Requirements of a useful battery 1. It should be light and compact for easy transport. 2.

The voltage of the battery should not vary appreciably during its use. 3. It should have long life both when it is being used and when it is not used.

TYPES OF BATTERY Batteries are broadly classified into the following categories i. Primary Battery (or) Primary cells (or) Non re!ersible Battery In these cells, the electrode and the electrode reactions cannot be reversed by passing an external electrical energy. The reactions occur only once and after use they become dead. Therefore, they are not chargeable and they have to be discarded after the exhaustion of their reactants. E". #ry cell$ mercury cell. ii. Secon%ary Battery (or)Secon%ary cells (or) Re!ersible cells In these cells, the electrode reactions can be reversed by passing an external electrical energy. Therefore, they can be recharged by passing electric current and used again and again. These are also called storage cells or! "ccumulators. E". &ea% aci% stora'e cell$ Nic(el ca%mium cell. iii. Flo) Battery (or)Fuel cells In these cells, the reactants, products and electrolytes are continuously passing through the cell. In this chemical energy gets converted into electrical energy. E".y%ro'en o"y'en fuel cell. i!) Reser!e Battery In these batteries, the active metals are #ept separated by special arrangement. $hen it has to be already used, an activation device ma#es it ready. %uch a battery is designed for long storage before use.

T*e main a%!anta'es of al(aline battery o!er %ry battery are i! ii! iii! &inc does not dissolve readily in a basic medium. The life of al#aline battery is longer than the dry battery, because there is no corrosion on &n "l#aline battery maintains its voltage, as the current is drawn from it.

In a 'inc battery, the acidic electrolyte causes the 'inc anode to deteriorate much more (uic#ly than the al#aline electrolyte in an al#aline battery. In the al#aline battery, the anode is 'inc powder that provides more surface area and greater longevity than solid 'inc. Because of their chemical ma#eup, al#aline batteries maintain a consistent source of power for a longer period of time.

)b*)b%+, s!-2%+, a(! II )b%+, s!)b+2 s!*)b .d*.d +-!2**/+- a(!*0i+2*0i

0I./123."45I65 .122 or! 0I."4 B"TT178 This is also a rechargeable battery. It consists of a cadmium anode and a metal grid containing a paste of 0i+2 cathode and an al#aline /+-. .ell representation .d9.d +-!299/+- a(!90i+290i $or#ing discharging! $hen the 0i."4 battery operates, cadmium is oxidised to .d2: ions and insoluble .d +-!2 is formed . "t anode .d %!:2+-; 33< .d +-!2 s! : 2e; +xidation of .d to .d2: ions and formation of .d +-!2! "t cathode 0i+2 s! : 2-2+ : 2e;333< 0i +-!2 s! : 2+-;

7eduction of 0i+2 to 0i2: ions and formation of 0i +-!2! +verall reaction during use discharging! .d s!: 0i+2 : 2-2+ 33< .d +-!2 s! : 0i +-!2 s! : 1nergy =rom the above cell reactions it is clear that, there is no formation of gaseous products, the products .d +-!2 and 0i +-!2 adhere well to the surfaces. This can be reconverted by recharging the cell. 7echarging the Battery The recharging process is similar to lead storage battery. $hen the current is passed in the opposite direction, the electrode reaction gets reversed. "s a result, .d gets deposited on anode and 0i+2 on the cathode. The net reaction during charging is .d +-!2 s! : 0i +-!2 : 1nergy33< .d s! : 0i+2 s! : 2-2+ "dvantages 1. It gives a constant voltage of 1.,>. 2. It is smaller and lighter. 3. It has longer life than lead storage cell. ,. 2i#e a dry cell, it can be pac#ed in a sealed container. 4isadvantages It is more expensive than lead storage battery. 6ses It is used in calculators, electronic flash units, transistors and cordless appliances. 2IT-I65 B"TT178 2ithium battery is a solid state battery because instead of using li(uid or a paste electrolyte, solid electrolyte is used. .onstruction The lithium battery consists of a lithium anode and a Ti%2 cathode. " solid electrolyte, generally a polymer, is pac#ed in between the electrodes. The electrolyte polymer! permits the passage of ions but not that of electrons. $or#ing 4ischarging!

$hen the anode is connected to cathode, lithium ions move from anode to cathode. The anode is elemental lithium, which is the source of the lithium ions and electrons. The cathode is a material capable of receiving the lithium ions and electrons. "t anode? 2i s! @ 2i: : e; "t cathode? Ti%2 s! : e; @Ti%2; +verall reactions 2i s! : Ti%2 s! @ 2i: : Ti%2;2i: : Ti%2; @ 2iTi%2 7echarging the BatteryThe lithium battery can be recharged by supplying an external current, which drives the lithium ions bac# to the anode. The overall reaction is 2iTi%2 @ 2i: : Ti%2; This cell is rechargeable and produces a cell voltage of 3.A>. +ther types of secondary 2ithium Batteries i. 2i*5n+2 ii. 2i*>2+B iii. 2i*5o+2 iv. 2i*.r3+C "dvantages of 2ithium battery It is considered to be cell of the future because 1. Its cell voltage is high, 3.A >. 2. 2i being a light3weight metal, only Dg 1 mole! material is re(uired to produce 1 mole of electrons. 3. %ince 2i has the most negative 1E value, it generates a higher voltage than the other types of cells. ,. "ll the constituents of the battery are solids and there is no ris# of lea#age from the battery. B. This battery can be made in a variety of si'es and shapes.
Its cell voltage is high 3V Since Li is a light weight metal only 7g material is required to produce l mole of electrons. Since Li has the most negative E0 value it generates a higher voltage than the other types of cells. Since all the constituents of the attery are solids there is no ris! of lea!age from the attery. "his attery can e made in a variety of si#es and shapes.

P+OTO,A&-AN./ /E&& OR SO&AR /E&& #efinition )hotogalvanic cell is the one, which converts the solar ener'y energy obtained from the sun! directly into electrical ener'y. Princi0le The basic principle involved in the solar cells is based on the 0*oto!oltaic (P-) effect. $hen the solar rays fall on a two layer is produced. This potential difference causes flo) of electrons and produces electricity. %olar cells consist of a 0 ty0e Semicon%uctor such as Si %o0e% )it* B! and n ty0e semicon%uctor such as Si %o0e% )it* P!. They are in close contact with each other. 1or(in' $hen the solar rays fall on the top layer of p3type semiconductor, the electrons from the valence band get promoted to the conduction band and cross the p3n Function into n3 type semiconductor. There by potential difference between two layers is created which causes flow of electrons i.e., an electric current!. The potential difference and hence current increases as more solar rays falls on the surface of the top layer. Thus when this p and n layers are connected to an external circuit, electrons flow from n3layer to p3layer, and hence current is generated. A00lications of Solar cells 2. &i'*tin' 0ur0ose %olar cells can be used for lighting purpose. 0ow a days electrical street lights are replaced by solar street lights. 3. Solar 0um0s run by solar battery $hen a large number of solar cells are connected in series it form a solar battery. %olar battery produces more electricity which is enough to run, water pump, street light, etc. 3. They can be used to produce hydrogen by electrolysis of water. The liberated hydrogen can be used in -2 G +2 fuel cells. ,. %olar cells are used in boilers to produce hot water for domestic and industrial uses. B. %olar cells are used in calculators, electronic watches, radios and T>s.

H. %olar cells are superior to other type of cells, because these are nonpolluting and eco3friendly. D. %olar energy can be stored in 0i3.d batteries and lead3acid batteries. C. %olar cells can be used to drive vehicles. I. %olar cells, made of silicon, are used as a source of electricity in space craft and satellites. Fuel Battery $hen a large number of fuel cells are connected in series, it form a battery called fuel cell battery or fuel battery. A%!anta'es 1. -23+2 fuel cells are used as auxiliary energy source in space vehicles, submarines or other military3vehicles. 2. The energy conversion from chemical to electrical! is highly efficient. 3. They have low maintenance cost. ,. -23+2 fuel cell produces drin#ing water. B. 0oise and thermal pollution are low. H. In case of -23+2 fuel cells, the product of water is proved to be a valuable source of fresh water by the astronauts. #isa%!anta'es 1. Their initial cost is high. 2. 2ife time of fuel cells is not #nown accurately. $I04 1017J8 $ind energy 1nergy recovered from the force of the wind is called wind energy. The wind energy is harnessed by ma#ing use of wind mills. $ind mills The stri#e of blowing wind on the blades of the wind mill ma#e it rotating continuosly . The rotational motion of the blade drives a number of machines li#e water pump, flour mills and electric generators.

0ow a days wind mill uses large si'ed propeller blades and are connected to a generator through a shaft. $ind mills are capable of generating about 1AA /$ electricity. $ind =arms $hen a large number of wind mills are installed and Foined together in a definite pattern it farms a wind farm. The wind farms produce a large amount of electricity. The minimum speed re(uired for satisfactory wor#ing of a wind generator is 1B #m*hr. The cost of power generation from wind farms has now become lower than diesel power and comparable to thermal power in several areas of our country. In India G The coastal regions of JuFarat The hill tops in 5adhya )radesh. The plains in 6ttar )radesh and 7aFasthan. "dvantages of wind energy 1.It is a renewable energy source available free of cost. 2.It is more economic. 3.$ind mills are used to supply power to remote and rural areas. ,.It does not cause pollution during energy generation. 4isadvantages of wind energy 1. 2ow energy density 2. 6se of energy storage batteries creates pollution. 3. >ariable and irregular. ,. $ind turbines interfere with T> and other electromagnetic communication systems. B. The wind farms produce unbearable mechanical noise from gear box. H. 6se of energy storage batteries creates pollution.

During discharge, lead sulphate (PbSO4) is formed on both the positive and negative plates, the acid content of the electrolyte is decreased. As a result of this the specific gravity of suphuric acid decreases.