SLIDE PROJECTOR

Submitted to Dr. Sukhwinder Madam Lecturer

Submitted by Parisha Rai M.Sc Nursing 1st year N.I.N.E P.G.I.M.E.R

Definition A projector is an optical instrument that projects an enlarged image onto a screen. A slide is a small piece of transparent material on which a single pictorial image/scene/graphic image has been photographed or reproduced otherwise. So a slide projector is an opto-mechanical device to show photographic slides. Projectors are sometimes called "front projectors" or "two-piece projection systems" in reference to the fact that a projector is typically used with a separate screen that is either mounted on a wall or hung from a ceiling. It was common in the 1950s to the 1970s as an entertainment.

History The Magic Lantern was the forerunner of the modern slide projector. First used by 17th century scientists. However, researchers do not know who invented the first one. In 1676, a type of Magic Lantern called the Sturm Lantern was invented and it may have been one of the first. Manufacture of Lantern Slides: The first lantern slide producers made their slides using albumen-coated plates and, after a short period, switched to wet-collodion plates. The introduction of dry plate processes, as well as mass-produced lantern slide kits, made the slides easier for amateur photographers to produce and also made them more accessible to schools and universities. Early Electric Slide Projectors: Electric slide projectors gradually replaced Magic Lanterns in the early 20th century. The Kodaslide projector model, introduced in 1939, displayed individual color Kodachrome film slides placed manually into the projector, one by one Slide Projectors Discontinued: As digital photography usurped film in the 1990s and 2000s, slide projectors fell out of common use. Kodak discontinued the production of its projectors in 2004.

Parts of slide projector

Electric incandescent light bulb or other light source (usually fan-cooled): A slide projector uses an intensely hot, high-powered halogen lamp. They are designed to last for at least 80 hours of use in normal circumstances.

Reflector and "condensing" lens to direct the light to the slide: There is a flat piece of heatabsorbing glass placed between the lens and the slide to help keep the slide from being damaged-the glass transmitting the visible wavelengths of light while absorbing infrared.

Slide holder Focusing lens The Fan Assembly: An electric motor drives a small fan inside of the slide projector which blows air across the bulb in order to cool it. There are vents on the outside of the slide projector, and from these both the intake of air and exhaust of air occur.

The Slide Tray: A slide is placed in a tray that attaches to the slide projector. This tray can be rectangular in shape, moving the slide to be viewed from front to back, or circular, moving the slide to be viewed in an arc.

The Slide: A slide is a small piece of transparent material on which a single pictorial image/scene/graphic image has been photographed or reproduced otherwise. Molded slides range in size from 2 by 2 or 4.5 by 4 inches. Slides can be made from photograph and pictures taken by teachers and students when they go on fieldtrips for historical, geographical, literary or scientific excursion. The 35mm slide frame has a unique shape that sets it apart from other presentation media. The 2:3 ratio (height: width) appears wider when projected than overhead transparencies and video images. If the slides are not created in the proper ratio, they usually end up with partially filled slides, wasting valuable space.

Types of projector Carousel slide projectors The Carousel projector is representative of the various types of slide projectors in use. This projector accepts any slide mount whether it is glass, cardboard, metal or plastic as long as the outer dimensions do not exceed 2 inch by 2 inch (50mm by 50mm). The standard slide tray furnished with the projector accepts 80 slides which mount up to 1/10 of an inch (2.5mm) thickness and the optional universal slide tray accepts slides up to 1/8 of an inch (3mm) thickness. Slide identification numbers are moulded on the tray. A locking ring fits on top of the tray to keep the slides from spilling if the tray is inverted. The carrying case provides a means of carrying and storing the projector.

Straight-tray slide projectors Dual slide projectors Overhead projectors

Single slide projectors (manual form) Viewer slide projectors Slide Cube projectors Stereo slide projectors project two slides simultaneously with different polarizations, making slides appear as three-dimensional to viewers wearing polarizing glasses

Large Format Slide Projector for use on stages, at large events, or for architectural and advertising installations where high light output is needed

How to Use Slide Projectors Instructions 1. Arrange the slides in a carousel in order of appearance. Place each slide upside down with the emulsion side toward the screen. Choose the images carefully. 2. Check the focus. Most newer projectors are automatic focus, but there might be a projector with a manual focus or some combination of the two. If the projector does not have a zoom lens, then it may be advantageous to set the machine on a cart with wheels. 3. Test the remote control for the projector. This allows the speaker, to stand in front of the audience and advance the pictures by the push of a button. Usually the remote control is connected to the projector by a small wire, and it has a button for both forward and reverse.

Tips & Warnings 1. Do not use the best slides in a projector with an ordinary light bulb as a light source. We need to have duplicates made for the presentation, because the heat of the lamp softens the emulsion layer of the film, and when dust hits the soft surface, it becomes embedded. Another option is to shoot multiple pictures of the subject matter and then delegate one of the identical pictures to be used solely as a projected image. (This problem does not occur in a digital projector.) When the presentation is over, the fan should be left running for several minutes after the lamp is turned off. This helps the bulb of the slide projector cool down gradually otherwise hours of use of the bulb can be lost. 2. A good presenter who is using a slide projector can use the projector to focus the audience's attention on himself or on the images. A blank slide can then be thrown in so that the audience is not distracted and refocuses their attention on the presenter.

Advantages: 1. 35mm slides are small, inexpensive, and easy to project 2. Help in retention of material taught in the minds of the pupils 3. Attract attention 4. Arouse interest 5. Test student understanding 6. Review instructions 7. Facilitate student teacher participation 8. Better quality photos or images 9. Space saving 10. Easy to install 11. Their small size makes them more manageable and portable than overhead transparencies. When kept in their trays, they are easy to handle and relatively safe from most mishaps. A case containing a slide projector and a tray of up to 140 slides can easily fit under an airplane seat.

Disadvantages/Limitations:

Dark room often required: Most slide projection setups require at least a partially darkened room for maximum readability but the darkness diminishes eye contact and prohibits the presenter from being able to monitor the audiences reaction, and contributes to audience drowsiness.

A speaker cannot write on or directly affect a projected slide for emphasis (except for the limited use of a pointer).

Because of the imaging and processing requirements of slides, last-minute changes (less than 4 hours) can be impossible.

A carousel of slides is bulky for travel. Slides can jam. The remote can break. The bulb can burn out. Slides have to be mounted in trays before viewed efficiently in sequence.
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Mounting out-of-order, upside-down or backwards is a common occurrence.

The slides can easily fall out of the tray before putting them on the projector, causing disturbance in the classroom presentation.

Maintenance required: All projectors operate on lamps that need to be replaced periodically. The frequency of lamp replacement depends on the model and on our

usage, but many projector users replace lamps every two to three years. In addition to lamp replacement, most projectors have air filters that need to be cleaned or replaced every couple of months. Failure to keep filters clean can reduce lamp life and increase the chances of dust getting into the unit and creating fuzzy spots on the projected image.

Rainbow artifacts: Some users of projectors color separation artifacts, commonly known as rainbows, or rainbow artifacts. This is an unfortunate side-effect of the spinning color wheel in the light engine of a projector. Most people are not sensitive to this phenomenon, but those who are can experience it as anything from a minor distraction to a severe flaw that makes the projector unwatchable. In addition to being visually distracting, the effect is also reported to cause headaches and eyestrain.

Reference 1. Lakenster T. Setting up Community health programme: a practical manual for use in developing countries. Macmillan India Ltd. Publishers; 1994. p. 124-125. 2. Pramilaa R. Nursing communication and educational technology. Jaypee Publishers; 2001. p. 370-371. 3. Neeraja K.P. Textbook of Nursing Education. Jaypee Publishers; 2005 reprint. p. 223. 4. Chanda E. Introduction to Nursing Education. PeeVee Publishers; 2011. p. 145-146. 5. http://www.ehow.com/how_4813099_use-slide projectors.html#ixzz2Zyyh8DPI 6. http://www.ehow.com/how_4813099_use-slide-projectors.html#ixzz2ZyyqyTTW