.14), the resulting equation can be combined with
Eq. (44.15) to obtain the relationship between y and s as follows : Length of the cable thus s = D
=
4
[y) qyv
An equation relating x and s can be obtained by combining Eq.(14.16) and Eq. (14.17) to eliminate y as follows
y = ~ ~ c o s h [ ~ ~ =
from which or
s'
- D2 = L?
cosh2
and
- ;i
I
I
1
The sagf in the cable is the difference between the value of y at the support (yA)and D. For the right-hand af the cable in Figure 14.9 the sag is
MisceHaneous Topics
Eq. (14.20)indicates that the tension in the cable at any point is equal to the product of the load per meter of cable and the vertical distance of the point from the x axis. The use of Eq. (14.15)to Eq. (14.19)requires the determillation of the length I), which must usually be done by a trial and error process or graphical solution. Various tabular and semigraphical procedures have been devised to facilitate the solution of these equations.
Example 14.6
A chain weighing 7 N per m is suspended between two poles with the same elevation, spaced 6 nl apart. The pull of the chain 011 the poles is 36 N. Determine sag and length of the chain, assuming the weight to be uniformly distributed along cable.
Solution
Here, is the distance from the x axis to the support and T = TAis the tension in the chain at the support. T = qy where T = 36 N, q = 7 N h , y = y~
36 = 7 x yA , giving
and
YA
= 5.14 1 n
cosh
($1
5.14 = D
'
The value of D can be determined graphically by plotting value of 5.1410 against I1 and also by plotting values of cosh (3lD)against D on the same graph. The ihtersection of the curves will determine the value of D. The value of D can also be determined by successive trials as shown in the following table.
D
3 .O 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0
5.1410
1.7 1 1.66 1.61 1.56 1.5 1 1.47 1.43 1.39 1.35 1.32 1.29 .
cosh (3lD)
1.54 1.51 1.47 1.44 1.42 1.39 1.36 1.35 1.33 1.31 1.29
In equation,
The corresponding value of s, which equals SA, is one-half the length of the chain. The value of SA is as follows :
SAQ 4
(a)
A uniform chain 37 nl long and weight 7 N/NIhas a span 30 1x1.The supports are at same elevation. Determiire Ule sag and the maxlmum ar~d minimunl tension in the chain.
Suspemion Bridges
(b)
The towers lhat support a steel cahle with wr;~pped telephone llncs arc 750 111 apart. The combination of cable aid wires has a mass 0.75 kgtin. The maximum allowable tension in the cable is 4.5 kN. Calculate S, the length of the wire and~f, sag necessary to produce this tension.
Figure 14.10
Let us consider the equilibrium of the cable and the stiffening girder separately. The cable is subjected to a uniformly distributed load q per unit run transmitted by suspenders as shown in Figure 14.11 . The equation of the cable with the center B as origin is as follows :
r)
& 2
=
'
H =
T=
2f
Maximum tension,
Miscenanmus Topics
Figure 14.11
Now, consider the girder which is subjected to two load systems, l~arnely (a) the applied external load system Wl, and W2, (b) upward uniformly distributed load of q per unit run from the suspenders (Figure 14.12). Consider my section x of the girder at distance x from the point C. The bending moment at any section is due to the above two load systems. Let M be the actual bending moment at the section.
q L/2
q LIZ I
Figure I* 12
M=Mx-[2
@ [ li2 xj-
4[(
,,
x12]
where M, = bending moment at the section due to girder load considering the span as that of
a simply supported girder. This bending.moment is called the beam moment at the section.
Now, consider the cable section at the corresponding point of the cable, we have
Applying this condition to the hinge B of the girder where the bending moment is zero we get MB = 0 + Mx - H(f-y), = MB - H ( f - 0 ) = O Giving, since at B , Mx = Mg, a d y 'F0
Now it is easy to determine the u. d. 1. transmitted to the cable from the relation
SuspensionBridges
After finding q, the vertical reaction Vat each support for the cable be determined from the at any section of the girder is given by relation V= q U 2 and shear force (V)
where V, is the shear force at the section due to the applied external load system considering the span as that of a simply supported girder. This shear force is called the "beam shear" at the section. Now for the cable with the central point as origin the equation to the cable is given by
On differentiating, or
H tan 8 = qx
Example 14.7
A suspension bridge of 200 m span has two three-hinged stiffening girders supported by two cables having a central dip of 25 m. The width of road way is 8 m. The roadway carries a dead load of 1/2kN per sq. meter extending over the whole span and a live load of 1 kN per sq. meter extending over the left hand half of the bridge. Find the B.M. and S.F. at point 60 m and 150 m from left hinge. Also calculate maximum tension in the cable.
M DIP
'Z K N / &
$50 M 100 M
-2 0 0 M SPAN
IOOM
IC
aD
figure 14.13
Solution
There will be no B.M. and S.F. any where in the girder due to uniformly distributed dead load. As there are two cables half the live load will be transfered. Live load per meter on each girder
Miscellaneous Topics
and
= 0
+ 2400 kN m
(Sagging)
-
(400 x 18.75)
= - 2500 kN m (Hogging)
H tan 6
(400 x 0.2)
= 20 kN
SlsO= 100
(400) (- 0.25) = 0
Again the equivalerit u.d.1. transferred to the cable due to live load per meter.
Equivalent u.d.1. transferred to the cable due to dead load per meter
Total q.= 2
2 = 4 kN/rn.
SAQ 5
A suspension bridge ciible of span 80 m and central d ~ 8 p m 1s suspended irom thc same level at two towers as shown in Figure 14.14. B e br~dge cable 1s stiffened hy a which carries a single concentrated load of 20 kN at a three hinged stiffening g~rder point 20 m from one end. Sketch the S.F. diagram for girder.
Suspendon Bridges
*H
M DIP
14.3.3 Influence Line Diagrams (ILDs) for Three-Hinged Girder Suspension Bridge .
(a)
Influence Line for Horizontal Reaction [Figure 14.15 (b)] Let a unit rolling load be at a distance x from B (between B and A). The simply-supportedreactions at the ends of the girder are as follows :
H=
&
Sf
1, gives,
Thus, as Ule unit load inoves from B to A, the Ioad intensity, q in the suspenders 2 changes from - to zero as shown in Figure 14.15 (c). By symmetry, a similar straight L line gives the influence line between B to C.
Id.)
Figure 14.15
(c)
SuspensionBridges
We h o w from our study of Block 1 that ILD for free BM at D is given by a triangle whose apex is below D, the altitude of the triangle being
Hence, the second term will be influence ordinates of H multiplied by this constant. But as discussed in section (a) above, the ILD for H is a triangle of altitude 4f
'
Thus, we see that the ILD for the second terms has also the same height as the ILD of the first term but apex placed at point B. This is shown as B3CA in Figure 14.15 (d) where the two diagrams are placed on the same base AC. The influence line ordinates for MD is the difference of the two ordinates of AB3CA and AD3CA shown hatched in Figure 14.15 (d). It may be observed that the influence line ordinates for MI) is negative (hogging) between the points C and E, and is positive (sagging) between the points E and A. Also it can be easily proved that the area$ of positive and negative portions are equal. Hence, it is concluded that when the girder carries a uniformly distributed load on the whole span, the bending moment at every section is zero. (d)
-d&m
da
L2 - 12a2 = 0
Substituting this value of a in the expressioil fior M,,, (positive), we get the absolute maximum positive bending moment as 0.096 L which you may verify. The ILD for M,, (positive) is shown at Figure 14.15 (e). For the maximum negative moment which occurs when the load is placed at B we have,
For this value to be the greatest, we differentiate it with respect to a, aqd get Then It gives
--
6
da
( L - 4a) 2L
o,
L a =4
Substituting this value of a'in the expression for M,, (negative), we get the L absolute maximum negative bending moment as - - The ILD for M,, 16' (negative) will be parabolic as shown in Figure 14.15 ( f ) .
Maximum B.M. Diagram due to Uniformly Distributed Load
For a uniformly distributed load q per unit length the maximum positive moment will occur when it is on the span from E to A. Similarly, maximum negative moment will occur when it covers the span from E to C. And both these values are equal in magnitude as the two areas are equal. Hence, we must first find the position of the point E. Let AE = (7. From geometry, Since B3B = D3D
We have
Miscellaneous Topics
For this area to be maximum, we have to differentiate the expression with respect to a and equate to zero.
a " The expression obtained is 8
1 2 a 2~L~ = 0
The cubic equation can be solved by trial and error to give a = 0.266 L.
The absolute maximum bend~ng moment will have the value (verify by substituting) as 0.01883 q ~ for 2 this position,
Influence Line for Shear Force at a given Section of Girder (Figure 14.16) Shear force at the section D,
Vn = (free girder S.F) - (H tan 8);
where tan 8 is the slope of the cable at the point D. The equation of the parabolic cable is y = We have, It gives, Thus, tan 8 = @ = dx H'
& 2H
H tan 8 = qx
For unit load, (q = I), we get Here, following three cases may arise : Case (a)
L a <4
[see Figure 14.16 (b)] [see Figure 14:16 (c)] [see Figure 14.16 (d)]
The maximum negative shear force at a section occurs when the rolling load just reaches the section (on the right-hand-side of it). The maximum positive shear occurs when the load has just corossed the section.
L Case (a) : At a section for which a i - there is a possibility that the maximun 4 shear force (negative) may occur when the load is at the centre of the span. From Figure 14.16, maximum negative shear force is given by the ordinate
For this maximum negative SF to be the largest, we differentiate it with L respect to a and equate to zero, getting a = -.
8
On substituting this value of a in above equation, the absolute maximum negative SF is as follows :
Suspension Bddges
L This occurs at rr = - from the centre B of the girder. Similarly, the maximum
7 positive SF will occur at the same point having value - [Figure 14.16 (e)]. 16
Case (b) : At a section for which a = - ,both maximum positive and negative
goes on decreasing to 0 and maximum positive SF will go on increasing to +l. Example 14.8 A suspension cable stiffened with a three-hinged girder has 100 m span and 10 m central dip. The girder carries a load of 0.2 kN/m. A live load of 10 kN rolls from left to right. Determine (a) maximum bending moment anywhere in the girder; and (b) maximum tension in the cable.
Solution
(a)
Mm,, (negative) = - 0.096 WL = - 0.096 x 10 x 100 = - 96 kN m. M , , , (positive) = 0.0625 WL = 0.0625 x 10 x 100 = 62.5 IcN m. at x = - 0.25 L = 25 m from either end.
(b)
! &
8f
b
Total H = 25+ 25 = 50 kN
Miscellaneous
Topics
In general, whatever may be the loading on the girder, (Total load on the span of the girder)
4 =
span
For any point PI on the girder, Bending moment at PI = (Beam moment) - H Cf - y) Shear force at P I = (Beam shear) - H tan 0 ; where tan 0 =
&
dx
The cables have considerablt sag at the centre of the span. In addition to that there are suspenders connecting the cable to the girder. Thus, the cable ends are to be raised sufficiently high above the girder level for which towers have to be provided at either end. The towers may be masonry piers for smaller spans. Whereas for larger spans steel trestles are used. The cables passing over the tower are supported on movable saddles or fixed pulleys (Figure 14.8). The portion of the cable passing over the tower is anchored to the abutments and is known as the back stay. The design of the tower depends upon (a) the horizontal thrust due to the cable which causes overturning moments and horizontal shear, h e cable tension causing downward pressure on the tower. and (b) the vertical component of t
14.5 SUMMARY
The cable is perfectly flexible. The wire ropes and parallel wire cables are flexible and have little tlexural stiffness. The dead load of the truss, cable and suspenders is uniform per horizontal length. At any point on a cable acted upon by vertical loads, the product of the horizontal component of cable tension and the vertical distance from that point
to the cable chord equals the bending moment which would occvr at that section if the loads carried by the cable were acting on an end supported beam of the same span as that of the cable. The length of the cable
SuspensionBridges
When cable simply supported over guide pulley at the support the vertical pressure on the top of pier
V p = T cos O1
When cable is clamped to saddle on smooth rollers on the top of pipe the vertical pressure
Vl, = T1 cos 0,
T2 cos O2
Supporting Towers :
These are the cross girders supporting longitudinal stringers and connected to suspenders at their ends. These are built at either end of the span to provide the necessary sag to the cable. These may consist of masonry piers or steel trestles, the former being used for small spans only.
Back Stay
Saddle or Pulley
It is the portion,of the cable between the tower and the ancho;age. : These are provided at the top of the tower to facilitate the cable to undergo a change of slope.
:
(a) TA= 158.7 N,TB= 91.7 N,and fA = 9.56 m. (b) Length of cable = 1133 m and fA = 382 ni. SAQ 5 SF = - 5 k N a t x = O = -1Oor+lOkNatx=20rn. = -5kNat x = 8 0 m .