University Offenburg Distributed: Due: Problem 1

Digital image processing CME2

Practice sheet no. 1 SS 2009 Thursday, March 26 2009 do not turn in

Prof. Dr. Erhardt

This exercise is based on the reduced eye model The fovea, which has approximately a circular form, has a radius of 400 m. In this area with the highest degree of visual acuity, there are about 160 000 rods per mm2 . A round text clipping viewed from a distance of 25 cm is mapped exactly onto the fovea (g. 3). a) How big is the radius of the text clipping? b) With what resolution (dpi) is the text seen? c) An image is printed with a laser printer with 300 dpi. Can the human eye see the individual dots on the paper? (ideal paper assumed!). Support your answer by some calculation!

5.03 mm

Radius Text H K

400 m (Radius Fovea)

25 cm

20.21 mm

Figure 1: Problem 1: Reduced eye model: radius of text and radius of fovea

Problem 2 The physiology of the human eye: a) Draw two small black crosses (distance about 10 cm) on a white sheet of paper. Close one eye and focus with the other eye on one of the crosses, while rotating the paper, moving it back and forward etc, until one of the two crosses becomes invisible (you might have to experiment a bit to nd the correct position of the paper). When that happens, what is the distance of the paper from your eye and which one of the two crosses disappears when you have your right eye closed? b) What can you conclude from the results of a) about the relative position of the fovea and the blind spot in your eye? c) Repeat the experiment from a) with a long straight line instead of the two crosses. What do you see, when a middle part of the line falls on the blind spot? d) From the results of a) and b) conclude: is g. 2 the picture of a left or a right eye?

Figure 2: Problem 2: Human retina - of a right or a left eye?

Problem 3 Which is the correct expression for the Fourier transform of a function f (x)? (Please mark the result:)

F (f (x)) F (f (x)) F (f (x)) Problem 4

=
0

f (x)e

dx

F (f (x)) F (f (x))

f (x)ejx dx f (x)ex dx

f (x)ejx dx f (x)ejx dx
0

Image processing has two-dimensional signals, i.e. images. The features of the Fourier transform a) Addition theorem b) Shift theorem c) Convolution theorem d) Similarity theorem can be extended to two dimenstions. Let F [f (x, y )] = F (x , y ) be the Fourier transform off (x, y ). Complete the following correspondence table and assign theorem a) through d), respectively. f (x, y ) F (x , y ) f (x x0 , y y0 ) ? f (x, y ) h(x, y ) ? f (x, y ) h(x, y ) ?

? ej (ax +by ) F (x , y )

Solution 1

5.03 mm

Radius Text H K

400 m (Radius Fovea)

25 cm

20.21 mm

Figure 3: Problem 4: Reduced eye model: radius of text and radius of fovea

Let rfovea = 400 m be the radius of fovea, b = 20.21 mm -5.03 mm = 15.18 mm be the distance nodal point - fovea, g = 25 cm be the distance between principal plane and text d = 25 cm + 5.03 mm = 255.03 mm be the distance between nodal plane and text = /2 aperture angle/2. Then a) tan = rfovea b 400m = 15.18 mm

rtext = 255.03 mm tan = 6.72 mm The original text has a radius of 6.72 mm. b) 160 000 rods per mm2 160000 = 400 rods per mm

160 rods per 400m 6.72 mm m = 42 160 rods rod

One rod sees 42 m. This is equivalent to a resolution of 1 rod rods = 23.8 42 m mm rods = 604.75 inch The text is viewed with 604.75 dpi (1 inch = 25.4 mm). c) A laser printer produces lighter grey values in an image by reducing the black ink point in a dot. The smaller the ink point, the lighter the dot. A dot consists of the black point and a white environment. In order to resolve a dot, the eye has to use at least 2 rods: one for the black ink point and one for the white empty space. Therefore the eye can resolve as a maximum 604.75 = 302.4 dpi of a printed image. Since 300 dpi <302.4 dpi, the eye can just barely 2 resolve 300 dpi in a 25 cm distance.

Solution 2 noch keine Lsung

Solution 3 The correct expression for the Fourier transform of a function f (x) is

F (f (x)) =

f (x)ejx dx. This is the correctly marked checkbox:

F (f (x))  F (f (x)) F (f (x)) Solution 4

=
0

f (x)e

dx

F (f (x)) F (f (x))

f (x)ejx dx f (x)ex dx

f (x)ejx dx f (x)ejx dx
0

Let F [f (x, y )] = F (x , y ) be the Fourier transform of f (x, y ) and F [h(x, y )] = H (x , y ) the Fourier transform of h(x, y ) f (x, y ) F (x , y )

f (x x0 , y y0 ) ej (x0 x +y0 y ) F (x , y ) Shift theorem

f (x, y ) h(x, y ) F (x , y ) H (x , y ) Convolution theorem f (x, y ) h(x, y ) F (x , y ) H (x , y ) Convolution theorem f (x a, y b) ej (ax +by ) F (x , y ) Shift theorem