GEOGRAPHY EXAM REVIEW

PERIOD 1
DATE:

MONDAY JUNE 20, 2011

TIME:

8:30am 10:00am

ROOM

ROOM 200

Final Exam Structure:

PART A

MULTIPLE CHOICE (9 MARKS)

PART B

MATCHING (6 MARKS)

PART C

COMPPREHENSION (10 MARKS)

PART D

TRUE AND FALSE (9 MARKS)

PART E

COMPARE AND CONTRAST (8 MARKS)

PART F

MAPPING SKILLS ANALYSIS (7 MARKS))

PART G

POPULATION STUDY (10 MARKS)

PART H

CLIMATE GRAPH ANALYSIS (5 MARKS)

PART I

SHORT ANSWER (10 MARKS)

PART J

SHORT ANSWER (20 MARKS)

PART K

VISUAL EXPRESSION (5 MARKS)

UNIT 1 THE GEOGRAPHERS TOOLKIT

1)

WHAT IS GEOGRAPHY?
a)

What does the term Geography mean?

Geography is the study of world, how it works, and how people use and change the world as they live in it.

b)

What are the 5 themes of Geography?

The 5 themes of Geography are Place, Location, Human and Environmental Interaction, Human Movement, and
Regions.

2)

FEATURES OF A MAP
a)

Define the following features:

TITLE

LEGEND
SCALE
DIRECTION
BORDER

Identifies the area shown, topic, focus or purpose of the map

Explains the meaning of symbols and colors
Represents the relationships between distance on the map
Represented with an arrow, symbol or by use of latitude & longitude
Sets the map apart from other information

3)

MAP OF CANADA
a)

Identify the provinces and territories of Canada

The provinces of Canada are British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick,
Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Nova Scotia. The territories of Canada are Yukon Territory,
Nunavut, and Northwest Territories.

b)

Identify the provincial/territorial and national capital cities.

BC- Victoria, AB- Edmonton, SK- Regina, MB- Winnipeg, ON- Toronto, QC- Quebec City, NB- Fredericton, NS- Halifax,
PEI- Charlottetown, NL- St.Johns, YT-Whitehorse, NU- Iqaluit, NT- Yellowknife.

c)

Identify the major bodies of water (the oceans, the Great Lakes, and other important lakes/bays).
The major bodies of water in Canada are Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Arctic Ocean, Great Bear Lake, Great Slave
Lake, Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, Lake Huron, Hudson Bay, St. Lawrence River, Baffin
Bay, Beaufort Sea, Labrador Sea, James Bay, Bay of Fundy, and Davis Strait.

4)

LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE

a)

What is latitude?
An imaginary line that runs east to west but measures north to south

b)

What is longitude?
An imaginary line that runs north to south but measures east to west

c)

What are the major lines of Latitude?

Include their associated degree.
The major lines of latitude are Arctic Circle 66.5 *N, Tropic of Cancer 23.5 *N, Equator 0*, Tropic of Capricorn 23.5 *S,
and Antarctic Circle 66.5*S.

d)

What are the major lines of Longitude?

Include their associate degree.
The major lines of longitude are Prime Meridian 0*, and International Date Line 180*

e)

4 and 6 digit grid referencing

A 4 digit grid reference is to find a relative location on a map.
A 6 digit grid reference is to find an absolute location on a map.

f)

5)

Military grid
Grids of numbered blue lines on topographic maps, used to locate any place on a topographic.

TIME ZONES

a)

How many time zones are there in Canada?

There are 6 time zones in Canada.

b)

Identify all of the different time zones in Canada

Newfoundland [Newfoundland and Labrador]
Atlantic [PEI, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia]
Eastern [Quebec and Ontario]
Central [Manitoba, Nunavut, and Saskatchewan]
Mountain [Alberta, and Northwest Territories]
Pacific [British Columbia, and Yukon]

c)

Which time zone do we live in?

We live in Eastern Time zone.

UNIT 2- CANADAS PHYSICAL CONNECTIONS

1)

STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH

a)

What are the four spheres of the earth?

The four spheres of the earth are Atmosphere, Biosphere, Hydrosphere, and Lithosphere.

b)

What are the four components that make up the earth?

The four components that make up the earth are Land, Water, Living things, and Air.

c)

Compare the structure of earth to that of an egg.

The structure of earth can be compared to an egg like this; the shell of the egg equals the crust, the yeast equals the
mantle, and the yolk equals the core.

2)

THE GEOLOGIC HISTORY OF THE EARTH

a)

What is an era?
An era is major divisions of geologic time (for example, the Paleozoic era).

b)

What are the four eras of Earths history, in order from the earliest to the current era?
Precambrian era (4600 million to 570 million years ago)
Paleozoic era (570 million to 245 million years ago)
Mesozoic era (245 million to 66 million years ago)
Cenozoic era (66 million years ago to present)

c)

What major events occurred in each era?

Precambrian era- Pre-Cambrian shields form (i.e. Canadian Shields)
Paleozoic era- Pangaea formed
Mesozoic era- Mountains were formed, and beginning of break-up of Pangaea
Cenozoic era- Continents take on their present shapes, and human beings develop.

d)

Which era are we currently living in?

We are living in Cenozoic era currently.

3)

TYPES OF ROCKS AND THE ROCK CYCLE

a)

What are the three different types of rock?

Igneous rock, sedimentary rock, and metamorphic rock

b)

4)

Describe how each of the three types of rock is made.

When hot molten magma reaches the earths surface it hardens and
becomes Igneous Rock. Over millions of years, pressure causes the
layer of sediment to harden into Sedimentary Rock. Heat and
pressure can also change Igneous and Sedimentary rock into third
type: Metamorphic rock.

PLATE TECTONICS
a)

What is Pangaea?
Pangaea is all of the earths land masses which were in constant motion, collided to form one supercontinent called
Pangaea.

b)

Explain Wegeners theory of Continental Drift. Include his 4 pieces of evidence

Alfred Wegeners theory of Continental Drift was that the 300 million years ago all of the Earths landmass which were
in constant motion, collided to form one supercontinent called Pangaea. His evidences for his theory were:
* Jigsaw Fit- some countries fit together like a jigsaw puzzle (i.e. South
America and Africa)
* Fossils- similar fossils are found on continents which are presently located
far apart
* Mountains- mountains similar in Age and Structure are found on both sides
of Atlantic Ocean
* Ice Sheets- 250 million years ago, Ice Sheets, covered area of South
America, Africa, Australia, and India but these are now warm
areas. Wegener had great points but he could not explain
what mechanism was powerful enough to move huge
continents.
Explain Tuzos theory of Plate Tectonics. Include what convection currents are.
Tuzo Wilsons theory was of Isostasy to help us understand how a plate Floats on a rock. The theory of Isostasy
depicts two-level earth. 1) The continental plates are grantic in composition, light and thick. 2) The ocean plates are
basalt in composition, and heavy, yet thin. According to Tuzos theory no one fully understands the forces that cause
the plates to move. It is likely that convection currents caused by the unequal distribution of heat within Earths core
cause the plates to move.

c)

5)

6)

7)

What causes earthquakes and volcanoes?

Volcanism occurs when solid rock structures are created from molten rock, created above or below the Earths surface.
Earthquakes commonly occur where plates were colliding, separating, and slipping against one another.

FORCES OF CHANGE
a)

Explain what Earths building up forces are- folding and faulting.

Earths building up forces are folding and faulting which occur when pressures deep within the lithosphere cause the
Earths surface to buckle, bend and apart.

b)

Explain what Earths wearing down forces are- weathering and erosion
Earths wearing down forces are weathering and erosion. Weathering is breakdown of rock into small particles. Erosion
is wearing away of Earths surface followed by the movement to other locations of materials that have worn away.

LANDFORMS
a)

What is a landform?
A landform is a natural feature on the Earths surface.

b)

What are the three different types of landforms?

There are 3 different types of landforms and they are Shield, Lowlands, and Highlands.

c)

Describe the seven landform regions of Canada. Be sure to include distinctive characteristics for each.
The seven landform regions of Canada are Canadian Shield, Interior Plains, Great Lakes- St. Lawrence Lowlands,
Hudson Bay- Arctic Lowlands, Appalachian Mountains, Innuitian Mountains, and Western Cordillera.

d)

What landform region do we live in?

The landform region that we live in, is Canadian Shield.

CLIMATE AND PRECIPITATION

a)

What is the different between weather and climate?

Weather is the day to day atmospheric conditions such as temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind, and air pressure
while
climate is a long term pattern of weather.

b)

Identify and describe the LOWERN factors that affect climate.

Latitude- temperature decreases the further you go away from the equator because the energy is spread over a large
area due to the curvature of the earth
Ocean Currents- currents flowing from the tropics warm up coastal areas, currents from the poles cool the coastal
areas, and where a cold and warm front meet, FOG is produced.
Winds- air moves over water and picks up moisture which falls as precipitation, areas closer towards have more rain,
and if an are is dry or water is almost always frozen, no moisture is picked therefore little rain
Elevation- as you move higher in elevation, the temperature decreases, as air rises it expands because there is less
pressure and as it expands it loses heat
Relief- referred to differences in elevation of the earths surface, mountain ranges act as a barrier to the movement of
air masses, and rain will occur in more often on one side of the mountain than the other
Nearness to Water- oceans and lakes cool and heat slow than land, water is almost a season behind, and wind that
blows off the lakes warms up the winters and cools in the summer (therefore Maritime climate)

c)

What climate region do we live in?

The climate region that we live in is Southeastern.

d)

What is precipitation? Provide some examples.

Precipitation is air containing water vapor cools to point where condensation is greater than evaporation of the vapor.
Air cools when it rises. Some of the examples would be ERCCR, Evaporation, Rises, Cools, Condenses, and Rain.

e)

What are the three different types of precipitation? Describe each of them with accompanying diagrams.
The 3 different types of precipitation are Relief, Convectional, and Cyclonic Precipitation.
Relief Precipitation is caused by mountain barriers. It pushes the air up the
mountain slope (cools and expands), and as it cools, the rate of evaporation
decreases while the condensation rates increase (increase in water droplets).
Air then descends contracts and becomes warmer.
Convectional Precipitation is common in continental climate locations in summer. Land is heated during the
summer, ground heats up, air rises, then air expands and cools, creates pulley clouds due to water vapor condensing.
Clouds formed by condensation of water vapor. Hailstorms, clouds develop vertically as more moisture condenses,
water freezes at high altitudes and the weight causes hail to fall. Cyclonic Precipitation is large low pressure system
that occurs when a warm air mass collides with a cold air mass. Rotation of the Earth causes the air to circulate in a
counterclockwise direction around an area of low pressure. Warm air = center of low pressure (rises and cools causing
condensation, there will be precipitation). It occurs in 2 places, 1) leading edge of warm air (warm front) 2) leading
edge of cold air (cold front).

TYPES OF PRECIPITATION
RELIEF
PRECIPITATION
* a mountain barrier lies in the path of an air mass and forces the
air mass upwards
* as the air rises it cools
* the cooler air cannot hold as much water vapor as it could when it
was warmer, thus the moisture condenses and precipitation falls
* this is also called OROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATION
* example: Western Cordilleran mountain barriers

CYCLONIC (FRONTAL)
PRECIPITATION
* when two air masses (warm and cold) collide
* the masses dont mix immediately
* the warmer air is lighter and is forced upward

by the

dense, cooler air

* as the warm air moves higher, it cools
* the water vapor in the air condenses and precipitation
results
* example: a long rain storm

CONVECTIONAL
PRECIPITATION

* a short period of heavy precipitation

* because of heated air-absorbed moisture that rises
* the heated air moves away from the surface of the earth
and cools
* cooler air cannot hold as much moisture and so
this moisture falls as rain
* this occurs on long and hot summer days
* example: a quick summer thunderstorm in Ontario, Quebec,
or the Prairies

8)

CLIMATE GRAPHS
a)

What color is the line graph portion of this diagram, and what does it represent?
The line graph portion of the diagram is red and it represents the mean daily temperature for each month.

b)

What color is the bar graph portion of this diagram, and what does it represent?
The bar graph portion of this diagram is blue and it represents the mean precipitation per month.

c)

How do you calculate average annual temperature, total precipitation, and temperature range?
To calculate average annual temperatures, add all temperatures and divide by the number of months. For total
precipitation, add all the precipitation totals. For temperature range, you subtract the lowest temperature from the
highest temperature.

CLIMATE GRAPHS AND CALCULATIONS

One way to understand climate differences across Canada is to study the climate data of different locations. This information is often provided in a
climate graph (climograph) of a city or area for a year (annual means "year").

A CLIMATE GRAPH HAS TWO PARTS:

1. A RED line graph showing monthly temperatures
2. A BLUE bar graph showing monthly precipitation
Climate calculations help us compare the climate of different locations. Precipitation and temperature data are given for a location for each month of a
particular year.
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Temp (C)

-19

-15

-9

-2

10

16

18

13

-6

-12

Precip.
(mm)

10

13

22

34

54

66

72

77

60

48

35

20

SIX CALCULATIONS MADE FROM CLIMATE DATA:

1.
2.

Mean (Average) Annual Temperature: Add all monthly temperatures and divide by 12 Answer: _______C
Temperature Range: Subtract the lowest temperature from the highest temperature
(be careful with subtracting negatives numbers!) Answer: ____ - ____ =_____C
Total Annual Precipitation: add all monthly precipitation amounts Answer: _______ mm
Total Annual Rainfall: Add precipitation figures for months above 0C
Answer: _______ mm
Total Annual Snowfall: Only add monthly precipitation figures which have temperatures at 0C or below Answer: _______ mm
Growing Season: The number of days during which plants can grow; most crops begin to
grow when the temperature is above 5.6C. Add the number of days in the months that have a temperature above 6C Answer: _______ days

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
J

NUMBER OF DAYS IN EACH MONTH:

F
M
A

31

28

9)

31

30

31

30

31

31

30

31

30

31

WILDERNESS IN CANADA AND SPEICES AT RISK

a)

Explain how Canada classifies it species at risk. Be sure to define each of the classifications.

10) CANADAS NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM

a)

What is a National Park?

A national park is a reserve of natural or semi-natural land, declared or owned by a government, set aside for human
recreation and enjoyment, and protected from most development.

b)

What are the goals of Canadas National Park System?

The goal of the national park service is to create a system of protected areas which represent all the distinct natural
regions of the country.

c)

What was Canadas first national park?

Banff National Park was Canadas first national park which was later named Banff Hot Springs Reserve, and later the
Rocky Mountains National Park.

UNIT 3 CANADAS ECONOMIC CONNECTIONS

1)

TYPES OF INDUSTRY
a)

What are the 4 different types of industries?

The four different types of industries are Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary.

b)

Provide examples for each type of industry

Primary- fishing, forestry, mining, oil and gas

Secondary- manufacturing, construction, utilities
Tertiary- trade, retail, transportation, education, communication, health care
Quaternary- computer programming, accountant, professors

c)

What is the difference between basic and non-basic industries

Basic Industry- an industry that sells goods or services to people outside the local community: new money is bought
into the local community
Non-Basic Industry- an industry that sells goods or services to people within the local community; money is recycled
in the local community; no new money comes in

2)

NATURAL RESOURCES
a)

What is a natural resource?

A natural resource is anything found in nature that can be used by people. Natural resources are divided into three
categories; Renewable, Non-Renewable, and Flow Resources.

b)

What is the difference between renewable, non-renewable, and flow resources?

Renewable Resource- a resource that can be replaced by natural environment i.e. forests, fish
Non- Renewable Resource- a resource that is in finite amount of Earth; they can only be used once and then they are
gone forever, i.e. minerals (metallic, non-metallic, fossil fuels)
Flow Resource- a resource that is used and replaced simultaneously, i.e. water, wind, and sunlight

3)

THE FISHING INDUSTRY

a)

Why are fish considered to be a renewable resource?

It is a resource that, if not mismanaged, can naturally replenish itself through reproduction.

b)

What is the difference between in-shore and off-shore fishing?

In-Shore fishing
i.

Small boats with limited gear, self-employed

ii.

85% of fishers, 10% of fishes

iii.

Day trips only; not in bad weather

iv.

Low income

v.

Lobster, shrimp, clam, cod, and haddock

Off-Shore fishing-

c)

i.

Large ships with variety of gear, company owned

ii.

15% of fishers; but 90% of fishes

iii.

Out for 2 weeks; in any weather

iv.

Reasonable income

v.

Cod, sole, halibut, redfish, and flounder

What 5 factors led to the collapse of the east coast fishing?

Overfishing, Improved Fishing Technology, Uncontrolled Foreign Fishing, Destructive Fishing Practices, Changes in
Natural Conditions.

d)

What are the 3 factors that led to the collapse of the west coast fishing?
Overfishing, Changes in the Environment, Lack of Salmon Fishing Treaty.

4)

THE MINING INDUSTRY

a)

What is a mineral?
Minerals are naturally occurring substances found in rocks, soil, or sediments.

b)

Describe the 3 different types of minerals

Metallic, Non- Metallic, Fossil Fuel

c)

What are the 3 different types of mining?

Open-Pit mining, Strip Mining, and Underground Mining

5)

THE FARMING INDUSTRY

a)

Why is land considered to be a renewable and non-renewable resource?

Land is considered to be a renewable resource because if properly used, it can support new crops year after year. On
the other hand, land can also be considered as a non-renewable resource because there is a limited amount of land
available, especially land that is suitable for farming. If land is seriously damaged as a result of bad farming practices,
or if it is paved over to build a town or highway, it can no longer be used for agriculture.

b)

What is the Canadian Land Inventory?

i.

Canadian Land Inventory is the amount of Class 1 land in all of Canada is less
Brunswick (0.5% of Canadas land surface-4.2 million hectares)

ii.

only 11% of Canadas land surface is capable of agriculture of some kind

iii.

only 5% of Canadas land surface is capable of crop growth

than the size of New

c)

d)

iv.

50% of the Class 1 land in Canada is located in Ontario,

v.

BUT, Ontario has the greatest degree of urbanization in Canada.

What is the different between intensive and extensive farming?

Intensive Farming

Extensive Farming

Population Density
Where in Canada

High
Southern Ontario, Southern Quebec,
Fraser River Valley (BC)

Farm Size
Production

Small
Large investments in labor and
machinery to produce high profits
per hectare
Fruits, vegetables, dairy products,
poultry, pigs
Highly perishable items

Low
Prairie Provinces, interior of BC,
parts of Ontario and Quebec, away
from cities
Large
Low yield per hectare produce
profits; highly mechanized; requires
few workers
Cattle farming and ranching, grain
and oilseed, mixed farming
Less perishable items

Over the past 100 years, what has been happening to the number and size of Canadian farms?
Over the last 100 years, soil and farmland has been damaged by poor farming

6)

i.

Leaching happens when soil loses its nutrients through too much irrigation

ii.

Repeated use of heaving equipment- compact soil so it loses it ability to hold water and air for plants

iii.

Erosion- when land is cleared, soil erodes due to wind and water action

iv.

Chemical damage- salts from over-irrigation, chemicals from spraying, heavy metal pollution

v.

Over farming of soil strips it of its minerals and organic matter pesticides and herbicides become less
effective as insects and weeds become more resistant

THE FORESTRY INDUSTRY

a)

What is the difference between softwood and hardwood trees?

Softwood Forests - make up 66% of Canadas forest cover. They consist mainly of deciduous trees such as fir, pine,
spruce.

Hardwood Forests - accounts for 12% of the forest cover. They are made up mainly of deciduous trees such as
poplar, maple, and birch.

b)

What is the difference between deciduous, coniferous, and mixed forests?

Deciduous- broad-leaved trees that shed their leaves annually in the fall and take a long time to grow, so their wood is
dense and hard; examples, poplar, maple & birch
Coniferous- trees with cones and often needle-like leaves; they grow quickly so their wood is soft; evergreen.
Examples- fir, pine, spruce
Mixed Forests- vegetation region that contains both coniferous and deciduous trees. It is a transition zone between
the deciduous forest and the boreal forest.

7)

c)

What forest region do we live in?

Mixed Forest.

d)

What are the 3 methods of harvesting forests? Describe each in detail.

Clear-Cutting- logging method whereby all trees in an area (except for very small ones) are cut on at one time
Selective-Cutting- lumbering technique in which only trees of a certain types, size, and quality are cut
Shelter wood Logging- method of logging, often used in forests with trees of uniform age and size, that clear-cuts
parts of the forest, leaving some seed-bearing trees to regenerate the logged area

SOURCES OF ENERGY
a)

What are conventional forms of energy?

Coal, natural gas, oil, hydroelectricity, and nuclear electricity

b)

What are alternative forms of energy?

Solar, wind, hydrogen, and biomass energy

c)

Why is the world becoming more dependent on energy?

The world is becoming more dependent on energy for 3 reasons:

d)

1)

An expanding world population means more energy is needed

2)

Emerging industrial countries, such as China, India and Malaysia, have standard of living that are becoming
higher. This increases their need for energy.

3)

People in industrialized, such as Canada, and the United States, continue to use cheap energy to improve
their standard of living.

Why are Canadians considered to be fat cats when it comes to energy consumption?

Canadians are called fat cats of the world when it comes to energy consumptions because we are among the worlds
biggest users of energy per person. This is because:

8)

i.

Canada is a large country and people are spread out. Therefore, we tend to use energy to travel long
distances.

ii.

Canada is located in a northern climate where it is cold in winter and hot in summer. Therefore, we spend a
lot of heating and cooling.

iii.

Canadians are big consumers and we love to big-gas-guzzling vehicles. Great amount of energy are
required to manufacture and operate these goods.

iv.

To Canadians, energy is cheap and plentiful, so we tend to waste it.

WATER
a)

How much of Earth is covered in water?

About 75% of the Earths surface is covered in water.

9)

b)

What percentage of Earths water is made up by salt water?

c)

What percentage of Earths water is made up by freshwater?

d)

What percentage of the worlds fresh water comes from Canada?

e)

In what ways can YOU save water and promote sustainable water-use practices?

STEWARDSHIP AND SUSTAINABILITY

a)

What is stewardship and sustainability?

Stewardship is the management of resources in a careful and sustainable way.
Sustainability is approach to development that meets the needs of the present without negatively affecting ability of
future generations to meet their needs.

10)

b)

What is sustainable development?

c)

What actions can you take to promote sustainable development?

ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT
a)

What is an ecological footprint?

Ecological footprint is measure of total human impact on an ecosystem.

b)

Describe what Canadas ecological footprint is like?

c)

In what ways can Canadians reduce the size of their ecological footprint?

UNIT 4 CANADAS CULTURAL CONNECTIONS

1)

THE DEMOGRAPHICS OF CANADA

a)

What two reasons explain how Canadas population grows?

b)

What two reasons explain how Canadas population declines?

c)

What are population pyramids? What do they illustrate?

Population pyramids are graphs that depict population distribution by age and sex.

Know the following terms and points:

i.

Immigration v/s emigration p.186

Immigration is to move permanently to a new country with the intention of settling there.
Emigration is to leave your country of origin to live permanently in another country.

ii.

Demography p. 186
Demography is the study of human populations.

iii.

Why rates are better than numbers p.186

Rates are better than numbers because you will find it easier to compare populations in different countries or at
different periods in history.

iv.

Birth rates and death rates p. 187

Birth rates demonstrate and give the number of births per year for every 1000 people. The death rate calculates
the number of deaths per year for every 1000 people.

v.

How do you calculate birth rates? P. 187

Birth rate is calculated by dividing the number of births in one year by the population and then multiplying the
result by 1000 e.g.
330 000__ x 1000 = 10
32 207 000

vi.

Natural increase rate p. 187

Natural increase rate is a very useful measurement by combining birth rate and death rate.

vii.

Immigration rate v/s emigration rates; net migration rate p. 188

Immigration rate is number of new Canadians who have immigrated here from another country per 1000 people
of Canadas population. Emigration rate is number of people per 1000 population in one year who emigrate. Net
migration rate is difference between people immigrating to a country and people emigrating from the same
country.

viii.

Working population v/s the dependency load p.188

Dependency load is the proportion of the population that is not in the workforce; total number of people 14 and
under + 65 and over. Working population is

ix.
x.

xi.

Population pyramids-what are they, sketch a simple one p.190

Population pyramids are graphs that depict population distribution by age and sex.

Doubling time and the Rule of 70 p. 188

Doubling time is how long it would take for a countrys population to double at the countrys current rate of
population growth. We can calculate that by using
the Rule of 70 You divide 70 by the population growth rate, and this gives you an estimate of how many years it
will take the population to double.

2)

IMMIGRATION
a)

What are push factors?

War, absence of human rights, poor economic and educational opportunities, religious persecution, terrorism, and
natural disasters are the reasons that cause people to leave their country, called Push Factors.

b)

What are pull factors?

Sometimes people leave their homelands not because of push factors but because they are attracted by favorable
conditions in another country, called Pull Factors. For example, relatives in that country, climate of the country, job
opportunities are better and taxes are lower.

c)

Describe what Canadas Immigration Point System is and what it includes?

IMMIGRATION (Chapter 18, p.213)

i.

Multiculturalism. What is it? P.213

Multiculturalism is characteristic of a society that is made up of many cultures.

ii.

Push and Pull Factors. P.218

iii.

War, absence of human rights, poor economic and educational opportunities, religious persecution, terrorism, and natural
disasters are the reasons that cause people to leave their country, called Push Factors.
Sometimes people leave their homelands not because of push factors but because they are attracted by favorable
conditions in another country, called Pull Factors. For example, relatives in that country, climate of the country, job
opportunities are better and taxes are lower.

iv.

Classes of Immigrants to Canada. Independent, family, refugee p. 218

v.

Points of System. Know the point system in some detail. P.220

3)

ABORIGINAL

Aboriginal Peoples (chapter 17 p. 196)

a)

What does economic base mean with respect to Aboriginal peoples? P 196
Economic base means that the Aboriginal peoples wanted to retain access to enough land to support themselves by fishing
and hungry, and in some areas, farming. They also wanted the right to control their own affairs.

b)

What was the stated goal of the Government of Canada in the early days? P 197

c)

What made the loss of land so harmful to the Aboriginal peoples? P 199
The loss of land was so harmful because the Aboriginals were allowed to stay on the reserve with family and friends but
face a future that frequently includes unemployment and poverty. Or, they may move to the city in the hope of better
economic future, but only by abandoning their community.

d)

What was the purpose of the residential school system? Who ran them? What did the native children learn in the
schools?

URBAN LAND USE (Chapter 21, page 247)

a)

Name and briefly describe the five main categories of urban land use.
ResidentialTransportationInstitutional and Public BuildingsOpen space and recreationalIndustrialCommercial-

b)

Name and describe the three categories of residential land use based on density. 248-249

Density

Types of Dwelling

Residential Density
(number of units per
hectare)

Approx. Number of people per

hectare

Low

Single-family houses, semidetached houses, duplexes

Less than 30

Up to 75

Medium

Townhouses, low-rise
apartments

30 to 100

75 to 250

High

High-rise apartments

More than 100

More than 250

c)

Briefly describe the six broad categories of commercial land use. P 252-253

Type
1. Local service centers
2. Neighborhood plazas
and ribbons

Range of Goods or Services

Low-order
Low-order

Typical Stores
Drug stores, milk store, variety store
All of the above, plus supermarket,
bakery, hair salon, hardware store,

Number of Stores
1-5
5-30

3.

Community shopping
centers (malls)

Low-, middle-order

4.

Power centers (big-box

stores)

Middle-, high-order

5.

Regional shopping
centers (malls)

Low-, middle-, high-order

6.

Central Business
District (CBD)

Low-, middle-, high-order

d)

bank
All of the above plus small department
store, travel agent, jewelry, clothing,
and shoe stores
Very large stores of national and
international chains, e.g. Wal-Mart,
Canadian Tire, Home Depot, Rona,
Costco
All of the above plus major department
stores, bookstores, cinemas, and
specialized stores
All of the above plus very specialized
stores.

20-100
3-20

75-300
Depends on the
population of the city
and its region

Name the sorts of things that are classified as other urban land uses. P. 257
Things classified as other urban land uses are Institutional and Public buildings (schools, hospitals, government offices,
and places of worship), and Open Space and Recreational Land (playgrounds, parks, playing fields, golf courses,
fairgrounds, community centre and arenas).

e)

Know what zoning is and its purpose. P. 258

Zoning bylaws are laws, usually passed by the city governments that control the kind and amount of development in an
area. They are meant to avoid such conflicts between land uses.

f)

Explain the winter city concept; provide examples. P 259-260

The winter city concept advocates the building of cities with inside and outside environments that are livable during long,
harsh winters. For example an underground walkway, indoor shopping malls, etc.