Master of Renewable Energies

ECO-OPTIMIZATION APPLIED TO ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Hamid BEN AHMED 20132013 - 2014
Hamid BEN AHMED (benahmed@bretagne.ens-cachan.fr) ENS Cachan / SATIE

Outline
2

General introduction (why eco-optimization ?) Definitions of some fundamental quantities (units, relations, ) Indicators of impact on the environment (resources, raw materials, emissions, CO2, GWP, GER, ...) Analysis Cylce Life (LCA) (approach, standards, examples) eco-design or eco-optimization Some examples in Electrical Ingeneering

Bibliography
3

Course of Mr. Multon (ENS Cachan, Ker Lann)

Course of Mr. Olivier Jolliet (EPFL) PhD thesis of V. Debusschere (SATIE Lab) PhD thesis of Y. THIAUX (SATIE Lab) Conf. On eco-design in EI (Toulouse)

Other references to the end of the course

Eco.. What ??
4

"Sustainable development meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the faculties of future generations to meet their own needs " UNCED (Brundtland report), 1987

Think globally, act locally:

Why ? (1/3)
5

The number of people increased from 2.5 to 6.5 billion in 50 years For the same period, the consumption of resources (primary energy) increased by 110%!
10 000 000 GW

1 : 8000
1000 000 GW

Puissance moyenne rayonne par le soleil

1 : 1000 ?

100 000 GW

2000
10 000 GW 1840 1000 GW

100 GW

10 GW 1 GW - 100 000 - 10 000 - 1 000

an 1

1 000

10 000

anne

Croissance de la population humaine

Croissance de lnergie consomme par lhumanit (en puissance moyenne annuelle)

Cf. cours B. Multon

Why ? (2/3)
6

Primary energy sources consumed in the world Renouvelables : 13%

And in addition a very large disparity!

Primary energy consumption per year : world 140.1012 kWh ou 12 Gtep ou 16 000 GW in avrage
1 europen : 140 kWh/jour 1 amricain : 250 kWh/jour Vietnam : Consommation nergie (2011) : 0.697 TEP/hab./an (22.2 kWh/jour) Consommation lectricit (2008) : 769 kWh/hab./an (2.1 kWh/jour) Emission (2011) : 2.3 tonnes CO2/hab./an

Fossiles : 81%

Source : AIE

Quelques chiffres
7

The number of vehicles (private and commercial) now exceeds one billion, growing three times faster than population (France 37.2 million in 2009)

Responsible in 2004 about 13% of global CO2 emissions (20% Europe, 26% France) The average contribution of CO2 cars in France in 2007 was 176 g CO2/km (104 g CO2/km Prius, electric wheel wells 50 g CO2/km)

Transport consumes globally 17% of the resources (in France, it is 25%). In Vietnam, ????

Besoins d'lectricit
8

Human Development Index vs. Annual electricity consumption

electricity production : 40 000 TWh primary (30% of the total) To produced 17 400 Twhe centrale

14 400 TWhe final (11% in total)

Source : InterAcademy Council, Lighting the way. Toward a sustainable energy future, oct. 2007

Le cas du G.E.
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In Europe, systems Electric motors are 2/3 industrial electricity consumption. Either France 90 TWhlec / year

To compare : to 120 TWhlec / year consumed in the French industry to 480 TWhlec/year Electrity Total product

Pourquoi ? (3/3)
10

Design parameters

Optimization algorithm

Models

Criteria ???? Optimale solution

if we do not adopt this approach then ...

impacts

11

Definitions of some fundamental quantities

Energy units
12

1 Joule (1 J)= 1 Watt.seconde (1 W.s) =1 Newton x 1m = 1 Volt x 1 Ampre x 1 seconde 1 kWh = 3600 000 J = 3,6 106J (=3.6 MJ) 1 MJ = 0.28 kWh

tonne quivalent ptrole tep (pour les Carburants) :

1 tep <=> 11 600 kWh (car 1kg fuel=11.6 kWh de PCI)
Notation en puissance de 10 k kilo = 1000 M mga = 1000 000 G giga T tra P pta E exa

= 103 = 106 = 109 = 1012 = 1015 = 1018

Heating value
13

Need to standardize the energy content of a resource for comparison and mathematical operations : heating Value

Valeurs nergtiques PCI/PCS de quelques combustibles

Uranium natur. (fission) Hydrogne Fuel Essence GPL : Propane Butane

116 000 kWh/kg 34/39 kWh/kg 11,6/12,4 kWh/kg 12,4/13,4 kWh/kg 12,8/13,8 kWh/kg 12,7/13,7

Gaz Naturel Charbon Bois Bagasse Ordures mnagres

13,8/15,3 kWh/kg 7 9 / 9 10 kWh/kg 2 4 kWh/kg 2,2 kWh/kg 0,3 0,5 kWh/kg

Ecological footprint
14

Def. : bio-productive area to ensure the needs AND absorb the waste associated Croissance 1,6%/an Part de lnergie : plus de 50% !

11 milliards dhectares
(moins du de la surface du globe)

sont biologiquement productifs

The concept of energy slave

15

(ou 2.4 kWh/j/pers.)

Cf. cours O. Jolliet

Slaves per person

16

Cf. cours O. Jolliet

Current global consumption (primary) is 140.1012 kWh/year (12 Gtep/year) This corresponds to : 160 billion slaves , 20 billion Chinese, 2 billion European, 1.3 billion of USA, Currently, on average, each person consumes the equivalent of 21 slaves

17

Indicators of environmental impact

The main indicators

18 Depletion of Natural Resources estimates the ratio between the quantities of raw materials used throughout the life cycle (coal, gas, oil, iron, aluminum ...) and relates to the amounts available and usable by man ; Contribution to the greenhouse : accounts in CO2 equivalent greenhouse gas emissions with a direct or indirect effect on emissions (NO2, CH4, CFC ...); Energy consumption (as, whatever the source of production, energy consumption throughout the life cycle) La consommation deau comme, quelle que soit la provenance, la quantit deau consomme sur lensemble du cycle de vie ; La contribution la destruction de la couche dozone comptabilise, en quivalent CFC11, les missions de gaz ayant un effet direct ou indirect sur la couche dozone (CFC, halons...) ; La cration dozone photochimique comptabilise, en quivalent C2H4 , les missions vers lair de substances ayant un effet direct ou indirect sur la cration dozone (tolune, benzne, actone...) ; La contribution aux pluies acides comptabilise, en quivalent dions H+, les missions vers lair de substances transformes en substances acides (SO2 , NO2 , NO, HCl...) ; La contribution la toxicit de lair comptabilise les volumes critiques mis vers lair de substances appartenant aux listes de substances toxiques en usage dans la Communaut europenne ; La contribution la toxicit de leau comptabilise les quantits mises vers leau de substances appartenant aux listes de substances toxiques en usage dans la Communaut europenne ; La production de dchets dangereux en fin de vie value la quantit de dchets produits et figurant sur les listes en usage dans la Communaut europenne.

Greenhouse
19 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas

GWP Global Warming Potential

20

Definition : Contribution to greenhouse gas each measure with the global warming potential (GWP) is the radiative forcing (ie the radiative power the greenhouse gas returns to the ground) , accumulated over a period of reference (eg. 100 years GWP100). This value is measured relative to CO2.

If it emits 1 kg of methane into the atmosphere, the same effect, over 100 years, if we had issued 23 kg of carbon dioxide (CO2)

For the carbon equivalent, it is assumed that a kg of CO2 contains 0.2727 kg of carbon. The emission of a kg of CO2 is therefore 0.2727 kg carbon equivalent. For other gases, the carbon equivalent is: carbon equivalent = PRG x 0.2727

Main greenhouse gases (GHG)

21

Rf.

CO2 emission
22

Tonnes de CO2 par hab et par an

Example CO2 content

23
In analysis of the life cycle, the values depend on local supply chains, so they are heavily dependent on the country where values are calculated, not to mention the perimeters of analysis that may be different.

The CO2 content per kWh produced by industry is defined as CO2 emissions per kWh of electricity produced at the output of a production (coal-fired, nuclear reactor, wind ...).

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contenu_CO2

Primary energy and final energy

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Primary energy is energy in its original form, untreated. For example: crude Petrol, or uranium Primary energy = final energy + enegy consumed for its production and distribution

Global energy requirement (GER) is the primary energy needed to produce X final kWh

Energy mix
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The energy mix is the proportion of the different sources in the production of energy. This mix depends conversion mode and technology. It is therefore, strictly speaking, a function of time. For simplicity, by country, we define a average energy mix (per year)
Production and energy consumption in France Monday, August 30, 2010 by MW

consumption

Nucleair hydraulic

balance=prod-conso http://www.rte-france.com

Production in France (2008)

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Data in Mtep (1 Mtep=11.6 TWh =41760 TJ)

www.statistiquesd.dceevmeblroep 2p0e09m e Cnhtiffdreusr calbsl ede.g lounevr.gfire

Mix and conversion efficiency

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To produce 1 kWhelec in France must be 3.1 kWh (13 MJ) primary and it produces 80 gCO2

Primary energy consumed for produce electricity (France, 2008)

CO2 emission by sources (France, 2008)

Application exercise
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Example 1 : car engine (petrol)

(hybride Prius : 104 g CO2/km)

Ce nest pas zro !

nergie primaire essence lectrique

Emission (gCO2/km)

Cot financier ()

Natural resources (not R)

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Inferred Resources defined by extrapolation of knowledge on identified resources. Reserve base: include technically recoverable reserves on the basis of known resources Reserves: on economic and physicochemical criteria operating, allow for losses in the extraction
Inferred Resources Reserve base: Reserves World Production (2006) primaire secondaire

Examples raw materials

Data : USGS 2006 en tonnes

Steel Alu Copper Pb

230 G 13 18 G 3 3,7 G 1,5 G 15 M 130 M 76 k 14 M

160 G 8G 940 M 140 M 13 M 140 M

73 G 5,7 G 470 M 67 M 7M 64 M 33 k

1,8 G 34 M 15 M 4M 57,5 k 1,4 M 211 k (+4%/an) 18,8 k

Cf. cours B. Multon

4M

Globally: Copper is 35% recycled Aluminum is 29% The steel between 46 and 79%

Co Ni Pt Li (Metal)

50

11 M

4,1 M

Natural resources (not R)

30

in Gtep and R / P at the current rate of consumption

exhaustible & pollution

227 ans 40 ans 61 ans 43 ans

Cf. cours B. Multon

Energy cost of somme elements

31

The values are indicative (many parameters influencing!)

Energy cost of somme elements

32

IE

IE

Origine of energy cost

33
Sulfures de cuivre
25 tonnes

fusion

dsulfuration cuivre
1 tonne

oxydes de cuivre
25 tonnes

Dissolution acide

lectrolyse

------ Fabrication du cuivre ------

Procd Bayer Poudre dalumine

Procd Hroult Aluminium

1 tonne

Bauxite
2,5 tonnes

lectrolyse

------ Fabrication de laluminium ------

Renewable resources
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Reference Values (2010) World primary energy consumed Eh ~ 146 000 TWh World Electric energy Elec = 21 200 TWh (14.5%)

lune

0,2 Eh

terre
12 000 Eh noyau
manteau
25% convertis en surface et dans latmosphre 3000 Eh

soleil

2 Eh
Cycles hydrologiques (eau, vent houle) 30% directement r-mis dans lespace Photosynthse 7 Eh 45% : 5400 Eh transforms en chaleur puis rayonns

Cf. cours B. Multon