Lecture 2

Chapter 3.
Stoichiometry of Formulas and Equations

3.1 The Mole 3.2 Determining the Formula of Unknown Compounds 3.3 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations 3.4 Calculating Amounts of Reactant and Product 3.5 Fundamentals of Solution Stoichiometry
Department of Chemistry, University of Houston
Prof. Geanangel, CHEM 1331 Chapter 3
Mole Quantities
A mole (mol) represents a fixed number of objects. One mol of a substance contains the same number of entities as there are atoms in 12 g of carbon-12. How many atoms are present in 12 g of carbon-12? mass (g) ! number of amus ! number of
12C
atoms
12 12g 12C x 1 amu-24 x 1 atom C = 6.02 x 1023 atoms 1.66 x 10 g 12 amu
1 mol of anything contains 6.022 x 1023 basic entities (Avogadros number)

One mol of H2O contains 6.02 x 10 23 H2O molecules; about 18 mL! One mol of NaCl contains 6.02 x 10 23 NaCl formulas; 58 g, roughly 1 Tbsp Use mole quantity to count formulas by weighing them How does it work? Mass of 1 mol of particles = mass of 1 particle x 6.02 x 1023 particles Mass of 1 H atom: 1.008 amu x 1.661x10-24 g = 1.674 x10-24 g H amu H Mass of 1 mol of H atoms: 1.674 x10-24 g/H atom x 6.022x1023 H atoms = 1.008g
Department of Chemistry, University of Houston Prof. Geanangel, CHEM 1331 Chapter 3
Remember: the mass of 1 atom in amu is numerically equal to the mass(g) of 1 mol of atoms of the element One atom of sulfur has a mass of 32.07 amu; What is the mass of one mol of S atoms?
Zn + S ! ZnS
To obtain one mole of Zn (6.02 x1023 atoms), weigh out 65.39 g zinc. 65.39 g Zn + 32.07 g S ! 1:1 atom ratio
The molar mass (M) of a substance is the mass of one mole of atoms, molecules, or formula units.
Molar mass has units of grams/mole. Table 3.1 is a summary of mass terms and units Skill: Mass - Mole Conversions Use the molar mass of an element or compound to convert a given number of moles to mass:
Mass (g) = no. moles x
no. grams 1 mole

M
!
5
!
Use 1/M to convert any given mass in grams to the number of moles:
No. mol = mass (g) x
1 mol no. grams
1/M
Use Avogadros number to convert moles of substance to number of entities:
6.02x1023 No. of entities = no. moles x 1 mole 1 mole No. of moles = no. entities x 6.02x1023
Problem: Manganese is essential to bone growth. In 1.00 kg of bone was found 2.94 x10-2 g Mn. How many Mn atoms were present in the bone sample?
Problem: How many Cl ions are present in 1.38 g of MgCl2?
Show Me the Information in a Chemical Formula The formula, SO2, shows that its molecules contain one S and two O atoms; calculate its molar mass.
One mole SO2 contains 6.02 x1023 SO 2 molecules, consisting of 6.02 x 1023 S + 2(6.02 x 1023) O atoms. Likewise for ionic compounds, such as potassium sulfide (K2S):
Workshop (MT1): An ionic compound forms when Ca reacts with iodine (Z = 53). A sample contains 2.82 x 1019 calcium ions. How many iodide ions does it contain?
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SOLUTION The formula is (NH4)2CO3. Calculating molar mass:
(2 of N) (8 of H) (1 of C) (3 of O) (2 14.01 g/mol N) (8 1.008 g/mol H) 12.01 g/mol Problem: How many moles and formulas are in C g(3ammonium 16.00 g/mol carbonate? O) 41.6 96.09 g/mol (NH4 ) 2CO3 Converting from grams to moles:
Solution: Calculate molar mass of (NH4 2CO 3: N) H 8CO 1)mol (NH CO 42 2 3 3

Moles of (NH4 ) 2CO3 41.6 g (NH4 ) 2CO3 (2 x 14.01) + (8x1.008) + (1x12.01) + (3x16.00) =g 96.09 96.09 (NH4 )g/mol 2CO3
3.1 T
LE
2 H, 6 O). We multiply the number of moles of each element by its mo FOLLOW-UP 3.3 Tetraphosphorus decaoxide reacts with water to form Skill: PROBLEM Find Mass Percent from the Chemical Formula grams. Dividing each elements mass by the mass of 1 mol glucose phosphoric acid, a major industrial acid. In the laboratory, the oxide is used of as a drying g From formula,and calculate mass % of each element: action of each element, multiplying each fraction by 100 gives the m agent. 22 Mass % of element Q in a compound = tetraphosphorus (a) What is the mass for (in g) of 4.65 10 molecules e calculation steps any element (X) areofshown in the decaoxide? roadmap. (b) How many P atoms are present in this sample? mol Q x molar mass of Q(g/mol) ON Calculating the mass of 1 mol of C6H12O6: x 100% mass of one mol of compound(g) Mass (6 Percent of C) from The (12 Chemical ofof H) (6 is of O) Problem: formula glucose C6 H12 O6. the Formula a) What is mass %(12 of each element in glucose? Each (6 12.01 g/mol C) 1.008 g/mol H) portion (6 16.00 g/mol O element in a compound constitutes its own particular of the comWhat mass of carbon is in 16.55 g glucose? pounds 180.16b) g/mol Can mass. For molecule (or formula unit), we use the molecu6Hindividual 12O6 Plan: Formula gives moles of C, to H and O in glucose. ! (or formula) mass and There chemical formula nd the mass percent of anyso ing lar moles of C to grams: are 6 mol of C in 1 mol of glucose, First, convert from moles of element to mass (g). element X in the compound: 12.01 g Cmass of X(amu) atoms of X in formula atomic Mass (g) of C 6 mol C 72.06 g C 100 Mass % of element X molecular (or formula) mass of 1 mol Ccompound (amu) the formula also tells number of moles of each element in the compound, theSince mass fraction of C inthe glucose: we use the molar mass to nd the mass percent of each element on a mole basis: 72.06 g C total mass C molar mass of moles of X in formula X (g/mol) MassMass fraction of C 0.4000 % of element X 100 (3.6) mass of mass 1 mol 180.16 g glucose (g)glucose of 1 mol of compound
0.5), the number of formula units should be less than half Avogadros number 23 6.0 1023percent 0.5). of each element (2.610 ermining the mass COMMENT A common mistake is to forget the subscript 2 outside the parentheses in We know the relative numbers of moles of the elements in glucose from the (NH4)2CO3, which would give a much lower molar mass.
2.6110 formula units (NH4 ) 2CO3 at is the mass percent of each element in glucose? CHECK The units correct. are Since the mass is half the molar mass (4296 w many grams ofare carbon in 16.55 gless of than glucose?
Elements in a Sample of a Compound Formula units of (NH 4 ) 2CO3 0.433 mol (NH4 ) 2CO3 6.022 1023 formula units (NH4 ) 2CO(C M In mammals, lactose (milk sugar) is metabolized to glucose 3 6H12O6) for ! generating chemical potential energy. 1 mol (NH4 ) 2CO3
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1 mol (NH 0.433 mol (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 4 ) 2CO3 4.16g (NH ) CO x = 0.433 mol (NH 4 2 3 4 ) 2 CO 3 PROBLEM 3.4 Calculating Mass Percents and Masses 96.09 g (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 Converting from moles to formula units:
11
12
1 mol 53.29 mass %C O 12.01 C 1 of mol in the compound, the mass % OC isggreater than the mass % of C bec m u ltiply Mass (g) of C 6 mol C 72.06 g C Dividing mass of C by the mass of one mol glucose wers sense: even though there equal numbers of moles ucose: 1 are mol C of ass make of O greater than the molar mass C. The mass % ofof HO isand sma raction of is C in glucose: gives the elements mass fraction. nd, the mass ofC O greater than mass % of C because the molar the mass fraction of inis glucose: olar mass of % H total is small. The total ofthe the mass percents is 100.00%. 72.06 C tal mass C 72.06 gC mass C g mass 0.4000 eater of C. mass % of H is small because the 72.06 gC on of than C the molar 0.4000 total mass C The f 1 mol glucose 180.16 g glucose Mass fraction of Ctotal is g mass of 1 of mol glucose 180.16 glucose 0.4000 b) the mass of percents carbon isDetermining small. The the mass 100.00%. mass of 1 (g) mol glucose 180.16 g glucose LAN Toof nd mass of C in the glucose sample, % we multiply the mass of percent C:theof the mass percent C: the mass (g) ofof carbon e mass fraction C from part (a). fmass Cmass 100 0.4000 100 40.00 mass % C40.00 ass % of C mass fraction of C 100 0.4000 100 40.00 mass % C fraction of C 100 0.4000 100 mass % C of C in the glucose multiply the of the sample OLUTION Finding the masssample, of C in we a given mass of mass glucose (with units by for ning the steps for each of the other two elements in glucose: percent of elements H in C6 H12 Oglucose: ps for of the other in other two Mass elements in two glucose: n of C each from part (a). 6 1.008 g H mass fraction): ng the mass of C mass in a given mass1.008 of mass glucose (with units for Mass (g) of C of glucose fraction of C 16.55 g glucose g H g H 12 mol H 1.008 mol H12 of H 1 mol H 12 mol H mol H 0.4000 g C ass % of H 100 H 100 mol H of H 1 mol H of H 1 mol mass of 1 mol glucose 180.16 g glucose 6.620 gC mass of glucose mass fraction of C 16.55 g glucose 100 100 100 100 1 g glucose mass of 1 mol glucose 180.16 g glucose 6.714 mass % H glucose 180.16 g answer glucoseis in the right ballpark: HECK Rounding shows that the 16 g time 6.620 g C 16.00 g O mass % H be H 6.714 Similarly, the mass percent oxygen is 53.29% arts by mass should less than 8 g. 6 of mol O mol O is of O the right ballpark: 1 mol O 16.00 O g shows that the answer 16 ggtimes less than 16.00 g O OMMENT 1. A more direct in approach to nding the mass of in0.5 any ass % of O 100 element 100 6 mol O mass of 1 mol glucose 180.16 g glucose 6g. mol O we used in Sample ould be less than 8 mol O of O 1 mol O ound is similar to the approach Problem 2.2 (p. 45) of O 1 mol O 53.29 mass % O 100 mass 100 more direct approach to mass nding the of element in any mass of com 100 100 e need to calculate the fraction. Just multiply the given mass of com mass of 1 mol glucose 180.16 g glucose The answers make sense: even though there are equal numbers of moles of O and glucose 180.16 g glucose to the approach we used in Sample Problem 2.2 (p. 45) and eliminates tio of the total mass of element to the mass of 1 mol of compound: b) What mass of carbon is present in 16.55 g glucose? 53.29 mass %O e compound, the mass % of O is greater than the mass % of C because the molar O late the mass fraction. Just multiply the given mass of compound by the f O is greater than the molar mass of C. The mass % of H72.06 is small because the g C s make sense: even though there are equal numbers of moles of O 6.620 and g mass element to of the of 1 mol of is compound: Mass C mass numbers 16.55 gpercents glucose mass of of H is small. (g) The total of the mass 100.00%. en though there are equal of moles of O and g glucose d, the mass % of O is greater than the mass % 180.16 of C because the molar 72.06 g C O is greater than the mass % of C because the molar ermining the mass (g) of carbon er than the molar mass of C. The mass % of H is6.620 small the (g) of C 16.55 g glucose g because C of C. of The % of H is small because the Tomass nd the mass C inmass the glucose sample, we multiply the mass of the sample by 180.16 gis glucose s small. The total of the mass percents 100.00%. empirical and molecular formulas ss fraction ofDetermining C from part (a). of the mass percents is 100.00%. ON Finding the mass of C in a pure given compound mass of glucose (with units for mass If an unknown is decomposed, thefraction): he mass (g) of carbon masses of elements present can be measured. 0.4000 g C arbon mass Cmass in the glucose we multiply the of sample by g) of of C of glucose sample, mass fraction of Cof elements 16.55 g mass glucose the Converting masses to moles leads to the ucose sample, we multiply the mass of the sample by 1 g glucose of C from part (a). empirical formula. 6.620 g C . the mass of C in a a given mass glucose (with units to forcontain: mass fraction): Suppose sample of of hydrocarbon is found Rounding showsof that the mol answer is in the right ballpark: 16 g times less than 0.5 a given mass glucose (with units for mass fraction): 6.882 carbon, and 17.20 mol hydrogen 0.4000 g C y mass should be less than 8 g. Write a preliminary formula: C16.55 H mass of glucose mass fraction of C g17.20 glucose of comg 6.882 NT 1. A more direct approach to nding the mass of0.4000 element in C any mass 1 g glucose mass fraction of C 16.55 g glucose s similar to the approach we used in Sample Problem (p. 45) and eliminates 1 g2.2 glucose 6.620 g C d to calculate the mass fraction. Just multiply the given mass of compound by the the total mass elementis to in the the massright of 1 mol of compound: hows that theof answer ballpark: 16 g times less than 0.5 werbe is less in the right 72.06 gless C than 0.5 uld than 8 g. ballpark: 16 g times
ting moles ofanswers C to grams: There are 6 g mol C in 1 mol of are glucose, so numbers of m 6 mol C 72.06 C ofthough HECK The even there equal Mass (g) of C 6 make mol Csense: 72.06 gC
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14
Preliminary formula is C 6.882 H17.20 Convert subscripts to whole numbers 1. Divide each subscript by smallest subscript:
C6.882H17.20 = C1H2.50
6.882 6.882
2. If any subscripts are not integers, multiply by the smallest integer that makes all subscripts integers.
C(1x2)H(2.50x2) = C2H5
The compound is butane, molecular formula = C4H10
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Skill: Analysis of an ionic compound gave: 2.82 g Na, 4.35 g Cl, and 7.83 g O. What is the empirical formula and name of the compound?
16
Preliminary formula: Convert to integer subscripts:
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Skill: Convert Empirical to Molecular Formula
molecular formula = (empirical formula)x

molar mass X = 1, 2, 3, . . . empirical formula mass Hydrogen peroxide (M = 34.0 g/mol): x =
empirical formula = HO empirical formula mass = 17.0 g/mol molecular formula =(HO)x X = 34.02 = 2 17.01
!
!
(HO)2 = H2O2
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Problem : Lactic acid (90.08 g/mol) contains 40.0 mass % C, 6.71 mass % H, and 53.3 mass % O. (a) Determine the empirical formula of lactic acid. (b) Determine its molecular formula. Assume 100 g lactic acid (mass % ! grams)
mass ! mol ! mol ratio ! empirical formula In 100 g lactic acid: 40.0 g C + 6.71 g H + 53.3 g O Convert from grams of elements to moles: 1 mol C Mol C = 40.0 gC x = 3.33 mol C 12.01 gC Similarly, 6.66 mol H and 3.33 mol O. Preliminary formula:
C3.33H6.66O3.33
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!
Preliminary formula: C3.33H6.66O3.33 Convert to integer subscripts:
C3.33 H6.66 O 3.33 = C1H2O1 " CH2O

3.33 3.33 3.33
EFM of CH2O = 30.03 g/mol Determining the molecular formula of lactic acid: MFM 90.08 g/mol x = = = 3 EFM 30.03 g/mol
C(1x3)H(2x3)O(1x3) = C3H6O3
!
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Combustion Analysis: Where formulas come from... Combustion analysis gives amounts of carbon and hydrogen in a sample of combustible compound. C forms CO2, absorbed in the second chamber H forms H2O, absorbed in the first chamber
Weigh the chambers before and after combustion. Determine masses of CO2 and H2O by difference. Calculate the masses of C and H in the compound. Determine the empirical formula.
21
Exercise A compound (M = 90. g/mol) contains C, H and O. 0.1000 g, placed in a combustion apparatus gave 0.1953 g CO2 and 0.1000 g H2O. What is the molecular formula of the compound?
mass CO2 ! mass C ! mol C ! mol ratio ! EF !MF
!mass CO2 x (mass fraction C in CO2) = mass C !mass H2O x (mass fraction H in H2O) = mass H !mass(compound) mass C mass H = mass O
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Determine the empirical and molecular formulas Calculate mass fractions: 12.01 g C 1 mol C x mol C x M of C C 1mol mass frac. C in CO2 = mass of 1 g mol CO 44.01 CO 2 2 = 0.2729 g C/ 1g CO2
1.008 g H 1mol H 18.02 g H2O
! mass frac. H in H2O =
2 mol H x
= 0.1119 g H/1 g H2O

!
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Calculate masses of C and H: Mass C = Mass H =
0.1953 g CO2 x
0.2729 g C = 0.05330 g C 1 g CO2 0.1119 g H 0.1000 g H2O x = 0.01119 g H 1 g H2O
Calculate the mass of O by difference: ! mass(compound) mass C mass H = mass O = 0.1000 g 0.05330 g 0.01119 g = 0.03551 g O ! Find mol of elements: mass to mol conversion gives 4.44x10-3 mol C 11.1x10-3 mol H 2.22x10-3 mol O.
preliminary formula: C4.44H11.1O2.22
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Divide through by the smallest subscript:
C 4.44H11.1 O 2.22 = C2.00H5.00O ! C2H5O

2.22 2.22 2.22
Determine molecular formula:

X = multiplying
factor =
!
!
90.0 amu 90.0 factor = amu multiplying factor multiplying = (2x12.01+ (2x12.01+ 5x1.008 + 16.00)5x1.008 amu + 16.0 90.0 amu 90.0 amu = = 2.0 = = 2.0 45.0 amu 45.0 amu
molecular formula mass empirical formula mass
(emp. form)2 = mol. form.; (C2H5O)2 = C4H10O2

!
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For an equation to accurately depict the amounts of chemicals involved in a reaction, it must be balanced. Same number of each type of atom must appear on both sides of the equation. In old style flashbulbs, Mg wire and oxygen gas react to yield white magnesium oxide powder.
Balancing equations for the quantitative study of chemical reactions
!
Mg(s) + O2(g)
MgO(s)
26
Translate chemical statement into skeleton equation
coefcients: _ Mg + _ O " 1 MgO most the smallest whole-number coefcients are preferred. g thecases, coefcients. There are conventions about the n 2 several to be treated as intact pa mbers allow as O O2 molecules oefcients: 1entities Mg +such 1/2 " 1 MgO 2 molecule cannot exist, so we multiply the equation e-half of an O2smallest ost cases, the whole-number coefcients are preferred
Smallest whole-number coefficients are required
Blanks are for balancing coefficients, numerical multipliers of atoms in following formula toichiometry of up Formulas and Equations Match atoms on each side, element by element, ing the coefcients. There are several conventions about beginning with most complex substance
Balance the atoms: Stoichiometry of Formulas and Equations
_ Mg + _ O2 " _MgO
the na
ers allow entities such as O2 molecules to be treated as intact p half of an O2 molecule cannot exist, so we multiply the equati 2Mg 1O2 2MgO used the coefcient 1 to remind us to balance each substance. al form, a coefcient of 1 implied by the presence of the f 2Mg is 1O just 2MgO 2 1 Mg + 1/2 O2 to " 1 MgO the substance, so we dont need write it: sed the coefcient 1 to remind us to balance each substance
27
form, a coefcient of 1 is implied just by the presence of the 2 Mg + need 1 O2 to "write 2 MgO e substance, so we dont it: 2Mg O2 2MgO
A coefficient of 1 is implied and is not written:
Remove 1/2 O2 by multiplying all coefficients by 2
his convention is similar to not writing a subscript 1 in a formula !
ing. After balancing and adjusting the coefcients, always check t 2MgO 2 2Mg Mg +O O " 2 MgO 22 ! Check the numbers of atoms: on is balanced: convention is similar to not writing a subscript 1 in a formul
Reactants (2 Mg,adjusting 2 O) the products (2 Mg, 2 always O) g. After balancing and coefcients, check Reaction is now balanced. the states of equation matter. The nal equation also indicates the p nying is balanced: ! of each substance or whether it is dissolved in water. The abbrev Reactants (2 Mg, 2 O) Mg, (2 O) re used for these states are solid (s),products liquid (l(2 ), gas g), and aqueou ng).the states of matter. The nal equation the aq From the original statement, we know that also a Mgindicates strip is solid and powdery is also it solid. The balanced equation, each substance MgO or whether is dissolved in water. The theref abbre
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Skill: Octane, C8H18, burns to form CO2(g) and H2O(g). Write a balanced equation for the reaction. First, construct a skeleton equation. reactants = C8H18 + O2 products = CO2 + H2O
__C8H18 + __O2 ! __CO2 + __H2O

Balance the atoms. Start with the more complex reactant, C8H18 , then balance others:
1C8H18 +
O2 ! CO2 + H2O
8 C on left requires 8 CO2 on right:
1C8H18 + O2 ! 8CO2 + H2O
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18 H on left requires 9 H2O.
1C8H18 + O2 1C8H18 + 25/2O2

Adjust (x2)
8CO2 + 9H2O 8CO2 + 9H2O 16CO2 + 18H2O
16 + 9 = 25 O on right requires 25/2 O2
2C8H18 + 25O2
Check that the equation is balanced: react. (16 C, 36 H, 50 O) = prod. (16 C, 36 H, 50 O) C8H18 is liquid; O2 , CO2 , and H2O vapor are gases:
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Workshop Balance the equation: __N2H4 + __N2O4 => __N2 + __H2O
31
Quantitative relationships in balanced equations used in stoichiometrically equivalent molar ratios Use molar ratios to determine how much of one substance forms from, or reacts with, another.
C3H8 + 5O2
3CO2 + 4H2O
3 mol CO2 stoichiometrically equiv. to 4 mol H2O 5 mol O2 stoichiometrically equiv. to 3 mol CO2, etc. In combustion of propane, how many moles of O2 are consumed when 10.0 mol H2O are produced? given amount molar ratio equiv. amount
10.0 mol H2O x
5 mol O2 = 12.5 mol O2 4 mol H2O
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Skill: Finding amounts of reactants and products Copper obtained by roasting Cu2S ore with O2 to form copper(I) oxide solid + gaseous sulfur dioxide. (a) How many mol of oxygen are required to roast 10.0 mol copper(I) sulfide? Write balanced equation first. Reactants are Cu2S and O2, products are Cu2O and SO2. 2Cu2S(s) + 3O2(g) 2Cu2O(s) + 2SO2(g)
10.0 S 10.0 mol mol Cu Cu2 Sx x 2
b) How many grams of sulfur dioxide are formed when 10.0 mol copper(I) sulfide are roasted? mol Cu2S ! mol SO2 ! mass SO2
3 3 mol mol O O2 2 = = 15.0 15.0 mol mol O O2 2 2 S 2 mol mol Cu Cu2 S 2
! !
10.0 mol Cu2S x
2 mol SO2
64.07 g SO2 x mol SO2 2 mol Cu2S

= 641 g SO2
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c) How many kg O2 are needed to form 2.86 kg Cu 2O? 2Cu2S(s) + 3O2(g) 2Cu2O(s) + 2SO2(g) kg Cu2O ! mol Cu2O ! mol O2 ! kg O2
2.86 kg Cu2O x
3 mol O2 = 30.0 mol O2 2 mol Cu2O Finally, mol O2 to kg O2:
Mol Cu2O to mol O2: 20.0 mol Cu2O x
mol Cu2O 103 g Cu2O x 143.10 g Cu2O kg Cu2O
= 20.0 mol Cu2O
30.0 mol O2 x
!
32.00 g O2 1kg x = 0.960 kg O2 1 mol O2 1000g
!
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mains. tion remains. silicon dioxide, hydrogen chloride gas, to and hydrogen uid disilicon hexachloride reacts with water form solid gas. (b)When Liquid disilicon hexachloride reacts with water form solid (c) nitrogen dioxide is bubbled into water, a to solution of dioxide, hydrogen chloride gas, and hydrogen gas. Exercise: Why does 0.100 g Mg give silicon dioxide, hydrogen chloride gas, and hydrogen gas. 0.166 g of nitric acid formsis and gaseous nitrogen released. en nitrogen dioxide bubbled into water, monoxide a solution is of (c) When nitrogen dioxide is bubbled into water, a solution of magnesium (40.3 g/mol) in the reaction Problems in Context cid forms and gaseous nitrogen oxide monoxide is released. nitric acid forms and gaseous nitrogen monoxide ishole released. 3.57 Loss of atmospheric ozone has led to an ozone over 2Mg + O2 " 2MgO? lems in Context Problems in Context The process in part byhole three consecutive reacs of Antarctica. atmospheric ozone has occurs led to an ozone over 3.57 Loss of atmospheric ozone has led to an ozone hole over tions: ica. The process occurs in part by three consecutive reacAntarctica. process occurs part by three consecutive reacform chlorine (1) Chlorine The atoms react with in ozone (O 3) to tions: monoxide and molecular oxygen. orine atoms react with ozone (O3) to form chlorine (1)Chlorine Chlorine atoms react with ozone (O3) to form chlorine (2) monoxide forms ClOOCl. de and molecular oxygen. monoxide molecular oxygen. (3) ClOOCland absorbs sunlight and breaks into chlorine atoms and orine monoxide forms ClOOCl. (2) Chlorine monoxide forms ClOOCl. oxygen. OOClmolecular absorbs sunlight and breaks into chlorine atoms and (3)Write ClOOCl absorbsequation sunlight for andeach breaks into chlorine atoms and (a) a balanced step. lar oxygen. molecular (b) Write equation anoxygen. overall balanced equation for the sequence. te a balanced for each step. (a) Write a balanced equation for each step. te an overall balanced equation for the sequence. Calculating Amounts of Reactant and Product (b) Write an overall balanced equation for the sequence. (Sample Problems 3.10 to 3.14) ting Amounts of Reactant and Product
Concept Review Problems 3.10 to 3.14) Questions (Sample Problems 3.10 stoichiometrically to 3.14) 3.58 What does the term equivalent molar ratio ept Review Questions Concept Review Questions mean, and how is it applied inequivalent solving problems? at does the term stoichiometrically molar ratio 3.58The What doesbelow the term stoichiometrically equivalent ratio 3.59 circle represents a mixture of A2 and molar B2 before and how is it applied in solving problems? mean, and isAB it applied in solving problems? they react tohow form circle below represents a3.mixture of A2 and B2 before 3.59 The circle below represents a mixture of A2 and B2 before act to form AB 3. Limiting Reactants on an Atomic Scale they react to form AB 3.
Calculating Amounts of Reactant and Product
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How many NH3 molecules could be made from this sample of N2 and H2? =N2 =H2
N2 + 3H2 ! 2NH3
3N2 x
2NH3 = 6NH3 1N2 3N2 could form 6NH3 given enough H2 (a) What is the limiting reactant? many molecules of product can form? at is (b) the How limiting reactant? 3N 2NH 2 + 6H2 ! ?NH3 +? 3 (a) What is the limiting reactant? 3.60 Percent yields are generally calculated from mass quantities. 6H x = 4NH3 2 w many molecules of product can form? 3H 2 (b) How many molecules of product can form? were used inWould thegenerally result becalculated the same if mole quantities cent yields are from mass quantities. 6H2 could only form 4NH 3 with enough N2 3.60 Percent yields are generally calculated from mass quantities. stead? Why? the result be the same if mole quantities were used inWould the result be the same if mole quantities were used in(grouped similar pairs) Why? Skill-Building Exercises So H limiting reactant. Only 4NH3 can 2 is thein stead? Why?A and B form product C. Write a detailed Plan to 3.61 Reactants bein made with the H2 available. -Building Exercises (grouped similar pairs) Skill-Building Exercises (grouped in similar pairs) nd of C when 25 of A reacts with excess ctants A the andmass B form product C.g Write a detailed Plan to B. 3N 3.61Reactants ReactantsD Aand andE Bform form productF. C. Write a detailed Plan toN2 2 + 6H 2 ! 4NH 3+ 3.62 Write mass of C when 25 g of A reacts product with excess B. a detailed Plan to nd the mass of C when 25 g of A reacts with excess B. nd of Fproduct when 27 of D reacts with 31 g to of E. ctants D the andmass E form F.gWrite a detailed Plan 3.62 Reactants D and E form product F. Write a detailed Plan to mass of F when 27 of D 31 g of E. by the reaction of 3.63 Chlorine gasgcan bereacts madewith in the laboratory nd the mass of F when 27 g of D reacts with 31 g of E. acid in and manganese(IV) oxide: orinehydrochloric gas can be made the laboratory by the reaction of
When one reactant limits the yield of product If amounts of reactants are not in stoichiometric ratio for a reaction, one is in excess, other limiting. Problem: Li2O (29.9 g/mol) removes H2O from shuttle air via the reaction: Li2O(s) + H2O(g) ! 2LiOH(s) If 50.0 g H2O are present, will 65 g Li2O remove it?
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When 1.20 g carbon is burned with 8.00 g oxygen in a closed vessel forming CO2, what mass of CO2 will be produced and what, if anything, is left over? C(s) + O2(g) ! CO2(g) gC ! mol C ! mol CO2 Start: 1.20g 8.00g 0g Which reactant produces LESS CO2 (its limiting)?
Problem (limiting reactant)
n. We have assumed that 100% of the limiting reactant becomes deal separation and purication methods exist for isolating the pro Problem: On the space shuttle,LiOH used to remove CO 2 we use perfect lab technique to collectisall the product formed. In from the cabin air: LiOH(s) + CO2(g) => LiHCO3(s) g/mol the 44.0 g/mol e have assumed that we 23.95 obtain theoretical yield, the amount What mass of CO2 can be removed by 500 g of LiOH? the stoichiometrically equivalent molar ratio in the balanced equat me to face reality. The theoretical yield is never obtained, for rea argely uncontrollable. For one thing, although the major reaction s, many reactant mixtures also proceed through one or more side form smaller amounts of different products (Figure 3.11). In the r ion in Sample Problem 3.13, for example, the reactants might form e following side reaction:
N2H4 ( l ) 2N2O4 ( l ) 6NO( g ) 2H2O( g )
tion decreases the amounts of reactants available for N2 production 3.122 at the end of the chapter). Even more important, as well di r 4, many reactions seem to stop before they are complete, which l iting reactant unused. But, even when a reaction does go complete How can I find the reaction yield? osses occur in virtually every step of a separation procedure (see 100% of a limiting reactant becomes product. boratory, Ideally, Section 2.9): tiny amount of product clings to lter p Theoretical of amount product from stoichiometrically illate evaporates, a yield small of extract remains in the separ equivalent molar ratio in the balanced equation. nd so forth. With careful technique, you can minimize these losse Theoretical yields are not always obtained. minate them. The amount of product that you actually obtain is the a Amount of product actually obtained is actual yield. e percent yield (% yield) is the actual yield expressed as a perce The percent yield (% yield) is the actual yield oretical yield: expressed as a percent of the theoretical yield:
39
actual yield % yield 100% theoretical yield
40
atory, Section 2.9): a tiny amount of product clings to lter paper, e evaporates, a small amount of extract remains in the separatory Problem: Chromium can be prepared by losses the reaction o forth. With careful technique, you can minimize these but below. is the % yield of Cr if 10.8 gthe Cractual was te them. The amountWhat of product that you actually obtain is of chromium(III) oxide? rcent yieldobtained (% yield)by is reacting the actual 18.7 yield g expressed as a percentage ical yield: Cr2O3(s) + 2Al(s) => 2Cr(s) + Al2O3(s) (balanced)
152 g/mol 52 g/mol
% yield
actual yield 100% theoretical yield
(3.7)
41
Solution Concentration - Calculation of Molarity Most reactions occur in solution. Quantitative? Solutions consist of a lesser amount of the solute, dissolved in a greater amount of the solvent. Need concentration of solute - mol/liter- to find volume of solution that holds a given number of mol. Molarity (M) expresses solution concentration in terms of moles of solute per liter of solution:
42
Problem: Hydrobromic acid is a solution of HBr gas in water. Calculate the molarity of hydrobromic acid solution if 455 mL contains 1.80 mol HBr. Solution:
1.80 mol HBr 1000 mL x = 3.96 M HBr 455 mL soln 1L
Molarity is a conversion factor that extends the stoichiometric relationships among substances. It can be used to convert between volume of solution ! moles of solute. and
43
44
Problem: How many grams of solute are in 1.75 L of 0.460 M sodium monohydrogen phosphate? Na2HPO4 ! 142 g/mol
45
Effect of dilution on concentration of solute Adding solvent to a solution, makes it more dilute (lower concentration). Moles of solute dont change. To make lower concentrations of a solution, a moreconcentrated stock solution is diluted as needed.
46
act lenses to a washing medium for blood cells. ellular uids. Its uses range from a red cleansing rinse How for would you prepare 0. .80 ofblood dilute solution, place of 6.0 sotonic saline from a 6.0 M stock solution? m forL red cells. How would you 0.020 prepareL 0.80 L M NaCl in a 1.0 N To dilute a780 concentrated we only solvent, the moles of solute Problem: Isotonic saline is add 0.15 M NaCl (aq) . so How water ( mL) tosolution, the 0.80-L mark, and stir thoroughly. ck solution? would you prepare 0.80 L of isotonic saline from a same in both solutions. We know the volume (0.80 L) and molarity (0.15 M) of the d ution, we add only solvent, so the moles of solute are 6.0 M NaCl stock solution? answer seems reasonable because a small volume of concentr NaCl solution we need, so we nd the M moles of NaCl the volume (0.80 L) and molarity (0.15 ) of the dilute it contains and then nd me of concentrated (conc; 6.0 Mof ) NaCl solution that contains the same prepare a large volume dilute Also, the numb ratio e nd the moles of NaCl it contains and then solution. nd the es. Then, we add solvent up to the nal volume (see the roadmap). 0 L) is the samethat as the ratio ofsame concentrations M ) NaCl solution contains the number of (0.15 M/6.0 M). UTION Finding moles of solute in dilute solution: the nal volume (see the roadmap). 0.15an mol NaCl UP PROBLEM 3.17 To prepare a fertilizer, engineer dilute in dilute solution: Moles of NaCl in dil 3 soln 0.80 L soln 1 L soln water to m of 7.50 M acid to enough ic acid by adding 25.0 m NaCl 0.15 mol l soln 0.80 soln 0.12 mol NaCl mass (in g) L of sulfuric per milliliter of the diluted solution 1 acid L soln mol of NaCl in dil. soln solution: = mol of Because NaCl in conc. soln. ding moles of solute in concentrated we add only solvent to d 0.12 mol NaCl solution, = 0.12 mol NaCl rated solution: Because we add only solvent to dilute Moles of NaCl in 6.0 dil soln moles of NaCl in conc Now calc. vol. of M NaCl containing 0.12 molsoln NaCl 0.12 mol NaCl useful way to solve dilution dil soln moles of NaCl in conc soln problems, and others involvi ding the volume of concentrated solution that contains 0.12 mol of NaCl: 0.12 mol NaCl ation, applies the following relationship: 1 L soln Volume (L) of conc 0.12 mol NaCl d solution that 0.12NaCl mol soln of NaCl: Findcontains vol. of stock solution containing 0.12 mol6.0 NaCl: mol NaCl Mdil Vdil number of moles M Vconc conc 1 L soln 0.020 L soln Cl soln 0.12 mol NaCl = 0.020 L NaCl(aq) 6.0 mol NaCl prepare 0.80 L of dilute solution, place 0.020 L of 6.0 M NaCl in a 1.0-L cylind M and V terms are the molarity and volume of the dil u water 0.020 L solnmL) So, to prepare 0.800 L 0.80-L dilute solution, 0.020 L of distilled ( 780 to the mark, andplace stir thoroughly.
47
n, 0.020 L of 6.0 M NaCl in a 1.0-L CK place The answer seems reasonable because a cylinder, small volume of concentrated solu 0.80-L mark, and stir thoroughly. e found the volume of concentrated solution. Solving the 0.80-L mark, stir thoroughly. used to prepare aand large volume of dilute solution. the ratio ofEqu volu Alternative approach to solving dilution Also, problems: 20 L/0.80 L) a is small the same of concentrations (0.15 M/6.0 M). ble because volume of concentrated M as V the =ratio mol solute = solution M V
dil dil conc conc
6.0 M (subscript NaCl(aq) in a conc) flask, add distilled water to Sample the oncentrated solutions. In Probl
me of dilute solution. 3.17 Also, the ratio a of volumes LLOW-UP PROBLEM To prepare fertilizer, M V 0.15 M an engineer 0.80 Ldilutes a stock dil 3 dil e of ratio of concentrations M). of 7.50 sulfuric acid adding 25.0 M m/6.0 (0.15 M acid to enough water to make 500 Vby conc Macid at is the mass (in g) of sulfuric the M diluted solution? conc per milliliter of6.0 To prepare a fertilizer, an engineer dilutes a stock solu 0.020 L to make 500. m3. enough water m3 of 7.50 M acid to
per milliliter of the diluted solution? d acid worked out in the solution to Sample Problem 3.17 is th A very useful way to solve problems, others involving a cha oken into two parts to dilution emphasize the and thinking process:
oncentration, applies the following relationship:
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Stoichiometry problems in solution (Antacids)

Problem: Milk of Magnesia, Mg(OH)2, reacts with acid to form water and magnesium chloride solution. What volume of 0.10 M HCl can be neutralized by an antacid tablet containing 0.10 g Mg(OH)2? 58.3 g/mol
49
Convert from 1.7 x 10-3 mol of Mg(OH)2 to mol of HCl:
Mg(OH)2(s) + 2HCl(aq)
MgCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
50
Solving Limiting-Reactant Problems for Reactions in Solution Problem: Toxic mercury compounds can be removed from solution by reaction with Na2S solution giving HgS(s) Hg(NO3)2(aq) + Na2S(aq) ! HgS(s) + 2NaNO3(aq) If 0.050 L of 0.010 M Hg(NO3)2 reacts with 0.020 L of 0.10 M Na2S, what mass of HgS can be formed? Plan: Determine limiting reactant and convert mol of HgS it produces to mass using the molar mass of HgS.
51
Hg(NO3)2(aq) + Na2S(aq) => HgS(s) + 2NaNO3(aq) Find mol of HgS assuming Hg(NO3)2 is limiting:
Find mol of HgS assuming Na2S is limiting:
5.0 x 10-4 mol is smaller than 2.0 x 10-3 mol, so Hg(NO3)2 is the limiting reactant.
52
Since Hg(NO3)2 is the limiting reactant: convert 5.0 x 10-4 mol of HgS to mass.
End of Chapter 3
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Chapter 3.

Stoichiometry of Formulas and Equations

Department of Chemistry, University of Houston

Prof. Geanangel, CHEM 1331 Chapter 3

12 12g 12C x 1 amu-24 x 1 atom C = 6.02 x 1023 atoms 1.66 x 10 g 12 amu

Department of Chemistry, University of Houston

Prof. Geanangel, CHEM 1331 Chapter 3

1 mol of anything contains 6.022 x 1023 basic entities (Avogadros number)

Department of Chemistry, University of Houston

Prof. Geanangel, CHEM 1331 Chapter 3

Mass (g) = no. moles x

no. grams 1 mole

No. mol = mass (g) x

1 mol no. grams

Use Avogadros number to convert moles of substance to number of entities:

Department of Chemistry, University of Houston

Prof. Geanangel, CHEM 1331 Chapter 3

Department of Chemistry, University of Houston

Prof. Geanangel, CHEM 1331 Chapter 3

Problem: How many Cl ions are present in 1.38 g of MgCl2?

Department of Chemistry, University of Houston

Prof. Geanangel, CHEM 1331 Chapter 3

Department of Chemistry, University of Houston

Prof. Geanangel, CHEM 1331 Chapter 3

Department of Chemistry, University of Houston

Prof. Geanangel, CHEM 1331 Chapter 3

SOLUTION The formula is (NH4)2CO3. Calculating molar mass:

Solution: Calculate molar mass of (NH4 2CO 3: N) H 8CO 1)mol (NH CO 42 2 3 3

Department of Chemistry, University of Houston

Prof. Geanangel, CHEM 1331 Chapter 3

The compound is butane, molecular formula = C4H10

Department of Chemistry, University of Houston

Prof. Geanangel, CHEM 1331 Chapter 3

Department of Chemistry, University of Houston

Prof. Geanangel, CHEM 1331 Chapter 3

Preliminary formula: Convert to integer subscripts:

Department of Chemistry, University of Houston

Prof. Geanangel, CHEM 1331 Chapter 3

Skill: Convert Empirical to Molecular Formula

molecular formula = (empirical formula)x

Department of Chemistry, University of Houston

Prof. Geanangel, CHEM 1331 Chapter 3

Preliminary formula: C3.33H6.66O3.33 Convert to integer subscripts:

C3.33 H6.66 O 3.33 = C1H2O1 " CH2O

Department of Chemistry, University of Houston

Prof. Geanangel, CHEM 1331 Chapter 3

mass CO2 ! mass C ! mol C ! mol ratio ! EF !MF

Department of Chemistry, University of Houston

Prof. Geanangel, CHEM 1331 Chapter 3

! mass frac. H in H2O =

= 0.1119 g H/1 g H2O

Department of Chemistry, University of Houston

Prof. Geanangel, CHEM 1331 Chapter 3

Calculate masses of C and H: Mass C = Mass H =

0.2729 g C = 0.05330 g C 1 g CO2 0.1119 g H 0.1000 g H2O x = 0.01119 g H 1 g H2O

preliminary formula: C4.44H11.1O2.22

Department of Chemistry, University of Houston

Prof. Geanangel, CHEM 1331 Chapter 3

Divide through by the smallest subscript:

C 4.44H11.1 O 2.22 = C2.00H5.00O ! C2H5O

Determine molecular formula:

molecular formula mass empirical formula mass

(emp. form)2 = mol. form.; (C2H5O)2 = C4H10O2

C8H18 + O2 ! CO2 + H2O

Workshop Balance the equation: N2H4 + N2O4 => N2 + H2O