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nT
i=1
|H
j,i
[k, n]|
2
,
and [k, n] is a complex Gaussian noise with distribution
N(0,
cN0
2
H[k, n]
2
F
) per dimension and c is a constant that
depends on the OSTBC. For example, for the orthogonal
space-time block codes given in [13], c = 1 for the rate 1
code G
2
and for the rate 3/4 codes H
3
, and H
4
, and c = 2 for
the rate 1/2 codes G
3
and G
4
. The total energy of the symbol
transmitted through the n
T
antennas can be normalized to n
T
and, therefore, similar to the expression in [14], we can express
the instantaneous SNR per symbol at the receiver of the kth
user as
[k, n] =
n
T
R
c
H[k, n]
2
F
, (2)
where is the average receive SNR per antenna, and R
c
is
the code rate of OSTBC.
III. PDF AND CDF EXPRESSIONS
In this section, we express the PDF and the CDF for the
SNR-based user scheduling scheme for the multiuser OSFBC-
OFDM system, which enable us to establish a mathematical
analysis and formulation for the average spectral efciency
and the average capacity of the system under study. For the
feedback channel we consider two scenarios: full-feedback and
limited-feedback of the channel information to the transmitter.
For both scenarios, we also express the PDF and the CDF for
the SNR of the best and scheduled user.
A. PDF and CDF for the OSFBC-OFDM
In the MIMO-OFDM systems, the subchannel fading, i.e.,
|H
j,i
[k, n]| can be considered as a Rayleigh at-fading, there-
fore |H
j,i
[k, n]|
2
for each user in each subchannel is a Chi-
squared distributed random variable. Since H[k, n]
2
F
is
the sum of n
T
n
R
i.i.d |H
j,i
[k, n]|
2
random variables, then
H[k, n]
2
F
is Chi-squared distributed random variable with
2n
T
n
R
degrees of freedom. We omit the index [k, n] in for
simplicity. Thus, using a change in variables, we can show
that the probability density function (PDF) and cumulative
distribution function (CDF) of the received SNR for each
subchannel of each user in OSFBC-OFDM; given in (2), can
be expressed as
f
() =
(n
T
R
c
)
nTnR
(n
T
n
R
1)!
nTnR
nTnR1
e
nTRc/
(3)
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947
F
() = 1 e
nTRc/
n
TnR1
l=0
(n
T
R
c
/)
l
l!
. (4)
B. Full feedback load Scenario
Assuming that full channel information is sent back to the
base station, the scheduler selects the best user for the nth
subcarrier such that m = arg max
k
{}. This means that the
user with the best channel SNR will be scheduled for the
transmission in that frequency-slot. Therefore, assuming that
the users SNR are i.i.d, using the theory of order statistics
[15], the PDF and CDF of the best user (with SNR
m
)
selected from K available users can be obtained from
f
m
() = K f
() [F
()]
K1
, (5)
and
F
m
() = [F
()]
K
, (6)
where f
() and F
m
() = F
() [F
(
th
)]
K1
,
th
F
m
() =
K
k=1
_
K
k
_
[F
(
th
)]
Kk
. [F
() F
(
th
)]
k
, >
th
(7)
Therefore, the PDF f
m
() can be obtained by taking deriva-
tive of the CDF F
m
() in (9) with respect to . Then, it can
be written as
f
m
() = f
() [F
(
th
)]
K1
,
th
f
m
() =
K
k=1
_
K
k
_
k f
() [F
(
th
)]
Kk
. [F
() F
(
th
)]
k1
, >
th
(8)
where f
(.) and F
(
th
), (9)
where 0 F 1 and F = 1 corresponds to a full feedback
load. Therefore, for a given feedback load, the corresponding
SNR threshold,
th
depends on the MU-MIMO-OFDM system
settings such as the number of transmit and receive antennas.
This threshold can be obtained from
th
= F
1
(1 F), (10)
where F
1
1.6 H[k, n]
2
F
n
T
R
c
_
2
[k,n]
1
_
_
. (11)
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948
By inverting (11), the suitable modulation scheme and the
corresponding number of bits in OSFBC-OFDM to obtain the
target BER, (BER
t
) can be calculated from
[k, n] = log
2
_
_
1 +
1.6 H[k, n]
2
F
n
T
R
c
ln
_
0.2
BERt
_
_
_
. (12)
Using (12), a continuous bit allocation can be performed on
each subcarrier and for each user. In the single user scenario,
the average modulation throughput (bits/sec/Hz) for the nth
OFDM subcarrier will be given by R(n) = E {[k, n]}, where
E {.} denotes the expectation operator. Taking the OSFBC
code rate into account, the effective average spectral efciency
(ASE) will be equal to
ASE(n) = R
c
E
_
_
_
log
2
_
_
1 +
1.6 H[k, n]
2
F
n
T
R
c
ln
_
0.2
BERt
_
_
_
_
_
_
, (13)
in terms of bits/sec/Hz.
The average spectral efciency over all the N subcarriers is
given by
ASE =
1
N
N1
n=0
ASE(n). (14)
In the multiuser scenario, and assuming that only the best user
(mth user) is allowed for the transmission at the nth frequency-
slot, the instantaneous spectral efciency can be obtained from
R[m, n] = R
c
log
2
_
_
1 +
1.6
m
ln
_
0.2
BERt
_
_
_
, (15)
where
m
= [m, n] = H[m, n]
2
F
/n
T
R
c
is the SNR of
the selected (best) user in the nth subcarrier.
Therefore, the average spectral efciency in this case will be
given by
ASE(n) = E {R[m, n]}
=
_
0
R
c
log
2
_
_
1 +
1.6
m
ln
_
0.2
BERt
_
_
_
f
m
(
m
) d
m
, (16)
where the expression of the f
m
() is given in (5) for full-
feedback and in (8) for limited-feedback scenario. Then, we
can obtain the overall average spectral efciency using (14)
which requires a numerical integration of (16).
B. Average channel capacity analysis
The channel capacity of the kth user in OSFBC-OFDM for
the nth subcarrier can be written as
C[k, n] = R
c
log
2
_
1 +
n
T
R
c
H[k, n]
2
F
_
. (17)
Therefore, the capacity achieved by the best user can be
expressed as
C[m, n] = R
c
log
2
(1 +
m
). (18)
Therefore, the average capacity will be given by
C(n) = E {C[m, n]} =
_
0
R
c
log
2
(1 +
m
) f
m
(
m
) d
m
.
(19)
Using the expression of the f
m
(
m
), (PDF of the best user)
we can simply obtain the corresponding average capacity using
numerical integration. By averaging over N subchannels, the
overall average channel capacity (AC) can be obtained from
AC =
1
N
N1
n=0
C(n). (20)
C. Proportional Fair Scheduling (PFS)
From the practical point of view, user fairness and feedback
delay are two main issues that should be considered with the
scheduling techniques. In the ideal case, when the statistics of
users are the same, the scheduling technique maximizes the
total throughput and also the throughput of individual users.
In reality, the statistics of the users are not the same.
The scheduler presented in the previous Section always
selects the user with the highest SNR and therefore the high-
est throughput at each frequency-slot. By employing power
control in the multiuser system, all users can have the same
average SNR, and therefore the maximum throughput and
fairness among the users can be maintained. However without
power control, users suffering from bad channel conditions
may starve and will not be given a chance to transmit.
This gives an unfair resource allocation among the users. To
overcome this, a proportional fair scheduling (PFS) technique
has been proposed to provide a good compromise between the
fairness and throughput [17]. PFS technique tries to schedule
a user whose ratio of instantaneous throughput R
(t)
[k, n] to
its own average throughput T
(t)
[k, n] over the past window
of length t
c
, (
R
(t)
[k,n]
T
(t)
[k,n]
) is the largest. In time-slot t, the PFS,
selects the user m with the largest value of that ratio among
all users in the system, i.e.
m = arg max
k
_
R
(t)
[k, n]
T
(t)
[k, n]
_
. (21)
The value of T
(t)
[k, n] is then updated as follows:
T
(t+1)
[k, n] =
_
_
_
_
1
1
tc
_
T
(t)
[k, n] +
1
tc
R
(t)
[k, n], k = m
_
1
1
tc
_
T
(t)
[k, n], k = m
(22)
By adjusting t
c
, the desired tradeoff between fairness and
throughput can be achieved. In general, higher value of t
c
,
provides larger total throughput and more unfairness among
the users.
We consider R
(t)
[k, n]=R
c
log
2
_
1 +
1.6 H
(t)
[k,n]
2
F
nTRc ln(
0.2
BER
t
)
_
for
the analysis of average spectral efciency and R
(t)
[k, n] =
R
c
log
2
_
1 +
nT Rc
H
(t)
[k, n]
2
F
_
for channel capacity anal-
ysis with PFS.
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949
V. SIMULATION AND NUMERICAL RESULTS
In this section, we provide the results obtained from the
Monte Carlo simulation and from the mathematical expres-
sions for the multiuser MIMO-OFDM system with user
scheduling over a frequency-selective fading channel. We as-
sume an OFDM with N=64 subcarriers, where the subchannel
gains are independent identically distributed for each user.
Fig. 2 shows the average spectral efciency of OSFBC-
OFDM system in terms of average SNR, using code G
2
with
two transmit and one receive antennas in a multiuser case.
Multiuser scheduler simply assign the resource to a user with
highest instantaneous SNR that satises a target BER of 10
4
.
The user having the highest SNR will be scheduled for the
transmission, then based on its SNR, a suitable bit allocation
will be made. The rst set of curves is provided by calculating
the ASE form (13) with selection of the best user with the
highest SNR from K active users and then averaging over
several realizations of MIMO channel. The second set of
curves is obtained from the expression in (16). As can be seen
simulation results are matched with the results obtained from
the formula. It can be observed that increasing the number of
available users improves the average spectral efciency.
Fig. 3 shows the average spectral efciency in terms of num-
ber of users for the average SNR of 10 dB for the same system
explained for Fig. 2. We assume different number of receive
antennas n
R
and a target BER of 10
5
. As can be observed
by increasing either the number of receive antennas or the
number of users, average spectral efciency will be increased.
In order to provide more fairness in the user scheduling, we
have also used the PFS technique with the latency scale of
t
c
= 50. As can be observed, providing fairness with PFS
decreases slightly the average spectral efciency.
Fig. 4 shows the average channel capacity of the system
under study with two transmit antennas and a multiuser
scheduling for the average SNR of 10 dB. The results have
been obtained from the expression in (8) for the various MIMO
cases. It is shown that the average capacity can be increased by
increasing either the number of receive antennas or the number
of active users. This also shows that the diversities in space and
user can be utilized at the same time. The simulation results are
also provided for the case when PFS technique (with t
c
= 50)
has been employed. Again, it can be seen that at the price of
a slight loss in the transmission capacity, scheduling fairness
among the users can be guaranteed.
Finally, Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 show the average spectral ef-
ciency and average channel capacity for the same system in
terms of the number of users in the reduced-feedback load
scenario for the average SNR of 10 dB. Also different system
congurations with different feedback loads (F = 1, 0.5, 0.2
and 0.1) have been considered. As can be observed reducing
the feedback load by 50% (F = 0.5), the system performance
remains almost the same as that of in full-feedback load
(F = 1). For a smaller feedback load such as F = 0.1 a
performance loss is negligible for a moderate-to-high number
of users. This suggests that when the number of users K is
higher than 30, a feedback greater than 10% is not necessary.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
SNR (dB)
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
S
p
e
c
t
r
a
l
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
(
b
/
s
/
H
z
)
Formula
Simulation
K = 1, 8, 32, 512 Users
Fig. 2. Average spectral efciency for continuous-rate adaptive OSFBC-
OFDM (2Tx,1Rx) multiuser scheduling (BERt = 10
4
).
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Number of Users
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
S
p
e
c
t
r
a
l
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
(
b
/
s
/
H
z
)
Formula
Simulation
PFS
MIMO (2,8)
MIMO (2,4)
MIMO (2,2)
MISO (2,1)
Fig. 3. Average spectral efciency for continuous-rate adaptive OSFBC-
OFDM (2Tx,n
R
Rx) multiuser scheduling (SNR = 10 dB and BERt = 10
5
)
with and without PFS.
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we have presented and analyzed a multiuser
scheduling technique for MIMO-OFDM system over multipath
frequency-selective MIMO fading channels. A continuous-rate
adaptive modulation has been employed to increase the spec-
tral efciency of the system. Two channel feedback scenarios
have been considered: full-feedback and limited feedback. For
both scenarios, a performance evaluation using mathematical
analysis and numerical simulation has been performed to
show the signicant advantages of the proposed scheme. It
was shown that adaptive modulation and user scheduling can
increase the average spectral efciency. It was observed that
This full text paper was peer reviewed at the direction of IEEE Communications Society subject matter experts for publication in the WCNC 2008 proceedings.
950
0 20 40 60 80 100
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
Number of Users
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
S
p
e
c
t
r
a
l
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
(
b
i
t
s
/
s
/
H
z
)
Formula
PFS, Simulation
MISO (2,1)
MIMO (2,2)
MIMO (2,4)
MIMO (2,8)
Fig. 4. Average capacity for OSFBC-OFDM (2Tx,n
R
Rx) with multiuser
scheduling (SNR = 10 dB) with and without PFS.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Number of Users
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
S
p
e
c
t
r
a
l
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
(
b
i
t
s
/
s
/
H
z
)
MISO (2,1)
MIMO (2,2)
F = 1
F = 0.5
F = 0.2
F = 0.1
Fig. 5. Average spectral efciency for continuous-rate adaptive OSFBC-
OFDM (2Tx,n
R
Rx) with multiuser scheduling for limited feedback scenario
(SNR = 10 dB and BERt = 10
5
).
using the proposed user scheduling with reduced-feedback
load scenario, reduced up to 90%, the channel capacity and
average spectral efciency of the system under study remain
almost the same as that of in full-feedback load scenario when
the number of users is greater that 30. This suggests that the
feedback load greater than 10% is not necessary when the
number of users is high.
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This full text paper was peer reviewed at the direction of IEEE Communications Society subject matter experts for publication in the WCNC 2008 proceedings.
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