6 - Bales - Small and Larger Scale Solar Thermal For Norther Climtes1

Small and larger scale Solar Thermal for northern climates
Chris Bales Solar Energy Research Center SERC, Hgskolan Dalarna
Contents
Background Fundamentals System types for northern climates Current research and the future
Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
My background
Born in Kenya (50 km from equator)

Married to someone born 50 km from Arctic Circle
Educated in England
Engineering degree in electrical sciences
5 years at British Antarctic Survey

Weather observer and technician
2 years at New Zealand Meteorological Service

Working with climate databases
20 years at Hgskolan Dalarna

Started as technician.now associate professor Specialist in solar thermal, heat storage, system simulations Mostly international projects
Hgskolan Dalarna
Falun Borlnge
Campus Lugnet Humanities and Media Studies Health and Social Studies 2 600 students
@
Web-Based Distance Education Campus Framtidsdalen Technology and Business Studies 1 900 students
Bergsskolan Filipstad
Student Numbers 2010
18 000 students 7 256 full-time students 11 800 distance students 1141 degrees conferred
Now over half the students are distance students
SERC Solar Energy Research Center
Energy and environmental technology

Founded 1984, grown steadily since 23 staff engaged in R&D and education: 4 Professors (part-time), 9 PhD, 8 PhD students, (in process recruiting 1 more professor) technician, 1-3 trainees, guest researchers
Multidisciplinary research:
technology and social sciences Variety of educational programmes Research turnover >1,5 M/year www.serc.se
SERC Research Areas

Solar and biomass heating systems Conversion of electrically heated homes
Development of solar and biomass heating systems

Lab and field measurements Modeling and simulation Minimising primary energy use and harmful emissions
Condensor / Evaporator
Solar thermal systems and thermal storage

Advanced thermal storage Chemical heat pumps Solar heating and cooling Seasonal storage of heat
Reactor
Solution vessel
Water vessel
SERC Research Areas

Energy use and societal processes
Social anthropology+Political science+Technology Conversion of heating systems Installers and other market players Home owners choice of heating system Implementation of national energy policy
Small scale electricity generation

PV grid connected systems
PV/wind hybrid stand-alone systems

Small scale cogeneration Passive houses of Massive wood Thermal storage in buildings Steel claddings for reduced heating and cooling demand (Prelaq Energy)
Energy and buildings
SERC Education
One year International Master program in solar engineering ESES (European Solar Engineering School) www.eses.org Collaboration in 2 year solar and biomass technician programme 2 year energy technician programme (start 2008) Responsible for solar specialisation of KTHs 2 year master program Participation in development of nordic master in biomass and solar (vrmeekom)
Solar Radiation in Europe

Klla: PVGIS European Communities, 2001-2006
Irradiation on an optimally tilted plane [kWh/m2/a]

kWh/m2/a Pori 1129 Hamburg 1104 Graz 1321 Sevilla 1947
% 100 98 117 172
Irradiation Potential
Irradiation on an optimally tilted plane.
Data: European Comission PVGIS, http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/
250
Monthly irradiation [kWh/m2]
200
The uneven yearly distribution of irradiation presents a problem in the Nordic Countries:
The energy demand is highest when available irradiation is lowest.
150
100 Pori Hamburg Graz Sevilla
50
For solar fractions > ~25% we need seasonal storage of energy from summer to winter
(space heating+DHW systems)
pr
ug Se p O ct N ov D ec
ay
ar
n Ju
Ja
Fe
Ju
The solar thermal pinch
3000
E xc e s s irra d ia tio n (k W h ) U s a b le s o la r e ne rg y To ta l c o ns um p tio n
E xc e s s c o ns um p tio n Irra d ia tio n
3000
2500
2500
2000
2000
1500
1500 1 3
1000
1000
2 500 500
0 Ja n F eb M ar A pr M ay Ju n Ju l A ug S ep Oct Nov Dec
Dont forget radiation varies from year to year!

Data for horisontal radiation lower for higher latitudes
+/- 10% !!
Temperature Important with Solar Thermal !
Figure: Lennart Molin
Classification of systems
Classification by use (load)

DHW systems Combisystems Pool systems Process heat Solar cooling . Domestic systems Multifamily houses District heating (large scale)
Traditional Scandinavian market: domestic solar combisystems

Pumped Solar Combisystem
Source: Solenetek AB
Auxiliar heat from:
Biomass boiler/stove
Electricity Heat pump
Gas/oil boiler
.
Small systems bought , larger systems custom built
Small systems sized and installed by salesman/installer

Buyer often gets quotes from several suppliers, but not always Often standard packages even though some customisation is possible
Larger systems designed by engineers

Every system unique Engineers size system (simulation tools) and then do detailed design
Owner often not same as user Greater requirements on documentation and professionalism
Often requirement for public call for tenders

Trends: Full integration or greater flexibility
More integration
+ System optimisation + Quicker installation + Smaller risk for faulty installation + Uses less space
Flexible systems
+ Can easily be changed over time + Not everything has to be bought at same time + Not dependent on just one supplier
- Less flexibility - Everything must be bought at one time
- More difficult to optimise (several different controllers) - Greater risk for faulty installation - Uses more space
Integrated DHW systems

Standard size (60 x 60 cm) for tank unit
Figures: Vaillant GmBH
Integrated boiler and tank
Oil or gas boiler in tank (Germany Solvis)
Pellet boiler in tank biosolpannan (Sweden Stocksbro energi).
Source: Stocksbro energi(biosolpanna) Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
Solar and biomass logical for Scandinavia
Most popular form of system Many advantages Much work been done with them Building regulations a hinder in Sweden Retrofit the biggest market
Handbook with all latest research results
In Swedish suitable for both consultants and installers
Tomas Persson Researcher at SERC

tpe@du.se
Lars Andrn Author, chairman Swedish solar energy association

info@drivkraft.nu
Are building regulations a barrier for solar + biomass?

Electrically heated houses
Other heat source
Ground heat pump COP=3 Heat load max 25 000 kWh
Exhaust air heat pump
District heat =100%
Biomass =80% Heat load max 13 800 000 kWh kWh 10
Heat load max 20 000 kWh
Heat load max 13 16500 500kWh kWh
55 kWh/m2
55 kWh/m2
2 2 kWh/m 90 110 kWh/m 110 kWh/m2
Bought energy limited by building regulations ! Different for electricity

Costs for different heating systems.
Kiruna, standardhus
Kapitalkostnad Fjrrvrme+FTX Fjrrvrme BV+FTX BV FVP+JV FVP kond+Sol FVP kond. FVP Pellet+Sol+FTX Pellet+FTX Pellet Passiv+Sol+FTX 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 Underhllskostnad Energikostnad
For houses being built now
Small scale solar and pellet system
Pellet stove and solar hot water system separately suitable for houses with electrical panel heaters
Combined system for houses with water distribution system
Solar and pellet systems much better than pellet only
25 000
A
0 305 2 481
B
4 022 350
Sol El
rlig energitillfrsel (kWh)
3 789 397
3 978 387
20 000 15 000
24 134
1 012
3 932 376
4 604 440 4 176 383
Pellets
Last 16 200 kWh/r
10 000 5 000 0
Referens (63%)
19 669
19 768
19 263
18 822
17 990
17 627
15 750
73%
79%
80%
82%
86%
87%
97%
Systemeffektivitet, kpt energi
Turn boiler/stove off during the summer
Also best for oil and gas boilers
Solar and heat pump many systems !!
70 commercial systems found in EU Many different designs
Common Features for the two Technologies Both solar collectors and heat pumps use electricity to make free energy available for hot water and space heat Both have decreasing efficiency with increasing supply temperature Both have relatively high capital costs and lower running costs compared to conventional heating systems Both use thermal storage in systems The free resource varies with the seasons
HP
Several Unanswered Questions !

How can the systems be compared ? Which systems are good ? How can they be tested ? Can they be cost effective ?.
IEA-SHC Task 44 will try to answer these ! EU project MacSheep is trying to develop better systems
Multifamily houses renovation key
462 kWth; 660 m
Quelle: Wagner & COo
Solar and district heat
Centralised large systems Decentralised that feed into network Decentralised that take out heat from network Not very common apart from Denmark boom
Large Centralised systems
Klla: www.solar-district-heating.eu
Often ground mounted collectors Sweden and Denmark leaders

Germany and Austria also (new system in Lillestrm)
Normally relatively low solar fraction Scale effects reduce costs

Large Systems 2009
Klla: J-O Dalenbck

Example Strandby (DK) - 2008
Klla: www.solar-district-heating.eu
8.000 m2 Arcon collector (18% solar fraction) 2x1.500 m3 steel tanks Natural gas CHP (+ abs. Heat pump)
Strandby - costs
Klla: www.solar-district-heating.eu success factors
2.900 kr/m2 incl. all costs 2.350 kr/m2 after subsidies

Decentralise feeding grid example (2009)
Vislanda Alvesta energi 350 m2 in large roof integrated modules (~10% solar fraction) Prefabricated connection unit
Vislanda (2)
4.600 kr/m2 incl. all costs 2.450 kr/m2 after subsidies and roof replacement costs
Same as Danish larger system
Economy dependent on what utility pays!

Decentralised replaces bought energy
Simple to add to existing houses with district heating Utilities often not positive to it 7.000 kr/m2 incl. all costs
But replaces bought energy
Danish Large Scale Systems
Demonstration System multisource RE
Seasonal solar storage in combination with other heat sources mostly heat pump www.iea.shc.org/task45
Current Research and the Future

ISES World Congress 2011 Papers
Other; 148 Radiation & resource forecasting; 64 Solar thermal; 278
Solar Thermal Power; 56

PV & PV systems; 91
Solar Thermal Papers

Other; 36
Buildings and cities; 126
Solar + heat pump; 21 Domestic hot water systems; 22
Collectors and PVT; 51
Storage; 41
Industrial applications; 27 Testing and simulation; 40

Solar cooling; 40
Solar Collectors
High temperature (100 200C) collectors for solar cooling or process heat
IEA-SHC task in preparation + old www.iea-shc.org/task33
Source : PSE, Germany
Polymer collectors for domestic applications

www.iea-shc.org/task39
Source : Aventa, Norway Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
Storage
Source: J. van Berkel
The dream of seasonal storage on smaller scale Material and process development
Closed and open systems
Basic and applied research www.iea-shc.org/task42 Three new EU projects on seasonal storage
Thank you for your attention

cba@du.se www.serc.se

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Small and larger scale Solar Thermal for northern climates

Chris Bales Solar Energy Research Center SERC, Hgskolan Dalarna

Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012

Born in Kenya (50 km from equator)

5 years at British Antarctic Survey

2 years at New Zealand Meteorological Service

20 years at Hgskolan Dalarna

Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012

Student Numbers 2010

Now over half the students are distance students

Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012

SERC Solar Energy Research Center

Energy and environmental technology

SERC Research Areas

Development of solar and biomass heating systems

Solar thermal systems and thermal storage

Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012

SERC Research Areas

Small scale electricity generation

PV/wind hybrid stand-alone systems

Energy and buildings

Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012

Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012

Solar Radiation in Europe

Irradiation on an optimally tilted plane [kWh/m2/a]

% 100 98 117 172

Data: European Comission PVGIS, http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/

Monthly irradiation [kWh/m2]

100 Pori Hamburg Graz Sevilla

Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012

The solar thermal pinch

E xc e s s irra d ia tio n (k W h ) U s a b le s o la r e ne rg y To ta l c o ns um p tio n

E xc e s s c o ns um p tio n Irra d ia tio n

0 Ja n F eb M ar A pr M ay Ju n Ju l A ug S ep Oct Nov Dec

Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012

Dont forget radiation varies from year to year!

Temperature Important with Solar Thermal !

Figure: Lennart Molin

Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012

Classification by use (load)

Traditional Scandinavian market: domestic solar combisystems

Pumped Solar Combisystem

Auxiliar heat from:

Small systems bought , larger systems custom built

Small systems sized and installed by salesman/installer

Larger systems designed by engineers

Often requirement for public call for tenders

Trends: Full integration or greater flexibility

- Less flexibility - Everything must be bought at one time

Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012

Integrated DHW systems

Figures: Vaillant GmBH

Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012

Integrated boiler and tank

Oil or gas boiler in tank (Germany Solvis)

Pellet boiler in tank biosolpannan (Sweden Stocksbro energi).

Solar and biomass logical for Scandinavia

Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012

Handbook with all latest research results

In Swedish suitable for both consultants and installers

Tomas Persson Researcher at SERC

Lars Andrn Author, chairman Swedish solar energy association