College Caesar

Latin Text with Facing Vocabulary and Commentary

Geoffrey Steadman

College Caesar Latin Text with Facing Vocabulary and Commentary First Edition 2011 by Geoffrey D. Steadman Revised July 2011, January 2012, February 2012, July 2012, July 2013 All rights reserved. Subject to the exception immediately following, this book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publisher. The author has made an online version of this work available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 License. The terms of the license can be accessed at creativecommons.org. Accordingly, you are free to copy, alter, and distribute this work under the following conditions: (1) You must attribute the work to the author (but not in any way that suggests that the author endorses your alterations to the work). (2) You may not use this work for commercial purposes. (3) If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license as this one. ISBN-13: 978-0-9843065-7-2 ISBN-10: 0-9843065-7-9 Published by Geoffrey Steadman Cover Design: David Steadman Fonts: Times New Roman geoffreysteadman@gmail.com

Table of Contents
Pages

35 Lessons by Title....v Preface to the Series..vii-viii Introduction.......ix-x Outline of the Bellum Gallicumxi Chronology of the Life of Julius Caesar..xii How to Use this Commentary....xiii Running Core Vocabulary....xiv-xix Abbreviations.........xxii Selections from Caesars Commentri d Bell Gallic Book I.1-7 (Lessons 1-5) ........2-11 The Helvetian Campaign Book IV.24-35 (Lessons 6-12) ......12-25 First Expedition to Britain Book VI.13-20 (Lessons 13-17) 26-35 Customs Among the Gauls Book V.24-48 (Lessons 18-35) .36-71 Gauls Attack the Romans in Winter-Quarters

Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives...72-73 Verb Synopses74-83 Alphabetized Core Vocabulary..84-90

35 Lessons by Title
Book 1 Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Lesson 5 Book 4 Lesson 6 Lesson 7 Lesson 8 Lesson 9 Lesson 10 Lesson 11 Lesson 12 Book 6 Lesson 13 Lesson 14 Lesson 15 Lesson 16 Lesson 17 Book 5 Lesson 18 Lesson 19 Lesson 20 Lesson 21 Lesson 22 Lesson 23 Lesson 24 Lesson 25 Lesson 26 Lesson 27 Lesson 28 Lesson 29 Lesson 30 Lesson 31 Lesson 32 Lesson 33 Lesson 34 Lesson 35 Roman Winter Quarters are Scattered Among the Gauls Tasgetius is Killed and Ambiorix Revolts Ambiorix Advises Sabinus to Leave Camp Sabinus Officiers Advise Against Leaving the Camp Sabinus Argues in Favor of Leaving the Camp Cotta Argues Against Leaving the Camp, but the Romans Depart The Romans are Ambushed, and Sabinus is Despondent Cotta Takes Command as the Romans are Surrounded Cotta is Wounded, and Sabinus Seeks out Ambiorix Ambiorix Kills Sabinus and Incites the Nervii The Nevii and other Gauls Attack Ciceros Camp Cicero Resists as the Nervii Advise Departure The Nervii Continue the Siege and Set Fire to Ciceros Camp Ciceros Men Resist Amid the Flames The Story of Vorenus and Pullo Caesar is Informed and Acts Decisively Caesar Sends Orders to Crassus and Labienus Caesar Sends Word of his Arrival to Cicero Two Classes of Nobility: Druids and Knights The Druids: Privileges, Education, and Beliefs The Knights and Human Sacrifice Gods and Goddesses Among the Gauls Marriages, Funerals, and Rumors The Britons Approach the Romans as They Land The Romans Land and Give Chase to the Britons The Britons Seek Peace, and the Roman Cavalry is Delayed The Fleet is Damaged in the Storm The Britons Attack the Romans (I) The Britons Attack the Romans (II) The Britons are Defeated by the Romans The Divisions Within Gaul Orgetorix Forms a Conspiracy to Emigrate from Helvetia Orgetorixs Conspiracy Fails The Helvetians Follow Orgetorixs Plan: Two Possible Routes Caesar Decides to Stop the Helvetians

vii

Preface to the Series

The aim of this commentary is to make selections from Julius Caesars Gallic War as accessible as possible to intermediate-level Latin readers so that they may experience the joy, insight, and lasting influence that comes from reading one of greatest works in classical antiquity in the original Latin. To accomplish this goal, I have decided to eschew the traditional commentary format and adopt the best features of Clyde Pharrs Aeneid. Beneath each of the 35 sections, hereafter called lessons, of the Latin text are all the corresponding vocabulary words that occur four or fewer times in the commentary, arranged alphabetically in two columns. On the page facing the Latin text and vocabulary is a single page of grammar commentary, which is organized according to line numbers and likewise arranged into two columns. This format allows me to include as much information as possible and yet insure that the entries are distinct and immediately accessible to readers. To complement the vocabulary within the commentary, I have added a running core vocabulary list at the beginning of this commentary that includes all words occurring five or more times arranged according to the lesson in which readers first encounter them. An alphabetized form of this list can be found in the glossary. Together, this book has been designed in such a way that, once readers have mastered the running core list, they will be able to rely solely on the Latin text and facing notes and not need to turn a page or consult outside dictionaries. The grammatical notes are designed to help beginning readers read the text, and so I have passed over detailed literary and historical explanations in favor of short, concise, and frequent entries that focus exclusively on grammar and morphology. Assuming that readers complete their initial study of Latin with varying levels of ability, I draw attention to almost all subjunctive and accusative-infinitive constructions, identify unusual verbs forms and noun constructions, and in general explain aspects of the Latin that they should have encountered in their elementary review of Latin grammar but perhaps forgotten. As a rule, I prefer to offer too much assistance rather than too little. For instructors, I have intentionally placed the readings in Book VI before those in Book V. This arrangement conveniently breaks the book into halves of 17 and 18 lessons so that those reading in college may complete one lesson per class and have a midterm after L. 17. For those reading in a high school block schedule (90 90-minute classes), the order allows teachers to complete one lesson per day and administer several tests by the end of the 4.5-

viii
week (22-day) interim and to finish all 35 lessons by the 9-week (45 day) interim. Year-long Latin programs can devote two days to each lesson and finish well within a 90-day semester. Print on Demand Books Finally, this volume is a self-published, print-on-demand (POD) book. The most evident limitation of this method of publishing is that the commentary has not undergone extensive peer-review or general editing. Because there are so many vocabulary and commentary entries, there are sure to be typographical and factual errors. While these mistakes continue to be identified and corrected, I hope the reader will excuse the occasional error. Another limitation of a POD book is the restricted channel of distribution. Since this book is printed immediately after it is purchased and cannot be returned, physical bookstores are reluctant to sell it. For the time being, this book is available only through online retail. The benefits of POD, however, outweigh the costs. This commentary and others in the series simply would not exist without POD. Since there is no traditional publisher acting as a middle man, there is no one to deny publication of this work because it is a financial gamble and may not be profitable for the publisher. The decision to publish is mine alone. In addition, since this book is no more than a .pdf waiting to be printed, I am able to make corrections and place a revised edition of a POD book for sale as often as I want. In this regard, we should liken PODs to software instead of traditional typeset books. Although the first edition of a POD may not be as polished as a traditional book, authors are able to respond very quickly to readers recommendations and criticisms and create an emended POD that is far superior to previous editions. Consider, therefore, what you hold in your hand as an inexpensive beta version of the commentary. If you would like to recommend changes or download a free .pdf copy of the book as well as digital flashcards and other ancillaries, please contact me at the URL or email addresses below. Finally, I would like to thank Christopher Lauber at the Fordham Preparatory School and Jim Westcot at Blue Ridge High School for reading through the text and commentary and saving readers from innumerable errors, both great and small. I am very grateful for their sound judgment and keen observations. Geoffrey Steadman Ph.D. geoffreysteadman@gmail.com http://collegecaesar.wordpress.com

ix

Introduction to Caesars Commentri d Bell Gallic

Gaius Julius Caesar was a ruthless killer and consummate writer. He did not come to Gaul to rescue the people from themselves; he came to conquer, and his commentaries on the Bellum Gallicum were a vehicle to magnify his reputation among the Roman people. Nowhere are these two traits of Caesar better illustrated than in the passage below from Book I.12. In an effort to stop the 368,000 Helvetians from migrating to Western Gaul, Caesar pursues with three legions and intercepts one-fourth of the Helvetians (up to 92,000) as they are about to cross the Arar river and rejoin those who have already crossed. What ensues is a slaughter: I.12 Flmen est Arar, quod per fns Haedurum et Squanrum in Rhodnum nfluit, incredibil lenitte, ita ut oculs in utram partem fluat iudicr nn possit. Id Helveti rtibus ac lintribus iuncts transbant. Ubi per explrtrs Caesar certir factus est trs iam parts cpirum Helvetis id flmen tradxisse, qurtam vr partem citr flmen Ararim reliquam esse, d terti vigili cum leginibus tribus castrs profectus ad eam partem pervnit quae nondum flmen transerat. Es impedits et inopinants aggressus, magnam partem erum concidit; reliqu ss fugae mandvrunt atque in proxims silvs abdidrunt. Is pagus appellbtur Tigurnus; nam omnis cvits Helvtia in quattuor pgs dvsa est. Hic pgus nus, cum dom exsset, patrum nostrrum memori L. Cassium consulem interfcerat et eius exercitum sub iugum mserat. Ita sve cs sive cnsili derum immortlium quae pars civittis Helvetiae nsignem calamittem popul Roman intulerat, ea prnceps poenam persolvit. Qu in r Caesar nn slum pblics, sed etiam prvts iniris ultus est, quod eius socer L. Psnis avum, L. Psnem lgtum, Tigurin edem proeli qu Cassium interfcerant. 1

10

15

The passage is rich in rhetorical devices which Caesar employs to dehumanize the enemy, downplay the loss of life, and yet magnify his image as a Roman general. First, Caesar does not depict the Helvetians as human beings worthy of sympathy. In lines 4-7 he refers to the enemy with the banal term partem, and in line 7, the only line which depicts the attack itself, he employs nondescript pronouns and adjectives such as es, erum, and reliqu which suggest that Caesar is attacking a faceless enemy rather than an entire community. In line 4, when he refers to the Helvetians as copirum, his word choice is not simply vague but misleading, The word cpiae can refer to supplies or baggage and rightly describe the long train of Helvetians travelling with their possessions, but throughout Caesars writings, the word denotes troops; and so, when Caesar uses this word to describe the Helvetians, he perhaps intentionally suggests that he is facing armed men rather than unarmed innocents.

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Since in lines 8-9 Caesar refers to the group which he attacks as a pagus, one of the four political districts of Helvetia, we can conclude that Caesar in fact attacked men and women of all ages. Thus, when Caesar describes those whom he attacked as those weighed down and unsuspecting (es impedts et inopinnts, l. 7), though the passage may lead us to believe that these are cpiae, troops, hindered by their packs, they are more likely men and women of all ages weighed down not by weapons but by the young, by the sick, and by the elderly. Besides word choice, another rhetorical strategy that Caesar employs involves the relative size and arrangement of passages in his narrative. Elsewhere, Caesar is very detailed in his descriptions of battles. Here, he devotes only two lines (7-8) to the attack itself, but six (1-6) to an introduction and another nine (8-16) to his justification. In doing so, Caesar not only minimizes the importance of an attack on 92,000 but also stresses the lengthier justification making his defense rather than the slaughter the most memorable passage in the account. Not surprisingly, even Caesars justification strains credulity. Caesar claims that in the memory of our fathers (patrum nostrrum memori, 10) the same part of Helvetia that he attacked had killed the consul Cassius and enslaved his soldiers. Caesars portrayal makes the consuls death seem recent and Caesars action a timely response, but from other sources we know that Cassius was killed in 107 BC, 50 years before Caesars attack. Caesars dating appears intentionally vague. Caesar is likewise misleading when he says that his encounter with the district which killed Cassius was either by chance or by the plan of the immortal gods (sve cs sive cnsili derum, 11): he not so subtly suggests that the gods approve his action and therefore readers should look upon Caesar as both just and favored by the gods. Caesars ploys do not stop there. In addition to referring to himself in the third person, which makes his account seem objective rather than biased, he asserts in lines 14-16 that he is avenging not only a public injustice but a private wrong: the grandfather of Caesars fatherin-law was killed along with Cassius. Even if the Romans found such a claim on behalf of a distant relative credible, the fact that Caesar did not know he was attacking this particular pagus shows that, whatever the outcome, vengeance was not among his primary motives. As readers, therefore, we should view Caesars Bellum Gallicum not as a boring rehash of war but, just as the passage above, a lively attempt to depict events in a way that deflects blame and increases Caesars reputation among the Romans. Whether Caesar is vilifying the enemy (Book 1, 6) or drawing attention away from his haste and lack of preparation (Book 4, 5), we should be sceptical of Caesars account and ever vigilant to distingiush fact from bias.

xi Outline of the Bellum Gallicum

Scholars debate when Caesar wrote his Commentaries. One appealing theory is that heperhaps with the help of staffwrote and published each book individually while settled in winter-quarters. Such timing would have allowed Caesar to report his campaigns to the Senate and, more importantly, respond immediately to less favorable or accusatory reports spread by his political enemies. Book 1 (58 BC): Campaign against the Helvetians. Campaign against Ariovistus. Caesar departs from the province of Transalpine Gaul, where he is currently governor, to stop the migration of 368,000 Helvetians from Helvetia, modern Switzerland, to western Gaul. Caesar then turns his forces against Ariovistus and the Germans in Eastern Gaul and drives them across the Rhine river, the customary boundary between the Gauls and Germans. Book 2 (57 BC): Campaign against the Belgians. The Belgian Gauls amass forces to resist the Romans, and Caesar marches toward them. The Remi, a Belgic tribe, agree to assist Caesar. The fighting that ensues, particularly with the Belgian Nervii, is among the fiercest in the entire Gallic War. The Romans emerge victorious. Book 3 (56 BC): Campaign against the Veneti As troops under Servius Galba fend off attacks by Gauls in the Alps, the Veneti, a tribe in northwest Gaul on the coast of the Atlantic, seize and imprison Roman envoys. Caesars response is to fight the seaworthy Veneti on the Atlantic ocean, capture their fortresses, and execute their leaders for seizing the Roman envoys. In the meantime, the quaestor Marcus Crassus defeats the Aquitani to the south. Book 4 (55 BC): Caesar Bridges the Rhine. First Expedition to Britain The Suebi along with other Germanic tribes, the Usipetes and Tencteri, venture west across the Rhine into Belgian territory to avoid the fierce Germanic Suevi. After negotiations, Caesar repulses the Germans, builds a bridge to span the Rhine within ten days, and after brief skirmishes returns to Gaul. In late August, Caesar makes his initial expedition to Britain. Book 5 (54 BC): Second Expedition to Britain. After landing in Britain unopposed, he proceeds inland and fights with Britons under the leadership of Cassivellaunus. After Caesar subdues Cassivellaunus at Kent , he returns to Gaul. On account of low grain supplies, the Romans settle into scattered winter-quarters, which are subsequently attacked by the Gauls. While the forces under the the legates Titurius and Cotta are overwhelmed by the leader Ambiorix, those under Cicero and Labienus prevail over the Nervii and Treveri respectively. Book 6 (53 BC): Expedition to Germany. Customs among the Gauls and Germans. As Labienus defeats the Treveri, Caesar assists Ciceros camp and pursues Ambiorix and the Eburones. He briefly crosses the Rhine river to prevent Ambiorix from receiving assistance from the Germans, but Amborix continues to elude the Romans. Caesar describes the organization and customs of the Gauls, the religion and warfare among the Germans, and the animals found in the Hercynian forest in Germania. Book 7 (52 BC): The Gauls Rally and Fall under Vercingetorix The Gauls rally under the leader Vercingetorix. After several sieges and battles, Caesar besieges Vercengetorix and the main Gaul force at Alesia. When the Gauls eventually surrender, Vercgetorix is led to Rome, where he will eventually be led in chains and executed to celebrate Caesars triumph. Book 8 (51 BC): Written by Aulus Hirtius, a legate of Caesar, possibly after Julius Caesars death, the book details how Caesars quells small uprisings and rewards loyal Romans and Gauls with gifts.

xii The Life of Julius Caesar

B.C. 100 87 83 Caesar is born on July 12th Flamen Dialis, selected to priesthood Marries Cornelia, daughter of Cinna

80-78 Serves in the army in Asia Minor 76-75 Studies oratory in Rhodes 68 67 65 63 62 61 60 59 56 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 31 Quaestor, elected Marries Pompeia Aedile, elected Pontifex Maximus, elected Praetor, elected Propraetor, serves in Spain Forms First Triumvirate with Pompey, Crassus Consul, marries Calpurnia Triumvirate renewed at Luca Openly breaks with Pompey Crosses the Rubicon, civil war begins Battle of Pharsalia in Greece, defeats Pompeys forces Subdues Egypt Battle of Thapsus in North Africa, defeats Cato and senators, Dictator for 10 years Battle of Munda in Spain, defeats sons of Pompey, Imperator for life Assasinated by a conspiracy on March 15th Grand-nephew Gaius Octavius made heir, renamed Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus Second Triumvirate formed by Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus Battle of Actium, Octavian defeats Mark Antony and Cleopatra, becomes sole ruler 31-AD 14 Octavian receives the cognomen Augustus, becomes the first Emperor

58-49 Proconsul in Gaul

___________

xiii How to Use this Commentary

Research shows that, as we learn how to read in a second language, a combination of reading and direct vocabulary instruction is statistically superior to reading alone. One of the purposes of this book is to help readers identify the most frequent words and encourage active acquisition of vocabulary. 1. Skim through the book and familiarize yourself with every grammar box and the appendix. 2. Master the core vocabulary list as soon as possible. A. Develop a daily regimen for memorizing vocabulary and forms before you begin reading. Start with an intensive review of the running core list on the next page. Although a substantial number of core vocabulary words come within the first few lessons of the commentary, readers have already reviewed most of these words in first year Latin and can devote their efforts to mastering the handful of words in the initial lessons that they have never encountered. B. Download and use the core list flashcards available online (ppt or jpg format). Research has shown that you must review new words at least seven to nine times before you are able to commit them to long-term memory. Flashcards are particularly efficient at promoting repetition. As you work, delete flashcards that you have mastered and focus your efforts on the remaining words. Digital flashcards for less frequent vocabulary (occurring 3-4 times) will appear online in time. 3. Read actively and make lots of educated guesses A. Persistence counts. Caesar is very consistent in his use of vocabulary and grammar, and so while the readings will maintain the same level of difficulty, you will become a much better reader with time. The more earnestly you learn vocabulary and new grammar in the early readings, the more fluently you will be able to read later passages without much preparation. B. Read in Latin word order. Initially, readers have a tendency both (i) to scan through the entire Latin sentence quickly to order to attain a sense of the constructions and (ii) to treat the sentence as a puzzle and jump around the passage from subject to verb to object and so forth. Ideally, you should read in Latin word order. Whatever method you use, always review the sentence which you have just translated in Latin word order. Over time, as you acquire more vocabulary and your comfort with Caesar increases, make reading in Latin word order your primary method of reading. It is a lot of fun, and with persistence it is very satisfying. 4. Reread a passage or lesson immediately after you have completed it. Repeated readings not only help you commit Latin to memory but also increase your ability to read the Latin as Latin. Caesars consistent use of vocabulary and grammar makes it possible for readers to develop reading proficiency very quickly. Always read the words out loud (or at least whisper them to yourself). While you may be inclined to translate the text into English as you reread, develop the habit of reading Latin as Latin and acquiring meaning without using English. 5. Reread the most recent passage or lesson immediately before you begin a new one. This additional repetition will strengthen your ability to recognize vocabulary, forms, and syntax quickly, bolster your confidence, and most importantly provide you with much-needed context as you begin the next selection in the text.

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Caesar Running Core Vocabulary (5 or more times)

The following list includes all words in the Latin selections that occur five or more times arranged in a running vocabulary list. The number in the left column indicates in which lesson the word first occurs. The author tabulated the frequency lists by collating all of Caesars words into a single list and counting them. Flashcards (.ppt and .jpg) are available online. For an alphabetized list of the core words, readers should consult the glossary.

1 , ab: (away) from; by, 80 1 absum, -esse, fu: be absent, lack, 6 1 ad: to, toward; near, at 110 1 alius, -a, -ud: other, another, else, 13 1 animus, - m: mind, spirit; pl. courage, 6 1 appell (1): to call, call by name, 5 1 atque: and, and also, and even, 60 1 aut: or (aut...aut eitheror), 32 1 Belgae, -rum m.: Belgians, 6 1 bellum, -, n.: war, 16 1 capi, -ere, cp, captum: to take, capture, seize, 11 1 causa, -ae f.: reason, cause; case, 21 1 contine, -re, -nu, -tentum: to hold or keep together, 9 1 cum: with (+ abl.); when, since, although, 86 1 d: (down) from; about, concerning, 41 1 dc, -ere, dx, dictus: to say, speak, tell, call, name, 18 1 et: and, also, even, 167 1 etiam: also, even, besides, 8 1 fer: almost, nearly, closely, 7 1 fnis, -is m./f.: end, border; territory, 17 1 flmen, -inis n.: river, stream, 9 1 fortis, -e: strong, brave, valiant, 7 1 Gallia, -ae f.: Gaul, 17 1 Gallus, -a, -um: Gallic; subst. a Gaul, 15 1 Germnus, -a, -um: German, 9 1 ger, -ere, gess, gestus: to carry (on), wage, 8 1 Helvtius, -a, -um: Helvetian; subst. a Helvetian 16 1 hic, haec, hoc: this, these, 92 1 in: in, on (abl.), into, to (acc.) 173 1 initium, - n.: beginning, entrance, 6 1 inter: between, among (+ acc.), 15 1 ipse, ipsa, ipsum: -self; the very, 17 1 is, ea, id: this, that; he, she, it, 133 1 long: far, at a distant, 6 1 noster, nostra, nostrum: our, 36 1 obtine, -re, -u, -tentum: hold, maintain, 6 1 omnis, omne: every, all, 72 1 pars, partis, f.: part, share, side 43 1 pertine, -re, -tinu: to stretch out, reach, extend to, 7 1 proelium, -i n.: battle, combat, 15 1 prohibe, -re, -u, -itus: keep off, prohibit, 6 1 prvincia, -ae f.: province, 7

Caesar Running Vocabulary

1 proximus, -a, -um: nearest, very close, 12 1 -que: and, 108 1 qu, quae, quod (quis? quid?): who, which, that, 225 1 reliquus, -a, um: remaining, the rest of, 28 1 Rhnus, - m.: Rhine River, 9 1 Rhodanus, -a, -um: Rhone, 5 1 s: himself, herself, itself, themselves, 74 1 Squanus, -a, -um: Sequanian, 5 1 sum, esse, fu, futrum: to be, 165 1 suus, -a, -um: his, her, its, their own, 54 1 tertius, -a, -um: third, 8 1 trs, tria: three, 7 1 nus, -a, -um: one, 29 1 virts, -tis f.: valor, manhood, excellence, 11 2 ager, agr m.: field, land; farm, 8 2 alter, -era, -erum: other (of two), 12 2 altus, -a, -um: high, lofty, tall, 5 2 amcitia, -ae, f.: friendship, 12 2 annus, - m.: year, 11 2 apud: among, at the house of (acc.), 7 2 arbitror, arbitrr, arbitrtus sum: to judge, think, 10 2 autem: however, moreover, 5 2 cvits cvittis, f.: state, citizenship, 20 2 confirm (1): make strong, confirm strengthen, 5 2 constitu, -ere, -u, -tus: decide, establish, resolve, 14 2 copia, -ae f.: abundance, supply; troops, 12 2 dc, -ere, dx, ductus: lead, draw, 7 2 , ex: out from, from, out of (+ abl.), 72 2 facilis, -e: easy; adv. facile, easily, 10 2 faci, -ere, fc, factum: do, make, perform; grant, 40 2 fnitimus, -a, -um: neighboring; subst. neighbors, 6 2 frmentum, - n.: grain, 10 2 habe, -re, habu, -itus: have, hold; consider, 32 2 hom, -inis m./f.: man, mortal, human, 15 2 imperium, - n.: command, power, 7 2 infer, -ferre, -tul, illtum: wage, carry on, 7 2 iter, itineris n.: way, road, route, journey, 17 2 locus, - m.: place, region, location, 31 2 magnus, -a, -um: great, large; mighty, important, 29 2 maximus, -a, -um: greatest, largest, 15 2 mlle pl. mlia, ium n.: thousand, 9 2 minor, minus: less, smaller, 7 2 multitdo, inis f.: multitude, population, people, 11 2 numerus, - m.: number, multitude, 13 2 Orgetorix, -is m.: Orgetorix, 6 2 passus, -s: pace, step, 7 2 px, pcis f.: peace, quiet, rest, 6 2 permove, -re: to move deeply, trouble, excite, agitate, 5

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xvi

Caesar Running Vocabulary

2 persude, -re, -sus, -susum: persuade, convince, 12 2 possum, posse, potu: be able, can, avail, 40 2 praest, -re, -stit, -stitus: perform, show, be better, 6 2 pr: before, for, in behalf of (abl.), 16 2 profectio, -nis f.: departure, 5 2 proficscor, -, -fectus: set out, depart, 23 2 regnum, - n.: royal power, kingdom, realm, 8 2 rs, re, f.: thing, matter, affair, business, 64 2 ttus -a, -um: whole, entire, 7 2 undque: (from) everywhere, from or on all sides, 5 2 ut: as, just as, when (+ ind.); (so) that, in order that, 59 3 ac: and, and also, and even, 24 3 accipi: to take without effort, receive, get, accept, 10 3 arma, -rum n.: arms, equipment, tools, 7 3 cg, cgere, cog, coctum: to collect; compel, 11 3 cnor, cnr, cntus sum: to try, 6 3 dis, - m./f.: day, time, season, 33 3 d, dare, ded, datum: give; grant, 18 3 dem, eadem, idem: the same, 14 3 exercitus, -s m.: (trained) army, 9 3 flius, -i m.: son, 5 3 ille, illa, illud: that, those, 22 3 incit (1): put into motion, urge on, 5 3 maxim: exceedingly especially, 6 3 mors, mortis, f.: death, 9 3 multus, -a, -um: much, many, 11 3 n: lest, that not, no, not, 13 3 neque: and not, nor (nequeneque = neithernor), 27 3 nn: not, by no means, not at all, 36 3 ob: on account of, because of (acc.), 5 3 rtio, -ionis f.: speaking, speech, 8 3 per: through, across (acc) 18 3 populus, - m.: people, nation, 9 3 prob (1): approve, commend, 5 3 Rmnus, -a, -um: of Rome, Roman, 15 3 spr (1): hope (for), expect, 6 3 tempus, temporis, n.: time, occasion, 11 4 cnsilium, -i n.: plan, counsel, 12 4 conveni, -re, -vn, -ventus: come together, assemble, 9 4 duo, duae, duo: two, 8 4 existim (1): judge, consider, think, 9 4 iube, iubre, iuss, iussum: to order, command, 17 4 nihil: nothing, 10 4 nllus, -a, -um: none, no, no one, 9 4 oppugn (1): capture by assault, attack, 6 4 perculum, - n.: risk, danger, peril, 14 4 post: after, behind (+ acc.); afterward, next, 5 4 prv (1): deprive of, rob, strip from (abl), 5

Caesar Running Vocabulary

4 quisque, quidque: each one, each person, 9 4 recipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum: take back, recover, 10 4 singulus, -a, -um: one by one, separate, 5 4 sps, - f.: hope, expectation, 6 4 trnse, -re, -i (v), itus: pass (by), 6 4 tor, -, sus sum: use, employ (abl.), 5 4 vide, vidre, vd, vsum: to see, 14 5 adventus, -s m.: arrival, approach, 7 5 Caesar, -aris m.: Caesar, 40 5 certus, -a, -um: definite, sure, certain, reliable, 8 5 dum: while, as long as, until, 6 5 facults, -ttis f.: opportunity, power, skill, ability, 5 5 imper (1): command, order, bid, 7 5 lgtus, - m.: an envoy, legate, 16 5 legio, -nis f.: legion, (~4200 soldiers), 32 5 licet: impersonal, it is allowed or permitted, 5 5 mles, mlitis, m.: soldier, 33 5 mitt, -ere, ms, missus: send, hurl, dismiss, 20 5 perveni, -re, -vn, -ventum: arrive, 8 5 s: if (only), whether, in case that, 30 5 sine: without (abl.), 8 5 sub: under, below, beneath, underneath, 5 5 tamen: however, nevertheless, 14 5 tene, tenre, tenu, tentum: to hold, keep, 6 5 llus, -a, -um: any, 5 5 vol, velle, volu: will, wish, be willing, 13 6 animadvert, -ere, -vert, -versum: turn mind to, notice 5 6 at: but; mind you; but, you say, 7 6 barbarus, -a, -um: foreign, savage, 5 6 cognsc, -ere, -nv, -nitum: to learn, come to know, pf. know, 14 6 co(n)ici, -ere, -ic: throw together, throw, take oneself, 10 6 consuesc, -ere, -v, -sutum: to accustom, 8 6 gredior, -, -gressus: go out, disembark, 5 6 equittus, -s m.: cavalry, 5 6 genus, generis, n.: origin, kind, sort, 10 6 gravis, -e: heavy, serious, severe; venerable, 9 6 hostis, -is m./f.: stranger, enemy, foe, 43 6 longus -a, -um: long, 8 6 magnitdo, -inis f.: greatness, size, 5 6 manus, mans, f.: hand; group, 9 6 nam: for, 9 6 nvis, nvis, f.: ship, boat, 23 6 nisi: if not, unless 6 6 paulus, -a, -um: little, small, 9 6 ps, pedis m.: foot, 5 6 plrumque: for the most part, mostly, commonly, 5 6 propter: on account of, because of, 5 6 pugna, -ae f.: battle, fight, 7

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Caesar Running Vocabulary

6 pugn (1): to fight, 9 6 subsequor, -, sectus sum: follow after or behind, 7 6 summus, -a, -um: top of, highest (part of) 10 6 telum, - n.: projective, weapon, blow, 9 6 sus, -s m.: use, practice, application, 10 7 aliqu, -qua, -quod: some, any, definite, 8 7 coep, coepisse, coeptum: to begin, 9 7 comple, -re, -v, -tum: fill up, fill, 6 7 conspici, -ere, -spex, -spectus: see, behold, 5 7 dsum, -esse, -fu, -futrum: be lacking, lack, fail, 6 7 eques, equitis m.: horseman, rider, 12 7 fer, ferre, tul, ltus: carry, bear, endure, 7 7 impetus, -s m.: attack, assault, onset, 7 7 ord, -inis m.: order, line, array; status, 6 7 perturb (1): confuse, disturb, throw into confusion, 6 7 prmus -a -um: first, 15 7 pblicus, -a, -um: public, common, 11 7 signum -, n.: sign, signal; gesture, seal, 5 7 subsidium, i n.: reserve troops; third line of battle, 5 7 tantus, -a, -um: so great, so large, 10 7 tum: then, at that time, 12 7 uterque, utraque, utrumque: each (of two) 8 8 Britannia, -ae f.: Britain, 6 8 castra, -rum n.: camp, encampment, 23 8 dfer, -ferre, -tul, -ltum: report, offer 8 8 dmonstr (1): to show, demonstrate, 5 8 nox, noctis, f.: night, 9 8 obss, obsidis m./f.: hostage, 5 8 pet, petere, petv, pettum: seek, aim at, 7 8 sed: but, moreover, however, 13 8 ss: emphatic form of reflexive s, 14 8 subit: suddenly, 5 8 super (1): surpass, overcome, 6 8 superus, -a, -um: upper, higher, above, 9 8 veni, -re, vn, ventus: come, go, 14 9 accid, -ere, accid: to happen, fall to, 13 9 complres n.: several, 5 9 discd, -ere, -cess, -cessum: to go away, depart, 9 9 effici, -ere, -fc, -fectus: make, form, 5 9 impedmentum, - n.: baggage, impediment, 6 9 ita: so, thus, 7 9 itaque: and so, 6 10 casus, -s m.: misfortune, mishap; fall 5 10 consutdo, -inis f.: custom, habit, 5 10 ets: even if, although, though, 5 10 intermitt, -ere: interrupt, discontinue, leave off, 5 10 maior, maius: greater, 6 11 cohors, cohortis f.: cohort, company, troop 14

Caesar Running Vocabulary

11 interfici, -ere, -fc, -fectum: kill, slay, destroy, 14 11 interim: meanwhile, in the meantime, 5 11 prem, -ere, press, pressus: check, pursue, control, 7 11 sustine, -re, -u: hold up, sustain, 8 12 celerits, -ttis f.: quickness, swiftness, speed, 5 12 celeriter: quickly, swiftly, speedily, 6 12 circiter: (round) about, not far from, 7 12 nuntius, -i m.: messenger, 6 12 quantus, -a, -um: how great, much, many, 6 13 contrversia, -ae f.: dispute, debate, 7 13 disciplna, -ae f.: training, instruction, 5 13 Druids, -um m.: Druids, 6 13 praemium, - n.: reward, prize, 5 14 ibi: there, in that place, 5 14 littera, -ae f.: letter of the alphabet, letter, literature, 12 14 ratio, ratinis, f.: calculation, account, method, 5 15 circumveni, -re: to come around, encircle, 6 15 vta, -ae, f.: life, 5 16 pon, ponere, posu, positum: to put, place, 6 17 concilium, -i n.: meeting, rendezvous, 6 18 Ambiorix, -rigis m.: Ambiorix, 15 18 Cicero, Cicernis m.: Cicero 14 18 Cotta, -ae m.: Cotta, 10 18 Crassus, - m.: Crassus, 5 18 Eburns, -um m.: Eburones (German), 5 18 hberna, -rum n.: winter-quarters, 26 18 Labinus, m.: Labienus, 5 18 Lucius, - m.: Lucius, 10 18 Nervi, -irum m.: Nervii (Belgic Gauls) 9 18 Quintus, - m.: Quintus, 6 18 Sabnus, m.: Sabinus, 7 18 Titurius, - m.: Titurius, 8 19 ascend, -ere, -, -nsus: ascend, mount 2 19 oppugntio, -tinis f.: an assault, 6 19 resist, -ere, -stit: stand still, halt; oppose, 5 19 vallum, - n.: wall, fortification, palisade, 11 20 Adutuc, -rum m.: Aduatuci (in Belgae), 5 20 commnis, -e: common, 6 21 sals, -tis f.: safety, refuge; health, 10 21 ttus, -a, -um: safe, secure, guarded, 7 22 calamits, -ttis f.: loss, misfortune, calamity, disaster, 5 22 quidem: indeed, in fact, certainly, 6 22 victoria, -ae f.: victory, 7 23 relinqu, -ere, -lqu, -lictum: to leave behind, 7 25 accd, -ere, -cess, -cessus: approach, 5 28 mntio, -inis f.: fortification, paving, 7 28 turris, turris f.: tower, walled tower, 7 32 Pullo, Pullnis, m.: Pullo, 6 and Vornus, - m.: Vorenus, 5

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Abbreviations
abs. acc. act. adj. adv. app. comp. dat. dep. d.o. f. fut. gen. imp. impf. impers. indic. i.o. inf. inter. l. ll. absolute accusative active adjective adverb appositive comparative dative deponent direct object feminine future genitive imperative imperfect impersonal indicative indirect object infinitive interrogative line lines m. n. nom. obj. PPP pple. pass pf. pl. plpf. pred. prep. pres. pron. reflex. rel. seq. sg. subj. superl. voc. masculine neuter nominative object Perfect passive participle participle passive perfect plural pluperfect predicate preposition present pronoun reflexive relative sequence singular subject or subjunctive superlative vocative

Citations in Caesar
The universal method for referring to pages in any edition of Caesars Commentarii d Bell Gallic is through a sequence of two or even three numbers: e.g. IV.24.2 or 4.24. The first number denotes the book in d Bell Gallic; the second number, the paragraph; and the third number, if it is included, a subsection about the length of one sentence. Throughout this commentary I have chosen to use Roman numerals to indicate the book number (eg. IV), but it is not uncommon for scholars to use Arabic numerals (e.g. 4). The paragraph number is always an Arabic numeral and is uniform from one edition of Caesar to the next (e.g. IV.24, 4.24). In this book I place the paragraph number in boldface at the beginning of each paragraph. This system allows readers to pick up any edition of Caesar in English or Latin and, regardless of the page numbering of that edition, locate a particular passage in Caesar. Each paragraph in d Bell Gallic can also be divided into subsections, which may be included or left out of citations (e.g 4.24.1 or simply 4.24). In this commentary I have chosen for pedagogical reasons to include the numbers of these subsections within the text itself. In a classroom setting, teachers can conveniently ask individual students to recite and translate by subsection and not have to refer awkwardly to the initial words in each sentence. Line numbers, located in the inside margin of the text, are peculiar to this commentary. I have included them so that I can efficiently refer to words and phrases in the grammar and readers can easily locate those words and phrases. While you can refer to the line numbers in class discussions, use only the book, paragraph, and subsection numbers when you cite Caesar in written work.

Im going to spare the defeated, Im going to speak to the crowd. Im going to spare the defeated, cause Im going to speak to the crowd. Im going to teach peace to the conquered, Im going to tame the proud. - Bob Dylan To make the ancients speak, we must feed them with our own blood. - von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff

2
1.1

Lesson 1: Caesar I.1 1

Gallia est omnis dvsa in parts trs, qurum nam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aqutn, tertiam qu ipsrum lingu Celtae, nostr Gall appellantur. 2. H omns lingu, nstitts, legibus inter s differunt. Galls ab Aqutns Garumna flmen, Belgs Matrona et Squana dvidit. 3. Hrum omnium fortissim sunt Belgae, proptere quod cult atque hmnitte Prvinciae longissim absunt, minimque ad es merctrs saepe commeant atque ea quae ad effminands anims pertinent important, 4. Proximque sunt Germns, qu trns Rhnum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt. Qu de caus Helveti quoque reliqus Galls virtte praecedunt, quod fer cotdins proelis cum Germns contendunt, cum aut sus finibus es prohibent aut ips in erum finibus bellum gerunt. 5. Erum na pars, quam Galls obtinre dictum est, initium capit flmine Rhodan, contintur Garumn flmine, cean, fnibus Belgrum, attingit etiam ab Squanis et Helvtis flmen Rhnum, vergit ad septentrins. 6. Belgae ab extrms Galliae fnibus oriuntur, pertinent ad inferirem partem flminis Rhn, spectant in septentrinem et orientem slem. 7. Aquitania Garumn flmine ad Pyrenaes monts et eam partem cean quae est ad Hispniam pertinet; spectat inter occsum slis et septentrins.
Aquitn, -rum m.: Aquitani, 2 Aquitania, -ae f.: Aquitania, 1 atting, -ere, tig, tctum: touch to, border, 1 Celtae, -rum m.: Celts, 1 comme (1): to travel, go to and fro, 1 contend, -ere, -, -ntus: strive; hasten, 4 continenter: continuously, incessantly, 1 cotidinus, -a, -um: daily, of every day, 3 cultus, -s m.: culture, refinement, 2 differ, -ferre,: differ, carry different ways, 2 dvid, -ere, -vs, -vsus: divide, distribute, 4 effmin (1): soften, make into women, 1 extrmus, -a, -um: farthest, outermost, 2 Garumna, -e f.: Garumna river, 4 Hispania, -ae f.: Spain, 2 hmnits, -ttis f.: humanity, nature, 1 import (1): bring in, introduce, import, 1 incol, -ere, -u: inhabit, dwell on, 3 inferus, -a, -um: below, lower, 3 institum, n.: institution, practice, custom, 2

10

15

20

lx, -lgis f.: law, regulation, decree, 3 lingua, ae f.: tongue, language, 2 Mtrna, -ae f.: Matrona (Marne) river, 1 merctor, -ris m.: merchant, trader, 1 minim: least of all, least, 1 mons, montis m.: mountain, mount, 4 occsus, -s m.: fall, destruction, 2 Ocenus, m.: Oceanus, 3 orior, -r, ortus: arise, rise, spring, 3 praecd, -ere, cess, -cessum: surpass, 1 proptere: on this account, therefore, 4 Pyrenaeus, -a, -um: of the Pyrenees, 1 quoque: also, 2 saepe: often, 3 septentrins, -um m.: north, (7 stars), 3 Squana, -ae: Sequana (Seine) River, 1 sl, slis m.: sun, 3 spect (1): watch, observe, behold, inspect, 3 trans; over, across (+ acc.), 3 verg, -ere, vers: turn, bend, 1

The Divisions Within Gaul

1 estdvsa: is divided; dvsa is a predicate adjective and not part of a perfect pass. verb qurum namaliamtertiam: of which (parts) one (part)another (part)a third (part); a genitive at the beginning of the clause is often, as here, a partitive gen. (gen. of whole) 2 Aqutn: Aquitanians (inhabit); add incolunt which is missing through ellipsis (omission) Tertiam (incolunt) qu: (those) who. (inhabit) the third; the missing antecedent of the relative clause is subject of missing incolunt ipsrum lingu: in the language of (these) very ones; i.e. of the Gauls, ipse usually modifies a noun, which is missing and must be supplied; lingu is an ablative of respect (in respect to..) nostr: in our (language); supply lingu CeltaeGall: nom. predicates of appellantur 3 lingu, nstitts, lgibus: ininin; in respect to, all three are abl. of respect 4 Garumna flmen (dvidit): nom. subject, add dvidit from the next clause Matrona et Squana: nom. pl. with a 3rd sg. verb because the rivers form a single boundary; supply Galls as acc. direct object 5 Hrum omnium: of all these; or among all these, partitive gen., as in line 1, Caesar often uses a a genitive at the beginning of a clause and then specifies the parts within the clause proptere quod: because; lit. on this account because, which is a pleonasm (redundancy) 6 Prvinciae: of the Province; i.e. Gallia Transalpina, the area in southern France controlled by the Romans. Although the word prvincia is a general term, the Romans referred to this province as the Province. This edition uses the capital P to distinguish it from other provinces. 6 longissim: very far; superlative adverb long ad es to those; es is demonstrative 7 ea quae those things which; neut. pl.

ad effminands: for softening; lit. for courage going to be softened ad + gerundive (fut. pass. pple) often expresses purpose; when translating, readers should employ a gerundgerundive flip: translate the gerundive as a gerund (e.g. softening) and the noun modified by the gerundive as an object of the gerund 8 Germns: dat. with special adj. proxim 9 quibuscum: cum quibus Qu d caus: for which reason; concerning which reason qu modifies caus; as often, Caesar places the adjective, here a relative adj., before the preposition 10 virtte: in (respect to) valor; abl. respect quod: because cumprohibentgerunt: since; cum + indicative, not a preposition of sus fnibus. 11 sus fnibus: from their borders; abl. of separation (a construction which includes but is not limited to place from which), governed by prohibent, (Helvetians) keep sus: their; Helvetians, reflexive possessive es: them; i.e. Germans, personal pronoun ips: (they) themselves; Helvetians 12 erum: their; i.e. Germans 13 erum: of these (three parts); partitive gen. obtinre: ind. discourse (that clause), Galls is acc. subj. and quam is acc. d.o. dictum est: it has been said; as in line 2 above 14 contintur: governs all three abl. of means, which are missing conjunctions, asyndeton 15 ab Squns: from (the side of) 16 oriuntur: rise; pres. deponent, orior 17 spectant in septentrinem: looks to the northern; i.e. opens up to the northeast orientem: eastern; rising sun; pres. pple. 18 eam partem: that part; demonstrative 19 ad Hispniam: near Hispania; with est spectat: looks to; i.e. opens up to

Gerund-Gerundive Flip A gerundive (effeminandus,-a,-um in line 7) is a future passive participle. It is an adjective which agrees with a noun in case, number, and gender. Because it is awkward to translate (e.g. going to be softened), readers should employ a gerund-gerundive flip and translate the gerundive as a gerund, a verbal noun (e.g. softening), and the noun modified by the gerundive as the gerunds object. This is a popular construction in Caesar. So, be prepared. Ad anims effminands For courage (going) to be softened Flip ad effminandum anims for softening courage

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2.1

Lesson 2: Caesar I.2 I.3.2 1

Apud Helvtis long nbilissimus fuit et ditissimus Orgetorx. Is, M. Messl, et M. Psne cnsulibus, regn cupiditte inductus conirtinem nbilittis fcit et civitt persusit ut d fnibus sus cum omnibus copis exrent: 2. perfacile esse, cum virtte omnibus praestrent, ttus Galliae imperi potr. 3. Id hc facilius es persusit, quod undique loc natr Helveti continentur: n ex parte flmine Rhno ltissim atque altissim, qu agrum Helvtium Germns divdit; alter ex parte monte Ir altissim, qu est inter Squans et Helvtis; terti lac Lemann et flmine Rhodn, qu provinciam nostram ab Helvetis divdit. 4. Hs rbus fibat ut et minus lt vagrentur et minus facile fnitims bellum nferre possent; 5. Qu ex parte homins belland cupid magn dolre afficibantur. 6. Pr multitdine autem hominum et pr glri bell atque fortitdinis angusts s fns habre arbitrbantur, qu in longitdinem mlia passuum CCXL, in ltitdinem CLXXX patbant. 3.1 Hs rbus adduct et auctritte Orgetorgis permt cnstiturunt ea quae ad proficscendum pertinrent comparre, iumentrum et carrrum quam maximum numerum coemere, sements quam maxims facere, ut in itinere cpia frument suppeteret, cum proxims cvittibus pcem et amcitiam cnfirmre. 2. Ad es rs cnficiends biennium sibi satis esse dxrunt; in tertium annum profectinem lge cnfirmant.
addc, -ere, dux, ductum: draw/lead to, 4 adfici, -ere, -fc, -fectum: affect, afflict, 3 angustus, -a, -um: narrow, confined, 4 auctrits, -ttis f.: influence, clout, 3 bell (1): to wage war, fight, 1 biennium, - n.: a period of two years, 1 carrus, - m.: wagon for, baggage, wagon, 2 coem, -ere, -m, -emptum: buy up, 1 compar (1): prepare, get ready, provide, 4 confici, -ere: to exhaust, finish, 4 conirtio, -nis f.: pact, union, conspiracy 3 cnsul, -is m.: consul, 3 cupidits, -ttis f.: desire, eagerness for, 1 cupidus, -a, -um: desirous, eager, keen, 2 ds, dtis adj: rich, wealthy, 2 dvid, -ere, -vs, -vsus: divide, distribute, 4 dolor, -ris m.: pain, grief, anger, passion, 2 exe, -re, -i (v), -itus: go out, 4 fi, fier, factus: become, be made, 3 fortitd, -dinis f.: strength, courage, 1 glria, -ae, f.: glory, fame, 2 indc, -ere, dux, ductum: draw/lead in, 1 imentum, - n.: beast of burden, 1 Ira, -ae f.: Iura (a mountain range), 3 lacus, -s m.: lake, pond, pool, 2 lat: widely, far and wide, 2 ltitdo, -dinis f.: breadth, width, 1 latus, -a, -um: wide, 1 Lemannus, - m.: (w/ lacus) Lake Geneva, 1 lx, -lgis f.: law, regulation, decree, 3 longitdo, -inis f.: length, width, 2 M.: Marcus, 3 Messla, -ae f.: Messala, 1 mons, montis m.: mountain, mount, 4 natra, -ae. f.: nature, 3 nbilis, -e: noble, renowned, 3 nbilits, -ttis f.: nobility, renown, 1 pate, -re, -u: lie open, extend, 1 perfacilis, -e: very easy; adv. very easily2 Ps, Psnis m.: Piso, 2 potior, -r, -tus: gain, win (abl.), 2 satis: enough, sufficient, 2 sementis, -is f.: sowing, planting, 1 suppet, -ere, v, tum: suffice, be at hand 2 vagor, -r: wander, roam, go to and fro, 1

10

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20

Orgetorix Forms a Conspiracy to Emigrate from Helvetia

1 nbilissimus, ditisissimus: superlative adjs. fuit: pf. sum, esse M. Messl et M. Psne cnsulibus: when Marcus Messala and Marcus (Pupius) Piso were consuls; with Messala and Piso (being) consuls abl. abs. i.e. 61 BC, Romans named the year after their annually elected consuls; since there is no pple. for sum, esse, the subject and predicate are the abl. abs. 2 regn: for the kingship; objective gen. governed by cupiditte, equivalent to "he desires kingship 3 persusit ut: persuaded (dative) that; this common verb in Caesar governs an indirect command (ut + impf. subj. in secondary seq.) 4 exrent: they come out; impf. subjunctive, exe, exre in an ind. command, which can often be translated as an inf.: persuadedto come out perfacile esse: (and) that it is very easy ; ind. discourse also governed by persusit above; asyndeton, supply a conjuction between the ind. command above and perfacile esse cumpraestrent: since they excelled ; causal with impf. subjunctive governing abl. respect ttius: gen. sg. (-ius) modifying Galliae 5 potr: to possess; dep. inf. potior governs an ablative object 6 idpersusit: he persuaded them (to do) this hcquod: by this (reason)because; abl. of cause facilius: comparative adv. facilis, facile 7 n ex parte: on one side; from one part flmine Rhn: abl. means; supply the verb continentur, an example of ellipsis 8 agrum Helvtium: Helvetian land alter ex parte: on another side; see line 7 monte Ir: by Iura range; add continentur 9 terti (ex parte): parallel with line 7 and 8 lac Lemann: abl. means, add continentur 10 hs rbus: because of; abl. of cause fibat ut: it happened that; fi governs ut + impf. subjunctive (noun result clause); the subjunctives are impf. in secondary sequence because the main verb is impf. 11 vagrentur, possent: impf. subj. vagor and possum; in result clauses these are translated

11

12

13 14 16

17

18

21

as normal impf. indicatives; vagor is deponent minus: comparative adverb; minor, minus facile: easily; irreg. adverb from facilis, facile fnitims: on neighbors; dat. of compound verb (the infinitive inferre) qu ex parte: for which reason; from which respect belland: of waging war; gerund, gen. sg. with the adj. cupid which in turn modifies homins Prpr: because of; in proportion to or according to, pr is causal in force s habre: that they had; ind. discourse in secondary sequence: angusts fns is acc. d.o. milia passuum: miles; thousands of paces, a mile is 1000 steps; subject of patbant adductpermt: Helvetians influenced and moved; the participles are nom. pl. agreeing with a missing subject ea quae: those (things) which; ea is object of comparre and is translated as a demonstrative ea quaepertinrent: those (things) which pertain; relative clause of characteristic is often used to limit and characterize general antecedents (i.e. ea) and governs an impf. subj. in secondary sequence ad proficiscendum: for setting out; gerund (verbal noun) + ad expresses purpose comparre, coemere, facere, confirmre: complementary infinitives with cnstiturunt, supply the missing conjunction et quam maximum: as great...as possible; quam + superlative is frequently translated as X as possible, here it modifies numerum quam maxims: see above, with sements utsuppeteret: so that might suffice; ut + impf. subj., purpose clause in secondary seq. adconficiends: for accomplishing; for those things going to be accomplished ad + gerundive (fut. pass. pple modifying rs) often expresses purpose; when translating, employ a gerund-gerundive flip: translate as a gerund and es rs as the object of the gerund bienniumesse: that; ind. discourse sibi: for themselves; dat. of interest/advantage inannum: into the; i.e. during, 58 BC

Translating Subjunctives With the exception of purpose clauses (may, might) and conditional sentences (if should, would; if were, would; if had, would have; see pg. 19), almost all the subjunctive constructions that readers will encounter do not require a special translation in English. Readers should simply identify the tense (see verb synopses, pp. 74-81) and translate the subjunctive just as one would an indicative. Imperfect and pluperfect subjunctives are the most common tenses in secondary sequence.

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3.3

Lesson 3: Caesar I.3.3 I.4 1

Ad es rs conficiends Orgetorx dligitur. Is sibi lgtinem ad cvitts suscpit. In e itinere persudet Castic, Catamantaloedis fli, Squan, cuius pater rgnum in Squans mults anns obtinuerat et sent popul Rmn amicus appelltus erat, ut rgnum in cvitte su occupret, quod pater ante habuerit; 4. itemque Dumnorig Haedu, fratr Dvicic, qu e tempore principtum in cvitte obtinbat ac maxim pleb acceptus erat, ut idem cnrtur persudet eque fliam suam in matrimnium dat. 5. Perfacile fact esse ills probat cnta perficere, proptere quod ipse suae civittis imperium obtentrus esset: 6. nn esse dbium quin ttus Galliae plrimum Helveti possent; s sus copis suque exercit ills regna concilitrum cnfirmat. 7. Hc rtine adduct inter s fdem et iusirandum dant et regn occupt per trs potentissims ac firmissims populs ttus Galliae ss potr posse sperant. 4.1 Ea rs est Helvtis per indicium nntita. Mribus sus Orgetorgem ex vinculs causam dcere cogrunt; damntum poenam sequ oportbat, ut ign cremrtur. 2. Di cnstitt causae dictinis Orgetorx ad iudicium omnem suam familiam, ad hominum mlia decem, undique cogit, et omns clients obaeratsque sus, qurum magnum numerum habbat, edem condxit; per es n causam dceret s ripuit. 3. Cum cvits ob eam rem incitta armis is suum exsequ cnrtur multitdinemque hominum ex agrs magistrts cgerent, Orgetorx mortuus est; 4. neque abest suspici, ut Helveti arbitrantur, quin ipse sibi mortem conscverit.
addc, -ere, dux, ductum: draw/lead to, 4 amcus, -a, -um: friendly, 1 ante: before, in front of (acc); adv. before, 4 Casticus, - m.: Casticus, 1 Catamantloedis, -is m.: Catamantaloedis, 1 cliens, -entis m.: client, dependent, 4 concili (1): win over, unite, 1 condc, -ere: bring together, gather, 2 confici, -ere: to exhaust, finish, 4 conscisc, -re: to resolve, decree; bring on oneself, 1 crem (1): burn, consumed by fire, 2 damn (1): condemn, punish, convict, 1 decem: ten, 1 dlig (1): to tie down, fasten, 2 dictio, -nis m.: pleading, saying; speech, 1 Divicicus, - m.: Diviciacus, 1 dubius, -a, -um: doubtful, wavering, 1 Dumnorx, -gis m.: Dumnorix, 1 nunti (1): announce, speak out, divulge, 1 ripi, -ere, -u, reptus: rescue, take from, 4 exsequor, sequ, sectum: follow/carry out 1 fact: to do (supine), 2 familia, -ae f.: family, household, 1 fds, e f.: faith, honor, 4 flia, -iae f.: daughter, 1 firmus, -a, -um: strong, steadfast, 1 frter, -tris m.: brother, 2 Haeduus, -a, -um: Haeduan, Aeduan, 1 ignis, ignis, m.: fire, 4 indicium, -i n.: information, evidence, 1 item: also, likewise, in like manner, 3 iudicium, - n.: decision, judgment; trial 3 is, iris n.: justice, law, right, 2 ius-irandum, irisirand n.: sworn oath, 2 lgtio, -nis f.: embassy, envoy, 2 magistratus, -s m.: magistrate, officer, 3 mtrimnium, -i n.: wedlock, marriage, 1 mortuus, -a, -um: dead, 2 ms, mris m.: custom, manner, law, 4 obaertus, -a, -um: indebted, 1 occup (1): seize, occupy, 4 oportet: it is proper, fitting, necessary, 2

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Orgetorixs Conspiracy Fails

pater, patris, m.: father, 4 perfacilis, -e: very easy; adv. very easily2 perfici, -ere: complete, accomplish, 3 plebs, plbis, f.: common people, masses, 2 plrimus, -a, -um: most, very many, 4 poena, poenae, f.: punishment, penalty, 3 potns, -entis: powerful, ruling (gen.), 2 potior, -r, -tus: gain, win (abl.), 2 principtus, -s m.: leadership, rule, 2 proptere: on this account, therefore, 4 qun: nay (even), (but) that, 2 sentus, -s m.: senate, council of elders, 1 sequor, -, sectus: follow, pursue, 4 suscipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum: undertake, receive, 1 suspcio, -cinis f.: mistrust, suspicion, 4 vinculum, - n.: bond, chain, 2

1 adconficiends: for accomplishing; for those things going to be accomplished ad + gerundive (fut. pass. pple modifying rs) often expresses purpose; when translating, employ a gerund-gerundive flip: translate as a gerund and es rs as the object of the gerund sibi: for himself; dat. of interest/advantage 2 e: this; demonstrative pronoun persudet Casticut: persuades Casticus that; verb governs dat. and ind. command 3 cuius: whose; gen. sg. relative pronoun mults anns: for; acc. of duration 4 appelltus erat: had been named; + predicate nominative; the verb behaves as a linking verb utoccupret: that he occupy; ind. command with persudet can often, but not always, be translated as an infinitive: to occupy 5 quodhabuerit: pf. subj., relative clause of characteristic, the antecedent is regnum Dumnorg Haedu: (he persuades) Dumnorix the Aeduan; dat. i.o. of missing persudet in a construction parallel to Castic above 6 e tempore: at ; abl. of time when maximacceptus erat: had been especially (well) received; governs a dative of agent (by...) 7 utcnrtur: that: ind. command governed by persudet; impf. deponent cnr idem: the same thing; id-dem, neuter acc. d.o., i.e. utoccupret in ll. 4-5 e: to him; dat. sg. indirect object with dat 8 perfacileesseperficere: that it is; ind. disc. governed by probat; perficere is inf. subject and perfacile is the pred. adj. fact: to do; in doing abl. sg. supine (PPP stem + ) is an abl. of respect qualifying the adj. perfacile, very easy ills: for those (men); dat. interest conta: the things attempted; PPP, neuter pl. 9 proptere quod: because; lit. on this account because which is a pleonasm (redundancy) ipse: (he) himself; i.e. Orgetorix obtentrus esset: would attain; would be going to attain, fut. pple + sum (here impf.

subj.) is a periphrastic fut. form; verbs in subordinate clauses in indirect disc. are very often placed in the subjunctive nn esse dbium: (that) he did not doubt but that; he was not doubtful, ind. discourse 10 plrimum possent: would have very much power; common idiom in Caesar, impf. subj. 11 concilitrum (esse): that they will win over; fut. infinitive; ind. disc., s is acc. subj. 12 ius-iurandum: a sworn oath; as one or two words; both decline; gerundive iur , -re 13 ttus: of the entire; gen. sg. with Galliae ss: that they; acc. subject of posse potr: to possess; dep. inf., regn as abl. obj. 14 Ea rs: this matter; i.e. Orgetorixs conspiracy est.nntita: nntita est; pf. passive per indicium: i.e. through spies and informers mribus sus: according to their customs; from their customs, often with ex denotes a source of action (separation) not abl. cause 15 causam dcere: to plead (his) case; idiom damntumsequ: that (he) if condemned follow; deponent inf., PPP is conditional oportbat: it was necessary that; impersonal utcremrtur: that; ind. command ign: ablative of means; i-stem 3rd decl. noun 17 di cnstitt: on the; abl. of time when causae dictinis: for the pleading of the case admlia decem: around; ad means up to or nearly throughout this passage 18 cogit: gathered; cg (co-ag) means (a) compel or (b) drive together; cf. ll. 15 and 22 19 edem: in the same (place); abl. place where 20 ndceret: so thatnot; neg. purpose. cf. 15 cumconrturcgerent: after; cum clause with two impf. subjunctives exsequ: pres. dep. infinitive, exsequor ob eam rem: on account of this matter 22 mortuus est: died; pf. deponent, morior ut: as; common translate with indicative 23 quin sibiconscverit: that he broughton himself; pf. subj. conscisc

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5.1

Lesson 4: Caesar I.5 I.6 1

Post eius mortem nihil minus Helvti id quod cnstituerant facere cnantur, ut fnibus sus exeant. 2. Ubi iam s ad eam rem parts esse arbitrt sunt, oppida sua omnia, numer ad duodecim, vcs ad quadringents, reliqua prvta aedificia incendunt; 3. frmentum omne, praeter quod scum porttr erant, combrunt, ut domum redtinis sp sublt partirs ad omnia percula subeunda essent; trium mensum molita cibria sibi quemque dom efferre iubent. Persudent Rauracs et Tulings et Latobrgs finitims ut, edem s cnsili, oppids sus vcsque exusts n cum es proficscantur, Boisque, qu trns Rhnum incoluerant et in agrum Noricum transerant Noreiamque oppugnbant, recepts ad s socis sibi adsciscunt. 6.1 Erant omnn itinera duo, quibus itineribus dom exre possent: num per Squans, angustum et difficile, inter montem Iram et flmen Rhodanum, vix qu singul carr dcerentur, mns autem altissimus impendbat, ut facile perpauc prohibre possent; 2. alterum per provinciam nostram, mult facilius atque expedtius, proptere quod inter fns Helvtirum et Allobrogum, qu nper pct erant, Rhodanus fluit isque nnnllis locs vad trnstur. 3. Extrmum oppidum Allobrogum est proximumque Helvtirum fnibus Genava. Ex e oppid pns ad Helvtis pertinet. Allobrogibus ss vel persusrs, quod nndum bon anim in populum Rmnum vidrentur, existimbant vel v coactrs ut per sus fns es re paterentur. Omnibus rbus ad profectinem compartis diem dcunt, qu di ad rpam Rhodan omns conveniant. Is dis erat a. d. V. Kal. Apr. L. Psne, A. Gabni cnsulibus.
a(d)scisc, -ere, -scv: receive, admit, adopt, 1 aedificium, -i n.: building, edifice, 2 Allobrogs, -um: Allobroges, 3 angustus, -a, -um: narrow, confined, 4 April, Aprilis m.: April, 2 Boii, -rum m.: Boians (Bohemia) 1 bonus, -a, -um: good, kind(ly), useful 2 carrus, - m.: wagon for baggage, wagon, 2 cibria, -rum n.: rations, rationed food, 1 combur, -ere, -uss, -ustum: burn up, 1 compar (1): prepare, get ready, provide, 4 cnsul, -is m.: consul, 3 d.: diem; day, 1 difficilis, difficile: hard, difficult, 1 domus, -s f.: house, home, dwelling, 3 duodecim: twelve, 1 effer, -ferre, -tul, ltus: raise, lift up 4 e, re, v: to go, come, 4 exe, -re, -i (v), -itus: go out, 4 expedtus, -a, -um: unimpeded, fast, 4 extrmus, -a, -um: farthest, outermost, 2 exr, -ere, -uss, -ustum: burn up, 1 flu, -ere, flx, flxus: flow, 1 Gabinius, - m.: Gabinius, 1 Genava, -ae f.: Geneva, 3 iam: now, already, soon, 4 impende, -re: hang over, threaten, 1 incend, -ere, -, -nsus: kindle, burn, 2 incol, -ere, -u: inhabit, dwell on, 3 Ira, -ae f.: Iura (a mountain range), 3 Kal.: Kalends, 1 L.: Lucius, 2 Latobrg, -rum m.: Latobrigians (Latovici) 1 mensis, -is m.: month, 2

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The Helvetians Follow Orgetorixs Plan: Two Possible Routes

mol, -ere, molu, molitum: grind (in a mill), mill, 1 mons, montis m.: mountain, mount, 4 nondum: not yet, 3 nnnullus, -a, -um: some, not none, 2 Noreia, -ae f.: Noreia, 1 Noricum, - m.: Noricum (modern Austria) 1 nper: recently, lately, newly, 1 omnn: altogether, wholely, entirely, 2 oppidum, - n.: town, 4 pctus, -a, -um: peaceful, quiet, 2 par (1): prepare, make ready, 3 patior, -, passus: suffer, endure; allow, 2 perpauc, -ae, -a: very few, 1 Ps, Psnis m.: Piso, 2 pons, pontis m.; a bridge, 2 port (1): carry, bear, bring, 2 praeter: beyond, past (+ acc.), 2 proptere: on this account, therefore, 4 quadringenti: four hundred, 2 Raurc, -rum: Rauraci, 1 rediti, -nis f.: return, going back, 1 rpa, -ae f.: bank, shore, 1 socius, - m.: comrade, ally, companion, 2 sube, -re, -i, -itum: approach, undergo, 1 toll, -ere, sustul, subltum: destroy, raise, 2 trans; over, across (+ acc.), 3 Tuling, -rum m.: Tulingi, 1 ubi: where, when, 4 vadum, - n.: shallow, shoal, ford, 2 vel: or, velvel, eitheror, 2 vcus, - m.: village, neighborhood, district, 2 vs, vs, f., pl. virs: force, power, violence, 4 vix: with difficulty, with effort, scarcely, 2

1 eius: his; i.e. Orgetorix, gen. sg. nihil minus: no less; less by nothing, comp. adverb; nihil is abl. degree of difference id quod: that which; id is object of facere 2 utexeant: (namely) that; pres. subj. exe, in a noun purpose clause in apposition to id ad eam rem: for this matter; expresses purpose s: that they; acc. subject of parts esse 3 arbitrt sunt: pf. deponent numer: in number; abl. of respect ad: around; up to or nearly 5 praeter quod: except (that) which scum: cum s porttr erant: were going to carry; periphrastic fut. (fut. act. pple + impf. sum) utessent: so that; result, impf. sum sp sublt: with hope having been carried off; abl. absolute, pf. pass. pple from toll 6 adsubeunda: for approaching; for all dangers going to be approached, a gerundive sube + ad expresses purpose and is best translated through a gerund-gerundive flip as a gerund + object: for approaching all dangers molta: ground; i.e flour, PPP set in motion 8 utproficiscantur: that; an alternative spelling for ut (note: the pres. inf. for tor is t with an initial long-u); introducing an ind. command with pres. subj. s: having employed; nom. pl. PPP, deponent tor governs an ablative object n: altogether; adverb formed from an abl. 10 trnserant: pluperfect of trnse scis: (as) allies; in apposition to Boisque 12 erant: there were

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18 20 21 22 23 24

itinera: routes quibuspossent: by which; rel. clause of characteristic; impf. subj. of possum, quibus is a relative adj. with itineribus, which is redundant and may be left untranslated dom: from home; place from which num: one (route); in apposition to itinera qu: by which (way); or where, abl. as adv. qudcerentur: relative clause of characteristic with impf. subjunctive, the path is so narrow that carts must pass one at a time utpossent: so that; result clause, impf. subj. facile: easily; irregular 3rd decl. adv. facilis, -e alterum (iter): the other (route); in apposition to itinera (line 12) and parallel to num mult: much; lit. by much, abl. degree of difference modifies comparative adjectives faclius atque expedtius: comparative adjs., neuter singular modifying alterum (iter) proptere quod: because; 3rd instance so far vad: in the shallows; in a ford; place where sspersusrs (esse)coactrs (esse): that they would persuade or compel; fut. inf. bon anim: seemed not yet of good will to; abl. of quality in the predicative position v: irregular ablative of means, vs paterentur: they (Allobrogs) allow; impf. subj. of the deponent patior (3rd-io) diem dcunt qu di: they name the day on which (day); ablative time when a(nte) d(iem) V. Kal(ends) Apr(ilis): 5th day before the Kalends of April; March 28th, 58 L. Psnecnsulibus: abl. abs; add being

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7.1

Lesson 5: Caesar I.7 1

Caesar cum id nntitum esset, es per prvinciam nostram iter facere cnr, mtrat ab urbe proficsc et quam maxims potest itineribus in Galliam ulterirem contendit et ad Genavam pervenit. 2. Prvinciae tt quam maximum potest mlitum numerum imperat (erat omnn in Galli ulterire legi na), pontem, qu erat ad Genavam, iubet rescind. 3. Ubi d eius advent Helvti certirs fact sunt, legts ad eum mittunt nobilssims civittis, cuius legtinis Nammeius et Verucloetius principem locum obtinbant, qu dcerent sibi esse in anim sine ll malefici iter per prvinciam facere, proptere quod aliud iter habrent nllum: rogre ut eius voluntte id sibi facere liceat. Caesar, quod memori tenbat L. Cassium consulem occsum exercitumque eius ab Helvtis pulsum et sub iugum missum, cncdendum nn putbat; 4. neque hmins inimc anim, dat facultte per provinciam itineris faciend, tempertrs ab iniri et malefici existimbat. 5. Tamen, ut spatium intercdere posset dum mlits qus imperverat convenrent, lgts respondit diem se ad dlberandum smptrum: s quid vellent, ad Id. April. reverterentur.
April, Aprilis m.: April, 2 Cassius, - m.: Cassius, 1 concd, -ere; go away, withdraw, yield, 2 cnsul, -is m.: consul, 3 contend, -ere, -, -ntus: strive; hasten, 4 dliber (1): consider, consult, weigh, 1 Genava, -ae f.: Geneva, 3 impetr (1): to obtain, accomplish, 3 inimcus, -a, -um: hostile, unfriendly, 4 iniria, -ae f.: wrong, insult, injustice, 4 intercd, -ere, -cess, -cessum: come or go between, intervene, 1 Ids, -uum f.: Ides (day of the month), 1 iugum, - n.: yoke, (mountain) range, 2 L.: Lucius, 2 lgtio, -nis f.: embassy, envoy, 2 maleficium, -i n.; wrongdoing, crime, 2 matr (1); hasten; anticipate, ripen, 1 memoria, -ae. f.: memory, 4 Nammeius, -i m.: Nammeius, 1 nbilis, -e: noble, renowned, 3

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nunti (1): announce, report, 2 occd, -ere, occid, occsus: kill, cut down 4 omnn: altogether, wholely, entirely, 2 pell, -ere, pepul, pulsus: drive, push, 2 pons, pontis m.; a bridge, 2 princeps, -cipis m./f.: chief, leader, 4 proptere: on this account, therefore, 4 put (1): to think, imagine, 3 rescind, -ere, scid, scissum: cut back, 1 responde, -re, -d, -nsum: to answer, 3 revertor, -, reversus sum: to turn back, return, 2 rog (1): to ask; tell, 2 spatium, -i n.: space, room, extent, 4 sum, -ere, sumps, sumptum: take, spend, 2 temper (1): refrain from, keep from, 1 ubi: where, when, 4 ulterior, -ius: farther, 2 urbs, urbis, f.: city, 1 Veruclotius, i m.: Verucloetius, 1 volunts, -ttis f.: will, wish, choice, 2

Caesar Decides to Stop the Helvetians

1 Caesar: to Caesar; Caesar talks about himself in the 3rd person; dat. sg. of nntitum esset nntitum esset: plpf. pass. subjunctive in a temporal clause with cum, after or when idescnr: this(namely) that they attempt; acc. subject and deponent inf. (indirect disc.) in apposition to id 2 quamitineribus: in as rapid marches as possible; with the greatest marches as it is possible, quam + superlative is as X as possible, potest is impersonal: it is possible 3 Gallia ulterirem: further Gaul; i.e. the Province (Transalpine Gaul) in southern France contendit: hastens 4 Prvinciae ttimperat: ordered from the entire Province; dat. indirect object; tt is dat. sg. of ttus (gen. ttus) quamnumerum: as great a number of soldiers possible; a greatest number of soldiers as it is able; see line 2 4 imperat.(et) pontemiubet: supply the missing conjunction et, asyndeton, which suggests that Caesar is quick and decisive 5 ad Genavam: near Geneva rescind: present passive infinitive 6 eius: his; i.e. Caesars certirs fact sunt: were informed; were made more certain, common idiom in Caesar, certirs is a pred. nominative 7 cuius legtinis: of which embassy; rel. adj. 8 qu dcerent: who would say; relative clause of purpose, impf. subj. dc, which one may translate as a regular purpose clause: to say sibi esse in anim: that he had in mind; + inf., there is to him in mind, dat. of possession 9 proptere quod: because; lit. on this account because, 4th and final instance of this phrase habrent: they had; impf. subj., subordinate clauses within indirect discourse govern verbs in the subjunctive rogre utliceat: they asked that it be allowed; historical inf. and ind. command eius voluntte: with his permission 10 memori tenbat: in memory; abl. of means, a common idiom for he recalled or he remembered L. Cassiumoccsum (esse), exercitumque pulsum (esse)missum (esse): two

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separate instances of indirect discourses (two acc. subjects) governed by tenbat, supply esse to form pf. passive infinitives occsum (esse): had been killed; pf. pass. inf. pulsum (esse): pf. pass. inf. pell sub iugum missum (esse): had been sent under the yoke; i.e. had been enslaved cncdendum nn (esse sibi): that he must not yield; that it is not going to be yielded by him, a passive periphrastic (gerundive + form of sum) which expresses obligation or necessity, often with a dative of agent hominstempertrs (esse): that peoplewould not refrain; fut. inf. governed by existimbat inimc anim: of hostile intent; abl. of description modifying homins dat facultte: ablative absolute itineris faciend: of making a journey; of a journey going to be made gerundive modifies gen. iter which is better translated through a gerundive-gerund flip ab inri..malefici: from; abl. separation with tempertrs (esse) ut spatiumposset: so that; purpose clause with impf. subj.; spatium is subject ssmptrum (esse): that he; indirect discourse, supply esse for the future inf. ad dliberandum: for deliberating; ad + gerund expressing purpose, which can also be translated as an infinitive: to deliberate quid; anything; aliquis, aliquid is a common indefinite pronoun (anyone, anything), but quis, quid is commonly used as an indefinite (who anyone; what anything) after s, nisi, num, and n. The mnemonic for this construction is the jingle After s, nisi, num, and n, all the alis go away (in other words indefinite aliquid becomes just quid) svellent,reverterentur: if they should wish, they could return; in direct disc. a future less vivid condition (s pres. subj., pres. subj.) which are placed in impf. subjunctive in indirect discourse in secondary sequence ad Id(s) April(is): near the Ides of April; the 13th of April, the Ides denotes the time of the month when there is a full moon; Ids is 4th decl. acc. pl. and Aprilis is gen. sg.

Numbers of Helvetians Killed During Caesars Campaign In I.29 Caesar claims that 368,000 Helvetians and allies left Helvetia (only 92,000 were able to bear arms) and 110,000 returned. Therefore, 258,000 either fled or perished at Caesars hand.

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24.1

Lesson 6: Caesar IV.24 IV.25.2 1

At barbar, cnsili Rmnrum cognit, praemiss equitt et ssedaris, qu plrumque genere in proelis t consurunt, reliqus copis subsect nostrs nvibus gred prohibbant. 2. Erat ob hs causs summa difficults, quod navs propter magnitdinem nisi in alt cnstitu nn poterant, mlitibus autem, ignts locs, impedts manibus, magn et grav onere armrum oppresss simul et d nvibus desiliendum et in fluctibus consistendum et cum hostibus erat pugnandum, 3. cum ill aut ex rid aut paulum in aquam progress omnibus membrs expedts, ntissims locs, audacter tla coicerent et equs insufacts incitrent. 4. Quibus rbus nostr perterrit atque huius omnn generis pugnae imperit, nn edem alacritte ac studi qu in pedestribus t proelis consuerant utbantur. 25.1 Quod ubi Caesar animadvertit, nvs longs, qurum et specis erat barbars insittior et motus ad usum expedtior, paulum removr ab onerris nvibus et rms incitr et ad latus apertum hostium constitu atque inde funds, sagitts, torments hosts propell ac submovr iussit; quae rs magn usu nostrs fuit. 2. Nam et nvium figr et rmrum mt et inusitt genere tormentrum permt barbar constitrunt ac paulum modo pedem rettulrunt.
alacrits, -ttis f.: eagerness, ardor, 1 aperi, -re, -u, -ertus: open, disclose, 3 aqua, -ae f.: water, 1 aridus, -a, -um: dry, 3 audacter: boldly, 1 consist, -ere, -stit: to stand (still), stop 2 dsili, -re, -lu: to jump down, dismount, 4 difficults, -ttis f.: trouble, difficulty, 1 equus, - m.: horse, 4 ssedrius, - m.: charioteer, driver, 1 expedtus, -a, -um: unimpeded, fast, 4 figra, -ae f.: form, shape, figure, 1 fluctus, -s m.: wave, billow, 2 funda, ae f.: sling, 3 igntus, -a, -um: unknown; obscure 1 impertus, a, um: unskilled, inexperienced, 2 impetitus, -a, -um: hindered, impeded, 3 inde: from there, then, afterward, 3 insuefactus, -a, -um: accustomed, inured, 1 inusittus, -a, -um: unusual, uncommon, 2 latus, -eris n.: side, flank, 3 membrum, - n.: limb, member, 1 modo: only, merely, simply; just now, 4 mtus, -s m.: motion, 3 ntus, -a, -um: known, familiar, famous, 2 omnn: altogether, wholely, entirely, 2 onerrius, -a, -um: freight (ship); 2 onus, oneris n.: burden, load, freight, 1 opprim, -ere, -press, -pressum: burden, overwhelm, 3 pedester, -tris, -tre: on foot, infantry, 1 perterre, -re, -terru: terrify thoroughly, 1 praemitt, -ere: send forward, send ahead, 2 prgredior, -gred, -gressus: step forward, go forth, advance, 2 prpell, -ere, -pell, -pulsum: drive forward or push away, 3 refer, ferre, tul, ltum: report bring back 3 remove, -re, -mv, -mtus: remove, 2 remus, m.: oar, 2 sagitta, -ae f.: arrow, 1 simul: at the same time (as); together, 4 species, -i f.: sight, appearance, aspect, 1 studium, - n.: zeal, enthusiasm, pursuit, 3 submove, -re, -mv: move up; remove, 1 tormentum, - n.: missile-launcher, 3 ubi: where, when, 4

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The Britons Approach the Romans as They Land

1 cnsilicognit: abl. absolute praemissssedaris: abl. absolute with two nouns; mobile troops were sent in advance 2 qugenere: which kind (of warfare); abl. obj. of t, the deponent complementary inf. of tor reliqus copis subsect: having followed behind with the rest of the troops; dep. pf. pple modifies barbar, the cavalry went in advance and the foot-soldiers followed 3 navibus: from; abl. of place from which gred: from disembarking; to step out, dep. inf. gredior 4 nisi in alt: except in the deep; the Roman ships did not have flattened keels to come closer to the shore cnstitu: to be stopped; pass. inf. with poterant 5 mlitibusoppresss: the soldiers having been overcome; dat. of agent of pass. periphrastic, the dat. of agent is better translated as a subject intervening words are ablative of cause/means grav: i-stem abl. sing. modifies onere 6 et desiliendum (erat)et consistendum (erat)et pugnandum (erat): (both) the soldiers had toand had toand had to; it was going to be jumped down by soldiers passive periphrastic (gerundive + sum) with a dat. of agent expressing obligation or necessity; it is better translated in the active with the verb must or, as here, had to (see pg. 21) 7 cumcoicerentincitrent: when; temporal cum-clause with impf. subjunctive 8 paulum: a little; inner acc. or acc. of extent prgress: having advanced; pf. pple deponent

13

omnibusexpedts: abl. absolute ntissims locs: abl. absolute, supply being 9 nsufacts: experienced; the horses are trained to run in water quibus rbus: by these matters; by which things, abl. means or cause; Caesar often uses relative pronoun for transition where English employs a demonstrative nostr: our (men); as often 10 huius generis pugnae: gen. governed by the adjective imperit, unskilled in edemstudi: abl. objects of tbantur 11 quconsuerant: which; qu is an abl. object of the inf. t proelis: in battles 12 quod: this; which, acc. obj. of animadvertit nvs longsconstitu: acc. subj. and pass. infinitives governed by iussit below 13 barbars: to the barbarians; dat. of reference insittior: nom. sg. comparative adj. 14 paulum: a little; inner acc. or acc. of extent removr: pres. pass. inf. cnstitu: to be stopped; pass. inf. 15 propell, submovr: pass. infinitives, hosts is acc. subject 16 magn su nostrs fuit: served a great use to our men; was for a great use for our men, double dative construction (su is dat. of purpose, nostrs is dat. of interest) 17 paulum modo: just a little; modo is adverbial, paulum is acc. of extent 18 pedem: their step(s); i.e. they retreated rettulrunt: 3rd pl. pf. refer

Background to Caesars First Invasion of Britain on August 26, 55 BC In IV.20 Caesar says that, although the winters were early (matrae) in the north, he decided to go to Britain because he realized that assistance had been supplied from there (inde subministrta auxilia) for the Gauls in almost every battle. Since Caesar knew very little about the regionits size (magnitd), inhabitants (quantae ntins), its practices in war (sum bell), or its suitable ports (idne ports)he sent Gaius Volusenus in IV.21 as a scout to gather this information. In the meantime, several states (civitts) of the Britons learned about his plan, sought out Caesar, and offered hostages as a show of loyalty. Caesar sent Commius, a loyal Gaul whom Caesar had placed as leader of the Atrebates and who had clout (auctorits) over Gauls, back with the Britons. On the fifth day, Volusenus returned and reported what he had seen. In IV.22 after accepting hostages from the Gauls, Caesar placed the legates Q. Titurius Sabinus and L. Aurunculeius Cotta in charge of Roman forces in Gaul. Then he departed with 2 legions and about 80 transport ships. In IV.23 Caesar set sail after midnight (terti fer vigili) and around 10 a.m. (hr di qurt) arrived in Britain. The Romans found themselves facing the sheer cliffs of Dover, and on top of all of the hills armed troops (copis armts) openly stood. Caesar now informed his legates about what Volusenus reported and sailed 7 miles up the coast to an open beach (apert ac pln ltore).

14
25.3

Lesson 7: Caesar IV.25.3 IV.26 1

Atque nostrs mlitibus cunctantibus, maxim propter altitdinem maris, qu X leginis aquilam ferbat, contesttus des ut ea rs legin feliciter venret, Dsilite, inquit, milits, nisi vultis aquilam hostibus prdere; ego certe meum r pblicae atque impertr officium praestiter. 4. Hoc cum vce magn dxisset, s ex nv pricit atque in hosts aquilam ferre coepit. 5. Tum nostr cohortt inter s, n tantum ddecus admittertur, univers ex nv dsilurunt. 6. Hs item ex proxims prim nvibus cum conspxissent, subsecut hostibus appropinquverunt. 26.1 Pugntum est ab utrsque criter. Nostr tamen, quod neque ordins servre neque firmiter insistere neque signa subsequ poterant atque alius ali ex nv quibuscumque signs occurrerat s aggregbat, magnopere perturbbantur; 2. hosts vr, nts omnibus vads, ubi ex ltore aliqus singulrs ex nv gredients conspxerant, incitts equs impedts adoribantur, 3. plrs paucs circumsistbant, ali ab latere apert in universs tla conicibant. 4. Quod cum animadvertisset Caesar, scaphs longrum nvium, item specultria navigia mlitibus complr iussit et, qus laborants conspxerat, hs subsidia submittbat. 5. Nostr, simul in rid constitrunt, sus omnibus consects, in hosts impetum fecrunt atque es in fgam dedrunt; neque longius prosequ poturunt, quod equits cursum tenre atque insulam capere non potuerant. Hoc num ad pristnam fortnam Caesar defuit.
acriter: sharply, fiercely, 2 admitt, -ere, ms, missum: admit, allow, 2 adorior, -r, -ortus sum: rise up, attack, 2 aggreg (1): to crowd together, collect, 1 altitd, -inis f.: height, depth, altitude, 2 aperi, -re, -u, -ertus: open, disclose, 3 appropinqu (1): approach, draw near, 3 aquila, -ae f.: eagle, eagle standard, 4 aridus, -a, -um: dry, 3 circumsist, -ere, -stet: to surround, 2 cohortor, -r, cohorttum: urge on, incite 3 consequor, -, sectus: follow after; pursue 1 conspici, -ere, spex, spectus: see, behold 5 contestor, -r, -tum: to call to witness, 1 cunctor, -r, -tum: to delay, hesitate 1 cursus, -s m.: course, running, haste, 3 ddecus, -oris f.: dishonor, disgrace, shame, 1 dsili, -re, -lu: to jump down, dismount, 4 deus, - m.: god, divinity, deity, 4 ego: I, 2 equus, - m.: horse, 4 veni, -re, -i, -itum: come or turn out, 1 flciter: happily, favorably, 1 firmiter: firmly, steadfastly, 1 fortna, -ae f.: fortune, chance, luck, 4 fuga, -ae f.: flight, haste, exile, speed, 3 impeditus, -a, -um: hindered, impeded, 3 impertor, -oris m.: commander, leader, 2 inquam: say, 4 insist, -ere, -stit: set on, set about; stop, 2 insula, -ae, f.: island, 2 item: also, likewise, in like manner, 3 labr (1): work, toil, labor, strive, 2 latus, -eris n.: side, flank, 2 litus, litoris n.: coast, shore, beach, 1 magnpere: greatly, very much, 2 mare,, -is n.: sea, 1 meus, -a, -um: my, mine, 1 nvigium, - n.: vessel, sail, 1 ntus, -a, -um: known, familiar, famous, 2 occurr, -ere: run to meet, attack, 2 officium, -i, n.: duty, obligation, 3 pauc, -ae, -a: little, few, scanty, 4 pls (plris): more, 4 pristinus, -a, -um: former, previous, earlier 2 prd, ere, did, ditum: bring forth; betray 2 proici, -icere, -ic, -iectum: throw forward, project, 2

10

15

20

The Romans Land and Give Chase to the Britons

prosequor, sequ, sectum: follow, pursue 1 qucumque, quae-, quod-: whosoever, 4 scapha, -ae f.: skiff, small boat, 1 serv (1): save, keep, preserve, 2 simul: at the same time (as); together, 4 singulris, -e: single, 2 specultrius, -a, um: of a look-out/scout, 1 submitt, -ere, -ms: send up, 1 ubi: where, when, 4 niversus, -a, -um: all together, whole, 3 vadum, - n.: shallow, shoal, ford, 2 vr: in truth, truly, in fact, to be sure, 3 vx, vcis, f.: voice; utterance, word, 4

15

1 nostrscunctantibus: abl. abs., pres. pple 2 quferbat: (the one) who; i.e. the standard bearer, subject of inquit contesttusut: having implored the gods... that; ut + impf. subjunctive in ind. command 3 dsilite: plural imperative mlits: vocative direct address vultis: 2nd pl. pres. vol aquilam: the eagle (standard); the golden eagle on the staff that represents the 10th legion. The behavior toward the military standard is similar to the loyalty shown to the American flag. 4 meumofficium praestiter: I will have performed my duty to; + dat. compound, fut. pf. 5 cumdxisset: when he had; cum is an adverbial conjunction not a preposition vce magn: with; abl. of manner is often without cum when the object is modified by an adjective, here magn s: himself; standard-bearer is the subject ex nav: ablative, i-stem 3rd declension 6 ferre: infinitive fer nostr: our (men); nom. subject conhortt: pf. dep. pple cohortor inter s: one another; among themselves nadmittertur: that not; negative ind. command, impf. subj. in secondary sequence 7 Hs..conspxissent: when (the other soldiers) had caught sight of (them); plpf. subjunctive 8 subsecut: having followed behind; pf dep pple pugntum est: each (side) fought; it was fought, impersonal pf. pass. 9 Nostr: our (men) 10 ordins servre: to maintain their ranks subsequ: to follow behind; deponent inf. alius ali ex nv: one from one ship

11 12

13 14

16 17 18 19

20 21

22

another from another ship; common meaning with two uses of alius, -a, -um quibuscumque signs: dat. of compound verb vr: but indeed, but to be sure; vr is in an adversative clause; placed second in the sentence but first in English, it draws out a constrast between the Romans and the Britons ntsvads: ablative abs. gredients: pres. act. pple plrs paucs: More (Britons) few (Romans); juxtaposition, which heightens the contrast; plrs is nom. subj. of pls ali: (and) others; asyndeton quod: this; which, acc. obj. animadvertisset nvium: i-stem gen. plural nvis complr: pass. infinitive qus laborants conspxerat: whom he had seen struggling; toiling, against the enemy hs: to these; dat. i.o. or dat. with compound Nostr: Our (men) sus omnibus: all their (fellow soldiers); an abl. absolute with consects in: against; a common meaning in this context in fgam dedrunt: put them into flight; in fgam d is a common idiom in Caesar longius: farther; comparative adverb, long prosequ: pres. deponent complementary inf. nsulam capere: to land on the island; catch the island, the horses had not disembarked yet because the ships were not close enough to the shore ad pristnam fortnam: (compared) to his previous good fortune; in proportion to suggests a comparison Caesar defuit: failed Caesar; was lacking to Caesar, dat. of interest

Supine
A supine is a verbal noun formed by adding - in ablative and -um in accusative to the 4th principle part stem. It is often translated as an ablative of respect (specification) and accusative expressing purpose: fact: in doing (to do) (p. 6, 20) frmenttum: to get grain (p. 20) rogtum: to ask (p. 52) oppugntum: to assault (p. 39) nocitum: to be harmed (p. 52)

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27.1

Lesson 8: Caesar IV.27 IV.28 1

Hosts proeli supert, simul atque s ex fg recprunt, statim ad Caesarem lgts d pace msrunt; obsids datrs quaeque impersset ss factrs pollicit sunt. 2. n cum hs legts Commius Atrbs vnit, quem supr demonstrveram Caesare in Britanniam praemissum. 3. Hunc ill nv gressum, cum ad es rtris md Caesaris mandta deferret, comprehenderant atque in vincula coicerant; 4. tum proeli fact remsrunt. In petend pace eius r culpam in multitdinem coicrunt et propter imprudentiam ut ignscertur petivrunt. 5. Caesar questus quod, cum ultr in continentem lgts misss pacem ab s petissent, bellum sine caus intulissent, ignscere <s> imprudentiae dixit obsidsque impervit; 6. qurum ill partem statim dedrunt, partem ex longinquiribus locs arcessitam paucs dibus ss datrs dxrunt. 7. Intere sus remigrre in agrs iussrunt, principsque undique convenre et s civittsque sus Caesar commendre coeprunt. 28.1 Hs rbus pce confirmt, post diem quartum quam est in Britnniam ventum nvs XVIII, d quibus supr demonstrtum est, quae equits sustulerant, ex superire port ln vent solvrunt. 2. Quae cum appropinqurent Britnniae et ex castrs vidrentur, tanta tempests subit corta est ut nlla erum cursum tenre posset, sed aliae edem unde erant profectae referrentur, aliae ad inferirem partem insulae, quae est prpius slis occsum, magn su cum percul deicerentur; 3. quae tamen, ancors iacts, cum fluctibus complrentur, necessri advers nocte in altum provectae continentem petirunt.
adversus, -a, -um: opposite, in front, 2 ancora, -ae f.: anchor, 3 appropinqu (1): approach, draw near (dat.), 3 arcess, -ere, -v, itum: summon, send for, 1 Atrebas, Atrebtis, m.: Atrebates, 3 coep, coepisse, coeptum: to begin, 9 commend (1): to commit, entrust, 1 Commius, - m.: Commius, 2 comple, -re, -v, -tum: fill up, fill, 6 comprehend, -ere, -d: seize, arrest; grasp 4 corior, -r, cortus: arise, break out, 2 culpa, -ae f.: blame, fault; cause, 1 cursus, -s m.: course, running, haste, 3 dici, -ere, -ic, -iectum: cast down 2 fluctus, -s m.: wave, billow, 2 fuga, -ae f.: flight, haste, exile, speed, 3 iaci, iacere, ic, iactum: to throw, 4 ignosc, -ere, nv, ntum: pardon, forgive 2 imprudentia, -ae, f.: lack of foresight, 2 inferus, -a, -um: below, lower, 3 insula, -ae, f.: island, 2 intere: meanwhile, meantime, 3 lenis, -e: smooth, slippery, 1 longinquus, -a, -um; far, distant, remote, 2 mand (1): order, command, commit, 2 modus, n.: manner, form; measure, 4 necessrius, -a, -um: necessary, inevitable, 1 occsus, -s m.: fall, destruction, 2 rtor, -oris, m.: speaker, pleader, 1 pauc, -ae, -a: little, few, scanty, 4 polliceor, -cr, -citus: promise, offer, 2 portus, -s m.: harbor, port, haven, 1 praemitt, -ere: send forward, send ahead, 2 princeps, -cipis m./f.: chief, leader, 4 proprius: more closely, nearer, 3 prveh, -ere, -vex, vectum: carry forth, 1 quartus, -a, -um: the fourth, 2 queror, quer, questum: complain, lament, 1 refer, ferre, tul, ltum: report bring back 3 remigr (1): to travel back, wander back, 1 remitt, -ere, -ms: send back, let go, relax, 4 simul: at the same time (as); together, 4

10

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The Britons Seek Peace, and the Roman Cavalry is Delayed

sl, slis m.: sun, 3 solv, -ere, solv, soltum: loosen, set sail; pay, 1 statim: immediately, at once, 4 suffer, -ere, sustul: carry or hold up, bear 3 supr: above, over, on the top, 3 tempests, tempesttis f.: storm, 3 ultr: voluntarily; moreover, beyond, 3 unde: whence, from which source, 3 ventus, vent m.: wind, 3 vinculum, - n.: bond, chain, 2

17

1 proeli: in battle; abl of respect or place where simul atque: as soon as srecprunt: they recovered; retreated 2 d: about obsids: acc. d.o. of datrs (esse) ss: that they would; reflexive as acc. subject of fut. infinitives datrs (esse) and factrs (esse) in secondary sequence quaeque impersset: and whatever he had ordered; imper(vi)sset is a syncopated plpf. subjunctive in a relative clause of characteristic, the missing antecedent is obj. of factrs (esse) pollicit sunt: perfect deponent polliceor n: altogether, together; ablative as adverb 3 quem: whom; acc. subject of pf. passive inf. praemissum (esse) in ind. discourse with by demonstrveram 4 supr demonstrveram: I had shown above; i.e. earlier in the narrative ill: those (Britons); subject of comprehenderant 5 ortris md: in the manner of a public speaker; ablative of manner 6 mandta: the orders; things ordered acc. d.o. deferret: Commius carried; impf. subj. defer coicerant: plpf. co(n)ici, -ere proeli fact: abl. absolute 7 in petend pace: in seeking peace; in peace going to be sought, gerund-gerundive flip in which pace becomes acc. obj. of the gerund eius r: for this matter; gen. of charge coicerunt: pf. co(n)ici, -ere 8 ut ignscertur: impf. subj., ind. command 9 questus quod: having complained thathad waged; intulisset is plpf. subj. for alleged cause cum: after in continentem: to the continent; i.e. continent of Europe, governed by misss petissent: they had sought; plpf. subjunctive ab s: from him; i.e. from Caesar, reflexive 8 intulissent: plpf. subj. infer, alleged cause 10 ignscere <s>: that he pardons; + dat. obj. 11 qurumpartempartem: part of which(another) part; partitive gen. 12 arcessitam: summoned; modifies partem

13 15

16

17

19

20 21 22

24

paucs dibus: within; abl. time within ss: that they; emphatic reflexive, acc. subject of fut. inf. datrs (esse) in indirect discourse sus: their own (men); object of iussrunt in agrs: to their fields, to their farms Hs rbus: abl. of means of cause Pce confirmt: abl. absolute post dim quartum quamventum during the fourth day after they came to Britain; the fourth day later than it was come into Britain, postquam as one word can be translated after; ventum est is an impersonal pf. passive which we translate in the active nvs XVIII: subject of solvrunt supr demonstrtum est: it has been revealed above; i.e. earlier in the narrative quae..sustulerant: which had brought; modifies fem. pl. nvs, plpf. suffer ex superire port: from the upper harbor ln: abl. sg. i-stem 3rd decl. adj. with vent, the wind was not strong, so the ships holding the cavalry arrived later than the ships that had already come ashore solvrunt: set sail; loosened quae cum: when these (ships); when which (ships), we prefer a demonstrative here where Caesar uses a relative pronoun Britnniae: to Britain; dat. of compound verb corta est: deponent perfect, corior utposset: thatwas able; result clause nlla erum: the antecedents of the adj. and pronoun are the nvs (feminine, plural) aliaealiae: some (ships)others edem: to the same place; adverb erant profectae: plpf. deponent proficscor proprius: nearer to + acc. magn su percul: with great risk for them quae tamen: these (ships) however; which cumcomplertur: when; cum is adverbial not a preposition; flctibus is abl. means necessri: necessarily; abl. as adverb advers nocte: in the face of the coming night provectae: PPP prveh

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29.1

Lesson 9: Caesar IV.29 IV.30.1 1

Edem nocte accidit ut esset luna plna, qu dis maritims aests maxims in cean efficere consuvit, nostrsque id erat incogntum. 2. Ita n tempore et longs nvs, quibus Caesar exercitum transportandum curverat, qusque in aridum subdxerat, aestus complverat, et onerris, quae ad ancors erant deligtae, tempests afflictbat, neque lla nostrs facults aut administrand aut auxiliand dabtur. 3. Complribus nvibus fracts, reliquae cum essent fnibus, ancors reliqusque armaments amisss ad navigandum intils, magna, id quod necesse erat accidere, ttus exercits perturbtio facta est. 4. Neque enim nvs erant aliae quibus reportr possent, et omnia derant quae ad reficiends nvs erant usu, et, quod omnibus constbat hiemr in Galli oportere, frumentum in hs lcs in hiemem provsum nn erat. 30.1 Quibus rbus cognits, princips Britnniae, qu post proelium ad Caesarem convnerant, inter s collocut, cum equits et nvs et frumentum Rmns desse intellegerent et paucittem mlitum ex castrrum exiguitte cognscerent, quae hc erant etiam angustiora quod sine impediments Caesar legins transportverat.
adflict (1): agitate, knock about, 1 administr (1): to manage, direct; help, 3 aestus, -s f.: tide, swell; heat, 2 mitt, -ere, -ms, -missum: lose, let go, 2 ancora, -ae f.: anchor, 3 angustus, -a, -um: narrow, confined, 4 aridus, -a, -um: dry, 3 armmentum, - m.: equipment, tackle, 1 auxilior, -r: to help, assist, support, 1 clam: secretly, in secret, 1s coep, coepisse, coeptum: to begin, 9 colloquor, -qu, -loctum: to converse, 4 comple, -re, -v, -tum: fill up, fill, 6 confd, -ere, confsus sum: trust, believe, rely upon, 4 conirtio, -nis f.: pact, union, conspiracy 3 const, -re, -stit: stand fixed; is agreed, 2 cr (1): care for, attend to, manage, 1 ddc, -ere: to lead or draw down or away, 3 dlig (1): to tie down, fasten, 2 enim: for, indeed, in truth, 3 exiguits, -ttis, f.: smallness, tininess, 1 frang, -ere, frg, frctus: break, 1 fnis, -is m.: a rope, cord hiemo (1): spend the winter, pass the winter, 3 hiems, hiemis f.: winter, storm, 4 incognitus, -a, -um: unknown, unexamined, 1 intelleg, -ere, -lx, -lctum: to understand, 2 intercld, -ere, -cls, clsum: close off, 1 intilis, -e: useless, unprofitable, 1 lna, -ae f.: moon, 1 maritimus, -a, -um: maritime, marine, 1 nvig (1): to sail, 2 necesse: necessary; (it is) necessary, 4 nm, nllus, nmin, -em, nll: no one, 3 Ocenus, m.: Oceanus, 3 onerrius, -a, -um: transport ship; 2 oportet: it is proper, fitting, necessary, 2 optimus, -a, -um: best, noblest, finest, 1 paucits, -ttis f. (1): fewness, scarcity, 3 paultim: gradually, little by little, 3 perturbtio, -tinis f.: confusion, disorder, 1 plnus, -a ,-um: full, full of, 1 poste: thereafter, afterwards, 1 princeps, -cipis m./f.: chief, leader, 4 prduc, -ere, -dux, ductum: lead forward 2 prvide, -re, -vd, -visum: to foresee, take precautions, prepare for 3 rebellio, -llinis f.: revolt, renewal of war, 1 reditus, -s m.: a return, a coming back, 1 refici, -ere, -fc, -fectum: restore, repair, 2 report (1): to carry back, 1 rursus: again, backward, back, 4 subdc, -ere, -dx, -ductus: draw up,, 2 tempests, tempesttis f.: storm, 3 transport (1): carry over, take across, 3

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The Fleet is Damaged in the Storm

1 Edem nocte on...; abl. of time when accidit ut: it happened that; noun result clause commonly follows impersonal accidit esset: there was; impf. subj. sum qu dis: which time; which day, rel. adj. aests maxims: calculated to be August 30, 55 BC thus dating the entire expedition 2 nostrs: to our (men); dat. of interest 3 n tempore: abl. of time when et longs nvs.et onerris (nvs): both the long ships and the freight (ships) quibus: abl. of means, relative pronoun transportandum (esse): thatwas to be transported; was going to be transported passive periphrastic (gerundive + missing inf. of sum) express obligation or necessity; exercitum is acc. subject of this infinitive in indirect discourse 4 subdxerat: drew up; as a prefix sub- often means up from under or just up 5 nostrs: to our (men); dat. of indirect object 6 administrand aut auxiliand: gen. sg. gerunds (verbal nouns), translate in English with ing, modifying the subject facults 7 complribusfracts: abl. absolute relquae cum essentintils: since the

19

remaining (ships) were; causal; impf. subj. 8 ad navigandum: for; ad + gerund expresses purpose, here qualifying intils 7 magna: modifies fem. sg. perturbtio below id quod: that which; apposition to perturbti 9 ttus exercits: subjective gen. sg. 10 possent: they might be able; impf. subj. in a relative clause of purpose derant: impf. dsum ad reficiends nvs: for repairing; ad + noun + gerundive expressing purpose; employ a gerund-gerundive flip in the translation 11 erant usu: were of use; dative of purpose constbat: it was agreed to all to; stood fixed + oportere, Caesar had planned to spend the winter in Gaul, so he brought insufficient amount of grain to Britain 12 in hiemem: (well) into the winter 13 quibus rbus: these things; abl. abs. inter s: to one another; among themselves Rmns desse: were falling short for the Romans; dat. of interest, inf. dsum 16 quaeerant angustiora: which was; neut. pl. castra is the antecedent hcquod: because of this(namely) because, abl. of cause

Practical Note: identify and translate most subjunctives in the tense you find them. 1. Purpose, adverbial or relative 2. Result, adverbial or noun clause 3. Cum-Clauses 4. Indirect Question 5. Indirect Command 6. Relative Clause of Characteristic How to identify ut/n (neg.) ut/ut nn (neg.) Cum + subjunctive interrogatives: e.g. quis, cr special translation example may/might ut Caesar mitteret so that Caesar might send none none none ut Caesar mitteret that Caesar sent Cum Caesar mitteret When Caesar sent nvit qus Caesar mitteret he learned whom Caesar sent persusit ut Caesar mitteret he persuaded that Caesar send es qus Caesar mitteret those whom Caesar sent es, s id mitteret, lgere that they read it, if he sent it s sit, mittat if he should be...he would send s esset, mitteret if he werehe would send s fuisset, msisset if he had beenhe would have

Popular Uses of Subjunctive in Caesar

commanding verb + ut/n (neg.) none relatives: qu, quod + subj. none none should/would were/would had/would have

7. Verb in Subordinate any subordinate verb in Clause in Ind. Disc. an acc. + inf. construction 8. Future-Less-Vivid 9. Pres. Contrafactual 10. Past Contrafactual s pres. subj., pres. subj. s impf. subj., impf. subj. s plpf. subj., plpf. subj.

20
30.2.

Lesson 10: Caesar IV.30.2 IV.32.1 1

optimum fact esse dxrunt rebelline fact frment commetque nostrs prohibre et rem in hiemem prodcere, quod es superts aut redt intercluss nminem poste bell inferend caus in Britanniam transitrum cnfidbant. 3. Itaque rursus coniurtine fact paultim ex castrs discedere et sus clam ex agrs ddcere coeprunt. 31.1 At Caesar, ets nndum erum cnsilia cognverat, tamen et ex vent nvium surum et ex e quod obsids dare intermserant fore id quod accidit suspicbtur. 2. Itaque ad omns cass subsidia comparbat. Nam et frmentum ex agrs cotidi in castra conferbat et, quae gravissim afflictae erant nvs, erum materi atque aere ad reliqus reficiends tbtur et quae ad es rs erant usu ex continent comportr iubbat. 3. Itaque, cum summ studi mlitibus administrretur, XII nvibus misss, reliqus ut navigr satis commod posset effcit. 32.1 Dum ea geruntur, legine ex consuetdine n frumenttum miss, quae appellbtur VII., neque ll ad id tempus bell suspicine interpsit, cum pars hominum in agrs remanret, pars etiam in castra ventitret, e qu pr ports castrrum in statine erant Caesar nuntivrunt pulverem mairem quam consuetd ferret in e parte vidr quam in partem legi iter fcisset.
adflict (1): damage, agitate, knock about, 1 administr (1): to manage, direct; help, 3 aes, aeris n.: bronze, copper, 2 mitt, -ere, -ms, -missum: lose, let go, 2 clam: secretly, in secret, 1 coep, coepisse, coeptum: to begin, 9 commetus, -s m.: convoy, traffic, trip, 1 commodus, -a, -um: convenient, suitable, 2 compar (1): prepare, get ready, provide, 4 comport (1): carry together, collect, 3 confer, -ferre: bring together, gather, 1 confd, -ere, confsus sum: trust, believe, rely upon, 4 conirtio, -nis f.: pact, union, conspiracy 3 conloc (1): place, settle, arrange, 1 cotdi: daily, every day, 1 ddc, -ere: lead or draw down or away, 3 ventus, -s m.: outcome, consequence, result, 2 fact: to do (supine), 2 frmentor, -r: to forage, fetch corn, 1 hiems, hiemis f.: winter, storm, 4 intercld, -ere, -cls, clsum: close off, 1 interpn, -ere, -posu; include, introduce, 2 materia, -ae f.: timber, wood, material, 2 nvig (1): to sail, 2 nm, nllus, nmin, -em, nll: no one, 3 nondum: not yet, 3 nunti (1): announce, report, 2 optimus, -a, -um: best, noblest, finest, 1 paucits, -ttis f. (1): fewness, scarcity, 3 paultim: gradually, little by little, 3 porta, -ae f.: gate, entrance, 1 poste: thereafter, afterwards, 1 princeps, -cipis m./f.: chief, leader, 4 prduc, -ere, -dux, ductum: lead forth, 2 pulvis, pulveris m.: dust, dirt, 1 rebellio, -llinis f.: revolt, renewal of war, 1 reditus, -s m.: a return, a coming back, 1 refici, -ere, -fc, -fectum: restore, repair, 2 remane, re, mans, mansum: remain, 1 rursus: again, backward, back, 4 satis: enough, sufficient, 2 statio, statinis f.: post, station, anchorage, 3 studium, - n.: zeal, enthusiasm, pursuit, 3 suspcio, -cinis f.: mistrust, suspicion, 4 suspicior, -r, suspictum: to suspect, 3 transport (1): carry over, take across, 3 ventit (1): to come often, resort to, 2

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The Britons Attack the Romans (I)

1 optimum esse: that it was best; ind. discourse, the subject is prohibre and prodcere fact: in fact; supine (verbal noun), abl. respect dxrunt: they considered; they calculated rebelline fact: abl. absolute frument commetque: from.; abl. of separation governed prohibre 2 nostrs our (men) prodcere to prolong, to draw out esintercluss: abl. absolute; es = hs redt: from a return; abl. separation 3 nminem: no one; acc. subject from nm bell inferend caus: for the sake of waging; caus behaves as a preposition with a preceding gen.; here a gerundive which we translate with the gerundive-gerund flip transitrum (esse): fut. inf. transe with acc. subject nminem 5 sus: their (men); i.e. the Britons, obj. of ddcere 6 etet: bothand 7 ex e quod: from the fact that; from this (fact) because, e is a demonstrative dare intermserant: had ceased to give... foreaccidit: that it would be that which happened; ind. discourse, fore is equivalent to futrum esse, the fut. inf. of sum, governed by suspicbtur 8 ad omns cass: for; expressing purpose etet: bothand; 9 quaenvs, arumaere: the timber and bronze of those (ships), which ships; the relative clause precedes the antecedent erum, matera atque aere are abl. object of impf. tor 10 adreficiends: for; ad + gerundive again expressing purpose, readers should employ the

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gerundive-gerund flip, and translate the verb form as a gerund with an acc. object reliqus (nvs): the rest (of the ships) quaeusu: the (things) which were of use; usu is dative of purpose, cf. 29.4 ad es rs: for; ad + acc expressing purpose continent: 3rd declension i-stem abl. sg. summ studi: abl. of manner with adjective does not require cum; this cum begins a causal cum-clause (since) with administrrtur administrrtur: it was managed; impf. subj. reliqus uteffcit: he brought it about that that the remaining ships were able to be sailed conveniently enough; a noun result clause after effcit, "brought it about" ex consuetdine: according to custom; abl. of source; the adj. n modifies legine frumenttum: to get grain; supine, acc. usually expresses purpose VII: the 7th (legion); predicate nominative llsuspicine interpsit: abl. absolute cum pars hominumpars: while some of the men(and) others; asyndeton ventitret: kept coming; impf. subj. with cum, frequentative form of veni e qu: those who pulveremvidr: that; indirect discourse, pulverem is acc. subj. pulverem mairem quam: more dust than; comparative ferret: impf. subj., verbs in subordinate clauses in indirect discourse are subjunctive in e parte: in that direction quam in partem: into which direction; in quam partem fcisset: plpf. subj., relative cl. of characeristic

Gerundives A gerundive, a future passive participle (stem + nd + 1st & 2nd decl. endings) agrees with a noun in case, number, and gender. Though it can be translated many ways: going/about/worthy to be freed or to be freed, we often employ a gerund-gerundive flip and translate it as a gerund: Genitive su liberand bell inferend caus Accusative ad nvs reficiends Ablative in petend pce for freeing themselves for the sake of waging war gen. + caus expresses purpose for repairing ships ad + gerundive expresses purpose in seeking peace

Passive Periphrastic (gerundive + sum ) expresses obligation or necessity and governs a dative of agent. Translate it with must or has to or ought in the present and had to in the past. faciendum esset sibi iter faciendum esse it had to be done that a journey must be made by him in subjunctive in ind. discourse

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32.2

Lesson 11: Caesar IV.32.2 IV.33 1

Caesar id, quod erat, suspictus, aliquid nv barbars intum consilii, cohorts quae in statine erant scum in eam partem proficsc, ex reliqus dus in statinem succdere, reliqus armr et confestim ss subsequ iussit. 3. Cum paul longius castrs processisset, sus ab hostibus prem atque aegr sustinre et, cnfert legine, ex omnibus partibus tla coc animadvertit. 4. Nam quod omn ex reliqus partibus demess frment pars na erat reliqua, suspict hosts hc nostrs esse ventrs noct in silvs delituerant; 5. tum disperss depsits arms in metend occupts subit adort paucs interfects reliqus incerts ordinibus perturbverant, simul equitt atque sseds circumdederant. 33.1 Genus hoc est ex sseds pugnae. Prm per omns parts perequitant et tla cociunt atque ips terrre equrum et strepit rotrum ordins plrumque perturbant et, cum s inter equitum turms insinuverunt, ex sseds dsiliunt et pedibus proeliantur. 2. Aurigae interim paultim ex proeli excdunt atque ita currs conlocant ut, s ill multitudine hostium premantur, expedtum ad sus receptum habeant. 3. Ita mobilittem equitum, stabilittem peditum in proelis praestant, ac tantum s cotidin et exercittine efficiunt ut in decliv ac praecipit lc incitts equs sustinre et brev moderr ac flectere et per temonem percurrere et in iug insistere et s inde in currs citissim recipere consuerint.
adorior, -r, -ortus sum: rise up, attack, 2 aeger, -gra, -grum: sick, weary, 4 arm (1): to arm, 1 auriga, ae m.: charioteer, driver, 1 brevis, -e: short, 3 circumd, -are, -ded, -datus: surround, 1 citus, -a, -um: swift, quick, 1 confertus, a, um: crowded together, dense, 3 cnfstim: immediately, 4 conloc (1): place, settle, arrange, 1 cotidinus, -a, -um: daily, of every day, 3 currus, -s m.: chariot, cart, 2 dclvis, -e: sloping, inclined downwards, 1 dlitesc, -ere, -tu: conceal oneself, lie hid 1 dmet, -ere, messu, messum: reap, mow 1 dpon, -ere, -posu, -positum: put down, 1 dsili, -re, -lu: to jump down, dismount, 4 disperg, -ere, -spers, spersum: scatter, 1 equus, - m.: horse, 4 ssedum, - n.: war-chariot (Gallic word), 3 excd, -ere, cess, -cessum: go out, 3 exercittio, -inis f.: training, practice, 2 expedtus, -a, -um: unimpeded, fast, 4 flect, -ere, flex, flectum: turn, bend, 1 hc: to this place, hither, here 2

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incertus, -a, -um: unreliable, doubtful, 2 inde: from there, then, afterward, 3 ine, -re, i, -itum: go into, enter, 1 insinu (1): to insinuate, wind a way in, 1 insist, -ere, -stit: set on, set about; stop, 2 iugum, - n.: yoke, (mountain) range, 2 met, ere, messu, messum: reap, harvest, 1 mobilits, -ttis f.: mobility, 1 moderor, -r, -tum: restrain, regulate, 1 noct: by night; abl. as adv. nox, noctis, 4 nosc, -ere, nv, ntum: to learn, 1 occup (1): seize, occupy, 4 pauc, -ae, -a: little, few, scanty, 4 paultim: little by little, gradually, 3 pedes, peditis m.: foot soldier, infantry; adj. on foot, 1 percurr, -ere, -cucurr: run through, 1 perequit (1): to ride (a horse) through, 1 praeceps, praecipitis adj.: headlong; steep, 1 prcd, -ere, -cess, -cessum; proceed, 3 proelior, -r: to give battle, fight, 1 rota, -ae f.: wheel, 1 silva, -ae f.: wood, forest, woodland, 4 simul: at the same time (as); together, 4 stabilitas, -ttis f.: stability, firmness, 1 statio, statinis f.: post, station, anchorage, 3

The Britons Attack the Romans (II)

strepitus, -s m.: creaking, rustling, rushing, 1 succd, -ere, -cess, -cessus: go up, approach, 2 suspicior, -r, suspictum: to suspect, 3 tm, -nis m.: pole, beam (of a wagon), 1 terror, terroris m.: terror, fear, 1 turma, -ae f.: troop of cavalry (30 men), 1

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1 id, quod erat: that which was (the case) aliquid nvcnsili: (namely that) some new plan; partitive gen., aliquid is acc. subj. of intum (esse), intum (esse): had been initiated; pf. pass. ine 2 cohortsdusreliqusiussit: ordered the cohorts totwo (cohorts) to the remaining (cohorts) to; acc. object of iussit in eam partem: into that direction ex reliqus: from the remaining (cohorts) 3 armr: to arm themselves; to be armed subsequ: present deponent inf. 4 paul longius: a little farther; abl. of degree of difference with comparative adverb processisset: plpf. subjunctive sus: that his (soldiers); acc. subj. of pass. inf. prem, sustinre and pass. inf. coc in an ind. discourse governed by animadvertit 5 partibus: directions coc: pass. inf. coci, -ere 6 omndemess frment: abl. abs., omn is istem 3rd decl. adj. modifying frment 7 na, reliqua: pars is feminine in gender suspict hosts: the enemy having suspected that..; hosts is nom. subj. of delituerant nostrs: that our (men); acc. subj. esse ventrs: ventrs esse; fut. inf. veni 8 disperssoccupts: (our soldiers) dispersedand occupied; acc. d.o. of adort adort: (the enemy) having attacked depsits arms: abl. absolute; the men put down their weapons to gather food

metend: harvesting; gerund of mete 9 paucs interfects: abl. absolute incerts rdinibus: in unfixed ranks 11 pugnae: of fighting; modifies genus prm: at first; abl. time when parts: directions 13 cuminsinuverunt: when; + indicative, cum is adverbial not a prep.; s is acc. d.o. 14 pedibus: on foot; by feet, abl. of manner Aurigae: drivers; the drivers carried soldiers to battle, waited at a safe distance, and then returned to pick up soldiers when summoned 15 itaut: in such a waythat; introducing a result clause, pres. subj. in primary sequence 16 expedtumreceptum: an easy recovery for their (people); an unencumbered recovery 17 tantum: only; adverb 18 efficiunt utconsuerint: they bring it about that they have become accustomed; noun result clause, ut is another form for ut (t is inf. of tor) and consuerint is perfect subj. 19 sustinere: to restrain; hold up brev (tempore): in a short (time); time when per temnemin iug: The Britons ran out from the chariot onto the wooden pole (tm) attached between the two horses to the chariot. Then they stood on the harness (iugum) binding the horses together 22 srecipere: retreat; a common idiom, take themselves back citissim: superlative adverb

Indirect Discourse: Accusative Subject + Infinitive In secondary sequence, translate a present infinitive as imperfect, perfect as pluperfect, and will as would.

Present Perfect Future

Caesarem mlits mittere Caesarem mlits msisse

(says) that Caesar is sending soldiers (said) that Caesar was sending soldiers (says) that Caesar has sent* soldiers (said) that Caesar had sent soldiers (says) that Caesar will send soldiers (said) that Caesar would send soldiers

mlits Caesar mitt

(says) that the soldiers are sent by Caesar (says) that the soldiers were sent by Caesar (says) that the soldiers has been sent* by C. (said) that the soldiers had been sent by C.

mlits Caesar misss esse

Caesarem mlits missrum esse

*alternatives: sent, were sent

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34.1

Lesson 12: Caesar IV.34 IV.36.1 1

Quibus rbus perturbts nostrs novitate pugnae tempore opportunissim Caesar auxilium tulit: namque eius advent hosts constitrunt, nostr s ex timore receprunt. 2. Qu fact, ad lacessendum hostem et committendum proelium alinum esse tempus arbitrtus su s loc continuit et brev tempore intermiss in castra legins redxit. 3. Dum haec geruntur, nostrs omnibus occupts qu erant in agrs reliqu discessrunt. 4. Secutae sunt continus complurs dis tempestts, quae et nostrs in castrs continrent et hostem pugn prohibrent. 5. Interim barbar nuntis in omns parts dimsrunt paucittemque nostrrum mlitum sus praedicvrunt et quanta praedae faciendae atque in perpetuum su liberand facults dartur, s Rmns castrs expulissent, demonstrvrunt. Hs rbus celeriter magn multitudine peditts equittsque coact ad castra vnrunt. 35.1 Caesar, ets idem quod superiribus dibus acciderat fore vidbat, ut, s essent hosts puls, celeritte perculum effugerent, tamen nactus equits circiter XXX, qus Commius Atrbs, d qu ante dictum est, scum transportverat, legins in aci pr castrs constituit. 2. Commiss proeli diutius nostrrum mlitum impetum hosts ferre non poturunt ac terga vertrunt. 3. Qus tant spati secut quantum curs et vribus efficere poturunt, complrs ex es occidrunt, deinde omnibus long ltque aedificis incenss s in castra recprunt. 36.1 Edem di lgt ab hostibus miss ad Caesarem d pace vnrunt.
cer, cris, cre: sharp, fierce, eager, bitter 2 acis, - f.: sharp edge, battle line, army, 2 aedificium, -i n.: building, edifice, 2 alienus, -a, -um: of another, foreign, 2 ante: before, in front of (acc); adv. before, 4 Atrebas, Atrebtis, m.: Atrebates, 3 auxilium, - n.: help, aid, assistance, 3 brevis, -e: short, 3 committ, -ere: commence, commit, entrust 4 Commius, - m.: Commius, 2 continuus, -a, -um: continuous, unceasing, 1 cursus, -s m.: course, running, haste, 3 deinde: then, next, from that place, 1 dmitt, -ere, -ms, -missus: send (away), 3 di: a long time, long, 1 effugi, -ere, -fg: flee out, escape, 1 expell, ere, pul, pulsum: drive out, expel 2 incend, -ere, -, -nsus: kindle, burn, 2 lacess, -ere, -v: provoke, goad, irritate, 1 lat: widely, far and wide, 2 lber (1): free, liberate, 3 namque: to be sure, for, 1 nanciscor, nancisc, nactus: obtain, meet, 1 novits, -ttis f.: newness, strangeness, 1 occd, -ere, occid, occsus: kill, cut down 4 occup (1): seize, occupy, 4 opportnus, -a, -um: fit, suitable, useful, 2 paucits, -ttis f. (1): fewness, scarcity, 3 pedittus, -s m.: infantry, 3 pell, -ere, pepul, pulsus: drive, push, 2 perpetuus, -a, -um: constant, everlasting, 4 praeda, -ae f.: loot, spoils, cattle, 2 praedic (1): proclaim, publish, declare, 2 redc, -ere, -dx, -ductus: to bring back, 3 sequor, -, sectus: follow, pursue, 4 spatium, -i n.: space, room, extent, 4 tempests, tempesttis f.: storm, 3 tergum, - n.: back, hide, rear, 1 timor, -oris m.: fear, dread, anxiety, 2 transport (1): carry over, take across, 3 vert, -ere, -s, -rsus: turn, change, 1 vs, vs, f., pl. virs: force, power, violence, 4

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The Britons are Defeated by the Romans

1 quibus rbus: because of these things; which things, abl. of cause perturbts nostrs: our (men) having been set into confusion; abl. abs. novitte pugnae: abl. of means with perturbts tempore opportunissim: abl of time when 2 tulit: perfect, fer hosts: nom. subject 3 constitrunt: stopped; stood still srecprunt: retreated; idiom qu fact: this having been done; which having been done, abl. abs. adalinum esse tempus: that it was an unfavorable time; ind. discourse governed by perfect deponent pple arbitratus ad lacessendumcommitendum: for provoking; ad + gerundives: in a gerundgerundive flip: the gerundives should be translated as gerunds (-ing) with acc. objs. 4 su s loc continuit: he held his ground; held himself in his position 6 qu erantreliqu: (those) who; the antecedent is subject of discessrunt 7 sectae sunt: pf. deponent, subject tempestts continusdis: for; acc. of duration quaeprohibrent: relative clause of characteristic with impf. subj. 10 sus: to their people; dat. indirect object quantafacultsdartur: how great an opportunity would; indirect question governed by demonstrvrunt praedae faciendae: of freeing; gerundgerundive flip; translate the gerundive as a gerund; modifying facults in perpetuum: forever; into perpetuity 11 su liberand: of freeing themselves; gerundgerundive flip; modifying facults

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castrs: from; abl. separation expulissent: plpf. subj. hs rbus: because of these matters; abl. cause multitudinecoact: ablative absolute idem fore: the same thing.would happen; same thingwould be, ind. disc. governed by vidbat, fore is equivalent to futrum esse, fut. infinitive of sum, esse; superiribus dibus: in the days before yesterday; abl. time when uteffugerent: (namely) that; noun result clause in apposition to idem essent puls: plpf. passive subjunctive, pell celeritte: with speed; abl. of manner nactus: pf. deponent pple, nanciscor d qu: concerning whom dictum est: it was mentioned (by me); i.e. I mentioned commiss proeli: the battle having been begun; common idiom, proelium committ ditius: longer; comparative adv. di nostrrum mlitum: subject gen. + impetum hosts: nom. subject of poturunt, pf. possum ferre: to endure qussect: having pursued these (Britons); having pursued whom tant spatiquantum: by as great an interval as; abl of degree of difference curs et vribus: with speed and (troop) force; vribus denotes troop size; abl. manner poturuntoccidrunt: the Roman cavalry is the subject, complrs is the direct object omnibusincenss: abl. absolute long ltque: far and wide s recprunt: retreated, took themselves back Edem di: abl. time when

Gerunds A gerund (present stem + nd + 2 decl. neut. sg. endings) is a verbal noun. It can govern an acc. obj. and is easy to distinquish from a gerundive because a gerund has only -/-/-um endings and does not modify a nearby noun. Nominative Navigre est difficile. Genitive facults navigand navigand caus Dative tilis navigand Accusative ad navigandum Ablative navigand in navigand To sail is difficult. opportunity for sailing for the sake of sailing useful for sailing for sailing (to sail) by sailing in sailing
nd

Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl.

navigand navigand navigandum navigand

of sailing for sailing sailing by sailing

an infinitive not gerund as subject gen. + caus/grti expresses purpose dative of purpose ad + gerund expresses purpose ablative with or without a preposition occasionally with an acc. object

ulcscend Rmns of avenging the Romans

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13.1

Lesson 13: Caesar VI.13.1 13.8 1

In omn Galli erum hominum, qu aliqu sunt numer atque honre, genera sunt duo. Nam plebs paene servrum habtur loc, quae nihil audet per s, nll adhibtur cnsili. 2. Plrque, cum aut aere alin aut magnitdine tribtrum aut iniri potentirum premuntur, ss in servittem dicant nbilibus: in hs eadem omnia sunt ira, quae domins in servs. 3. Sed d hs dubus generibus alterum est Druidum, alterum equitum. 4. Ill rbus dvns intersunt, sacrificia publica ac prvta prcrant, religins interpretantur: ad hs magnus adulscentium numerus disciplnae caus concurrit, magnque h sunt apud es honre. 5. Nam fer d omnibus controversis publics privtsque constituunt et, s quod est admissum facinus, s caeds facta, s d hrditte, d fnibus contrversia est, dem decernunt, praemia poensque constituunt; 6. s qu aut privtus aut populus erum dcrt nn stetit, sacrificis interdicunt. Haec poena apud es est gravissima. 7. Quibus ita est interdictum, h numer impirum ac scelertrum habentur, hs omns dcdunt, aditum sermonemque dfugiunt, n quid ex contgine incommod accipiant, neque hs petentibus ius redditur neque hons llus commnictur. 8. Hs autem omnibus Druidibus praeest nus, qu summam inter es habet auctorittem.
aditus, -s m.: approach, access, entrance, 2 adhibe, -re, -u, -itum: hold toward, admit, apply, 1 admitt, -ere, ms, missum: admit, commit, allow, 2 adulescens, -ntis m./f.: youth, 1 aes, aeris n.: bronze, copper, 2 alienus, -a, -um: of another, foreign, 2 auctrits, -ttis f.: influence, clout, 3 aude, -re, ausus sum: dare, venture, 4 caeds, caedis f.: murder, slaughter, killing 2 communic (1): share, impart, 4 concurr, -ere, -curr, -cursus: run eagerly, clash, 2 contgio, -ginis f.: contact; contagion, 1 dcd, -ere, cess, cessum: depart, withdraw, die, 4 dcern, ere, crv, crtum: decide, judge, 3 dfugi, -ere, -fg: to flee away, avoid, 1 dic, -re, -v, -tum: dedicate, devote, 1 dvinus, -a, -um: divine, 1 dominus, - m.: master, 1 facinus, facinoris n.: deed; bad deed, crime 2 hrditas, -ttis f.: inheritance, 1 honor(s), -ris m.: honor, glory; offering, 2 impius, -a, -um: unholy, impious, 1 incommodus, -a, -um: unfortunate, disastrous, 3 iniria, -ae f.: wrong, insult, injustice, 4

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interdc, -ere, -dx, -dictum: to forbid, prohibit, outlaw, 2 interpretor, -r, : to translate, interpret, 1 intersum, -esse, -fu: take part in, engage in, 1 is, iris n.: justice, law, right, 2 nbilis, -e: noble, renowned, 3 paene: almost, nearly, 2 plebs, plbis, f.: common people, masses, 2 plrusque, -raque, -rumque: very many, 2 poena, poenae, f.: punishment, penalty, 3 potns, -entis: powerful, ruling (gen.), 2 praesum, -esse, -fu: be over, preside over, 2 prcr (1): take care of, look after, 1 redd, -ere, -did, -ditus: give back, return, 2 religi, religinis f.: susperstitious rites, ritual, divine manifestation, 3 sacrificium, n.: sacrifice, 4 scelertus, -a, -um: wicked, profane, guilty 1 sermo, -mnis m.: conversation, discourse, 3 servits, servittis, f.: servitude, 2 servus, -, m.: slave, 1 st, -re, stet, sttum: stand still, stop, 3 tribtum, - n.: tribute, tax, contribution, 2

Two Classes of Nobility: Druids and Knights

1 erum hominum qu: of all these peoples who; partitive genitive aliqu numerhonre: are of some account and honor; abl. of description, here predicate of sunt 2 plbs: the masses; though plural, it governs a 3rd sg. verb habtur: are considered (to be); are held loc: in the position; i.e. status in life 3 per s: by themselves; lit. through themselves adhibtur: are admitted; + dat. of compound cnsili: council; assembly, dat. compound 4 cumpremuntur: when they are overwhelmed; cum is an adverbial conjunction aere alin: by debt; lit. anothers money portentirum: of those more powerful; gen. pl. ss: themselves; emphatic form of s dicant: they dedicate; 1st conj. pres., not dc 5 sunt: (they) have; are (to them), supply dat. of possession es, parallel to domins in hs: over them; towards them, i.e. plebs quae domins: which masters (have); which (there are) to masters, dat. of possession with missing linking verb sunt in servs: over slaves; towards slaves 6 alterum (genus)alterum (genus): onethe other; neuter in agreement with missing genus 7 ill: i.e. Druids, nom. pl. rbus dvns: dat. obj. of compound intersunt intersunt(et) prcrant(et) interpretantur: asyndeton, add conjunctions 9 disciplnae caus: for the sake of training magnhonre: of great honor; abl. of description in the predicative position after sunt apud es: among them; i.e. among the Gauls 10 s quodfacinus: if any crime; aliquis, aliquod is a common indefinite adjective

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16

17

(any, some), but qu, quod is commonly used as an indefinite (which any, some) after s, nisi, num, and n. The mnemonic for this construction is the jingle After s, nisi, num, and n, all the alis go away (in other words indefinite aliquod becomes just quod) facta (est): has been committed; pf. pass. d hrditte (aut) d fnibus: asyndeton, supply aut dem: likewise s qu: if anyone; qu indefinite before s, see line 10 above dcrt nn stetit: did not abide by the decision; did not stand by the (thing) having been decided; abl. place where; pf. st, stre sacrificis: from the sacrifices; abl. separation apud es: among them; i.e. among the Gauls quibusest interdictum, h: these for whom it has been prohibited; for whom it has been prohibited, these h is the antecedent of the relative clause beginnning with quibus numer: in the number, group; place where habentur: are considered (to be); are held (to be), see line 2 above hs: from these; i.e. from those placed in the group of the wicked; abl. of separation dcdunt (et)dfugiunt: asyndeton, supply a conjunction aditum: an encounter n quid incommod: lest anything unsuitable; quid is indefinite following s, nis, num, or n; incommod is a partitive gen. nequeneque: neithernor hs petentibus: to these seeking; pres. pple pet is condition in force; dat. indirect object praeest: is over (+ dat); compound verbs often govern a dative object

Common Uses of the Dative construction Dative of Indirect Object Dative of Compound Verbs Dative of Agent + Pass. Periphrastic Dative of Purpose Dative of Possession + sum Dative of Interest (Advantage) Dative of Reference* Dative of Special Adjectives Double Dative (purpose + interest) example translation e fliam dat gives his daughter to him Druidibus praeest is over the Druids sibi iter faciendum esse a journey must be made by him hiberns mntum fortified for winter-quarters quae domins sunt which are to masters (= masters have) nostrs gravissimus most grievous for our men mihi vidtur it seems to me (i.e. from my viewpoint) fgae similem similar to flight

magn su nostrs fuit was for a great use to our men served a great use to our men *for some, interest and reference are the same construction

28
13.9 Hc

Lesson 14: Caesar VI.13.9 VI.14 1

mortu aut s qu ex reliqus excellit dignitte succdit, aut, s sunt plrs pars, suffrgi Druidum, nnnumquam etiam arms d principt contendunt. 10. H cert ann tempore in fnibus Carntum, quae regi ttus Galliae media habtur, consdunt in loc cnsecrt. Hc omns undique, qu contrversis habent, conveniunt erumque decrts iudicisque parent. 11. Disciplna in Britanni reperta atque inde in Galliam trnslta esse exstimtur, 12. et nunc, qu dligentius eam rem cognscere volunt, plrmque ill discend caus proficscuntur. 14.1 Druids bell abesse cnsurunt neque tribta n cum reliqus pendunt; mlitiae vactinem omniumque rrum habent immunittem. 2. Tants excitt praemis et su sponte mult in disciplnam conveniunt et parentibus propinqusque mittuntur. 3. Magnum ibi numerum versuum discere dicuntur. Itaque anns nnnull vcns in discipln permanent. 4. Neque fs esse exstimant ea litters mandre, cum in reliqus fer rbus, publics privtsque ratinibus, Graecs litters tantur. Id mihi dubus d causs nstituisse videntur, quod neque in vulgum disciplnam efferr velint neque es, qu discunt, litters cnfss minus memoriae studre: quod fer plrsque accidit, ut praesidi litterrum dligentiam in perdiscend ac memoriam remittant. 5. In prms hoc volunt persudre, nn interre anims, sed ab alis post mortem transre ad alis, atque hc maxim ad virttem excitr putant met mortis neglct. Multa praetere d sderibus atque erum mt, d mund ac terrrum magnitdine, d rrum ntr, d dorum immortlium v ac potestte disputant et iuventt trdunt.
anima, -ae f.: breath, spirit, soul, 1 Carnts, -um: Carnutes, 4 confd, -ere, confsus sum: trust, believe, rely upon, 4 consecr (1): dedicate to a god, make holy 2 consde, -re, -sd: to sit down, settle, 2 contend, -ere, -, -ntus: strive; hasten, 4 dcern, ere, crv, crtum: decide, judge, 3 deus, - m.: god, divinity, deity, 4 dignits, -ttis f.: worth, merit, worthiness, 1 dligns, -entis: careful, diligent, accurate, 2 diligentia, -ae f.: diligence, attentiveness, 1 disc, -ere, -didic: learn, get to know, 2 disput (1): reckon, debate, argue, 1 disc, -ere, -didic: to learn thoroughly, 1 effer, -ferre, -tul, ltus: raise, lift up 4 ego: I, 2 excell, -ere, : be distinguished, excel, 1 excit (1): excite, rouse up, raise, inspire, 3 fs n.: right, divine law, duty, 1 Graecus, -a, -um: Greek, 2 hc: to this place, hither, here 2 immortlis, -e: immortal, 3 immnits, -ttis f.: exception, immunity, 1 inde: from there, then, afterward, 3 institu, -ere, -u, -tum: set, establish, 3 intere, -re, -v, -tum: to die, perish, 3 iudicium, - n.: decision, judgment; trial 3 iuvents, -ttis f.: youth, 1 mand (1): order, command, commit, 2 medius -a um: in the middle of, 3 memoria, -ae. f.: memory, 4 metus, -s f.: dread, fear, 2 mlitia, -ae f.: military service; military, 2 mortuus, -a, -um: dead, 2 mtus, -s m.: motion, 3 mundus, - m.: the world, 1 ntra, -ae. f.: nature, 3 negleg, ere, -lx, neglctum: to neglect, 3 nnnullus, -a, -um: some, not none, 2 nnnumquam: sometimes, not never, 1 nunc: now, at present, 2 pr, paris: equal, similar, even, 2

10

15

20

The Druids: Privileges, Education, and Beliefs

parens, -rentis m.: parent, ancestor, 1 pre, -re, -u, pritum: obey, yield (dat) 1 pend, -ere, pepend, pensum: pay, weigh 2 perdisc, -ere, -didic: learn thoroughly, 1 permane, -ere, -mans: to remain, stay, 1 plrusque, -raque, -rumque: very many, 2 pls (plris): more, 4 potests, -ttis f.: power, ability, capacity, 3 praesidium, -i n.: guard, protection; assistance, 2 praetere: besides, hereafter, 2 principtus, -s m.: leadership, rule, 2 propinquus, -a, -um: near, close; subst. kinsman, 2 put (1): to think, imagine, 3 regi, reginis f.: region, area, 1 remitt, -ere, -ms: send back, let go, relax, 4

29

reperi, -re, repper, repertum: to discover, find, 1 sdus, sderis n.: star; group of stars, constellation, 1 sponte: willingly, voluntarily, 2 stude, -re, u: be eager, strive after, 1 succd, -ere, -cess, -cessus: go up, approach, 2 suffrgium, -i n.: a vote, 1 terra, -ae. f.: earth, ground, land, 2 trd, -dere, -did, -ditum: to give over, hand down, 3 transfer, ferre, tul, ltum: carry across, 1 tribtum, - n.: tribute, tax, contribution, 2 vactio, -tinis f.: exemption, immunity 1 vert, -ere, -s, -rsus: turn, change, 1 vcen, -a, -um: twenty each, 1 vs, vs, f., pl. virs: force, power, violence, 4 vulgus, - n.: mass, mob, multitude, 2

1 Hc mortu: this (one) being dead; i.e. if this one dies abl. absolute is conditional in force, since there is no participle for sum, the subject and predicate are placed in the ablative s qu ex reliqus: if (anyone) who out of the rest; missing antecedent is subj. of succdit dignitte: in dignity; abl. of respect, governed by excellit not by succdit 2 plrs: more; nom. subj., pars is nom. pred. nnnumquam etiam: (and) sometimes even; suffrgi and arms are parallel, abl. of means 3 certtempore: abl. of time when fnibus: territory 4 media: center; nom. predicate, the gen. ttus Galliae modifies media habtur: is considered; is held, quae regi is subject, quae is a relative adjective 6 reperta (esse): to have been invented; pf. pass. inf. governed by exstimtur trnslta esse: pf. pass. inf. trnsfer dligentius: comparative adverb plrumque: frequently ill: to that place; adverb discend caus: for the sake of learning; caus governs a preceding gen.; gerund gen. sg. 9 cnsu(v)runt: are accustomed; present sense n: together; adverb 10 pendunt: pay; weigh out 11 su sponte: by their own will 12 versuum: of verses; gen. pl. 13 annsvcns: for twenty years; duration nnnll: several; not none 14 fs esse: that it is right; impersonal verb in ind. discourse, mandre is subject of esse ea: these (things); neut. pl., i.e. these teachings litters: to letters (of the alphabet); i.e. writing cumtantur: although; this cum + pres.

subjunctive is concessive 15 idnstituisse: to have established this; i.e. not entrusting training to letters; pf. inf. dubus d caussquod: for two reasons(namely) because); as often, the adjective precedes the preposition; dat. and abl. pl. of du is dubus/dubus not dus mihi videntur: they seem to me; seem is a common translation for the passive of vide 16 in vulgum: to the masses efferr: pass. inf., disciplnam is acc. subj. velint: they wish; pres. subj. of vl; quod + subjunctive denotes an alleged, not real, cause 17 cnfss: having trusted in + dat; pf. dep. pple minusstudre: pay less attention to memory have less enthusiasm for memory es is acc. subj., minus is a comparative adverb 18 plrsque: to very many; dat. of interest; -que does not decline, but plrus- does quodaccidit ut: because it happens...that; accidit governs a noun result clause praesidi litterrum: with the assistance of (written) letters; with the protection of in perdiscend: gerund abl. sg. 19 remittant: they weaken; they let go in prms: in particular; among the first hocnn interre anims: this(namely) that; neuter sg. acc. object of persudre, anims is acc. subject in indirect discourse ab alisad alis: from someinto others 20 transre: anims is still acc. subject hc: because of this; i.e. the reincarnation of souls, abl. of cause 21 excitr: that (people) are roused; add homins as acc. subject metneglect: abl. abs. Multa: many (things); neut. pl. acc. d.o.

30
15.1

Lesson 15: Caesar VI.15 VI.17.1 1

Alterum genus est equitum. H, cum est sus atque aliquod bellum incidit (quod fer ante Caesaris adventum quotanns accidere solbat, ut aut ips iniris inferrent aut illts prpulsrent), omns in bell versantur, 2. atque erum ut quisque est genere copisque amplissimus, ita plrims circum s ambacts clientsque habet. Hanc nam grtiam potentiamque nvrunt. 16.1 Nti est omnis Gallrum admodum ddita religinibus, 2. atque ob eam causam, qu sunt adfect graviribus morbs quque in proelis periculsque versantur, aut pr victims homins immolant aut s immoltrs vovent administrsque ad ea sacrificia Druidibus tuntur, quod, pr vt hominis nisi hominis vta reddtur, 3. nn posse derum immortlium nmen placr arbitrantur, pblicque eiusdem generis habent nstitta sacrificia. Ali immn magnitdine simulcra habent, 4. qurum contexta vminibus membra vvs hominibus complent; quibus succenss, circumvent flamm exanimantur homins. 5. Supplicia erum qu in furt aut in latrcini aut aliqu noxi sint comprehns grtira ds immortlibus esse arbitrantur; sed, cum eius generis cpia dfcit, etiam ad innocentium supplicia dscendunt. 17.1 Deum maxim Mercurium colunt. Huius sunt plrima simulcra: hunc omnium inventrem artium ferunt, hunc virum atque itinerum ducem, hunc ad quaests pecniae mercatrsque habre vim maximam arbitrantur. Post hunc Apollinem et Mrtem et Iovem et Minervam.
adfici, -ere, -fc, -fectum: afflict, affect, 3 administer, -str m.: performer, 1 admodum: completely, quite; just about, 2 ambactus, - m.: vassal, 1 amplus, -a, -um: ample, full, spacious, 2 ante: before, in front of (acc); adv. before, 4 Apollo, Apollinis m.: Apollo, 2 ars, artis f.: art, 1 circum: around, round about, 2 cliens, -entis m.: client, dependent, 4 col, -ere, colu, cultum: till, farm; worship, 1 comprehend, -ere, -d: seize, arrest; grasp 4 conteg, -ere, -tex, -tectum: to cover over, 1 dscend, -ere, , nsus: descend; sink to; stoop to, 1 dditus, -a, -um: given to, devoted to, 1 dfici, -ere, -fc, -fectum: fail, give out, 3 deus, - m.: god, divinity, deity, 4 dux, ducis m../f.: leader, guide, chief, 4 exanim (1): deprive of breath; kill, stun, 2 flamma, ae f.: flame, 3 furtum, - n.: theft, robbery, deceit, 1 grtia, -ae f.: gratitude; favor, thanks, 2 grtus, -a, -um: pleasing; grateful, 1

10

15

20

immnis, -e: immense, enormous, 1 immol (1): to sacrifice, immolate, 3 immortlis, -e: immortal, 3 incid, -ere, -cid, -cisum: happen, fall in with, 1 iniria, -ae f.: wrong, insult, injustice, 4 innocens, innocentis: harmless, blameless, 1 institu, -ere, -u, -tum: set, establish, 2 inventor, -ris m.: inventor, 1 Iuppiter, Iovis m.: Jupiter, 2 latrcinium, - n.: banditry, robbery, 1 Mars, Martis m.: Mars, god of victory, 2 membrum, - n.: limb, member, 1 merctra, -ae f.: trade, traffic, 1 Mercurius, - m.: Mercury, 1 Minerva, -ae f.: Minerva, 2 morbus, - m.: disease, sickness, illness, 2 nati, natinis f.: nation, people, tribe, 1 nosc, -ere, nv, ntum: to learn, 1 noxia, -ae f.: fault, offence, crime, 1 nmen, -minis n.: divine spirit or consent 1 pecnia, -ae f.: money, 3 plac (1): soothe, calm, appease, placate, 1 plrimus, -a, -um: most, very many, 4

The Knights and Human Sacrifice

potentia, -ae f.: power, might, strength, 1 prpell, -ere, -pell, -pulsum: drive forward or push away, 3 quaestus, -s m.: gain, profit, advantage, 1 quotannis: every year, year by year, 1 redd, -ere, -did, -ditus: give back, return, 2 religi, religinis f.: susperstitious rites, ritual, divine manifestation, 3 sacrificium, n.: sacrifice, 4 simulcrum, - n.: likeness, image, 2 sole, -re, -itus sum: be accustomed, 1 succend, -ere, -d, censum: kindle under, 2 supplicium, -i n.: punishment, 3 versor (1): be engaged in, move about, deal with, 3 via, -ae, f.: road, way, path, 2 victima, -ae f.: animal for sacrifice, victim, 1 vmen, vminis n.: twig, wicker, withe, 1 vs, vs, f., pl. virs: force, power, violence, 4 vvus, -a, -um: living, alive, 2 vov, -ere, vv, vtum: to vow; pray 1

31

1 alterum genus: the other kind; In 13.3 Caesar distinguished two groups, Druids and Knights. Here Caesar addresses the latter group. equitum: of knights H: these; i.e. the knights cum est sus: when there is a need; is a use 2 incidit: occurs, happens quod: which utinferrentprpulsrent: (namely) that..; ti is an alternative to ut; noun result clause in apposition to quod with impf. subjunctives (secondary sequence) governed by accdere 3 ips: they themselves; i.e. the knights illts: carried on; PPP infer, supply inris 4 erum ut quisqueita: in the proportion as each one of them isso..; in other words the morethe more, ut and ita are correlatives genere copisque: in birth and; abl. respect amplissimus: very distinguished 5 hancgrtiam: this lone (form) of influence nvrunt: they have come to learn; or they know, pf. nosc 6 ddita: devoted to; governs a dative plural ob eam causam: for this reason 7 qu: (those) who sunt adfect: pf. passive adfici, + abl. means quque: and (those) who; second parallel clause parallel to the first 8 pr victims: instead of sacrifical animals immoltrs (esse): will sacrifice (them); fut. inf., s is acc. subj.; governed by vovent 9 administrsDruidibus: Druids as performers; abl. obj. of tuntur
pres. impf. fut. perf. plupf. fut. pf vult volbat volet voluit volerat volerit she wishes she was wishing she will wish she wished she had wished she will have wished

10

11 12

13

14 15 16 18 19

20 21

ad: for; expressing purpose quod: because pr vt hominis: for the life of a man; governed by the nisireddtur posseplacr: numen is acc. subject pr vt hominis: for the life of a man; eiusdem generis: of the same sort; gen. of quality immn magnitdine: of immense size; abl. of quality, immnis is an i-stem 3rd decl. adj. simulcra: likeness; Caesar describes image in the likeness of a man made of wicker membra: acc. direct object of complent vvs hominibus: abl. of means quibus succenss: with these (images); gen. abs. Caesar prefers to use a relative pronoun where English prefers the demonstrative qusint: whoare; pres. subjunctive sum in a relative clause of characteristic grtira: more pleasing; acc. pred. with esse ds immortlibus: to the immortal gods; an alternative form for dat. pl. des eius generis cpia: supply of this sort; i.e. of criminals Huius: of this one; i.e. Mercury, gen. sg. ferunt: they call this one the inventor; governs a double accusative, inventrem is in the predicative position huncducem: they call this one the guide; hunchabre: that this one; ind. discourse governed by arbitrantur vim maximam: the greatest influence ApollinemMinervam: supply colunt
present subjunctive velim velimus vels veltis velit3 velint4
3

vol, velle, volu: to wish: Regular 3rd Conj. except Infinitive, Present Indicative and Present Subjunctive present indicative vol volumus v s vultis1 vult volunt2
1

imperfect subjunctive vellem vellmus vells velltis vellet vellent5

5

p. 14, 46

p. 28

p.52

p. 28, 42, 58, 60

p. 10, 40, 52, 58, 62

32
17.2.

Lesson 16: Caesar VI.17.2 VI.18 1

D hs eandem fer, quam reliquae gents, habent opininem: Apollinem morbs dpellere, Minervam operum atque artificirum initia trdere, Iovem imperium caelestium tenre, Martem bella regere. 3. Huic, cum proeli dmicre constiturunt, ea quae bell cperint plrmque dvovent: cum supervrunt, animalia capta immolant reliqusque rs in num locum conferunt. 4. Mults in civittibus hrum rrum exstrcts tumuls locs consecrts conspicr licet; 5. neque saepe accidit ut neglct quispiam religine aut capta apud s occultre aut posita tollere audret, gravissimumque e re supplicium cum crucit constittum est. 18.1 Gall s omns ab Dte patre prgnts praedicant idque ab Druidibus prditum dcunt. 2. Ob eam causam spatia omnis temporis nn numer dirum sed noctium fniunt; dis ntls et mnsum et annrum initia sic observant ut noctem dis subsequtur. 3. In reliqus vtae nstitts hc fer ab reliqus differunt, quod sus lbers, nisi cum adolvrunt, ut mnus mlitiae sustinre possint, palam ad s adre non patiuntur filiumque puerl aette in pblic in cnspect patris adsistere turpe dcunt.
ade, -re, i(v), itus: approach, encounter, 2 adolesc, -ere, adolev: to grow up, 1 adsist, -ere, adstit: stand by, set near, 1 aets, aettis f.: age, time, lifetime, 1 animal, animalis n.: animal, 2 Apollo, Apollinis m.: Apollo, 2 artificium, - m.: work, craft, work of art, 1 aude, -re, ausus sum: dare, venture, 4 caelestis, -e: celestial, heavenly; subs. gods, 1 confici, -ere: to exhaust, finish, 4 consecr (1): dedicate to a god, make holy 2 conspectus, -s, m.: look, sight, view, 2 conspicor, -r: catch sight of, perceive, 1 crucitus, -s m.: torture, torment, 2 dpell, -ere, -pul, -pulsum: drive out, 1 dvove, -ere, vv, vtum: vow, sacrifice, 1 differ, -ferre, distul: differ, be different, 2 dmic (1): brandish weapons; contend, 1 Dis, Ditis, - m.: Dis, Pluto, 1 exstru, -ere, -strux, -structum: build up, 1 fini, -re: to end, limit, bound, 1 gens, gentis, f.: people, tribe, nation, 1 immol (1): to sacrifice, immolate, 3 institum, n.: institution, practice, custom, 2 Iuppiter, Iovis m.: Jupiter, 2 lber, -rum m.: children 2 Mars, Martis m.: Mars, god of victory, 2 mensis, -is m.: month, 2 mlitia, -ae f.: military service; military, 2

10

15

Minerva, -ae f.: Minerva, 2 morbus, - m.: disease, sickness, illness, 2 mnus, -eris n.: service, duty; tax, gift, 1 ntlis, -e: natal, of birth, 1 negleg, ere, -lx, neglctum: to neglect, 3 observ (1): watch, observe, attend to, 2 occult (1): hide, conceal, 3 opus, -eris n.: work, deed, toil, 2 opni, -ninis f.: opinion, thought, belief, 2 palam: openly, publicly, 2 pater, patris, m.: father, 4 patior, -, passus: suffer, endure; allow, 2 praedic (1): proclaim, publish, declare, 2 prd, ere, did, ditum: bring forth; betray 2 progntus, -a, -um: born, sprung from, 1 puerlis, -e: youthful, childish; silly, 1 quispiam, quae-, quod-: anyone, anything (adj. any), 2 reg, -ere, rx, rectum: rule, lead, direct, 1 religi, religinis f.: susperstitious rites, ritual, divine manifestation, 3 saepe: often, 3 sc: thus, in this way, 3 spatium, -i n.: space, room, extent, 4 supplicium, -i n.: punishment, 3 toll, ere, sustul, subltum: raise, destroy, 2 trd, -dere, -did, -ditum: to give over, hand down, pass down, 3 tumulus, - m.: pile, heap, mound, hill, 1 turpis, turpe: ugly, shameful, 2

Gods and Goddesses Among the Gauls

1 D hs: concerning these; i.e. Apollo, Minerva, Juno, Jupiter eandemquam reliquae gents: the same as the rest of the people (have); the same which the rest of the people (have), eandem modifies opininem 2 ApollinemMinervamIovemMartem: that Apollo(and) that Minerva(and) that Jupiter(and) that Mars; acc. subjects of ind. discourse in apposition to opininem; asyndeton, supply conjunctions 3 huic: to this one; i.e. Mars 4 cum proeli: whenin battle; cum is adverbial ea quaecperint: those things which; ea is neuter pl. object of dvovent; cperint is pf. subjunctive in a relative clause of characteristic 5 cum supervrunt: when they have overcome (an enemy) 6 mults: modifies cvittibus; placing the adj. before the preposition emphasizes the role of the adjective hrum rrum: with these things; modifies tumuls 7 locs consecrts: in; abl. place where ut quispiamaudret: that anyonedare to; noun result clause, impf. subjunctive aude which governs complementary infinitives neglctreligine: with religious observance; ablative absolute 8 capta: things seized; PPP capi in neuter pl., i.e. the rs in line 5 apud s: in their home

33

posita tollere: to destroy things having be put aside; PPP pn, -ere in neuter pl. 9 e re: for this matter; dat. sg. 10 sprgnts (esse): that they were born; prgnts is either an acc. predicate with missing inf. esse or part of a pf. passive inf. idprditum (esse): that this was brought forth; pf. pass. inf. prd in ind. discourse 11 ob eam causam: for this reason spatia omnis temporis: intervals of every (period of) time 12 noctium: i-stem gen. plural nox, noctis et mnsum (initia) et annrum initia: and the beginnings of months and of years; acc. object of observant scut: in this way..so that; result clause 13 hcquod: in this(namely) because; abl. of respect governed by differunt sus lbersadre: that their children; acc. subj. of ind. discourse following patiuntur 14 mnus mlitiae: military service; service of the military 15 nn patiuntur: do not allow; 3rd pl. pres. patior 16 fliumqueadsistere (esse) turpe dcunt: and they consider it is shameful that a son stand; supply (esse); the infinitive adsistere is subject of the missing esse and turpe is acc. predicate; all indirect discourse governed by dcunt, flium is acc. subject of adsistere puerl aette: of a boys age; abl. of quality

Common Uses of the Ablative construction Ablative Absolute Ablative of Means Ablative of Agent Ablative of Separation (includes From Which) Ablative of Manner Ablative of Accompaniment Ablative of Place Where Ablative of Place From Which Ablative of Time When Ablative of Respect (Specification) Ablative of Quality (Description) Ablative of Cause Ablative of Comparison Ablative of Degree of Difference w/ verbs: potior, utor, fungor, fruor, vescor w/ adjectives: dignus, indignus example translation urbe capt the city having been captured stil scrbns writing with a stylus matre voctur he is called by his mother timore lbertur she is free from fear cum dligenti with diligence cum amcs with friends in urbibus in the cities ab mar from the sea e tempore at that time lingu differunt differ in respect to language est anim bon is of good will gaudi commtus moved by joy clrior luce brighter than light mult clrior much brighter ut gladi to employ a sword glri indignus unworthy of glory

34
19.1

Lesson 17: Caesar VI.19 VI.20 1

Vir, quants pecnis ab uxribus dtis nmine accprunt, tants ex sus bons aestimtine fact, cum dtibus commnicant. 2. Huius omnis pecniae coninctim rati habtur fructsque servntur: uter erum vt supervit, ad eum pars utrusque cum frctibus superirum temporum pervenit. 3. Vir in uxrs, scut in lbers, vtae necisque habent potesttem; et cum paterfamiliae illstrire loc ntus dcessit, eius propinqu conveniunt et, d morte s rs in suspicinem venit, d uxribus in servlem modum quaestinem habent et, s compertum est, ign atque omnibus torments excrucits interficiunt. 4. Fnera sunt pr cult Gallrum magnifica et smptusa; omniaque quae vvs cord fuisse arbitrantur in ignem nferunt, etiam animlia, ac paul supr hanc memoriam serv et clients, qus ab es dlcts esse constbat, iusts fneribus cnfects n crembantur. 20.1 Quae cvitts commodius suam rem pblicam administrre exstimantur, habent lgibus snctum, s quis quid d r pblic fnitims rmre aut fm accperit, ut ad magistrtum dferat nve cum qu ali commnicet, 2. quod saepe homins temerris atque imperts falss rmribus terrr et ad facinus impell et d summs rbus cnsilium capere cognitum est. 3. Magistrts quae vsa sunt occultant quaeque esse ex s idicvrunt multitdin prdunt. D r pblic nisi per cncilium loqu nn concditur.
administr (1): to manage, direct; help, 3 aestimtio, -tionis f.: valuation, assessment 1 animal, animalis n.: animal, 2 bonus, -a, -um: good, kind(ly), useful 2 cliens, -entis m.: client, dependent, 4 commodus, -a, -um: convenient, suitable, 2 communic (1): share, impart, 4 comperi, -re, -per, -pertum: find out, discover, 1 concd, -ere; go away, withdraw, yield, 2 confici, -ere: to exhaust, finish, 4 coniunctim: jointly, in common, 1 const, -re, -stit: stand together, 2 cor, cordis n.: the heart, 1 crem (1): burn, consumer by fire, 2 cultus, -s m.: culture, refinement, 2 dcd, -ere, -cess, -cessum: depart, die, 4 dlig, -ere, -lex, -lectum: to love, esteem, 1 ds, dotis f.: dowry, gift, 2 excruci (1): torture, torment, 1 facinus, facinoris n.: deed; bad deed, crime 2 falsus, -a, -um: wrong, mistaken, misled, 1 fma, -ae f.: rumor, story, hearsay, 2 fructus, -s m.: profit, advantage, benefit, fruit, 2 fnus, fneris n.: funeral, burial; death, 2 ignis, ignis, m.: fire, 4

10

15

20

illustris, -e: bright, distinguished, 1 impell, -ere, -pul, -pulsus: drive, rouse 2 impertus, a, um: unskilled, inexperienced, 2 idic (1): judge, decide, assess, 2 iustus, -a, -um: just, fair, 1 lx, lgis f.: law, regulation, decree, 3 lber, -rum m.: children, 2 loquor, -, loctum: speak, say, 2 magistratus, -s m.: magistrate, officer, 3 magnificus, -a, -um: magnificent, splendid 1 memoria, -ae. f.: memory, 4 modus, n.: manner, form; measure, 4 nascor, nasc, ntus sum: be born, grow, 3 nv: or not, and not, nor, 2 nex, necis f.: death, violent death, murder, 1 nmen, nminis n.: name, 2 occult (1): hide, conceal, 3 paterfamilis, -ae m.: paterfamilias, 1 pecnia, -ae f.: money, 3 potests, -ttis f.: power, ability, capacity, 3 prd, ere, did, ditum: bring forth; betray 2 propinquus, -a, -um: near, close; subst. kinsman, 2 quaestio, -tinis f.: investigation, inquiry, 1 rmor, rmoris f., -ae f.: rumor, hearsay, 2 saepe: often, 3

Marriages, Funerals, and Rumors

sanctus, -a, -um: consecrated, hallowed, 1 servlis, -e: slavish, servile, of a slave, 1 serv (1): save, keep, preserve, 2 servus, -, m.: slave, 1 sicut: just as, so as, as if, 2 sum, -ere, sumps, sumptum: take, spend 2 supr: above, over, on the top, 3 suspcio, -cinis f.: mistrust, suspicion, 4 temerrius, -a, -um: rash, inconsiderate, 1 terre, -re, terru, territum: to terrify, 2 tormentum, - n.: missile-launcher, torture, 3 uter, utra, utrum: each or one (of two), 2 uxor, xris f.: wife, spouse, 3 vir, vir m.: man, 4 vvus, -a, -um: living, alive, 2

35

1 Vir: husbands; an appropriate translation in light of the discussion of wives, uxrs quantstants: as much moneyso much; correlatives; relative and demonstrative respectively dtis nmine: in the name of a dowry ex susfact: ablative absolute commnicant: contribute (an equal share); i.e. the husband makes a contribution matching the value of the dowry 2 huius omnis pecniae: of; objective gen. governed by rati 3 rati habtur: an account is made; is held fructs: the profits; nom., the word usufruct denotes a husbands ability to enjoy the use and profits of a wifes dowry as long as he does not diminish the original value of the dowry uter erum vt supervit, ad eum: which one of them has survived (the other) in life, to this one; abl. of respect; eum, though masculine, can apply to the surviving husband or wife 4 pars utrusque: the portion of each one; i.e. the dowry and the husbands contribution superirum: previous; gen. pl. comparative 5 in uxrsin lbers: towardtoward scut: alternative to scut 6 paterfamiliae: the paterfamilias; nom. subject illstrire loc: in a more illustrious position ntus: pf. passive pple. nascor dcessit: has died; departed, a euphemism 7 d morte: concerning death; modifies rs in servlem modum: in the manner of slaves; i.e. just as they investigate slaves after the death of a master, so a wife after the death of her husband 8 compertum est: it is discovered; incriminating evidence ign: i-stem abl. singular 9 pr cult: according to the culture 10 vvs cord fuisse: to have been dear to the living; cord is a predicative dative commonly found with inf. of sum; vvs is dat. of interest

11 paul: a little; abl. of degree of difference supr hanc memoriam: before our time; before this (living) memory 12 constbat: it was agreed; it stood fixed ab es: by them; i.e. by the dead dlcts esse: pf. pass. inf. ists fneribus cnfects : the due funerals completed; abl. absolute n: together; living burned with the dead 13 quae cvitts..exstimantur: the cities which they consider to commodius: more advantageously; comparative adverb habent lgibus snctumut: have it ordained by laws.that; ut (ut) introduces an indirect command with pres. subjunctive 14 s quis quidaccperit: if anyone has received anything; aliquis, aliquid is a common indefinite pronoun (anyone, anything), but quis, quid is commonly used as an indefinite (who anyone, what anything) after s, nisi, num, and n. The mnemonic for this construction is the jingle After s, nisi, num, and n, all the alis go away (in other words indefinite aliquid becomes just quid); accperit is pf. subj. fnitims: from neighbors, from those near 15 cum qu ali: with anyone else; see note l. 15 quod: because 16 hominsterrrimpellcapere: that people; infs. are subject of cognitum est 17 d summs rbus: concerning the most important matters quae vsa sunt: (those things) which seemed best (to hide) quaequeidicvrunt: and (those things) which; missing antecedent is obj. of produnt esse ex s: is of use; i.e. advantagous 19 multitdin: dat. indirect object prdunt: bring forth; in contrast to occultant loqu: pres. deponent infinitive 20 concditur: it is allowed; it is yielded

36
24.1

Lesson 18: Caesar V.24 1

Subducts nvibus concilique Gallrum Samarobrvae perct, quod e ann frmentum in Galli propter siccitts angustius prvnerat, coctus est aliter ac superiribus anns exercitum in hberns collocre leginsque in plrs civitts distribuere; 2. ex quibus nam in Morins ducendam Gai Fabi lgt dedit, alteram in Nervis Quint Cicern, tertiam in Esubis Lucio Rsci; quartam in Rms cum Tit Labin in confni Trverrum hiemre iussit. Trs in Belgs collocvit: 3. es Marcum Crassum quaestorem et Lucium Muntium Plancum et Gaium Trebnium lgts praefcit. 4. nam leginem, quam proxim trns Padum cnscrpserat, et cohorts V in Eburns, qurum pars maxima est inter Mosam ac Rhnum, qu sub imperi Ambiorgis et Catuvolc erant, msit. 5. Es mlitibus Quintum Titrium Sabnum et Lucium Aurunculium Cottam lgts praeesse iussit. 6. Ad hunc modum distribts leginibus, facillim inopiae frmentriae ss medr posse exstimvit. 7. Atque hrum tamen omnium leginum hberna praeter eam, quam Luci Rsci in pctissimam et quitissimam partem dcendam dederat, mlibus passuum centum continbantur. 8. Ipse intere, quoad legins collocts mntaque hberna cgnvisset, in Galli morr cnstituit.
aliter: otherwise, 2 angustus, -a, -um: narrow, confined, 4 Aurunculeius, - m.: Aurunculeius, 2 Catvolcus m.: Catuvolcus, 2 centum: one hundred, 1 colloc (1): place together, arrange, set up, 4 confnium, -i n.: a confine, limit, border, 1 conscrib, -ere, -scrips: enlist, enroll, 2 distribu, -ere, -bu, -btum: divide up, 2 subi, -rum m.: the Esubii, 1 Fabius, - m.: Fabius, 3 frmentrius, -a, -um: full of grain, 2 Gaius, - m.: Gaius, 4 hiem (1): spend the winter, 3 inopia, -ae f.: poverty, want (of), need, 1 intere: meanwhile, meantime, 3 Marcus, - m.: Marcus, 1 medeor, -r: heal, cure; assist, alleviate (dat) 1 modus, n.: manner, form; measure, 4 Morin, -rum m.: Morini, 1 moror, -r, -tus: delay, linger; detain, 3 Mosa, -ae f.: Mosa (Meuse) river, 1 Muntius, - m.: Munatius, 1 muni, -re, -v, -tum: to fortify, build, 3

10

15

pctus, -a, -um: peaceful, quiet, 2 Padus, - m.: Padus (Po) river, 1 perag, -ere, g, actum: pass, go through, 1 Plancus, - m.: Plancus, 2 pls (plris): more, 4 praefici, -ere, -fc, -fectum: set (acc) over (dat), put (acc) in charge over (dat), 2 praesum, -esse, -fu: be over, preside over (dat), 2 praeter: beyond, past (+ acc.), 2 prveni, -re, -vn: come forward, grow 1 quaestor, -oris m.: quaestor, 3 quartus, -a, -um: the fourth, 2 quitus, -a, -um: resting, calm, undisturbed 1 quoad: until, as far as, as long as, 1 Rm, -rum m.: Rheims (town), 1 Roscius, m.: Roscius, 2 Samarobrva, -ae f.: Samarobriva (a town) 2 siccits, -ttis f.: dryness, 1 subdc, -ere, -dx, -ductus: draw up,, 2 Titus, - m.: Titus, 4 trans; over, across (+ acc.), 3 Trebnius , - m.: Trebonius, 1 Trveri , -rum m.: Treveri (Germanic), 4

Background: Upon return from the second expedition to Britain, Caesar discovers that on account of drought the grain supply will be low for the winter. Since no one region can supply the grain for the army, Caesar distributes his forces into a number of smaller camps which, one assumes, can live off the grain in their particular region.

Roman Winter-Quarters are Scattered Among the Gauls

1 Subducts nvibus: the ships drawn up (on shore); sub- as a prefix often means up from under, the ships were driven onto the beach cnciliperct: abl. absolute Samarobrvae: at Samarobriva; locative case quod: because 2 e ann: on that; e is demonstrative; abl. place where angustius: more limited, scarcer; narrower, i.e. less grain, comparative adj. neut. sg. with frmentum the subject of prvnerat coctus est: he was compelled; pf. pass. cg 3 aliter ac: otherwise than; common translation of aliter with ac or atque superiribus: in previous.; higher time when hberns: winter-quarters 4 plrs: acc. pl. pls, comparative of multus ex quibus: from these; from which, in a transition Caesar prefers a relative pronoun where English prefers a demonstrative nam: one (legion) in Morins: among the Morini ducendam: to be led; going to be led, gerundive expressing purpose modifying nam and governing in Morins Gai FabiRsci: dative indirect object 5 dedit: pf. d, dare alteramtertiam: another (legion)a third (legion)...; parallel to namdedit, supply to each clause ducendam and dedit which are missing through ellipsis (omission) 6 quartam: the fourth (legion) 7 Trs: three (legions)

37

es: over them; dat. with compound praefcit 8 praefcit: put (acc) in charge of (dat) 9 proxim: very recently; nearest (in time) superlative adverb 10 qurum: of which; partitive genitive 11 Es: over them; dat. with compound praeesse 12 Quintumlgts: acc. subject of praeesse 13 Ad hunc modum: in this manner; according to this manner part of the ablative absolute distribts leginibus inopiaemedr: to alleviate the need; dat. object of dep. medeor ss: that he; reflexive acc. subject of posse 15 praeter eam, quam: except that (legion) which; Luci Rsci: dat. i.o. of dederat, plpf. d Inpartem: intopart (of Gallia) pctissimam, quitissimam : superlatives 16 ducendum: to be led; going to be led, gerundive expressing purpose modifying quam (leginem) and governing inpartem mlibuscentum: by 100 miles; by 100 thousand of paces continbantur: hberna is the neut. pl. subject 17 quoadcgnvisset: until he had learned; plpf. subjunctive; i.e. he delayed in Gaul until he had learned all had been arranged legins collocts (esse): that the legions; ind. discourse, supply esse for pf. pass. inf. hberna mnta (esse): that winter-quarters; ind. discourse, supply esse for pf. pass. inf. morr: present deponent inf. moror

Command in the Winter-Quarters The highest officer in the Roman Army was the dux, general. When a Roman dux won an important victory, he might be given the title impertor, commander, by his own men. The officers who ranked immediately below the dux and were selected by him to lead a single legion were called legt, a word that means the commissioned but is often translated as lieutenant-generals or more commonly legates. This word legtus is also used to describe envoys commissioned to convey information on behalf of the dux or senate, so readers should be careful to distinguish a leg tus who leads a legion from a legtus who carries news, for example, from Caesar to his allies. In the passage above, Caesar assigns a legion to each of a number of legt who will play a role in the events that follow in Book V: Gaius Fabius, Quintus Cicero, brother of the famous orator, Lucius Roscius, Titus Labienus, Lucius Munatius Plancus, Gaius Trebonius, Quintus Titrius Sabinus and Lucius Aurunculeius Cotta. In order to possess imperium, the power to command, these legates had to have been elected by the Centuriate Assembly in Rome at some point in the past to the office of praetor or consul. All the legates, therefore, were members of the senatorial class. In addition to the legates, Caesar appointed a legion in winter-quarters to the quaestor Marcus Crassus, son of the wealthy M. Licinius Crassus. Elected by Romes Tribal Assembly, quaestors were financial officers. On a military campaign, a quaestor would be chosen by the dux from among the elected quaestors and was responsible for distributing soldiers pay and procuring supplies.

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25.1

Lesson 19: Caesar V.25 V.26.3 1

Erat in Carntibus summ loc ntus Tasgetius, cuius mirs in su civitte regnum obtinuerant. 2. Huic Caesar pr eius virtte atque in s benevolenti, quod in omnibus bells singulr eius oper fuerat sus, mairum locum restituerat. 3. Tertium iam hunc annum regnantem inimic, mults palam ex civitte eius auctribus, eum interfcrunt. 4. Defertur ea rs ad Caesarem. Ille veritus, quod ad plrs pertinbat, n cvits erum impuls dficeret, Lucium Plancum cum legine ex Belgi celeriter in Carnts profcisc iubet ibique hiemre qurumque oper cognverat Tasgetium interfectum, hs comprehnss ad s mittere. 5. Interim ab omnibus lgts quaestreque, quibus legins trdiderat, certior factus est in hberna perventum locumque hberns esse mntum. 26.1 Dibus circiter XV, quibus in hberna ventum est, initium repentn tumults ac dfectinis ortum est ab Ambiorge et Catuvolc; 2. qu, cum ad fns regn su Sabn Cottaeque praest fuissent frmentumque in hberna comportvissent, Indtiomri Trver nntis impuls, sus concitvrunt subitque oppresss ligntribus magn man ad castra oppugntum vnrunt. 3. Cum celeriter nostr arma cepissent vallumque adscendissent atque n ex parte Hispns equitibus misss equestr proeli superirs fuissent, dsprt r hosts sus ab oppugntine redxrunt.
ascend, -ere, -, -nsus: ascend, mount 2 auctor, auctoris m.: agent, doer, cause, 4 Belgium n.: Belgium (part of Belgae), 2 benevolentia, -ae, f.: goodwill, kindness, 1 Carnts, -um: Carnutes, 4 Catvolcus m.: Catuvolcus, 2 comport (1): carry together, collect, 3 comprehend, -ere, -d: seize, arrest; grasp 4 concit (1): stir up, incite, impel, 2 dfectio, -tinis f.: rebellion, defection, 1 dfici, -ere, -fc, -fectum: fail, give out, 3 dspr (1): to have no hope, give up, 2 mitt, -ere, -ms, -missum: send away1 equester, -stris, -stre: equestrian, 1 hiem (1): spend the winter, 3 Hispn, -rum m.: Spaniard, 1 iam: now, already, soon, 4 impell, -ere, -pul, -pulsus: drive, rouse 2 impulsus, -s m.: incitement, pressure, 1 Indutiomarus, - m.: (chief of Treveri), 1 inimcus, -a, -um: hostile, unfriendly, 4 ligntor, -ris m.: wood-cutter, 1

10

15

muni, -re, -v, -tum: to fortify, build, 3 nascor, nasc, ntus sum: be born, grow, 3 opera, operae f.: service, hard work, effort, 3 opprim, -ere, -press, -pressum: crush, burden, overwhelm, 3 orior, -r, ortus: arise, rise, spring, 3 palam: openly, publicly, 2 Plancus, - m.: Plancus, 2 pls (plris): more, 4 praest: at hand, present, at the service of (dat) 1 quaestor, -oris m.: quaestor, 3 redc, -ere, -dx, -ductus: to bring back, 3 regn (1): to reign, rule as a king, 1 repentnus, -a, -um: sudden, unexpected, 4 restitu, -ere, -stitu, -ductus: to restore, replace, 1 singulris, -e: single, individual, alone, 2 Tasgetius, - m.: Tasgetius, 3 trd, -dere, -did, -ditum: to give over, hand down, pass down, 3 Trveri , -rum m.: Treveri (Germanic), 4 tumultus, -s m.: uproar, tumult, confusion, 1 vereor, -r, -itus: be afraid, fear; revere, 4

Tasgetius is Killed and Ambiorix Revolts

1 eratntus: plpf. nascor in Carntibus: among the Carnutes summ loc: in the highest position; i.e. status, abl. of quality cuius: gen. sg. qu, quae, quod mirs: ancestors; greater (in birth), comparative adj. of magnus, nom. subject su: their; possessive reflexive adjective 2 Huic: to this one; dat. i.o. of restituerat pr virttebenevolenti: (in return) for eius: his; i.e. Tasgetius in s: toward him; i.e. toward Caesar 3 singulr eius oper fuerat sus: there had been a need for his singular service; sus est (here plpf.) just as opus est is idiomatic for there is a need for and governs an ablative, singulr is i-stem 3rd decl. abl. with oper, which is 1st decl. and not from opus, operis 4 mirum: of his ancestors; see line 1 Tertiumannum: for; acc. of duration inimic: nom. pl. subject 5 mults palamauctribus: many openly (being) promoters; abl. absolute, subject and pred., supply the missing pple being ea: this; demonstrative adj. with fem. sg. rs 6 veritus: having begun to fear; inceptive pf. dep. pple vereor quodpertinbat: because; i.e. the murder was not limited to one murderer but many ndficeret: that; n is translated positively in this clause of fearing; impf. subj. in secondary seq. governed by veritus 7 impuls: because of their incitement; by the incitement abl of cause Lucium Plancum: acc. subject of profcis, hiemre, and mittere, all governed by iubet 8 qurumque operhs: and these by whose effort; the antecedent of the relative clause quruminterfectum comes after the clause; oper, as in line 3, is 1st decl. abl. sg. 9 interfectum (esse): pf. pass. inf. in indirect disc. with Tasgetium as acc. subject comprehnss: arrested 10 certior factus est: he was informed; he was made more certain, a common idiom, certior is a comparative adjective, predicate nom.; this construction governs indirect discourse

39

10 perventum (esse): that they had arrived; this pf. passive infinitive in ind. disc is impersonal: it has been arrived (by them) with the legates and quaestor as assumed agents; in translation, translate the pf. pass. as pf. active 11 locummntum esse: that their positions were fortified; plural, though each legate may have informed Caesar about his single position, there were collectvely many different winter-camps set up hberns: for winter-quarters; dat. of purpose 12 DibusXV: within; abl. of time within quibus: in which (days); abl. of time within ventum est: they came; it has been come, impersonal passive repentndfectinis: subjective gen. of initium, which is nom. subj. 13 ortum est: pf. deponent orior ab: from; abl. of origin, not abl. of agent 14 regn su: of their kingdom; gen. sg. praest fuissent: had been at hand for; + dat. praest is an adv. commonly found with a form of sum, here plpf. subj. in a cum-clause 15 Indtiomr Trver: of Indutiomarus, one of the Treveri; of the Treverian Induiomarus, both are gen. sg. modifying abl. pl. nuntis impuls: having been incited; nom. pl. modifies qu and governs preceding 3 words sus: their own (men) 16 subitligntribus: abl. abs. magn man: with a large body (of men); abl. of means oppugntum: to assault; to capture by assault, supine in acc. sg. expresses purpose and may be translated as an infinitive 17 nostr: our (men) cpissent: plpf. subj. capi 18 n ex parte: on one side; from one side Hispnsmisss: abl. absolute equestr proeli: in an equestrian battle; i-stem 3rd decl. adjective in abl. sg. superirs: nom. pred. of plpf. subj. of sum 19 dsprt r: abl. absolute hosts: nom. subj. sus: their (men) ab: from; abl. of separation

Quintus Titrius Sabnus and Lucius Aurunculeius Cotta.

Caesar commonly calls the first legate by the cognomen Sabnus (line 14) or nomen Titrius. Keep in mind that these names identify one and the same person. In V.27.1, the same legatus is called Quintus Titrius. Caesar identifies the second legate, Lucius Aurunculeius Cotta, almost always by the cognomen Cotta.

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26.4

Lesson 20: Caesar V.26.4 V.27.6 1

Tum su mre conclmvrunt ut aliqu ex nostrs ad colloquium prdiret: habre ss, quae d r commn dicere vellent, quibus rbus contrversis minu posse sprrent. 27.1 Mittitur ad es colloquend caus Gaius Arpnius, eques Rmnus, familiris Quint Titr, et Quintus Inius ex Hispni qudam, qu iam ante miss Caesaris ad Ambiorgem ventitre cnsurat; apud qus Ambiorx ad hunc modum loctus est: 2. ss pr Caesaris in s beneficis plrimum e cnfitr debre, quod eius oper stpendi libertus esset, quod Aduatucs, fnitims sus, pendere cnsusset, quodque e et flius et fratris flius ab Caesare remiss essent, qus Aduatuc obsidum numer misss apud s in servitte et catns tenuissent; 3. neque id, quod fcerit de oppugntine castrrum, aut idici aut voluntte su fcisse, sed coct civittis, suaque esse eiusmod imperia, ut nn minus habret iris in s multitd quam ipse in multitdinem. 4. Cvitt porr hanc fuisse bell causam, quod repentnae Gallrum conirtin resistere nn potuerit. Id s facile ex humilitte su probre posse, quod nn ade sit impertus rrum ut sus copis populum Rmnum superr posse cnfdat. 5. Sed esse Galliae commne cnsilium: omnibus hiberns Caesaris oppugnandis hunc esse dictum diem, n qua legi alterae legin subsidi venre posset; 6. nn facile Galls Galls negre potuisse, praesertim cum d recuperand commn libertte cnsilium initum vidrtur.
ade: to such a degree, such an extent, so, 1 ante: before, in front of (acc); adv. before, 4 Arpineius, - m.: Arpineius, 2 beneficium, - n.: favor, benefit, kindness, 2 catena, -ae f.: chain, fetter, shackle, 1 coactus, -s m.: compulsion, coercion, 1 colloquium, -i n.: conversation, talk, 1 colloquor, -qu, -loctum: to converse, 4 conclam (1): cry out together, shout, 2 confd, -ere, confsus sum: trust, believe, rely upon, 4 confiteor, -r, -fessum: admit, reveal, 1 conirtio, -nis f.: pact, union, conspiracy 3 dbe, -re, dbu, dbitum: ought, owe 1 eiusmod: of this kind, such; so, 3 familiris, -e: of the family; close friend, 1 frter, -tris m.: brother, 2 Gaius, - m.: Gaius, 4 Hispania, -ae f.: Spain, 2 humilits, -ttis f.: weakness, lowliness, 1 iam: now, already, soon, 4 impertus, a, um: unskilled, inexperienced (gen), 2 iudicium, - n.: decision, judgment; trial, 3 Inius, - m.: Junius, 2

10

15

20

is, iris n.: justice, law, right, 2 lber (1): free, liberate, 3 lberts, -ttis f.: freedom, liberation, 2 loquor, -, loctum: speak, say, 2 minu, -ere, minu: diminish, ebb, 2 missus, -s m.: a sending, launching, 1 modus, n.: manner, form; measure, 4 ms, mris m.: custom, manner, law, 4 neg (1): to deny, say thatnot, 2 opera, operae f.: service, hard work, effort, 3 pend, -ere, pepend, pensum: pay, weigh 2 plrimus, -a, -um: most, very many, 4 porr: furthermore, further; long ago, far back, 1 praesertim: especially, particularly, 2 prde, -re, -i, -itum: advance, go forth, 1 qudam, quaedam, quiddam: a certain, 4 recuper (1): gain again, regain, recover, 1 remitt, -ere, -ms, -missum: send back, 4 repentnus, -a, -um: sudden, unexpected, 4 servits, servittis, f.: servitude, 2 stipendium, -i n.: pay; military service, 1 ventit (1): to come often, resort to, 2 volunts, -ttis f.: will, wish, choice, 2

Ambiorix Advises Sabinus to Leave the Camp

1 su mre: according to their custom; cf. I.4.1 ut aliquprdiret: that someone go forth; ut + impf. subj. prde in an ind. command; aliqu is a nom. sg. indefinite adj., alternate to aliquis nostrs: our (men) ad: for; expressing purpose 2 habre ss: (and) that they had; either ind. discourse governed by conclmvrunt just as the ind. command or governed by a missing verb of speech: (stating) that they had quaevellent: (things) which; relative clause of characteristic, impf. subj. vol; the missing neut. plural antecedent is obj. of habre d r commn: about their common interests; about common affairs 2 quibus rbus: abl. of means withint a relative clause of characteristic, impf. subj. 3 contrversis: acc. subject of inf. posse minu: pres. passive inf. 4 colloquend: of discussing; gerund, gen. obj. of caus eques: in apposition to Arpineius; Arpineius was an equestrian in rank, the term eques refers to his rank in society rather than his occupation as a horseman 5 familiris: a close friend; nom. appositive iam ante: already before 6 miss: at Caesars sending; by the sending of Caesar, Caesar is a subjective gen.; abl. cause ventitre: to come often; frequentative of veni apud qus: among these; i.e. to these men; English prefers a demonstrative to the relative ad hunc modum: in this manner; according to this manner 7 loctus est: pf. deponent, loquor sscnfitr debre: that he confessed to owe; not ought to confess, cnfitr is a dep. inf. in ind. discourse that extends at length through quod-clauses to tenuissent; in ind. disc. subordinate verbs not already subjunctive are made subjunctive prbeneficis: (in return) for; pr + abl. plrimum e: acc. object and dat. i.o. of debre 8 quodlibertus esset: because: plpf. subj. Ambiorix lists the reasons he is indebted to Caesar; the verbs are subj. because subordinate verbs in ind. discourse become subjunctive stpendi: from; abl. of separation quodcnsu(vi)sset: which he had been accustomed; plpf. subj. in a relative clause of characteristic, the antecedent is neuter stpendi 9 quodqueremiss essent: and because; plpf. pass. subj., remitt, subordinate verbs in

41

ind. discourse become subjunctive e: to him; i.e. to Ambiorix, dat. indirect object 10 qustenuissent: whom; relative clause of characteristic, here with plpf. subj. tene obsidum numer: in a group of hostages; abl. place where or accompaniment apud s: among them; i.e. among the Aduatuci 11 neque idfcisse: and that (he) had not done it; ind. discourse parallel to cnfitr in l. 8, reflexive ss in l. 7 is acc. subject; id is acc. d.o. and refers to Ambiorixs assault quod fcerit: which; relative clause of characteristic with perfect subj. faci 12 idici (su), voluntte su: abl. cause coct civittis: by the compulsion of the state; abl. of cause suaqueimperia, ut: and that his powers were of such a kind that; a result clause with impf. subj. in secondary sequence follows 13 nn minusirisquam ipse: no less (of) authoritythan he himself (had); minus is comparative adj. neut. acc. d.o., iris is a partitive gen.; supply habret after ipse in: over 14 cvitthanc fuisse: that to the state this; ind. discourse, hanc is acc. subj. with pf. inf. of sum; cvitt is a dat. of reference, i.e. from the viewpoint of the state quodpotuerit: (namely) because; pf. subj. of possum, subjunctive because it is a subordinate verb in ind. discourse; the verb in direct disc. is subjunctive for alleged cause, the subject of potuerit is a missing cvits 15 conirtin: dat. obj. of resistere Id sposse that he is able; ind. disc., id is acc. d.o. of probre, s is acc. subject facile: adverb of 3rd decl. facilis, facile 16 quodrrum: because sit: he is; Ambiorix is nom. subject utcnfidat: that; result clause, pres. subj. sus copis: abl. means; Ambiorixs troops populum Rmnum: acc. subject of posse 17 sed esse: but that it is; 18 omnibusoppugnands: for assaulting; dat. purpose, employ a gerund-gerundive flip dictum diem: the appointed day; PPP dc nposset: lest any legion; purpose clause 19 alterae legin subsidi: double dative (dat. of interest and dat. of purpose respectively) Galls...potuisse: Gauls could not deny Gauls 20 cumvidrtur: sinceseemed d recuperand: gerund-gerundive flip 21 initum (esse): to have been entered; pf. inf.

42
27.7

Lesson 21: Caesar V.27.7 V.28 1

Quibus quoniam pr piette satisfcerit, habre nunc s ratinem offic pr beneficis Caesaris: monre, rre Titrium pr hospiti, ut suae ac mlitum salt cnsulat. 8. Magnam manum Germnrum conductam Rhnum trnssse; hanc adfore bdu. 9. Ipsrum esse cnsilium velintne priusquam fnitim sentiant ducts ex hberns mlits aut ad Cicernem aut ad Labinum ddcere, qurum alter mlia passuum circiter quinquaginta, alter paul amplius ab es absit. 10. Illud s pollicr et ireirand cnfirmre ttum iter per fns datrum; 11. quod cum faciat, et cvitt ss cnsulere, quod hberns levtur, et Caesar pr eius merits grtiam referre. Hc rtine habit discdit Ambiorx. 28.1 Arpinius et Inius, quae auderunt, ad lgts dferunt. Ill repentn r perturbt, etsi ab hoste ea dcbantur, tamen nn neglegenda exstimbant maximque hc r permovbantur, quod cvittem gnbilem atque humilem Eburnum su sponte popul Rmn bellum facere ausam vix erat crdendum. 2. Itaque ad cnsilium rem dferunt magnaque inter es exsistit contrversia. 3. Lucius Aurunculius complrsque tribn mlitum et prmrum rdinum centurins nihil temer agendum neque ex hberns iniss Caesaris discdendum exstimbant: quantsvs magns etiam cpis Germnrum sustinr posse mnts hberns docbant: rem esse testimni, quod prmum hostium impetum mults ultr vulneribus illtis fortissim sustinuerint: r frumentri non prem; intere et ex proxims hberns et Caesare conventra subsidia: postrm quid esse levius aut turpius quam, auctre hoste, d summs rbus capere cnsilium?
adsum, -esse, -fu: be present, assist, (dat.), 3 ag, agere, g, ctum: drive, lead, do, 4 amplus, -a, -um: ample, full, spacious, 2 Arpineius, - m.: Arpineius, 2 auctor, auctoris m.: agent, doer, cause, 4 aude, -re, ausus sum: dare, venture, 4 audi, -re, -v, audtum: to hear, listen to, 1 Aurunculeius, - m.: Aurunculeius, 2 beneficium, - n.: favor, benefit, kindness, 2 biduum, - n.: a period of two days, 2 centurio, -inis m.: centurion, 4 condc, -ere: bring together, gather, 2 cnsul, -ere, -sulu, sultum: consult, consider, 3 cred, -ere, -did, creditum: believe, trust 1 ddc, -ere: lead or draw down or away, 3 disc, -ere, -didic: learn, get to know, 2 doce, -re, -u, -ctus: teach, tell, 4 dc, -ere, -dx, -ductus: lead out, 3 exsist, -ere, -stit, -stitum: arise, appear, 1 frmentrius, -a, -um: full of grain, 2 grtia, -ae f.: gratitude; favor, thanks, 2 hospitium, - n.: hospitality; guest-host tie, 1 humilis, -e: on the ground, low; humble, 1 ignbilis, -e: ignoble, obscure, unknown, 1 impetus, -s m.: attack, onset, assault, 7 iniuss: without orders, 1 intere: meanwhile, meantime, 3 Inius, - m.: Junius, 2 ius-irandum, irisirand n.: sworn oath, 2 levs, -e: light, not heavy; unimportant, 1 lev (1): lift up, relieve; make smooth, 1 meritum, - n.: service, merit, favor, 1 mone, -re, -u, -itum: to warn, advise, 2 muni, -re, -v, -tum: to fortify, build, 3 -ne: whether (opens yes/no question), 1 negleg, ere, -lx, neglctum: to neglect, 3 nunc: now, at present, 2 officium, -i, n.: duty, obligation, 3 r (1): plead, pray (for), entreat, 2 piets, -ttis f.: piety, devotion, 1 polliceor, -cr, -citus: promise, offer, 2 postrem,: at last, finally; abl. as adv. 2

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Sabinus Officers Advise Against Leaving the Camp

priusquam: before, earlier than, 1 quantusvs, -avis, -umvis: however much, 1 quinquaginta: fifty, 1 quoniam: since, inasmuch as, seeing that, 1 refer, ferre, tul, ltum: report bring back 3 repentnus, -a, -um: sudden, unexpected, 4 satisfaci, -ere, fc, factum: to do enough 1 senti, -re, -s, snsum: to realize, feel, 3 sponte: willingly, voluntarily, 2 temere: heedlessly, blindly, without cause, 1 testimonium, -i n.; witness, testimony, 1 tribnus, - m.: tribune, officer, 2 turpis, turpe: ugly, shameful, 2 ultr: voluntarily; moreover, beyond, 3 vix: with difficulty, with effort, scarcely, 2 vulnus, -eris n.: wound, blow, 3

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1 quibussatisfcerit: Since he accomplished enough for these; pf. subjunctive satisfaci, use a demonstrative instead of relative pronoun pr piette: out of devotion; i.e. patriotism habres: he had ratinem offic: a regard for his duty; a calculation for, objective genitive 2 pr: (in return) for; + ablative manre, orrehospiti: (he said) that he advised (and) that he pleaded with Titrius on behalf of hospitality; asyndeton, Ambiorix said utcnsulat: that; ind. command with pres. subj. governed by monre and rre 3 salt: for his own and the soldiers safety; dat. of purpose, suae is a possessive adj. agreeing with salt while mlitum is a gen. plural manum: body; i.e. group, acc. subject 4 trnssse: pf. inf. trnse in ind. discourse hanc: this (body); supply manum, acc. subject adfore: would be present; alternative to the fut. inf. of adsum: adfutrum esse bdu: in; abl. of time within Ipsrumcnsilium, velintne: that it is the consideration (of the Romans) themselves whether they are willing; ind. question with the pres. subjunctive of vol 5 priusquamsentiant: i.e. before the Gauls find out ductsmlits: acc. d.o. of ddcere 6 ddcere: complementary inf. of velint qurum alter..alter: of whom onethe other; i.e. Cicero and Labinus; partitive genitive mlia passuum: formiles; thousands of paces, acc. of extent; add ab es absit 7 paul: a little; by a little, abl. of degree of difference with comparative adv. of amplus ab es: from them; i.e. from Titrius troops absit: is away; pres. subj. subordinate verb in indirect discourse Illudttum iterdatrum (esse): that (namely) that (he); illud is acc. d.o. of pollicr and cnfirmre, ttumdatrum (esse) is in apposition to illud; datrum esse is fut. inf. d

s pollicr: that he promised; deponent inf. ire-irand: often as two words; abl. means 8 quod: this; i.e. removing Titrius troops and advising Titrius on flight; translate the relative as a demonstrative, acc. object of faciat etet: bothand 9 et cvitt ss cnsulere: both that he was consulting the state; cvitt is dat. obj. quod hberns levtur: because (the state) is relieved from the winter-quarters; i.e. from supplying the Romans with grain for winter etreferre: and he returned; Ambiorix is able to be loyal to the Gauls and to Caesar 10 Hchabit: abl. absolute quae: the things (which); or what, the missing antecedent is obj. of dferunt aud(v)erunt: syncopated pf. 3rd pl. 11 ets: even if, although; the clause is concessive ea: they; those things, neuter plural 12 (ea) nn neglegenda (esse): that they must not be neglected; passive periphrastic (gerundive + sum); supply esse to form the infinitive 13 su sponte: by its own will 14 popul Rmn: (against) the Roman people ausam (esse): had dared; pf. deponent inf. of semi-deponent aude, audre, ausus sum; the acc. subj. is fem. cvittem 15 erat crdendum: was to be believed; the subj. is cvittemausam (esse); passive periphratic (gerundive + sum) as in line 12 cnsilium: council; i.e. discussion in assembly 17 nihilagendum (esse): passive periphastic, see note for line 15 above discedendum (esse): that (they) must not depart; it must not be departed, see line 12 19 rem esse testimni: that the matter served as evidence; was for evidence dat. of purpose 20 quod: namely because; in apposition to rem 21 r frmentri: by the grain supply; means 22 conventra (esse): would convene; fut. inf. 23 turpius: more shameful than; comparison auctre hoste: enemy being author; absolute capere cnsilium: to adopt a plan; idiom

44
29.1

Lesson 22: Caesar V.29 1

Contr ea Titrius sr factrs clmitbat, cum mirs mans hostium adincts Germns convnissent, aut cum aliquid calamittis in proxims hberns esset acceptum. Brevem cnsulend esse occsinem. Caesarem arbitrr profectum in taliam; 2. neque aliter Carnts interficiend Tasget cnsilium fuisse captrs, neque Eburns, s ille adesset, tant contemptine nostr ad castra ventrs esse. 3. Nn hostem auctrem, sed rem spectre: subesse Rhnum; magn esse Germns dolr Ariovist mortem et superirs nostrs victris; 4. rdre Galliam, tot contumlis accepts sub popul Rmn imperium redctam, superire glri re mlitris exstnct. 5. Postrm quis hoc sibi persudret, sine cert r Ambiorgem ad eiusmod cnsilium dscendisse? 6. Suam sententiam in utramque partem esse ttam: s nihil esset drius, nll cum percul ad proximam leginem perventrs; s Gallia omnis cum Germns cnsentret, nam esse in celeritte positam saltem. 7. Cottae quidem atque erum, qu dissentrent, cnsilium quem habre exitum, in qu s praesns perculum nn, at cert longinqu obsidine fams esset timenda?
adiung, -ere, iunx, iunctum: join, attach, 1 adsum, -esse, -fu: be present, assist, (dat.), 3 aliter: otherwise, 2 arde, -re, ars, arsum: burn, be eager, 1 Ariovistus, - m.: (leader of the Germans) 1 auctor, auctoris m.: agent, doer, cause, 4 brevis, -e: short, 3 Carnts, -um: Carnutes, 4 clmit (1): to cry violently or repeatedly, 1 consenti, -re, sens: to agree, assent, 1 cnsul, -ere, -sulu, sultum: consult, 3 contemptio, -tinis f.: scorn, disdain, 1 contr: opposite, facing (acc.), 2 contumlia, -ae f: outrage, insult; violence, 1 dscend, -ere, -, -nsus: descend, 1 dissenti, -re, sens: to disagree, oppose, 1 dolor, -ris m.: pain, grief, anger, passion, 2 drus, -a, -um: hard(y), harsh, stern, 1 eiusmod: of this kind, such; so, 3 exitus, -s m.: going out, exit, result, issue, 1 exstingu, -ere, -stinx, -stinctum: put out, snuff out, extinguish, 1 fams, -is f.: hunger, 2 glria, -ae, f.: glory, fame, 2 talia, -ae f.: Italy, 1 longinquus, -a, -um; far, distant, remote, 2 militris, -e: military, of a soldier, 1 obsidio, -inis f.: seige, blockade, 2 occsio, -inis f.: opportunity, occasion, 2 postrem,: at last, finally; abl. as adv. 2 praesns, -ntis: present, instant, 1 redig, -ere, -g, -actum: to bring back, 1 sententia, -ae f.: opinion, purpose, 2 sr: late, too late, 1 spect (1): watch, observe, behold, inspect, 3 subsum, -esse, -fu: to be near, close at hand, 1 Tasgetius, - m.: Tasgetius, 3 time, -re, timu: to be afraid, be scared, 1 tot: so many, 2

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Sabinus Argues in Favor of Leaving the Camp

1 contr ea: in reply to these things; against clmitbat: kept shouting; frequentative impf. sr factrs (esse): that (the Romans) would...; ind. disc. with fut. inf., add acc. subj. cumconvnissent: after; plpf. subjunctive mirs: comp. adj. of magnus with mans mans: bodies; i.e. groups of troops, nom. pl. 2 adincts Germns: abl. absolute cumesset acceptum: after; plpf. pass. aliquid calamittis: some calamity; neut. nom. subject;something of calamity 3 Brevemoccsinem: that; occsinem is acc. subj. but the predicate brevem is placed first in the clause for emphasis cnsulend: gerund (-ing), with occsinem 4 arbitr: that (he) thought; add s (Titrius) as acc. subject; pres. dep. inf. of arbitror Caesaremprofectum (esse): that Caesar; pf. dep. inf. proficscor, governed by arbitrr 5 interficiend Tasget: of killing Tasgetius; gen. sg. gerundive modifying gen. Tasgetius, which through a gerund-gerundive flip is translated as a gerund and acc. object cnsiliumcaptrs: cnsilium capere is an idiom: to adopt an argument fuisse captrs: would have adopted; pf. inf. sum + fut. pple capi; in direct discourse this would be cpissent, an apodosis in a mixed contrary-to-fact condition; parallel with ventrs esse, it complementing the protasis sadesset below; see page 61 neque Eburns: acc. subj. with ventrs esse 6 s...adesset: if that one were present; i.e. Caesar, impf. subjunctive adsum, in direct disc. a protasis in a mixed contrary-to-fact condition with fuisse captrs and ventrs esse; cf. p. 61 nostr: for us; nostr is gen. sg. of the personal pronoun ns; this gen. is an objective gen. modifying contemptine ventrs esse: would come; fut. inf. (fut. pple + inf. of sum); in direct discourse it would be venrent, an apodosis in a pres. contrary-to-fact condition with sadesset above; parallel to the 1st apodosis fuisse captrs, see note, p. 61 Nn hostemspectre: that (he) saw not the enemy but the situation (as) the authority; add s as acc. subj.; spectre governs a double acc. where auctrem is an an acc. predicate 7 subesse Rhnum: Rhnum is acc. subj. magn.dolr: served as great grief for the Germans; was for great grief for the Germans, double dative construction: magn dolr is dat. of purpose and Germns is

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dat. of interest 8 Ariovist mortemvictris: subject of esse 9 rdre: that Gaul is on fire; is eager (to act), fire is a common metaphor for passion, in this case, feelings of anger and indignation totaccepts: abl. absolute subimperium: underneath; sub governs an abl. place where or as here acc. place to which redactam: PPP redig, modifying Galliam superireexstnct: abl. absolute re mlitris: of military affairs; with glria 10 quispersudret who would persuade himself this; in dir. discourse a deliberative pres. subjunctive, but in ind. discourse secondary sequence it is impf. subj. sine certdscendisse: (namely) that; ind. disc. in apposition to neuter acc. sg. hoc above sine cert r: without a reliable reason 11 dscendisse: had lowered himself; pf. inf. Ambiorix is acting unbecoming of his status Suam sententiam: that his opinion; i.e. Ambiorixs opinion; Sabinus is still employing Ambiorix as subject in utramque partem: on each side 12 sessetperventrs (esse): Ifwas, would arrive; in dir. discourse a fut. more vivid (s erit, pervenient); in ind. disc. in secondary seq. the protasis is impf. subj. and the apodosis a fut. inf., see grammar box, p. 59 drius: neut. sg. comparative adj., nom. pred. 13 scnsentret, esse positam: ifagreed, had been placed; in dir. disc., mixed simple condition (s cnsentit, posita est); in ind. disc. in secondary sequence the subordinate verb becomes impf. subj. and the main verb pf. pass. inf. (which we translate as plpf. in secondary sequence); see the box, p. 59 14 namsaltem: a single (means of) safety Cottae atque erum: gen. modifying cnsilium, the acc. subject of habre 15 qu dissentrent: i.e. those who disagree with Titrius; relative of characteristic; impf. subj. quemexitium: what outcome does the plan?; interrog. adj. and noun introducing a question; acc. d.o. of habre in ind. disc. in qu: in which; the cnsilium of Cotta and others opposing Titrius is the antecedent 16 perculum: (there was)danger; add esset longinqu obsidine: with; abl. of cause esset timenda: had to be feared; was going to be feared passive periphrastic (gerundive + impf. subj. of sum) expressing necessity

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30.1

Lesson 23: Caesar V.30 V.31 1

Hc in utramque partem disputtine habit, cum Cott prmsque rdinibus criter resistertur, Vincite, inquit, s ita vultis, Sabinus, et id clrire vce, ut magna pars mlitum exaudret; 2. neque is sum, inquit, qu gravissim ex vbs mortis percul terrear: h sapient; s gravius quid acciderit, abs t ratinem reposcent; 3. qu, s per t liceat, perendin di cum proxims hberns coninct commnem cum reliqus bell csum sustineant, nn, reiect et relgt long ab cters, aut ferr aut fame intereant. 31.1 Cnsurgitur ex cnsili; comprehendunt utrumque et rant n su dissnsine et pertinci rem in summum perculum ddcant: 2. facilem esse rem, seu maneant, seu proficscantur, s modo num omns sentiant ac probent; contr in dissnsine nllam s saltem perspicere. Rs disputtine ad mediam noctem perducitur. 3. Tandem dat Cotta permtus mans: superat sententia Sabn. Prnntitur prim lce itrs. 4. Cnsmitur vigilis reliqua pars noctis, cum sua quisque mles circumspiceret, quid scum portre posset, quid ex nstrment hbernrum relinquere cgertur. 5. Omnia excogitantur, qur nec sine percul manetur et langure mlitum et vigilis perculum augetur. 6. Prm lce sc ex castrs proficscuntur, ut quibus esset persusum nn ab hoste, sed ab homine amcissimo Ambiorige cnsilium datum, longissim agmine maximsque impedments.
criter: sharply, fiercely, 2 agmen, agminis n.: column, battle line, formation, 3 amcus, -a, -um: friendly, 1 auge, re, aux, auctum: increase, enlarge 1 cter, -ae, -a: the remaining, rest, others, 1 circumspic, -ere: look around, consider, 1 clrus, a, um: clear; famous, distinguished 1 comprehend, -ere, -d: seize, arrest; grasp 4 coniung, -ere, -jnx, -junctus: join, 1 consum, -ere, -sumps: to use up, spend, 2 consurg, -ere, -surrex: rise up (together), 1 contr: opposite, facing (acc.), 2 ddc, -ere: lead or draw down or away, 3 disputtio, -tinis f.: disagreement, debate 2 dissensio, -sinis f.: conflict, dissension, 2 e, re, v: to go, come, 4 exaudi, -re, -v, -tum: hear out, listen to 1 excogit (1): think out, devise, contrive, 1 fams, -is f.: hunger, 2 ferrum, - n.: iron; sword; tool, 1 inquam: say, 4 instrumentum, - n.: tool, implement; stock, 1 intere, -re, -v, -tum: to die, perish, 3 languor, -ris m.: fatigue, weariness, sluggishness, 1 lx, lcis, f.: light, 3 mane, -re, -s, mnsus: remain, await 2 medius -a um: in the middle of, 3 modo: only, merely, simply; just now, 4 nec: and not, nor (nec,nec = neither,nor) 2 r (1): plead, pray (for), entreat, 2 perdc, -ere, dx, ductum: to draw out, 1 perendinus, a, um: of day after tomorrow, 1 perspici, -ere, -spex, -spectum: perceive, 1 pertincia, -ae f.: stubbornness, obstinacy, 1 port (1): carry, bear, bring, 2 prnunti (1): to proclaim, speak forth, 4 qur: wherefore, therefore, why, 1 reici, -ere, -ic, -iectum: cast off or back, 1 relg (1): to send away, remove, 1 reposc, -ere: to ask back again, demand, 1 sapi, -ere, sapv: to taste; discern, think, 1 sententia, -ae f.: opinion, purpose, 2 senti, -re, -s, snsum: to feel, realize, 3 sc: thus, in this way, 3 sve, seu: whether, or (if), 2 tandem: finally, at last, at length, 2 terre, -re, terru, territum: to terrify, 2 vigilia, -ae f.: watch (1/4 period of night), 3 vinc, -ere, vc, victum: conquer, defeat, 1 vs: you (all), 1 vx, vcis, f.: voice; utterance, word, 4

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Cotta Argues Against Leaving the Camp, but the Romans Depart
1 hchabit: ablative absolute in utramque partem: on each side prmsque rdinibus: and the first ranks; i.e. centurions 2 resistertur: (Sabinus) was resisted; impf. pass. subjunctive; cum is likely causal in sense Vincite: Prevail; i.e. win the dispute vultis: 2nd pl. present vol id clrire vce: and (he said) it with a rather loud voice; supply inquit, ablative of manner loses cum when there is an adjective, here a comparative adjective 3 utexaudrent: so that; purpose clause with impf. subj., secondary sequence isqu: one who; pred. nom., relative clause of characteristic with present subjunctive gravissim: superlative adverb 4 ex vbs: by you; i.e. danger (heard) from you, abl. source h: these (soldiers); i.e. at the meeting sapient: will know; future tense gravius quid: anything more serious; quid is indefinite after s 5 sacciderit, poscent: happenswill demand; future more vivid (s fut. pf., fut.), see, p. 59 qu: (and these) who s...liceat, sustineatnnintereant: should be allowed would endurewould not perish; future less vivid (s + pres. subj., pres. subj.), licet, sustine, and intere; see box, p. 61 per t: by you; through you perendin di: on; abl. time when 6 hberns: winter-quarters; throughout this episode hberna denotes a winter camp commnembell csum: bell is a genitive of description modifying csum 7 nnintereant: would not die; nn modifies the finite verb, pres. subj. intere 8 cnsurgitur: they rise from council; it is arisen (by them) from the council, impersonal passive governs a dat. of agent, here missing) and is often translated in the active, see p. 57 comprehendunt utrumque: they detain both; i.e. the centurions stop Sabinus and Cotta rant n: plead thatnot; negative ind. command governs pres. subj. in primary seq. 9 facilem esse rem: (and) that the matter; ind. disc. governed by rant, asyndeton, add et 10 seuseu: whetheror; svesve, introduces and indirect question with present subjunctives s modo: provided that; if only, a proviso

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19

clause governs a present subjunctive contr: on the other hand nllam s saltem perspicere: that they; s is acc. subj., nllam saltem is acc. d.o. in indirect discourse governed by rant and parallel to facilem esse rem above Rs: the matter; i.e. the discussions dat mans: gives his hands; i.e. surrenders sententia: the opinion prim lce: abl. of time when (es) itrs (esse): that they; fut. inf. e, re vigilis: with night-watches suacircumspiceret: looks over his own things; i.e. inspects equipment, gear, property quisque: each; an adjective modifying mles quid..posset: what he was able; impf. subj. possum in indirect question; with sua, this construction is an example of prolepsis (anticipation): his things what he was able is equivalent to what things he was able quidcgertur: (and) what he was forced; ind. question parallel to the one above ex nstrment: from the store, from the stock; i.e. from the inventory qurmaneturaugetur: for what reason they would remain not without danger and danger would be increased both by the fatigue and night-watches of the soldiers; ind. question in apposition to omnia, the pres. subjunctive is potential subjunctive Prma lce: at; abl. time when castrs: the camp; castra is plural in form but singular in translation utcnsilium datum (esse): as (if men) who had been persuaded that the plan had been given (to them) not by an enemy but by a man most friendly, Ambiorix; ut here is equivalent to ut s, which introduces a conditional sentence of comparison with the subjunctive (apodosis is missing); plpf. pass. subj. of persude is used impersonally (common in verbs governing a dative), the dat. obj. quibus may be translated as subject; dtum (esse) is a pf. pass. inf. in an acc. + inf. construction that is subject of persusum esset. An alternative translation is as if (men) who had been persuaded by Ambiorix not as an enemy but as a man most friendly (to them) longissim agmine maxims impedments.: ablative absolutes; add pple being for each

48
32.1

Lesson 24: Caesar V.32 V.33.4 1

At hosts, postequam ex nocturn fremit vigilisque d profectine erum sensrunt, collocts nsidis bipertt in silvs, opportn atque occult loc, mlibus passuum circiter dubus Rmnrum adventum exspectbant 2. et, cum s maior pars agminis in magnam convallem dmsisset, ex utrque parte eius vallis subit s ostendrunt novissimsque premere et prms prohibre ascens atque inquissim nostrs loc proelium committere coeprunt. 33.1 Tum dmum Titrius, qu nihil ante provdisset, trepidre et concursre cohortsque dispnere, haec tamen ipsa timid atque ut eum omnia dficere vidrentur; quod plrumque es accidere cnsuvit, qu in ips negti cnsilium capere cguntur. 2. At Cotta, qu cgitsset haec posse in itinere accidere atque ob eam causam profectinis auctor non fuisset, nll in r commn salt derat, et in appellands cohortandsque mlitibus impertris et in pugn mlitis officia praestbat. 3. Cum propter longitdinem agminis minus facile omnia per s obre et, quid quque loc faciendum esset, prvidre possent, iussrunt prnntire, ut impedmenta relinquerent atque in orbem cnsisterent. 4. Quod cnsilium ets in eiusmod cs reprehendendum nn est, tamen incommod accidit:
agmen, agminis n.: column, battle line, formation, 3 ante: before, in front of (acc); adv. before, 4 ascensus, -s m.: ascent, climb, 1 auctor, auctoris m.: agent, doer, cause, 4 bipertt: in two parts, 1 coep, coepisse, coeptum: to begin, 9 cogit (1): to think, ponder, turn over, 1 cohortor, -r, cohorttum: urge on, incite 3 colloc (1): place together, gather, arrange, 4 committ, -ere: commence, commit, entrust 4 concurs (1): to run about, rush about, 1 consist, -ere, -stit: to stand (still), stop 2 convallis, -is m: valley, deep lowland, 1 dfici, -ere, -fc, -fectum: fail, give out on, 3 dmitt, -ere, -ms, -missum: drop, sink, 1 dmum: at length, finally, 1 dispn, -ere: to arrange distribute, 1 eiusmod: of this kind, such; so, 3 exspect (1): look out for, wait for, await, 3 fremitus, -s m.: roaring, murmuring, 1 impertor, -oris m.: commander, leader, 2 incommodus, -a, -um: unfortunate, disastrous, 3 inquus, -a, -um: uneven, unequal, not fair, 1 insidiae, -rum, f.: ambush, plot, trap, 2 longitdo, -inis f.: length, width, 2 negtium, i n.: business, task, 2 nocturnus, -a, -um: nocturnal, nightly, 3 novus, -a, -um: new, fresh, young, recent, 2 obe, -re, -v, -tum: go to meet, attend to, 1 occult (1): hide, conceal, 3 officium, -i, n.: duty, obligation, 3 opportnus, -a, -um: fit, suitable, useful, 2 orbis, -is m.: sphere, circle (+ terrae: world), 2 ostend, -ere, -, ntus: show, promise, 2 postequam: after (+ indicative), 1 prnunti (1): speak forth or in advance, 4 prvide, -re, -vd, -visum: to foresee, take precautions, prepare for 3 reprehend, -ere, -d: blame; hold back, 1 senti, -re, -s, snsum: to feel, realize, 3 silva, -ae f.: wood, forest, woodland, 4 timidus, -a, -um: fearful, shy, 1 trepid (1): be agitated, be in confusion, 1 vigilia, -ae f.: watch (1/4 period of night), 3

10

15

The Romans are Ambushed, and Sabinus is Despondent

1 ex nocturn fremit vigilisque: from the roar at night and the night-watches; i.e .the Roman soldiers had not settled down but instead stayed awake and made much noise sensrunt: they realized 2 collocts nsidis: abl. absolute bipertt: in two parts; adverb opportnloc: in; abl. place where in apposition to in silvs 3 mlibus passuum circiter dubus: about two miles away; from about two thousand of paces, partitive genitive; 4 maior pars agminis: i.e. the Romans cumdmsisset: whenhad dropped; plpf. subjunctive 5 ex utrque parte: on both sides; from each side eius vallis: of this valley; eius is demonstrative nvissims: the rear (soldiers); the most recent soldiers are the last or rear soldiers in a column of soldiers, the enemy is attacking the rear and front of the battle column 6 premere, prohibre, committere: all of the infinitives are governed by coeprunt prms: first (soldiers); the front of the column ascens: from; abl. of separation inquissim nostrs loc: (in) a place most unfair to our (men); place where, superlative proelium committere: commence battle; idiom 8 tum dmum: then at last Titrius: Sabinus; Quintus Titrius Sabinus quprovdisset: since he had foreseen nothing beforehand; who had foreseen nothing beforehand, qu + plpf subjunctive is a relative clause causal in sense, equivalent to a cumclause (qu = cum is) causal in sense; cf. l. 11 trepidre, concursre, dispnere: historical infinitives with nom. Titrius as subject, translate all three in the 3rd sg. imperfect; at times used to give a rapid sequence of events 9 haec ipsa: (he did) these very things; neuter pl. acc., supply a verb utomniavidrentur: so that all (his wits) seemed; a result clause, omnia is subject; videor is frequently translated as seem; the

49

word omnia pertains to his internal turmoil eum: him; i.e. Titrius, object of dficere 10 quod...cnsuvit: which was accustomed es: to those; dat. of interest with accidere 11 cnsilium capere: to adopt a plan; idiom qu cgitssetfuisset: since he had realized and had been; who had realized just as above qu + plpf. subjunctives in a relative clause causal in sense, equivalent to a cumclause (qu = cum is) causal in sense haec posse: that these things; neut .pl. acc. subject of inf. of possum 12 ob eam causam: for this reason; on account of this reason fuisset: pluperfect subjunctive of sum nll in r: in nll r; order emphasizes adj. 13 commn salt: dat. object of impf. dsum in appellands cohortandsque mlitibus: both are gerundives modifying mlitibus, use a gerund-gerundive flip 14 (officia) impertris: add officia; there is a contrast between the officia impertris and officia mlitis praestbat: performed 15 minus: less; comparative adv. modifies facile facile: easily; irregular adv. of facilis, facile omniaobre: to attend to everything quque: in each; abl. place where, quisque 16 faciendum esset: had to be done; was going to be done, gerundive + sum (here, impf. subj.) is a pass. periphrastic expressing necessity; subjunctive in an ind. question possent: they were able; Cotta and Titrius prnntire: that (the centurions) command; + indirect command utcnsisterent: ind. command, impf. subj. 17 in orbem: in a circle; so that all soldiers have their backs to one another and fight forward Quod: this; which translate the relative adj. as a demonstrative adj. with cnsilium 18 reprehendendum nn est: must not be blamed; gerundive + sum is a pass. periphrastic expressing necessity or obligation incommod: unadvantageously, disastrously

Cum-Clauses Cum haec verba audvit Cum haec verba audvisset 1. temporal 2. circumstantial 3. causal 4. concessive When he heard these words When/After he had heard these words Since/Because he had heard these words Although he had heard these words

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33.5

Lesson 25: Caesar V.33.5 V.35.2 1

nam et nostrs mlitibus spem minuit et hosts ad pugnam alacrirs effcit, quod nn sine summ timre et dsprtine id factum vidbtur. Praetere accidit, quod fier necesse erat, ut vulg mlits ab signs discderent, quae quisque erum crissima habret, ab impedments petere atque arripere properret, clmre et flt omnia complrentur. 34.1 At barbars cnsilium nn dfuit. Nam ducs erum tt aci prnntire iussrunt, n quis ab loc discderet: illrum esse praedam atque ills reservr quaecumque Rmn reliquissent: proinde omnia in victri posita existmrent. 2. Erant et virtte et studi pugnand pars; nostr, tamets ab duce et Fortn dserbantur, tamen omnem spem saltis in virtte ponbant, et quotins quaeque cohors prcurrerat, ab e parte magnus numerus hostium cadbat. 3. Qu r animadvers, Ambiorix prnntir iubet, ut procul tla coniciant neu propius accdant et, quam in partem Rmn impetum fcerint, cdant (levitte armrum et ctidin exercittine nihil es nocr posse), 4. rrsus s ad signa recipients nsequantur. 35.1 Qu praecept ab es dligentissim observt, cum quaepiam cohors ex orbe excesserat atque impetum fcerat, hosts vlcissim refugibant. 2. Interim eam partem ndr necesse erat et ab latere apert tla recip.
acis, - f.: sharp edge, battle line, army, 2 alacer, alacris, alacre: eager, spirited, 1 aperi, -re, -u, -ertus: open, disclose, 3 arripi, -ere, -ripu: to grab, snatch, lay hold of, 1 cad, cadere, cecid, csrum: to fall, 1 crus, -a, -um: dear, precious, costly, 1 cd, -ere, cess, cessus: withdraw, move, 2 clmor, clmoris m.: shout, cry, 2 comple, -re, -v, -tum: fill up, fill, 6 cotidinus, -a, -um: daily, of every day, 3 dsero, -ere, -ru: desert, forsake, abandon, 1 dspertio, -tinis f.: hopelessness, despair 1 dligns, -entis: careful, diligent, accurate, 2 dux, ducis m../f.: leader, guide, chief, 4 excd, -ere, cess, -cessum: go out, 3 exercittio, -inis f.: training, practice, 2 fi, fier, factus: become, be made, 3 fltus, -s m.: weeping, wailing, 1 fortna, -ae f.: fortune, chance, luck, 4 impetus, -s m.: attack, onset, assault, 7 insequor, -sequ, -sectus: follow, ensue, 1 latus, -eris n.: side, flank, 2 levits, -ttis f.: lightness; inconstancy, 1 minu, -ere, minu: to diminish, ebb, 2 necesse: necessary; (it is) necessary, 4 nv, neu: or not, and not, nor, 2

10

15

noce, -re, -u, -itum: harm, injure, hurt, 2 nud (1): to make naked or bare, uncover, 1 observ (1): watch, observe, attend to, 2 orbis, -is m.: sphere, (+ terrae: world), 2 pr, paris: equal, similar, even, 2 praecipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum: receive in advance, instruct, admonish, 2 praeda, -ae f.: loot, spoils, cattle, 2 praetere: besides, hereafter, 2 procul: far, from a distance, from afar, 3 prcurr, ere, curr, cursum: run forward, 2 proinde: then, therefore, consequently, 1 prnunti (1): speak forth or in advance, 4 proper (1): to hasten, complete quickly, 1 proprius: more closely, nearer, 3 qucumque, quae-, quod-: whosoever, 4 quispiam, quae-, quod-: anyone, anything (adj. any), 2 quotiens: as often as, how often?, 1 refugi, -ere, -fg: to flee back, run back, 1 reserv (1): lay up, save up, reserve, 1 rursus: again, backward, back, 4 studium, - n.: zeal, enthusiasm, pursuit, 3 tametsi: even if, although, though, 1 timor, -oris m.: fear, dread, anxiety, 2 vlox, vlcis adj.: swift, rapid, quick, 1 vulgus, - n.: mass, mob, multitude, 2

Cotta Takes Command as the Romans are Surrounded

1 nostrs mlitibus: for our soldiers; dat. interest alacrirs: comparative adjective 2 effcit: made (x) (y); double acc., alacrirs is in the predicative position quod: because factum (esse): pf. pass. inf. following vidbtur vidbtur: seemed; impf. pass. 3 accidit: it happened; governs the noun result clause utcomplrentur quod fiererat: (which it was necessary to happen); parenthetical, inf. fi vulg: commonly, generally; abl. as adverb signs: the standards; i.e. military standards 4 habret: considered; held, impf. subj. in a relative clause of characteristic, governs a double accusative 6 barbarsdfuit: fail the barbarians; dat. of interest tt aci: on the entire battle line; place where 7 prnntire: commanded; dcs is acc. subj., the inf. governs the ind. command (n) n quis: that not anyone; aliquis, aliquid is a common indefinite pronoun (anyone, anything), but quis, quid is commonly used as an indefinite (who anyone, what anything) after s, nisi, num, and n. The mnemonic for this construction is the jingle After s, nisi, num, and n, all the alis go away (in other words indefinite aliquid becomes just quid) 7 illrum esse praedam: (and) that the loot was theirs; i.e. the Gauls, the indirect discourse is parallel to the ind. command and likewise governed by prnntire ills: for them; dat. of interest 8 quaecumquereliquissent: whatsoever; relative clause of characteristic (plpf. subj.); the misssing antecedent is acc. subject of reservr proindeexistmrent: therefore let them

51

think that; a jussive (volitive) subjunctive in indirect discourse remains a subjunctive; in secondary sequence the pres. subj. is impf. 9 posita (esse): have been put aside; i.e. the loot from the Romans is waiting for the Gauls to take it; ind. discourse, omnia is acc. subject et virtte et studi: both in; abl. of respect qualifying pars pugnand: gen. sg. gerund nostr: our (soldiers); nom. subject 10 Fortn: fortn is personfied as a goddess 11 ab e parte: from that side 12 Qu r animadvers: with this matter; abl. abs.; translate the relative as demonstrative prnntirut: it to be commanded that; pass. inf. governs indirect command 13 neu: and not; nve quam in partem: in whatever direction; relative clause of characteristic with pf. subjunctive of faci 14 cdant: they withdraw (from this direction) 15 nihil: not at all; adverbial accusative esposse: that it is possible for them; ind. discourse with an impersonal inf. possum srecipients: (the Romans) while retreating to their standards; i.e. attack the Romans as they try to relign themselves with the fixed military standards for each unit acc. d.o. of nsequantur 16 nsequantur: pres. subjunctive, part of the indirect command introduced by ut in line 13 17 Qu praecept: this instruction; abl. abs. ab es: i.e. by the Gauls dligentissim: superlative adverb quaepiam cohors: any cohort 18 vlcissim: superlative adverb, vlx, vlcis 19 necesse erat: it was necessary recip: pres. pass. inf., tla is neuter acc. subj.

Ablative Absolute in Translation Absolutes are circumstantial, causal, or concessive in sense, even if the translation does not reveal it. Cum-Clauses are just as versatile and can have a similar variety of uses within a Latin sentence. verbs audts 1. raw translation 2. Circumstantial 3. Causal 4. Concessive 1. raw translation 2. Circumstantial 3. Causal 4. Concessive (with) the words having been heard When/After the words had been heard Since/Because the words had been heard Although the words had been heard (with) Caesar listening When/While Caesar is/was listening Since/Because Caesar is/was listening Although Caesar is/was listening

Caesar audiente

52
35.3

Lesson 26: Caesar V.35.3 V.36 1

Rrsus cum in eum locum unde erant gress revert coeperant, et ab es qu cesserant et ab es qu proxim steterant circumvenibantur; 4. sn autem locum tenre vellent, nec virtt locus relinqubatur neque ab tant multitdine coniecta tla confert vitre poterant. 5. Tamen tot incommods cnflictt, mults vulneribus accepts, resistbant; et magn parte di cnsmpt, cum prm lce ad hram octvam pugnrtur, nihil quod ipss esset indignum committbant. 6. Tum Tit Balventi, qu superire ann prmum plum dxerat, vir fort et magnae auctrittis, utrumque femur trgul tricitur; 7. Quintus Lucnius, eiusdem rdinis, fortissim pugnns, dum circumvent fli subvenit, interficitur; 8. Lucius Cotta lgtus omns cohorts ordinsque adhortns in adversum s fund vulnertur. 36.1 Hs rbus permtus Quintus Titrius, cum procul Ambiorgem sus cohortantem cnspexisset, interpretem suum Gnaeum Pompeium ad eum mittit rogtum ut sibi mlitibusque parcat. 2. Ille appelltus respondit: si velit scum colloqu, licre; sprre multitdine impetrr posse, quod ad mlitum saltem pertineat; ips vr nihil nocitum r, inque eam rem s suam fdem interpnere. Ille cum Cott sauci commnicat, 3. s videtur, pugn ut excdant et cum Ambiorge n colloquantur: sprre ab e de su ac mlitum salte impetrr posse. Cotta s ad armtum hostem itrum negat atque in e persevrat.
adhortor, -r, -tum: encourage, urge on, 1 adversus, -a, -um: opposite, in front, 2 armtus, -a, -um: armed, armor-clad, 2 auctrits, -ttis f.: influence, clout, 3 Balventius, - m.: Balventius, 1 cd, -ere, cess, cessus: withdraw, move, 2 coep, coepisse, coeptum: to begin, 9 cohortor, -r, cohorttum: urge on, incite 3 colloquor, -qu, -loctum: to converse, 4 committ, -ere: commence, commit, entrust 4 communic (1): share, impart, 4 confertus, a, um: crowded together, dense, 3 conflict (1): contend with, harm, 1 conspici, -ere, spex, spectus: see, behold 5 consum, -ere, -sumps: to use up, spend, 2 e, re, v, itum: to go, come, 4 excd, -ere, cess, -cessum: go out, 3 femur, femori n.: thigh, 1 fds, e f.: faith, honor, 4 funda, ae f.: sling, 3 Gnaeus, - m.: Gnaeus, 1 hora, -ae f.: hour, 4 impetr (1): to obtain, accomplish, 3 incommodus, -a, -um: unfortunate, disastrous, 3 indignus, -a, -um: unworthy, undeserving, 1

10

15

20

interpn, -ere, -posu; include, introduce, 2 interpres, interpretis m/f.: messenger, 1 Lucnius, - m.: Lucanius, 1 lx, lcis, f.: light, 3 nec: and not, nor (nec,nec = neither,nor) 2 neg (1): to deny, say thatnot, 2 noce, -re, -u, -itum: harm, injure, hurt, 2 octvus, -a, -um: eighth, 1 s, ris n.: face, mouth 1 parc, -ere, peperc: to spare, refrain (dat), 2 persever (1): to persist, persevere, 1 plum, - n.: pilum, javelin, 3 Pompeius, -i m.: Pompey, 1 procul: far, from a distance, from afar, 3 responde, -re, -d, -nsum: to answer, 3 revertor, -, reversus sum: to turn back, return, 2 rog (1): to ask; tell, 2 rursus: again, backward, back, 4 saucius, -a, -us: wounded, injured, hurt, 1 sn: but if, if however, 1 st, -re, stet, sttum: stand still, stop, 3 subveni, -re, -vn, -ventum: come up to, aid, relieve, 2 Titus, - m.: Titus, 4 tot: so many, 2

Cotta is Wounded, and Sabinus Seeks out Ambiorix

trgula, -ae f.: tragula (a Gallic javelin) 3 trici, -icere, -ic, -iectum: pierce, cast across, 2 unde: whence, from which source, 3 vr: in truth, truly, in fact, to be sure, 3 vir, vir m.: man, 4 vt (1): avoid, evade, shun, 1 vulner (1): wound, injure, 3 vulnus, -eris n.: wound, blow, 3

53

1 unde erant gress: plpf. dep. gredior revert: present deponent inf. 2 cesserant: had withdrawn; As some of the Romans made attacks from the circle (orbis), the opposing enemy withdrew temporarily and the flanks (qu proxim steterant) attacked. When the Romans returned to the circle, the opposing enemy would advance once again 3 locum tenre: to hold ground; i.e. if the Romans did not advance in groups but instead remained together in the circle vellent: they should wish; an impf. subjunctive, the protasis of a mixed condition in secondary sequence; necneque: neithernor; linking the apodosis locus: opportunity virtt: for valor; dat. of purpose 4 confert: modifies the nom. subject incommods cnflictt: harmed by so many disadvantages 5 multsaccpts: ablative absolute resistbant: they kept on fighting; iterative impf. magncnsmpt: abl. absolute 6 cumpugnrtur: although they fought; cum is concessive in force; impersonal passive p. 57 quod ipssindignum: which was unworthy of the Romans themselves; indignus, unworthy of, governs an abl., here the intensive ipss 7 Tit Balventi: to Titus Balventius; dat. of interest superire ann: in; abl. of time when 8 prmum plum: the first pilum; the officer known as Primus Pilus was the highly ranked centurion who threw the first plum in battle; Titus held this rank during the previous year vir fort: dat. in apposition to Tit Balventi magnae authrittis: of great clout; gen. of quality parallel with dative fort utrumque femur: each thigh; neuter subject 9 eiusdem rdinis: of the same rank; gen. quality fortissim: superlative adverb pugnns: nom. sg. pres. pple, pugn 10 subvenit: he is approaching to help 11 in adversum s: full on the mouth; onto the opposing mouth, acc. place to which; another meaning for s, ris is face

12 hs rbus: because of these things; abl. cause sus: his own (men); i.e. Ambiorixs men, the reflexive should grammatically refer to the subject Cottas men but it does not 13 eum: him; i.e. Ambiorix 14 rogtum: to ask; supine (PPP + um) in the accusative expresses purpose, which in English is often expressed with an infinitive utparcat: ind. command following rogtum sibi mlitibusque: him and (his) soldiers; i.e. Cotta and his soldiers s velit: if he wishes; subordinate clauses in ind. discourse often fall into the subjunctive; here a pres. subjunctive of vol, velle in what was originally a present simple condition 15 scum: cum s licre: it is allowed (for him); i.e. for Titurius, ind. discourse with an impersonal verb sprre: that (he) hoped; i.e. Ambiorix hoped multitdine: i.e. from the Gauls quod..pertineat: (that) which; the missing antecedent is acc. subject of posse impetrr; this is a relative clause of characeristic with the present subjunctive 16 ps: that for (Titurius) himself; dative interest or possible a dat. of agent with nocitum r nihil: not at all; in no way, acc. of respect nocitum r: it would not be harmed; it is going to be harmed: a future passive inf. (supine + pres. pass. inf. of e, re), here impersonal ipsnocitum r: that indeed he himself would not at all be harmed; indeed for him himself not at all it was going to be harmed, a rare future passive inf. (supine + pres. pass. inf. of e, re), here impersonal sinterpnere: he gave his pledge 17 Ille: that one; i.e. Titurius speaks with Cotta videtur: it seems good; i.e. if he agrees with Ambiorixs terms; subordinate clauses govern a subjunctive in ind. discourse pugn: from battle; abl. separation utcolloquantur: (namely) that; noun result clause governed by impersonal videtur 18 sprre: that (Cotta) hoped; see also line 15 ab o: from him; i.e. from Ambiorix 19 s itrum esse: fut. inf. e, re

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37.1

Lesson 27: Caesar V.37 V.38 1

Sabnus qus in praesenti tribns mlitum circum s habbat et prmrum rdinum centurins s sequ iubet et, cum propius Ambiorgem accessisset, iussus arma abicere, impertum facit susque ut idem faciant imperat. 2. Interim, dum d condicinibus inter s agunt longiorque cnsult ab Ambiorge nstituitur serm, paultim circumventus interficitur. 3. Tum vr su mre Victriam conclmant atque ulultum tollunt impetque in nostrs fact rdins perturbant. 4. Ibi Lucius Cotta pugnns interficitur cum maxim parte mlitum. Reliqu s in castra recipiunt unde erant gress; 5. ex quibus Lucius Petrosidius aquilifer, cum magn multitdine hostium premertur, aquilam intr vallum proicit; ipse pr castrs fortissim pugnns occditur. Ill aegr ad noctem oppugntinem sustinent; 6. noct ad unum omns, desprt salte, s ips interficiunt. 7. Pauc ex proeli laps incerts itineribus per silvs ad Titum Labinum legtum in hberna perveniunt atque eum d rbus gests certirem faciunt. 38.1 Hc victori subltus Ambiorx statim cum equitt in Aduatucs, qu erant eius regn fintim, proficscitur; neque noctem neque diem intermittit pedittumque ss subsequ iubet. 2. R demonstrt Aduatucsque concitts poster di in Nervis pervenit hortturque, n su in perpetuum liberand atque ulcscend Rmns pr es, qus acceperint, iniris occsinem dmittant: 3. interfects esse lgts dus magnamque partem exercits intersse demnstrat; 4. nihil esse negt, subit oppressam leginem quae cum Cicerne hiemet interfic; s ad eam rem profittur aditrem. Facile hc rtine Nervis persudet.
abici, -ere, -ic, -iectum: throw aside or away, 2 aditor, -ris m.: helper, assistant, 2 aeger, -gra, -grum: sick, weary; adv. scarcely, 4 ag, agere, g, ctum: drive, lead, do, 4 aquila, -ae f.: eagle, eagle standard, 4 aquilifer, -fer m.: eagle-bearer, 1 centurio, -inis m.: centurion, 4 circum: around, round about, 2 concit (1): stir up, incite, impel, 2 conclam (1): cry out together, shout, 2 condici, -cinis f.: arrangement, state, 2 consult: on purpose, deliberately, 3 dspr (1): to have no hope, give up, 2 dmitt, -ere, -ms, -missus: lose, send (away), 3 hiem (1): spend the winter, 3 hortor, -r, horttum: encourage, urge, 2 incertus, -a, -um: unreliable, doubtful, 2 iniria, -ae f.: wrong, insult, injustice, 4 institu, -ere, -u, -tum: set, establish, 3 intere, -re, -v, -tum: to die, perish, 3 intr: within, among (+ acc.), 3 lbor, lb, lapsum: glide, slide, slip, 1 lber (1): free, liberate, 3 ms, mris m.: custom, manner, law, 4 negtium, i n.: business, task, 2 noct: by night; abl. as adv. nox, noctis, 4 occsio, -inis f.: opportunity, occasion, 2 occd, -ere, occid, occsus: kill, cut down 4 opprim, -ere, -press, -pressum: crush, burden, overwhelm, 3 pauc, -ae, -a: little, few, scanty, 4 paultim: gradually, little by little, 3 pedittus, -s m.: infantry, 3 perpetuus, -a, -um: constant, everlasting, 4 Petrosidius, - m.: Petrosidius, 1 posterus, -a, -um: next, following, 2 praesentia, -ae f.: presence, 2 profiteor, -r, -fessum: profess, declare, 1 proici, -icere, -ic, -iectum: throw forward, project, 2 proprius: more closely, nearer, 3 sequor, -, sectus: follow, pursue, 4

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20

Ambiorix Kills Sabinus and Incites the Nervii

sermo, -mnis m.: conversation, discourse, 3 silva, -ae f.: wood, forest, woodland, 4 statim: immediately, at once, 4 Titus, - m.: Titus, 4 toll, ere, sustul, subltum: raise, destroy, 2 tribnus, - m.: tribune, officer, 2 ulciscor, -, ultum: avenge, take vengeance 1 ulultus, -s m.: howling, wailing, yelling, 1 unde: whence, from which source, 3 vr: in truth, truly, in fact, to be sure, 3

55

1 qustribns mlitumhabbat: those tribunes of the soldiers whom; tribns is antecedentnot part ofqushabbat 2 sequ: inf. sequor iubet: both tribns, centrurins are objects 3 accessisset: plpf. subjunctive accd iussus: PPP iube, iubre impertum facit: carries out the command; the thing having been commanded PPP sus: his own (men); dat. object of imperat utfaciant: ind. command idem: the same thing; id-dem, neuter acc. sg. 4 d condicinibusagunt: they talk about the conditions..; common idiom employing ag and d + ablative, here the conditions of surrender inter s: with one another; among themselves longiornstituitur serm: a longer conversation is arranged cnsult: deliberately; ablative as an adverb 5 circumventus: the nom. subject is Sabnus 6 su mre: by their custom; from their custom Victoriam: Latin exclamation take the acc. 7 impetfact: ablative absolute in nostrs: against our (soldiers) 8 Reliqu: the remaining (men); i.e. the survivors srecipiunt: retreat; take themselves back 9 erant gress: plpf. deponent gredior ex quibus: from these; for transitions, English speakers prefer a demonstrative 10 aquilam: the eagle; i.e. the entire wooden standard which contained the golden image of an eagle on top; the aquilifer saves the eagle from capture as one today might save a flag vallum: i.e. the wall of the camp, which often consisted of mound of earth with a wooden palisade on top and a deep ditch below pr: in front of; + ablative pugnns: pres. pple, pugn 11 aegrsustinent: with difficulty sustained; scarcely sustained ad noctem: till the night noct: at night; adverb ad num: to the man 12 desprts salte: abl. abs. ips: themselves; nom. pl., intensive pronoun

13 14 15 16 17 18

19

20 21

22

laps: having slipped; pf. deponent pple labor incerts itineribus: by uncertain routes in hberna: into winter-quarters; a journey of about 100 miles at this time certirem faciunt: inform; make him more certain; a common idiom in Caesar gests: carried out; PPP ger subltus: uplifted; i.e. elated, PPP toll, as often, the prefix sub- means from under up in Aduatucs: to the Aduatuci; or among regn: dative with the predicate adj. fintim subsequ: pres. deponent inf. Rconcitts: two ablative absolutes poster di: on; ablative time when in Nervis: to the Nervii, among the Nervii nacceperint (et)dmittant: that they not; negative ind. command governed by horttur suliberand: of freeing themselves; gen. sg. gerundive; when translating, employ a gerundgerundive flip: make su the gerunds object (s), this genitive modifies occsinem ulcscend Rmns: a gen. sg. gerund and acc. object (this construction is unusual since it is often expressed as a noun + modifying gerundive); parallel to liberand and likewise modifying occsinem pr esiniris: (in return) for; es is a demonstrative modifying iniris qus acceperint: perfect subj. in a relative clause of characteristic; the antecedent is fem. plural iniris interfects esse: that; pf. pass. infinitive interfici with lgts dus as acc. subject lgts dus: i.e. Sabnus and Cotta intersse: to have perished; interiisse, pf. inf. intere with partem as acc. subject nihil esse negt: that there is no trouble; nothing of business, negt is a partitive gen. the acc. + inf. is governed by profittur below oppressam: having been surprised; opprim hiemet: pres. subj., rel. clause of characteristic interfic: pres. passive inf., leginem is acc. subj. and is governed by profittur s: that he (was); supply esse

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39.1

Lesson 28: Caesar V.39 V.40.4 1

Itaque cnfestim dmisss nuntis ad Ceutrons, Grudis, Levcs, Pleumoxis, Geidumns, qu omns sub erum imperi sunt, quam maxims mans possunt cgunt et d improvs ad Cicernis hberna advolant nndum ad eum fam d Titr morte perlt. 2. Huic quoque accidit, quod fuit necesse, ut nnnll mlits, qu ligntinis mntinisque caus in silvs discessissent, repentn equitum advent interciperentur. 3. Hs circumvents magn man Eburns, Nervi, Aduatuc atque hrum omnium soci et clients leginem oppugnre incipiunt. Nostr celeriter ad arma concurrunt, vllum conscendunt. 4. Aegr is dis sustenttur, quod omnem spem hosts in celeritte ponbant atque hanc adept victriam in perpetuum s fore victrs cnfdbant. 40.1 Mittuntur ad Caesarem cnfestim ab Cicerne litterae magns prposits praemis, s pertulissent: obsesss omnibus vis miss intercipiuntur. 2. Noct ex materi, quam mntinis caus comportverant, turrs admodum CXX excitantur incrdibil celeritte; quae desse oper vidbantur, perficiuntur. 3. Hosts poster di, mult mairibus coctis copis, castra oppugnant, fossam complent. Edem ratine, qu prdi, ab nostrs resistitur: 4. hoc idem reliqus deinceps fit dibus.
adipiscor, -, adeptum: get, obtain, reach, 1 admodum: completely, quite; just about, 2 advol (1): to fly to, rush to, 1 aeger, -gra, -grum: sick, weary, 4 Ceutrons, -um m.: Ceutrones (tribe) 1 cliens, -entis m.: client, dependent, 4 comple, -re, -v, -tum: fill up, fill, 6 comport (1): carry together, collect, 3 concurr, -ere, -curr, -cursus: run eagerly, clash, 2 cnfstim: immediately, 4 confd, -ere, confsus sum: trust, believe, rely upon, 4 conscend, -ere, -, -nsus: climb, board, 1 deinceps: one after another, successively, 1 dmitt, -ere, -ms, -missus: send (away), 3 excit (1): excite, rouse up, raise, inspire, 3 fma, -ae f.: rumor, story, hearsay, 2 fi, fier, factus: become, be made, 3 fossa, -ae f.: ditch, trench, 2 Geidumn, -rum m.: Geidumn, 1 Grudi, -rum m.: Grudi, 1 improvsus, -a, -um: unforeseen, unexpected, 1 incipi, -ere, incp, inceptum: begin, 1 incrdibilis, -e: unbelieveable, 1 intercipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum: catch, intercept, 3 Levc, -rum m.: Levaci, 1 ligntio, -tinis f.: gathering of timber, 1 materia, -ae f.: timber, wood, material, 2 necesse: necessary; (it is) necessary, 4 noct: by night; abl. as adv. nox, noctis, 4 nndum: not yet, 3 nnnullus, -a, -um: some, not none, 2 obsde, -re, sd, sessum: besiege, beset, 2 opus, -eris n.: work, deed, toil, 2 perfer, -ferre, -tul, -ltus: carry through, 2 perfici, -ere: complete, accomplish, 3 perpetuus, -a, -um: constant, everlasting, 4 Pleumoxi, -orum m.: Pleumoxi, 1 posterus, -a, -um: next, following, 2 prdi: on the day before, the previous day, 1 prpn, -ere, posu, positum: to set forth, 1 quoque: also, 2 repentnus, -a, -um: sudden, unexpected, 4 silva, -ae f.: wood, forest, woodland, 4 socius, - m.: comrade, ally, companion, 2 sustent (1): to hold up, sustain, maintain, 1 via, -ae, f.: road, way, path, 2 victor, -ris m.: conquerer, vanquisher, 1

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The Nervii and other Gauls Attack Ciceros Camp

2 erum: their; i.e. of the Nervii quam maximspossunt: the largest groups (as) they are able; quam + superl. = as X as possible, possunt makes construction explicit cgunt: they gather together 3 d improvs: unexpectedly; from the unforeseen, often with preposition 4 nndum ad eum: part of the abl. absolute from fm to perlt perlt: PPP perfer Titr: gen. sg., Quintus Titrius Sabnus 4 Huic quoque: to this one also; i.e. to Cicero quod fuit necesse: which was inevitable 5 utinterciperentur: that; noun result clause governed by accidit caus: for the sake of; + preceding genitives 6 discessissent: had gone out; i.e. from the camp, plpf. subjunctive in a relative clause of characteristic 7 Hs circumvents: abl. absolute magn man: with a great band; abl. of means with the ablative absolute 8 Nostr: our (soldiers) 9 conscendunt: (and) climb; asyndeton, the lack of conjunctions suggests that the Romans were acting quickly and decisively aegr: with difficulty; adv. of aeger 10 adept: having attained; perfect deponent pple adipiscor in perpetuum: for ever; into perpetual (time), supply neuter acc. tempus fore: would be; alternative to futrum esse, a fut. inf. in ind. discourse governed by cnfdbant, s is acc. subj.

57

12 magnspraemis: (to the messengers); abl. absolute; the offer is made to the messengers of the letters 13 s pertulissent: if (the messengers) had carried (the letters) through (to Caesar); protasis in a past contrary-to-fact condition obsesssvis: abl. absolute causal in force, the viae are likely paths or routes miss: (the messengers) sent; PPP mitt 14 noct: at night; ablative as adverb caus: for the sake of; + preceding genitive 15 incrdibil celeritte: with; abl. of manner drops cum when there is an adjective, here i-stem 3rd declension quae desse oper vidbantur: (the things) which seemed to be lacking for the work; i.e. whatever seemed to be incomplete 16 perficiuntur: missing antecedent of the relative clause is subject poster di: on; time when mult: much; by much, ablative of degree of difference with comparative mairibus mairibuscopis: ablative absolute 17 (et) fossam: asyndeton Edem ratine: by the same method qu (ratine) prde: in which (manner) (they resisted) the day before; i.e. as on the day before, relative clause, add ratine, resistitur ab nostrs resistitur: our men resisted; it is resisted by our (men), impers. pass. below 18 hoc idem: this same thing; id-dem, neuter singular nom. subject fit: 3rd sg. pres. fi; often passive for faci reliqusdibus: in; abl. time when

Impersonal Verb Constructions Impersonal verbs are found in the 3 sg. and translated with the subject it. The passive of an intransitive verb (e.g. ventum est) is often used impersonally with dat. of agent but should be translated actively.
rd

accidit constat fs est fit licet oportet potest videtur

it happens + ut (noun result clause) it is agreed it is right + inf. it happens/is done + ut (noun result clause) it is allowed + inf. it is desirable/fitting/necessary + inf. it is possible it seems +ut (noun result clause)

p. 18, 20, 28, 32, 48, 50, 56 p. 18, 34 p. 28 p. 56 p. 10, 32, 46, 52, 58 p. 6, 18 p. 10, 50 p. 52 p. 46 p. 38 p. 52, 64 p. 14 p. 56 p. 16, 38

cnsurgitur perventum est pugnrtur pugntum est resistitur ventum est

they rise (it is arisen) they arrived (it was arrived) they were fighting (it was fought) each side fought (it was fought by each side) our men resisted (it was resisted by our men) they came (it has been come)

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40.5

Lesson 29: Caesar V.40.5 V.41.6 1

Nlla pars nocturn temporis ad labrem intermittitur; nn aegrs, nn vulnerts facults quits dtur. 6. Quaecumque ad proxim die oppugntinem opus sunt, noct comparantur; multae praestae suds, magnus murlium plrum numerus nstituitur; turrs contabulantur, pinnae lorcaeque ex crtibus attexuntur. 7. Ipse Cicer cum tenuissim valtdine esset, n nocturnum quidem sibi tempus ad quitem relinqubat, ut ultr mlitum concurs ac vcibus sibi parcere cgertur. 41.1 Tunc ducs prncipsque Nervirum qu aliquem sermnis aditum causamque amcitiae cum Cicerne habbant colloqu ss velle dcunt. 2. Fact potestte, eadem quae Ambiorx cum Titri gerat commemorant: omnem esse in arms Galliam; 3. Germns Rhnum trnssse; Caesaris reliqurumque hberna oppugnr. 4. Addunt etiam d Sabn morte: Ambiorgem ostentant fide faciendae caus. 5. Errre es dcunt, s quidquam ab hs praesid sprent, qu sus rbus diffdant; ss tamen hc esse in Cicernem populumque Rmnum anim, ut nihil nisi hberna recsent atque hanc inveterscere cnsutdinem nlint: 6. licre ills incolumibus per s ex hbernis discdere et quscumque in parts velint sine met proficsc.
add, -ere, -did, -ditum: to bring to, add, 4 aditus, -s m.: approach, access, entrance, 2 aeger, -gra, -grum: sick, weary, 4 ag, agere, g, ctum: drive, lead, do, 4 attex, -ere, -texu, textum: weave, add on 1 colloquium, -i n.: conversation, talk, 1 commemor (1): call to mind, recollect, 1 compar (1): prepare, get ready, provide, 4 concursus, -s m.: running together, gathering, 1 contabul (1): to equip with boarded platforms, 1 crtis, -is f.: (wicker) frame, fascines, 1 diffid, -ere, diffsum: mistrust, despair (dat.), 1 dux, ducis m../f.: leader, guide, chief, 4 err (1): to wander, rove, stray, 1 fds, e f.: faith, honor, 4 incolumis, -e: unscathed, uninjured, safe, 2 institu, -ere, -u, -tum: set, establish, 3 inveterasc (1): to become old, 1 labor, -ris m.: labor, hardship, task, 1 lorca, -ae f.: parapet, breastwork, 1 metus, -s f.: dread, fear, 2 mrlis, -e: of a wall, mural, 1 noct: by night; abl. as adv. nox, noctis, 4

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nocturnus, -a, -um: nocturnal, nightly, 3 nl, nolle, nolu: to refuse, be unwilling, 1 ostent (1): show (off), display, point out, 1 parc, -ere, peperc: to spare, refrain (dat), 2 plum, - n.: pilum, javelin, 3 pinna, -ae f.: battlement on wall; feather, 1 potests, -ttis f.: power, ability, capacity, 3 praesidium, -i n.: guard, protection; assistance, 2 praestus, -a, -um: burned at the end, 1 princeps, -cipis m./f.: chief, leader, 4 qucumque, quae-, quod-: whosoever, 4 quis, quitis f.: rest, repose, sleep, 2 quisquam, quidquam: anyone, anything? 2 recs (1): to object to, refuse, reject, 1 sermo, -mnis m.: conversation, discourse, 3 sudis, -is: stake, spike, 1 tenuis, -e: thin, slender, 1 tunc: then, at that time, 1 ultr: voluntarily; moreover, beyond, 3 valtdo, -dinis f.: state of health, health, 1 vx, vcis, f.: voice; utterance, word, 4 vulner (1): wound, injure, 3

Cicero Resists as the Nervii Advise Departure

1 nocturn temporis: partitive genitive ad labrem: for work; expressing purpose it modifies the subject not the verb: the line reads no part of the night time (devoted) for work is interrupted whereas we would prefer no part of the night time is interrupted from work aegrs: to the sick; dat. indirect object 2 vulnerts: dat. indirect object quits: for; dative of purpose; double dat. quaecumqueopus sunt: whatsoever is the work (to be done); or whatsoever is the need opus est, there is a need, often governs a dat. of interest and abl. of the object wanted; less frequently, as here, there is a subject and opus is the predicate proxim die: gen. sg. 3 noct: at night; abl. as adverb 4 contabulantur: are equipped with boarded platforms; the wooden towers are multi-storied with wood floors 5 Ipse Cicer: nom. subj. within the cum-clause cum..esset: although he was; impf. subjunctive in a cum-clause which is concessive in force tenuissim valtdine: of very weak health; abl. of quality, predicate as esset 6 nquidem: not even; n quidem emphasizes the intervening word ad quitum: for; ad + acc. expresses purpose utcgertur: so that he was compelled; impf. subj. in a result clause ultr: voluntarily 7 parcere: governs a dative 8 aliquemaditum: some (right of) entry into conversation; the Nervii had previously established a rapport with the Romans that entitled them to approach and speak 9 causamque amcitiae: reason for friendship ss velle: that they are willing; i.e. Nervii, velle is a pres. inf. vl, colloqu is a deponent complementary infinitive

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10 fact potestte: permission having been given; opportunity having been made, idiom gerat: had discussed; had conducted 11 trnssse: pf. inf. trnse, Germns acc. subj. 12 oppugnr: are being assaulted; pres. pass., hberna, winter-quarters is acc. subject Addunt: they add; i.e. they say in addition 13 Ambiorgem ostentant: they point to Ambiorix fde faciend: of forming trust; gen. sg. gerundive + noun; gerund-gerundive flip es: that they; i.e. the Romans, acc. subject 14 quidquampraesid: any protection; anything of protection, partitive gen. sprent: hoped; impf. subj. in a subordinate clause in indirect discourse qudiffdant: pres. subj. in a relative clause of characteristic, hs is the antecedent, the verb governs a dative 14 ss hc esseanim: that they are of this mind toward; i.e. the Nervi, abl. of quality as predicate 15 in: toward utrecsetnlint: result clause, present subjunctive recs, nl nihil nisi hberna: nothing except winterquarters; the Nervi claim to be willing to be friends (see amcitiae above) but will not allow the Romans to maintain a military camp in the territory of the Nervii 16 licre: that it is allowed for those; indirect disc., the infinitive represents an impersonal verb with governs a dat. of interest 17 per s: by themselves discdereproficsc: infinitives, active and deponent, governed by licre quscumque in parts: in whatsoever directions; introduces a relative clause of characteristic with a pres. subjunctive vol

Indicative Conditions In Secondary Sequence: Direct and Indirect Discourse Simple Present (Pres., Pres.) dix s credis, errs. I said, if you believe this, you are wrong Future More Vivid (fut. (pf.), fut.): dix s creds/credideris, errbis. I said, if you believe this, you will be wrong Simple Past (past, past): dix s credbs/credidist, errvist. I said, if you believed this, you were wrong dix s haec creders, t errre I said that, if you believed this, you were wrong. dix s haec creders, t errtrum esse I said that, if you believed this, you would be wrong. dix s haec creders/credidisss, t errvisse. I said that, if you (had) believed this, you had been...

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41.7

Lesson 30: Caesar V.41.7 V.43.2 1

Cicer ad haec num modo respondit: nn esse cnsutdinem popul Rmn accipere ab hoste armt condicinem: 8. s ab arms discdere velint, s aditre tantur lgtsque ad Caesarem mittant; sprre pr eius istiti, quae petierint, imperttrs. 42.1 Ab hc sp repuls Nervi vall pedum IX et foss pedum XV hberna cingunt. 2. Haec et superirum annrum cnsutdine ab nbs cognverant et, qus d exercit habbant captvs, ab es docbantur; 3. sed nll ferramentrum copi, quae esset ad hunc sum idnea, gladis caespits circumcdere, manibus sagulsque terram exhaurre nitbantur. 4. Qu quidem ex r hominum multitd cognosc potuit: nam minus hrs tribus mlium pedum XV in circuit mntinem perfcrunt 5. reliqusque dibus turrs ad altitdinem vall, falcs testdinsque, qus dem captv docuerant, parre ac facere coeprunt. 43.1 Septim oppugntinis di, maxim cort vent, fervents fusil ex argill glands fundis et fervefacta iacula in cass, quae mre Gallic strments erant tctae, iacere coeprunt. 2. Hae celeriter ignem comprehendrunt et vent magnitdine in omnem locum castrrum distulrunt.
aditor, -ris m.: helper, assistant, 2 altitd, -inis f.: height, depth, altitude, 2 argilla, -ae f.: potters clay, white clay, 1 armtus, -a, -um: armed, armor-clad, 2 caespes, -pitis m.: turf, sod, grass, 1 captvus, -a, -um: prisoner, captive, 3 casa, casae f.: house, home, 1 cing, -ere, cnx, cnctus: surround, 1 circuitus, -s m.: circumference, circuit, 1 circumcd, -ere, -cd: cut around or off, 1 coep, coepisse, coeptum: to begin, 9 comprehend, -ere, -d: seize, arrest; grasp 4 condici, -cinis f.: arrangement, state, 2 corior, -r, cortus: arise, break out, 2 disc, -ere, -didic: learn, get to know, 2 differ, -ferre, distul: carry different ways 2 doce, -re, -u, -ctus: teach, tell, 4 exhauri, -re, -v: take away, empty dry, 1 falx, falcis f.: grappling-hook; pruning-hook, 1 ferrmenta, -rum n: iron tool, implement 1 fervefaci, -ere, -fc: make hot, boil, melt, 1 ferve, -re, ferbu: glow hot; seethe, boil, 1 fossa, -ae f.: ditch, trench, 2 funda, ae f.: sling, 3 fusilis, -e: molten, liquid, soft, 1 Gallicus, -a, -um: Gallic, 1 gladius, - m.: sword, 3 glans, glandis m.: slug, bullet for sling, 1 hora, -ae f.: hour, 4 iaci, iacere, ic, iactum: to throw, 4 iaculum, - n.: javelin, dart, 2 idneus, -a, -um: suitable, appropriate, 1 ignis, ignis, m.: fire, 4 impetr (1): obtain, accomplish, 3 iustitia, -ae f.: justice, fairness, equity, 1 modo: only, merely, simply; just now, 4 ms, mris m.: custom, manner, law, 4 ntor, nt, nsus sum: to struggle, lean on, 1 ns: we, 1 par (1): prepare, make ready, 3 perfici, -ere: complete, accomplish, 3 repell, -ere, repul, -pulsum: drive back, repulse, 1 responde, -re, -d, -nsum: to answer, 3 sagulum, - n.: small military cloak, mantle 1 septimus, -a, -um: seventh, 1 strmentum, - n.: straw; saddle, housing, 1 teg, -ere, tex, tectum: to cover, 1 terra, -ae. f.: earth, ground, land, 2 testdo, -tdinis f.: tortoise, 2 ventus, vent m.: wind, 3

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The Nervii Continue the Siege and Set Fire to Ciceros Camp
1 haec: these (things); neuter pl. num: one (thing); neut. acc. sg., Caesar contrasts the multiple points of the Nervii with the single powerful point made by Cicero modo: just, only; an adverb modifying num 2 nn esse: it is not..; ind. discourse; accipere condicinem is the infinitive subject of esse and cnsutdinem is the acc. predicate ab arms discdere: to lay down their weapons; to depart from their weapons svelinttanturmittant: if they wishlet them employand send; all pres. subj. in a mixed condition; in direct discourse the protasis velint is a fut. indicative and the apodosis verbs are imperatives or jussives, which in ind. discourse become jussives 3 s aditre tantur: let them employ him (as) an advocate; tor governs an ablative objects, aditre is an abl. in the predicative position sprre: (that) he hoped; i.e. Cicero hoped eius: his; i.e. Caesars 4 quae peti(v)erint: (the things) which; pf. subj. of pet in a relative clause of characteristic, the missing antecedent is object of impertrtrs imperttrs (esse): that (they) would attain; fut. infinitive; supply Nervis as acc. subject 5 vallfoss: ablative of means pedum: of feet; gen. of measure 6 haec: these things; i.e. the vallum and fossa; object of cognverant etet: bothand superirum: of previous; comparative adj. ab nbs: from us; abl. of source, the Nervii had learned their siege strategies from the Romans 7 qusdocbanturab es: and by those, whom they were holding from our army as captives; the antecedent of the relative qus is the demonstrative es; capitvs is predicative
Fut. Less Vivid (pres. subj., pres. subj.) dix s creds, errs. dix s haec creders, t errtrum esse I said, if you should believe, you would be wrong I said that, if you were to believe, you would be... Present Contrary-to-fact (impf. subj., impf. subj.) dix s creders, errrs. I said, if you believed, you would be wrong Past Contrary-to-fact (plpf. subj. plpf. subj.) dix s credisss, errvisss. dix s haec credisss, t errtrum fuisse. I said, if you had believed, you would have been I said that, if you had believed, you would have* dix s haec creders, t errtrum esse I said that, if you believed, , you would be wrong.*

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nllcopi: since there was; (there being) no supply, the construction is either an abl. of means or an abl. absolute, causal in force 8 esset: was; impf. sum in a relative clause of characteristic ad hunc sum: for; expressing purpose gladis: abl. of means 9 circumcdere (et)exhaurre: asyndeton, supply conjunction immediately after first inf., lack of conjunction suggests haste or speed manibus sagulsque: abl. of means nitbantur: deponent, governs both circumcdere and exhaurre quex r: from which matter 10 multitd: i.e. the size of the population, the number of Nervii cognsc: pres. pass. inf. minus hrs tribus: in less than three hours; comparative adv. + abl. of comparison; the time construction is abl. of time within 11 mlium pedum XV: 15,000 feet; 15 of thousands of feet gen. of measure reliqus dibus: within; abl. time within 12 ad altitdinem vall: (in proportion) to; the turrs are as tall as the valla dem: edem, nom. pl. with captv; see line 7 14 Septimdi: on; abl. time when maxim cort vent: abl. absolute fervents: modifies glands; pres. pple acc. pl. fusil: modifies argill; abl. sg., i-stem 3rd decl. 15 glands: bullets; acorns, this is the projectile shot from a sling (funda) fervefacta iacula: heated javelins; acc. d.o. 16 erant tctae: tectae erant, plpf. pass. teg hae: these (houses); supply casae 17 comprehendrunt: caught vent: nom. pl. subject magnitdine: because of; abl. of cause 18 distulrunt: pf. 3rd pl. differ

Subjunctive Conditions In Secondary Sequence: Direct and Indirect Discourse

*English contrafactuals do not have to change in secondary sequence.

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43.3

Lesson 31: Caesar V.43.3 V.43.7 1

Hosts maxim clmre, scut part iam atque explort victri, turrs testudinsque agere et scals vallum ascendere coeprunt. 4. At tanta mlitum virts atque ea praesentia anim fuit ut, cum undique flamm torrrentur maximque tlrum multitdine premerentur suaque omnia impedmenta atque omns fortns cnflagrre intellegerent, nn modo dmigrand caus d vall dcderet nm, sed paene n respiceret quidem quisquam, ac tum omns cerrim fortissimque pugnrent. 5. Hic dis nostrs long gravissimus fuit; sed tamen hunc habuit ventum, ut e di maximus numerus hostium vulnerrtur atque interficertur, ut s sub ips vall constpverant recessumque prms ultim nn dabant. 6. Paulum quidem intermiss flamm et qudam loc turr adact et contingente vllum tertiae cohortis centurins ex e, qu stbant, loc recessrunt susque omns removrunt, nt vocibusque hosts, s introre vellent, vocre coeprunt; qurum prgred ausus est nm. 7. Tum ex omn parte lapidibus coniects dturbt, turrisque succnsa est.
cer, cris, cre: sharp, fierce, eager, bitter 2 adig, -ere, -g, -ctum: drive to, force to, 1 ag, agere, g, ctum: drive, lead, do, 4 ascend, -ere, -, -nsus: ascend, mount 2 aude, -re, ausus sum: dare, venture, 4 centurio, -inis m.: centurion, 4 clmor, clmoris m.: shout, cry, 2 coep, coepisse, coeptum: to begin, 9 cnflagr (1): be on fire, be consumed, 1 constp (1): to crowd together in, stuff, 1 conting, -ere, tig, tactum: touch, border, 1 dcd, -ere, -cess, -cessum: depart, die, 4 dmigr (1): to emigrate, depart, 1 dturb (1): dislodge, drive off, 1 ventus, -s m.: consequence, result, issue, 2 explor (1): explore, search; gain, 1 flamma, ae f.: flame, 3 fortna, -ae f.: fortune, chance, luck, 4 iam: now, already, soon, 4 intelleg, -ere, -lx, -lctum: understand, 2 introe, -re, i, -itum: go into, enter, 1 lapis, lapidis m.: stone, 1 modo: only, merely, simply; just now, 4

10

15

nm, nllus, nmin, -em, nll: no one, 3 ntus, -s m.: a nod, 1 paene: almost, nearly, 2 pari, -ere, peper, partum: produce, bear, 1 praesentia, -ae f.: presence, 2 prgredior, -gred, -gressus: step forward, go forth, advance, 2 qudam, quaedam, quiddam: a certain, 4 quisquam, quidquam: anyone, anything? 2 recd, -ere, -cess, -cessus: go back, 1 recessus, -s m.: retreat, recess, 1 remove, -re, -mv, -mtus: remove, 2 respici, -ere, -spex, -spectum: look back to, 1 scla, -ae f.: ladder; flight of stairs, stairs, 1 sicut: just as, so as, as if, 2 st, -re, stet, sttum: stand still, stop, 3 succend, -ere, -d, censum: to set fire under, 2 testdo, -tdinis f.: tortoise, 2 torre, -re, -ru, tostum: burn, parch, 1 ultimus, -a, -um: farthest, extreme, last, 1 vc (1): call, name, address, summon, 1 vx, vcis, f.: voice; utterance, word, 4 vulner (1): wound, injure, 3

Ciceros Men Resist Amid the Flames

1 maxim clmre: with a very loud shout; abl. of manner, cum is dropped with the noun is modified by an adjective scut: as if partatque explort: produced and confirmed; PPP in an ablative absolute; pari is the verb to give birth and explor, in addition to the meaning to search out means fixed, established or confirmed in Caesar 2 agere: to drive forward mlitum: of (our) soldiers; i.e. the Romans 3 ea praesentia anim: and such was their presence of mind; i.e. discipline and focus utnn mododcderet, sedrespiceret pugnrent: (so) that; result clause; impf. subjunctives in secondary sequence cum: although; cum-clause is concessive 4 torrrenturpremerentur: were being scorched andwere being overwhelmed; impf. subj. in the same cum-clause sua: their; reflexive adjective 5 impedmenta atquefortns: acc. subj. of cnflagre, ind. disc. governed by intellegerent fortns: personal items nn modosed: not onlybut (also) 6 dmigrand caus: for the sake of; gen. sg. gerund dmigr nquidem: not even; this construction emphasizes the intervening word, in this case respiceret, which is part of the result clause that started with ut in line 3 7 cerrim fortissimque: superlative adverbs 8 nostrs: for our (men); dat. of interest long: far, by far; adverb gravissimus: most grievous; pred. adjective huncventum, ut: this result, (namely) that; ut introduces a noun result clause in

63

apposition to ventum e di: on this day; e is a demonstrative 9 utconstpverantdabant: since; ut + indicative, as is causal in force sub: at the foot of; beneath 10 prms ultim nn dabant: the last (soldiers) were not giving (a means for) retreat to the first; the rows of soldiers were crowded together on the battle line so that the soldiers on the front were pushed by those behind and could not retreat paulum: a little; adverbial acc. 11 intermiss flamm: abl. absolute qudam loc: in a certain place; abl. place where; or todative with compound verb turr adact et contingente: abl. abs., turr is fem. i-stem abl.; PPP adig; pres. pple conting; the turr is an enemys tower 12 tertiae cohortis: gen. sg. modifies centurins ex eloc: from this place; demonstrative qu: in which (place); abl. of place where 13 susque omns: all their men; acc. d.o. nt vocibusque: with a nod and words; abl. of means svellent: if they wished; ind. discourse, impf. subjunctive; in direct discourse a pres. indicative: if you wish to enter, (enter)! 14 qurumnm: none of whom; partitive gen. prgred: present deponent inf., prgredior ausus est: dared; pf. deponent, aude is a semi-deponent verb, otherwise active, the perfect tenses are deponent ex omn parte: from every direction 15 dturbt (sunt): (the enemy) was dislodged; pf. passive, add sunt parallel with succnsa turris: nom. sg. feminine

Purpose Constructions There are a variety of ways to express purpose in Caesars Commentaries. Notice how Caesar uses purpose clauses (adverbial and relative) in early books and other constructions in later ones. The dat. of purpose is often used with sum or with dat. interest in a double dative construction. ut/n + subj. qu + subj. ad + gerund ad + noun + gerundive caus + gerund caus + gerundive accusative supine dative of purpose ut/n audret qu audret ad haec audiendum ad haec audienda audiend caus audiend huius caus audtum salt so that he might (not) hear who should hear for hearing for these things to be heard for (the sake of) hearing for the sake of this to be heard to hear for safety examples pp. 4, 6, 8, 10, 46, 70 pp. 10 p. 10, 18 pp. 2-8, 10, 18-20, 24 pp. 28, 40, 62 pp. 20, 58, 68 pp. 22, 38, 52

p.12, 18-20, 38-44, 52, 64-6

64
44.1

Lesson 32: Caesar V.44 1

Erant in e legine fortissim vir, centurins, qu prms rdinibus appropinqurent, Titus Pull et Lucius Vornus. 2. H perpetus inter s contrversis habbant, qunam anteferrtur, omnibusque anns d locs summs simulttibus contendbant. 3. Ex hs Pull, cum acerrim ad mnitins pugnrtur, Quid dubits, inquit, Vorne? aut quem locum tuae probandae virttis exspects? 4. Hic dis d nostrs contrversis iudicbit. Haec cum dxisset, prcdit extr mnitins quaeque pars hostium cnfertissima est vsa irrumpit. 5. N Vornus quidem tum ss vall continet, sed omnium veritus exstimtinem subsequitur. 6. Mediocr spati relict, Pull plum in hosts immittit atque num ex multitudine prcurrentem tricit; qu percuss et exanimt hunc scts prtegunt, in hostem tla nivers coniciunt neque dant regrediend faculttem. 7. Trnsfgitur sctum Pullon et vertum in balte dfgitur. 8. vertit hic casus vgnam, et gladium dcere cnant dextram mortur manum, impedtumque hosts circumsistunt. 9. Succurrit inimcus ill Vornus et laborant subvenit. 10. Ad hunc s confestim Pullone omnis multitd convertit: 11. illum verto arbitrantur occsum. Gladi comminus rem gerit Vornus atque n interfect reliqus paulum prpellit; 12. dum cupidius nstat, in locum diectus inferirem concidit. Huic rrsus circumvent fert subsidium Pull, 13. atque amb incolums, complribus interfects, summ cum laude ss intr mnitins recipiunt. 14. Sc fortna in contentine et certmine utrumque versvit, ut alter alter inimcus auxili saltque esset, neque didicr posset, uter utr virtte anteferendus vidrtur.
cer, cris, cre: sharp, fierce, eager, bitter 2 ambo: both, two together, 1 antefer, -ferre, -tul: prefer, carry before, 2 appropinqu (1): approach, draw near (dat), 3 auxilium, - n.: help, aid, assistance, 3 vert, -re, vert, versum: turn away, 1 balteus, - m.: belt, baldric; girdle, 1 centurio, -inis m.: centurion, 4 certmen, -minis n.: contest, conflict, 1 circumsist, -ere, -stet: to surround, 2 comminus: hand to hand, in close combat, 1 concid, -ere, -cid, -casum: to fall, 1 confertus, a, um: crowded together, dense, 3 cnfstim: immediately, 4 contend, -ere, -, -ntus: strive; hasten, 4 contentio, -inis f.: struggle, effort, 1 convert, -ere, -, -rsus: turn (about), 1 cupidus, -a, -um: desirous, eager, keen, 2 dfg, -ere, -fix, -fixum: fasten, stick fast, 1 dici, -ere, -ic, -iectum: throw down 2 dexter, -tera, -terum: right, the right hand, 1 didic (1): judge, decide (by fighting), 1 dubit (1): waver, be uncertain, hestitate, 1 dc, -ere, -dx, -ductus: lead out, 3 exanim (1): deprive of breath; kill, stun, 2 existimtio, -inis f.: judgment, opinion, 1 exspect (1): look out for, wait for, await, 3 extr: outside; beyond, outside of (acc), 1 fortna, -ae f.: fortune, chance, luck, 4 gladius, - m.: sword, 3 immitt, -ere, -ms, -missum: launch into, 1 impeditus, -a, -um: hindered, impeded, 3 incolumis, -e: unscathed, uninjured, safe, 2 inferus, -a, -um: below, lower, 3 inimcus, -a, -um: hostile, unfriendly, 4 inquam: say, 4 inst, -re, -stit, press on, take a position, 1 intr: within, among (+ acc.), 3 irrump, -ere, -rup, -ruptum: burst in, 1 idic (1): judge, decide, assess, 2 labr (1): work, toil, labor, strive, 2 laus, laudis f.: praise, adulation, 1

10

15

20

The Story of Vorenus and Pullo

mediocris, -e: moderate, ordinary, 1 moror, -r, -tus: delay, linger; detain, 3 occd, -ere, occid, occsus: kill, cut down 4 percuti, -ere, -cuss, cussum: strike hard, 1 perpetuus, -a, -um: constant, everlasting, 4 plum, - n.: pilum, javelin, 3 prcd, -ere, -cess, -cessum; proceed, 3 prcurr, ere, curr, cursum: run forward, 2 prpell, -ere, -pell, -pulsum: drive forward or push away, 3 prteg, -ere, tex, tectum: to cover over, 1 qunam quaenam quodnam: which, what, 1 regredior, -, regressus: step or go back 1 rursus: again, backward, back, 4 sctum, - m.: shield, 2 sc: thus, in this way, 3 simults, -ttis f.: clash, feud, rivalry, 1 spatium, -i n.: space, room, extent, 4 subveni, -re, -vn, -ventum: come up to, aid, relieve, 2 succurr, -ere, : run under, undergo, occur, 1 Titus, - m.: Titus, 4 trici, -icere, -ic, -iectum: pierce, cast across, 2 transfg, -ere, -fix, fixum: pierce, thrust, 1 tuus, -a, -um: your, yours, 1 niversus, -a, -um: all together, whole, 3 uter, utra, utrum: each or one (of two), 2 vgna, -ae f.: sheath, scabbard, 1 vereor, -r, -itus sum: be afraid, fear; revere, 4 versor (1): be engaged in, move about, deal with, 3 vertum, - n.: javelin, 2 vir, vir m.: man, 4

65

1 Erant: there were prms rdinibus: the front ranks; in battle at regular intervals the front row was relieved by the second row and slipped to the rear; Pullo and Vorenus are about take over the first row 3 qunam anteferrtur: who was to be preferred; who was better, an ind. question in apposition to contrversis, likely impf. deliberative subj. omnibusque anns: every year; abl. time when d locs summs: concerning the highest positions; i.e. military promotions and honors 4 simulttibus: in; abl. of respect cerrim: superlative adverb ad: near 5 Quid: Why? pugnrtur: they were fighting; it was fought (by them), an impersonal impf. passive Vorne: Vorenus; vocative direct address quem locum: what (better) place; i.e. what better opportunity relative adjective 6 tuae probandae virttis: of proving your valor; of your valor going to be proven, a gerundive modifying virttis; through a gerundgerundive flip a gerund with virttis as object 7 haec: these things; acc. obj. of plpf. subj. dc; Pullo is the subject of all the following verbs quaeque parsest vsa: and what(ever) side seemed; videor, here pf. pass. is translated as the linking verb seems, missing antecedent is the object of irrumpit 8 cnfertissima: superlative pred. adj. governed by vsa est and modifying the feminine sg. pars nquidem: not even; this construction emphasizes the intervening word vall: within the wall; abl. place where 9 veritus: having come to fear; pf. dep. pple

omnium exstimtinem: object of veritus mediocr spati relict: a usual interval (of time) having been forsaken; i.e. a short time, having intervened; abl. absolute, i-stem abl. 10 in hosts: against the enemy num: one (enemy soldier) 11 prcurrentem: pres. pple. modifies num qu percuss et exanimt: this one...; abl. abs. with PPP percuti, exanim; a relative where English prefers a demonstrative hunc: this one; hunc refers to the same as qu 12 regrediend: gerund, gen. sg. regredior 13 Pullon: Pullos; dat. poss. or dat. of interest hic casus: this event; the scabbard is turned in such a way that it is difficult to draw a sword 14 gladium dcere cnant: for the one trying; pres. pple cnr 15 ill, laborant: dat. objects of compound verbs 17 illum occsum (esse): that that one was killed 18 n interfect: abl. absolute cupidius: comparative adverb, cupidus 19 nstat: presses on; takes a stand diectus: having slipped onto a lower ground huic..circumvent: to this one; dat. i.o. 21 ssrecipiunt: retreat; common idiom 22 utrumque versvit: engaged in both men utesset, posset, vidrtur: result clause alter alter inimcus: one, hostile to the other, auxili saltque esset: would serve as help and refuge; for, dat. purpose 23 uter utr: each one to the other; dat. sg. virtte: in valor; abl. of respect anteferendus: to be preferred; going/worthy to be preferred gerundive, a predicate of the linking verb vidrtur, seemed cf. line 3

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45.1

Lesson 33: Caesar V.45 V.46 1

Quant erat in dis gravior atque asperior oppugnti, et maxim quod magn parte mlitum cnfect vulneribus, rs ad paucittem defensrum pervnerat, tant crebrirs litterae nntique ad Caesarem mittbantur; qurum pars dprehnsa in conspect nostrrum mlitum cum crucit necabtur. 2. Erat nus intus Nervius nmine Vertic, loc ntus honest, qu prm obsidine ad Cicernem perfgerat suamque e fdem praestiterat. 3. Hic serv sp liberttis magnsque persudet praemis, ut litters ad Caesarem dferat. 4. Hs ille in iacul illigts effert et Gallus inter Galls sine ll suspicine verstus ad Caesarem pervenit. 5. Ab e d periculs Cicernis leginisque cognscitur. 46.1 Caesar, accepts litters, hr circiter XI di statim nntium in Bellovacs ad M. Crassum quaestrem mittit, cuius hberna aberant ab e milia passuum XXV; 2. iubet medi nocte leginem profcisc celeriterque ad s venre. 3. Exit cum nnti Crassus. Alterum ad Gaium Fabium lgtum mittit, ut in Atrebtium fns leginem adducat, qu sibi iter faciendum scibat. 4. Scribit Labin, s re pblicae commod facere posset, cum legine ad fns Nervirum veniat. Reliquam partem exercits, quod paul aberat longius, non putat exspectandam; equits circiter quadringents ex proxims hiberns colligit.
addc, -ere, dux, ductum: draw/lead to, 4 asper, aspera, asperum: rough, harsh, violent, 1 Atrebas, Atrebtis, m.: Atrebates, 3 Bellovac, -rum m.: Bellovaci (in Belgs), 1 collig, -ere, -lg, -lctum: gather, collect, 1 commodum, - n.: convenience, advantage, interest, 1 confici, -ere: to exhaust, finish, 4 conspectus, -s, m.: look, sight, view, 2 creber, -bra, -bum: crowded, frequent, 1 crucitus, -s m.: torture, torment, 2 dfensor, -ris m.: defender, protector, 1 dprehend, -ere, -d, -nsus: seize, catch, 1 effer, -ferre, -tul, ltus: raise, lift up 4 exe, -re, -i (v), -itus: go out, 4 exspect (1): look out for, wait for, await, 3 Fabius, - m.: Fabius, 3 fds, e f.: faith, honor, 4 Gaius, - m.: Gaius, 4 honestus, -a, -um: respectable, honorable, 1 hora, -ae f.: hour, 4 iaculum, - n.: javelin, dart, 2 inlig, -re, -v, illigtum: tie or bind on, 1

10

15

intus: within, inside, 1 lberts, -ttis f.: freedom, liberation, 2 M.: Marcus, 3 medius -a um: in the middle of, 3 nascor, nasc, ntus sum: be born, grow, 3 nec (1): kill, slay, destroy, 1 nmen, nminis n.: name, 2 obsidio, -inis f.: siege, blockade, 2 paucits, -ttis f. (1): fewness, scarcity, 3 perfugi, -ere, -fg: flee, take refuge, 1 put (1): to think, imagine, 3 quadringenti: four hundred, 2 quaestor, -oris m.: quaestor, 3 sci, -re, -v (i), -tus: know (how), 2 scrb, -ere, -scrips, scriptum: write, 2 servus, -, m.: slave, 1 statim: immediately, at once, 4 suspcio, -cinis f.: mistrust, suspicion, 4 versor (1): be engaged in, move about, deal with, 3 Vertic, -nis m.: Vertico, 1 vulnus, -eris n.: wound, blow, 3

Caesar is Informed and Acts Decisively

1 Quantgraviortant crbrirs: the more grievousthe more frequent; by as muchby so much, correlatives, ablative of the degree of difference with comparative adjective in dis: daily maxim: especially; very greatly magnvulneribus: ablative absolute 3 pervnerat: had arrived at; rs is subject nunti: messengers qurum pars: some of which (messengers); partitive gen., 4 dprehnsa: taken; modifies fem. sg. pars 5 Erat: there was intus: within; i.e. within Ciceros camp nmine: by name; in name, abl. of respect lochonest: in an honorable station; status e: to him; i.e. to Cicero, dat. sg. 6 praestiterat: had shown, had performed 7 Hic: this one; i.e. Vertico serv: slave; dat. i.o. of persude sp, praemis: abl. means utdferat: that; ind. command with present subj. governed by persudet 8 ille: that one; i.e. the slave hs: these; fem. pl. antecedent litterae Gallusverstus: as a Gaul engaged 9 ab e: by him; by the slave, abl. of agent 10 cognscitur: he learned; it is known by him 11 accepts litters: abl. absolute hrXI: at around the 11th hour; time when, approximately 5 p.m. di: partitive genitive 12 cuius: gen. relative pronoun qu, quae, quod aberant ab e: wereaway from him; i.e.

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from Caesar 13 milia passuum XXV: 25 miles; thousands of paces, acc. of extent of space medi nocte: abl. of time when profcisc: pres. deponent inf. 14 cum nnti: with the messenger; or with (the arrival of) the message Alterum: another; modifies lgtum 15 utadducat: that; ind. command with pres. subj. fns: territory qu: where sibi iter faciendum (esse): that a journey had to be made by him; a journey was going to be made by him ind. discourse, a passive periphrastic (gerundive + form of sum) with dat. of agent expressing necessity or obligation 16 Labin: dat. i.o. sposset: if ; impf. subj. possum re pblicae commod: for the interest of the republic; dat. purpose or, if re is dat. not gen., double dative (dat. of interest & dat. purpose) (ut) cum legine veniat: that..; ind. command with pres. subj. governed by scribit fns: territory 17 exercits: gen. sg. paul: a little; by a little, abl. degree of difference with comparative longius 18 longius: farther; comparative adverb exspectandam (esse): must be waited for; is going to be waited for, passive periphrastic (gerundive + esse) expresses obligation or necessity; add esse, in indirect disc. governed by putat; fem. sg. partem is acc. subject

Compound Verbs: the Importance of Prefixes

Notice how the spelling of many prefixes, especially ad- and con-, change through assimilation and assume the consonant at the begins of the verb. Compounds often govern a dative instead of an accusative object. a/abadconddis/exininter perpraeproresubaway from to, toward together with from , down from different directions out from in, on, into between through before, ahead forth, in advance back, again (up from) under mitt, -ere: send, 20 mitt: lose, let go away, 2 admitt: admit, allow, 2 committ: begin, entrust, 4 dmitt: send down, sink, 1 dmitt: send away, 3 mitt: send off, 1 immitt: launch into, 1 intermitt: interrupt, leave off, 5 permitt: let through, allow, 0 praemitt: send ahead, 2 prmitt: send forth, untertake, 0 remitt: send back, 4 submitt: send up, 1 cd, ere: withdraw, move, 2 accd: approach, 5 concd: withdraw, yield, 2 dcd: depart, withdraw, 4 discd: go away, depart, 9 excd: go out, depart, 3 incd: walk, march, 0 intercd: come between, 1 praecd: surpass, go ahead, 1 prcd: go forth, 3 recd: go back, withdraw, 1 succd: go up, approach, 3

68

Lesson 34: Caesar V.47

advent certior factus e 1 di milia passuum XX procdit. 2. Crassum Samarobrvae praeficit leginemque attribuit, quod ibi impedmenta exercits, obsids cvittum, litters pblics frmentumque omne quod e tolerandae hiemis caus dvexerat relinquebat. 3. Fabius, ut impertum erat, nn ita multum mortus 5 in itinere cum legine occurrit. 4. Labinus, interit Sabn et caede cohortium cognit, cum omns ad eum Treverrum cpiae vnissent, veritus, s ex hberns fugae similem profectinem fcisset, ut hostium impetum sustinre posset, praesertim qus recent victri efferr scret, litters Caesar remittit, quant cum percul leginem ex hberns ductrus 10 esset; rem gestam in Eburinibus perscrbit; docet omns equitts pedittsque cpis Treverrum tria milia passuum long ab sus castrs cnsdisse.
antecursor, -ris m.: scout, advanced guard, 1 attribu, -ere, -u, -utum: allot, assign to, add, 1 caeds, caedis f.: murder, slaughter, killing 2 consde, -re, -sd: to sit down, settle, 2 dveh, -ere, -vx, -vectum: carry away, 1 doce, -re, -u, -ctus: teach, tell, 4 dc, -ere, -dx, -ductus: lead out, 3 effer, -ferre, -tul, ltus: raise, lift up 4 Fabius, - m.: Fabius, 3 fuga, -ae f.: flight, haste, exile, speed, 3 hiems, hiemis f.: winter, storm, 4 hora, -ae f.: hour, 4 impetus, -s m.: attack, onset, assault, 7 interitus, -s m.: destruction, annihilation, 1 ita: so, thus, 7 moror, -r, -tus: delay, linger; detain, 3 occurr, -ere: run to meet, attack, 2 pedittus, -s m.: infantry, 3 perscrb, -ere, -scrips: describe thoroughly, 1 praefici, -ere, -fc, -fectum: set (acc) over (dat), put (acc) in charge over (dat), 2 praesertim: especially, particularly, 2 prcd, -ere, -cess, -cessum; proceed, 3 recens, recentis adj.: new, fresh, recent, 1 remitt, -ere, -ms, -missum: send back, 4 Samarobrva, -ae f.: Samarobriva, 2 sci, -re, -v (i), -tus: know (how), 2 similis, simile: similar to, like (dat.), 1 toler (1): endure, sustain, bear, support, 1 Trveri , -rum m.: Treveri (Germanic), 4 vereor, -r, -itus: be afraid, fear; revere, 4

47.1 Hr circiter terti ab antecursribus d Crass

Caesar Sends Orders to Crassus and Labienus

1 Hrterti: at; abl. of time when ab antecursribus: abl. of agent certior factus: having been informed; having been made more certain, a common idiom in Caesar, certior is a comparative adj., here a predicate of PPP of faci 2 e di: on that day; time when, demonstrative milia passuum XX: for 20 miles; twenty thousands of paces, acc. of extent of space praeficit: put (acc) in charge over (dat.) 3 quod: because 4 quoddvexerat: which; relative pronoun, frmentum is the antecedent e: to there; to that place, adverb tolerandae hiemis: gerund-gerundive flip, translate the gerundive as a gerund and gen. hiemis as an acc. object of tolerandae; the entire construction is an obj. of the preposition caus 5 ut: as; ut + indicative, as often as or when impertum erat: it...; impersonal plpf. pass. multum: much; inner acc. or adverbial acc. 6 interitcognit: abl. absolute 7 cumvnisset: when; plpf. subjunctive cpiae: troops; modified by omns 8 veritusutposset: having begun to fear that he would not be able; inceptive pf. dep. pple

69

vereor governs a fearing clause (n - that, ut that not) with impf. subj. in secondary seq. fugae: to flight; governed by similem 8 sfcisset: if he had made; plpf. subjunctive, introducing a mixed contrafactual condition 9 qusscret: since he knew that those were elated by their recent victory; qus + impf. subjunctive is a relative clause causal in sense, equivalent to a cum-clause (qus = cum es) causal in sense; cf. qu in V.33; pass. inf. effer recent: i-stem ablative with victri 10 quantpercul: (stating) with how much danger.; introducing an ind. question with an implicit verb of speaking in litters remittit ductrus esset: would lead out; was going to lead out, fut. periphrastic (future pple + sum) in primary sequence which in dir. disc would be ductrus erat 11 gestam: carried out; PPP ger in Eburinibus: among the Eburiones omnscopis: that all.; acc. subject of pf. infinitive cnsdisse in ind. discourse 12 tria milia passuum: three miles; three thousand paces, acc. of extent of space long: far; adverb

Deponent Verbs in the Readings adgredior, -, aggressus sum: attack, 1 ntor, nt, nsus sum: to struggle, lean on, 1 gredior, -, -gressum: go out, disembark, 5 contestor, -r, -tum: to call as witness, 1 regredior, -, regressum: step or go back 1 orior, -r, ortum: arise, rise, spring, 3 adipiscor, -, adeptum: get, obtain, reach, 1 adorior, -r, -ortus sum: rise up, attack, 2 arbitror, arbitrr, arbitrtum: to judge, 10 corior, -r, cortum: arise, break out, 2 auxilior, -r, auxilitum: to help, assist, 1 patior, -, passum: suffer, endure; allow, 2 confiteor, -r, -fessum: admit, reveal, 1 polliceor, -cr, -citum: promise, offer, 2 cnor, cnr, cntum: to try, 6 potior, -r, -tum: gain, win (abl.), 2 cunctor, -r, -tum: to delay, hesitate 1 proelior, -r, -tum: to give battle, fight, 1 frmentor, -r: to forage, fetch corn, 1 proficscor, -, -fectum: set out, depart, 23 hortor, -r, horttum: encourage, urge, 2 profiteor, -r, -fessum: profess, declare, 1 adhortor, -r, -tum: encourage, urge on, 1 prosequor, sequ, sectum: follow, pursue 1 cohortor, -r, cohorttum: encourage, incite, 3 queror, quer, questum: complain, lament, 1 lbor, lb, lapsum: glide, slide, slip, 1 sequor, -, sectum: follow, pursue, 4 loquor, -, loctum: speak, say, 2 consequor, -, sectum: follow; pursue 1 colloquor, -qu, -loctum: to converse, 4 exsequor, sequ, sectum: follow/carry out 1 medeor, -r: heal, cure; assist, alleviate, 1 insequor, -sequ, -sectum: follow, ensue, 1 mercor, -r, merctum: to trade, traffic, 1 subsequor, -, sectum: follow after, behind 7 moderor, -r, -tum: restrain, regulate, 1 suspicior, -r, suspictum: to suspect, 3 molior, -r, moltum: set into motion, stir, 1 ulciscor, -, ultum: avenge, take vengeance 1 moror, -r, -tum: delay, linger; detain, 3 tor, -, sus sum: use, employ (abl.), 5 nanciscor, nancisc, nactum: obtain, meet, 1 vagor, -r, -tum: wander, roam to and fro, 1 nascor, nasc, ntum: be born, grow, 3 vereor, -r, -itum: be afraid, fear; revere, 4

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48.1

Lesson 35: Caesar V.48 1

Caesar, cnsili eius probt, ets opinine trium leginum diectus ad dus redierat, tamen num commnis saltis auxilium in celeritte ponbat. Vnit magns itineribus in Nervirum fns. 2. Ibi ex captvs cognoscit, quae apud Cicernem gerantur, quantque in pericul rs sit. 3. Tum cuidam ex equitibus Galls magns praemis persudet ut ad Cicernem epistolam dferat. 4. Hanc Graecs conscriptam litters mittit, n, intercept epistol, nostra ab hostibus cnsilia cognscantur. 5. S adre non possit, monet ut trgulam cum epistol ad mentum deligt intr mntinem castrrum abiciat. 6. In litters scribit s cum leginibus profectum celeriter adfore; horttur ut pristnam virttem retineat. 7. Gallus perculum veritus, ut erat praeceptum, trgulam mittit. 8. Haec cs ad turrim adhaesit neque ab nostrs bdu animadversa terti di qudam mlite cnspicitur, dempta ad Cicernem dfertur. 9. Ille perlectam in convent mlitum recitat maximque omns laetiti adficit. 10. Tum fm incendirum procul vidbantur; quae rs omnem dubittinem advents leginum expulit.
abici, -ere, -ic, -iectum: throw away, 2 ade, -re, (v(, itus: approach, encounter, 2 adfici, -ere, -fc, -fectum: affect, afflict, 3 adhaere, -re, -haes: cling to, stick to, 1 adsum, -esse, -fu: be present, assist, (dat.), 3 mentum, - n.: strap, leather thong, 1 auxilium, - n.: help, aid, assistance, 3 biduum, - n.: a period of two days, 2 captvus, -a, -um: prisoner, captive, 3 conscrib, -ere, -scrips: enlist, enroll, 2 conspici, -re: catch sight of, perceive, behold 1 conventus, -s m.: meeting, assembly, 1 dfici, -ere, -fc, -fectum: fail, give out, 3 dici, -ere, -ic, -iectum: throw down, dislodge, 1 dlig (1): to tie down, fasten, 2 dm, -ere, demps, demptum: take down, 1 dubittio, -tinis f.: wavering, uncertainty, 1 epistula, -ae f.: letter, missive, 3 expell, ere, pul, pulsum: drive out, expel 2 fmus, - m.: smoke, vapor, steam, 1 Graecus, -a, -um: Greek, 2 hortor, -r, horttum: encourage, urge, 2 incendium, -i n.: fire, conflagration, 1 incipi, -ere, incp, inceptum: begin, 1 intr: within, among (+ acc.), 3 laetitia, -ae f.: gladness, joy, delight, 1 mone, -re, -u, -itum: to warn, advise, 2 opni, -ninis f.: opinion, thought, belief, 2 perleg, -ere, -lg, -lectum: survey, scan, 1 praecipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum: receive in advance, instruct, admonish, 2 pristinus, -a, -um: former, previous, earlier 2 procul: far, from a distance, from afar, 3 qudam, quaedam, quiddam: a certain, 4 recit (1): recite, read aloud, 1 rede, -re, -v: go back, return, 1 retine, -re, -u, tentum: hold back, keep, 2 scrb, -ere, -scrips, scriptum: write, 2 trgula, -ae f.: tragula (a Gallic javelin) 3 vereor, -r, -itus: be afraid, fear; revere, 4

10

15

Caesar Sends Word of his Arrival to Cicero

1 cnsiliprobt: abl. absolute ets: even if; i.e. although opinine: from the hope for; from the thought, abl. of separation; Caesar had hoped for three legions but received only two diectus: disappointed; i.e. dejected, dispirited 2 dus: dus legins redierat: plpf. rede numauxilium: a single source 3 magns itineribus: in long marches; i.e. forced marches; 25-30 miles per day fns: borders quaegerantur: what (things) are carried on; ind. question with pres. subjunctive 4 apud Cicernem: in Ciceros camp quant in: in how great; cf. p. 68, (V.47.4) ind. question with pres. subj. of sum cuidam: a certain; cui-dam, dat. indirect obj. qudam of persudet 5 utdferat: that; ut is an alternative to ut, here in an indirect command governed by persude; pres. subj. dfer 6 hanc: this (letter) Graecslitters: with Greek letters; in Greek or perhaps Latin in Greek script ncognscantur: thatmay not...; negative purpose clause; pres. subj. in primary sequence 7 possit: he is able; a subordinate clause in ind. discourse, replacing indicative with pres. subj. utabiciat: that; ind. command governed by monet; pres. subj. in primary sequence

71

8 mentum: a leather loop on a javelin that allows for better aim and distance when the javelin is thrown 9 sadfore: that he will be present; adfore is an alternative for adfutrum esse, fut. inf. of adsum profectum: PPP proficscor 10 utretineat: that; ind. command veritus: having begun to fear; inceptive pf. dep. pple vereor governs perculum as object ut erat praeceptum: as it had been instructed; ut + indicative 11 mittit: launches; i.e. throws haec: this (javelin); supply nom. sg. trgula cs: by chance ab nostrs: by our (men); abl. agent 12 bdu: in; abl. time when or within animadversa: PPP modifying haec (trgula) terti di: abl. time when 13 perlectam (epistulam)recitat: that one recites the letter, once read through,; English prefers two main verbs where Latin often prefers to make the first of two actions into a PPP: that one read through the letter and then recited it 14 adficit: affects (acc) with (abl.); abl. means 15 quae rs: a matter which; quae modifies fem. sg. rs, the antecedent of the relative clause, in apposition to fm (or the entire clause)

The Remainder of Book V

Cicero and his camp are hopeful when they see the fires as a sign of Caesars approach. Confronted with 60,000 Gauls, Caesar forms a camp. After a brief skirmish, he pretends to retreat into his fortifications, and when the Gauls follow him, he orders his cavalry and then his foot soldiers to rush out of the gates and attack the enemy. The Gauls are taken by surprise, and those who are not immediately killed flee into the nearby swamps and forests. Caesar hastens to Ciceros camp, where he learns that nine of every ten soldiers has been wounded in the siege. Caesar praises both Cicero and the legion and informs Cicero about the fate of Sabinus and Cottas legion and in particular the recklessness of Sabinus. When Labienus, encamped 60 miles away, learns of Caesars victory, Indutiomarus, leader of the Treveri, initially decides to stop preparations to attack Labienus and to withdraw. But as other Gauls learn about Sabinus defeat and begin to make preparations to fight, Indutiomarus returns with a much larger force. With the aid of cavalry, Labienus is able to surprise the Gauls and kill Indutiomarus. After this episode the Gauls return to their homes, and the uprising comes to an end.

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1st Declension

Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives

2nd Declension (m.) 2nd Declension (n.)

Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl.

copia copiae copiae copiam copi mles mlitis mlit mlitem mlite manus mans manu manum man r s r r rem r

copiae copirum copis copis copis mlites mlitum mlitibus mlits mlitibus mans manuum manibus mans manibus r s rrum rbus r s rbus

legatus legat legat legatrum legat legats legatum legats legat legats

proelium proeli proeli proelium proeli iter itineris itiner iter itinere corn corns corn corn corn

proelia proelirum proelis proelia proelis

3rd Declension (m/f)

3rd Declension (n.)

itinera itinerum itineribus itinera itineribus cornua cornuum cornuibus cornua cornuibus

4th Declension (m/f)

4th Declension (n.)

5th Declension (m/f)

Selected Pronouns Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. Nom. Gen . Dat. Acc. Abl. is eius e eum e e erum e s es e s he his to/for him him with/from him they their to/for them them with/from them ea eius e eam e eae erum e s es e s she her to/for her her with/from her they their to/for them them with/from them id eius e id e ea erum e s ea e s it its to/for it it with/from it they their to/for them them with/from them

*is, ea, id is a demonstrative and in Caesar is often translated as this/that in the singular and these/those in the plural.

Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl.

qu cuius cu quem qu

quae cuius cu quam qu

quod cuius cu quod qu

qu qurum quibus qus quibus

quae qurum quibus qus quibus

quae qurum quibus quae quibus

who, which, that whose, of whom/which to whom/which whom, which, that by/with/from whom/which

Synopsis: Second Conjugation

73

Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl. Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl.

ille illus ill illum ill ill illrum ills ills ills

illa illus ill illam ill illae illrum ills ills ills

illud illus ill illud ill illa illrum ills illa ills

that of that to/for that that with/from that those of those to those those with/from those

hic huius huic hunc hc h hrum h s hs h s

haec huius huic hanc hc hae hrum h s hs h s

hoc huius huic hoc hc haec hrum h s haec h s

this of this to/for this this b/w/f this these of these to these these with/from these

reflexive pronoun

possessive reflexive adjective

Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl.

--su sibi s s

suus su su suum su

sua suae suae suam su

suum su su suum su

su surum sus sus sus

suae surum sus sus sus

sua surum sus sua sus

Adjectives and Adverbs Decl. 1st/2nd 3rd Positive altus, -a, -um high (deep) fortis, forte brave alt Comparative altior, altius higher (deeper) Superlative altissimus, -a, -um highest, very high (deepest)

fortior, fortius fortissimus, -a, -um braver, more brave bravest, most brave, very brave altius more deeply fortius more bravely altissim very deeply fortissim very bravely

1st/2nd 3rd

deeply

fortiter bravely

Irregular Adjectives and Adverbs Positive bonus, -a, -um good magnus, -a, -um great parvus, -a, -um small multus, -a, -um much Comparative melior, melius better maior, maius greater minor, minus smaller ---, plus more Superlative optimus, -a, -um best maximus, -a, -um greatest minimus, -a, -um smallest plurimus, -a, -um most

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Synopsis: First Conjugation

am, amre, amv, amtum: to love

active Indicative Pres. am ams amat Impf.

translation ammus amtis amant I love

passive amor amris amtur ambar ambris ambtur ambr amberis ambitur amta sum amta es amta est ammur ammin amantur ambmur ambmin ambantur ambimur ambimin ambuntur amtae sumus amtae estis amtae sunt

translation I am loved

ambam ambmus ambs ambtis ambat ambant amb ambimus ambis ambitis ambit ambunt amv amvimus amvist amvistis amvit amvrunt

I was loving

I was being loved

Fut.

I will love

I will be loved

Perf.

I have loved

I have been loved was loved I had been loved

Plpf.

amveram amvermus I had loved amver s amvertis amverat amverant

amta eram amtae ermus amta ers amtae ertis amta erat amtae erant amta er amta eris amta erit amer amris ametur amrer amrris amretur amta sim amta ss amta sit amtae erimus amtae eritis amtae erunt ammur ammin amentur amrmur amrmin amrentur amtae smus amtae stis amtae sint

Fut. Pf amver amverimus I will have amveris amveritis loved amverit amverint Subjunctive Pres. amem ams amet Impf. amrem amrs amret amverim amvers amverit ammus amtis ament amrmus amrtis amrent amvermus amvertis amverint same as indicative

I will have been loved

same as indicative

Perf.

Plpf.

amvissem amvissmus am visss amvisstis amvisset amvissent amte love! loving going to love

amta essem amtae essmus amta esss amtae esstis amta esset amtae essent

Imperative am

Participle Pres. amns (gen. amantis) Perf. Fut. amtrus, -a, -um Infinitive Pres. amre Perf. amvisse Fut. amtrum esse

amtus, -a, -um amandus, -a, -um

having been loved going to be loved to be love to have been loved

to love amr to have loved amtum esse to be going to loved

Synopsis: Second Conjugation

vide, vidre, vd, visum: to see active Indicative Pres. vide vids videt Impf. translation vidmus vidtis vident I see passive videor vidris videtur vidbar vidbris vidbtur vidbr vidberis vidbitur vsa sum vsa es vsa est vsa eram vsa ers vsa erat vidmur vidmin videntur vidbmur vidbmin vidbantur vidbimur vidbimin vidbuntur vsae sumus vsae estis vsae sunt vsae ermus vsae ertis vsae erant vsae erimus vsae eritis vsae erunt videmur videmin videantur vidrmur vidrmin vidrentur vsae smus vsae stis vsae sint vsae essmus vsae esstis vsae essent translation I am seen

75

vidbam vidbmus vidbs vidbtis vidbat vidbant vidb vidbimus vidbis vidbitis vidbit vidbunt v d vdist vdit vdimus vdistis vdrunt

I was seeing

I was being seen

Fut.

I will see

I will be seen

Perf.

I have seen

I have been seen was seen I had been seen

Plpf.

vderam vdermus vders vdertis vderat vderant

I had seen

Fut. Pf. vder vderimus vderis vderitis vderit vderint Subjunctive Pres. videam vides videat Impf. vidrem vidrs vidret vderim vders vderit vdissem vdisss vdisset

I will have seen vsa er vsa eris vsa erit videar videris videatur vidrer vidrris vidrtur vsa sim vsa ss vsa sit vsa essem vsa esss vsa esset see! seeing going to see

I will have been seen

videmus same as videtis videant vidrmus vidrtis vidrent vdermus vdertis vderint vdissmus vdiss tis vdissent vidte

same as indicative

Perf.

Plpf.

Imperative vid

Participle Pres. vidns (gen. videntis) Perf. Fut. vsrus, -a, -um Infinitive Pres. vidre Perf. vdisse Fut. vsrum esse

vsus, -a, -um videndus, -a, -um

having been seen going to be seen to be seen to have been seen

to see vidr to have seen vsum esse to be going to see

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Synopsis: Third Conjugation

dc, dcere, dx, ductum: to lead

active Indicative Pres. dc dcis dcit Impf.

translation dcimus dcitis dcunt I lead

passive dcor dceris dcitur dcbar dcbris dcbtur dcar dcris dctur ducta sum ducta es ducta est ducta eram ducta ers ducta erat ducta er ducta eris ducta erit dcar dcris dctur dcerer dcerris dcertur ducta sim ducta ss ducta sit dcimur dcimin dcuntur dcbmur dcbmin dcbantur dcmur dcmin dcentur ductae sumus ductae estis ductae sunt ductae ermus ductae ertis ductae erant ductae erimus ductae eritis ductae erunt dcmur dcmin dcantur dcermur dcermin dcerentur ductae smus ductae stis ductae sint

translation I am led

dcbam dcbmus I was leading dcbs dcbtis dcbat dcbant dcam dcmus dcs dctis dcet dcent dx dximus dxist dxistis dxit dxrunt dxeram dxermus dxers dxertis dxerat dxerant I will lead

I was being led

Fut.

I will be led

Perf.

I have led

I have been led

Plpf.

I had led

I had been led

Fut.. Pf. dxer dxerimus dxeris dxeritis dxerit dxerint Subjunctive Pres. dcam dcs dcat Impf. dcerem dcers dceret dxerim dxers dxerit dxissem d xisss dxisset dcmus dctis dcant

I will have led

I will have been led

same as indicative

same as indicative

dcermus dcertis dcerent dxermus dxertis dxerint dxissmus dxisstis dxissent dcite lead! leading going to lead

Perf.

Plpf.

ducta essem ductae essmus ducta esss ductae esstis ducta esset ductae essent

Imperative dc(e)

Participle Pres. dcns (gen. dcentis) Perf. Fut. ductrus, -a, -um Infinitive Pres. dcere Perf. dxisse Fut. ductrum esse

ductus, -a, -um dcendus, -a, -um

having been led going to be led to be led to have been led

to lead dc to have led ductum esse to be going to lead

Synopsis: Third-io Conjugation

capi, capere, cp, captum: to take, seize active Indicative Pres. capi capis capit Impf. translation capimus capitis capiunt I take passive capior caperis capitur capibar capibris capibtur capiar capiris capitur capta sum capta es capta est capta eram capta ers capta erat capimur capimin capiuntur capibmur capibmin capibantur capimur capimin capientur captae sumus captae estis captae sunt captae ermus captae ertis captae erant captae erimus captae eritis captae erunt capimur capimin capiantur capermur capermin caperentur captae smus captae stis captae sint translation I am taken

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capibam capbmus I was taking capibs capibtis capibat capibant capiam capimus capis capitis capiet capient cp cpist cpit cpimus cpistis cprunt I will take

I was being taken

Fut.

I will be taken

Perf.

I have taken

I have been taken was taken I had been taken

Plpf.

cperam cpermus cpers cpertis cperat cperant

I had taken

Fut. Pf. cper cperimus cperis cperitis cperit cperint Subjunctive Pres. capiam capis capiat Impf. caperem capers caperet cperim cpers cperit cpissem cpisss cpisset capmus capitis capiant

I will have taken capta er capta eris capta erit same as capiar capiris capitur caperer caperris capertur capta sim capta ss capta sit

I will have been taken

same as indicative

capermus capertis caperent cpermus cpertis cperint cpissmus cpisstis cpissent capite take! taking going to take

Perf.

Plpf.

capta essem captae essmus capta esss captae esstis capta esset captae essent

Imperative cape

Participle Pres. capins (gen. capientis) Perf. Fut. captrus, -a, -um Infinitive Pres. capere Perf. cpisse Fut. captrum esse

captus, -a, -um capiendus, -a, -um

having been taken going to be taken to be taken to have been taken

to take cap to have taken captum esse to be going to taken

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Synopsis: Fourth Conjugation

sci, scre, scv, sctum: to know

active Indicative Pres. sci scs scit Impf.

translation scmus sctis sciunt I know

passive scior scris scitur scibar scibris scibtur sciar sciris scitur scta sum scta es scta est scta eram scta ers scta erat scta er scta eris scta erit sciar sciris scitur screr scrris scrtur scta sim scta ss scta sit scmur scmin sciuntur scibmur scibmin scibantur scimur scimin scientur sctae sumus sctae estis sctae sunt sctae ermus sctae ertis sctae erant sctae erimus sctae eritis sctae erunt scimur scimin sciantur scrmur scrmin screntur sctae smus sctae stis sctae sint

translation I am known

scibam scibmus scibs scibtis scibat scibant sciam scis sciet scimus scitis scient

I was knowing

I was being known

Fut.

I will know

I will be known

Perf.

scvi scvimus scvist scvistis scvit scvrunt

I have known

I have been known

Plpf.

scveram scvermus I had known scvers scver tis scverat scverant I will have known

I had been known

Fut. Pf. scver scverimus scveris scveritis scverit scverint Subjunctive Pres. sciam scis sciat Impf. screm scrs scret scverim scvers scverit scvissem scvisss scvisset scimus scitis sciant scrmus scrtis scrent

I will have been known

same as indicative

same as

Perf.

scvermus scvertis scverint scvissmus scvisstis scvissent scte know! knowing

Plpf.

scta essem sc tae essmus scta esss sctae esstis scta esset sctae essent

Imperative sc

Participle Pres. scins (gen. scientis) Perf. Fut. sctrus, -a, -um Infinitive Pres. scre Perf. scvisse Fut. sctrum esse

going to know

sctus, -a, -um sciendus, -a, -um

having been known going to be known to be known to have been known

to know scr to have known sctum esse to be going to know

Synopsis: sum and possum

Sum, esse, fu, futrum: to be Indicative Pres. sum es es Impf. eram ers erat er eris erit fu fuist fuit translation sumus estis estis ermus ertis erant erimus eritis erunt fuimus fuistis furunt I am possum potes potes poteram poters poterat poter poteris poterit potu potuist potuit potueram potuers potuerat possumus potestis potestis potermus potertis poterant poterimus poteritis poterunt potuimus potuistis poturunt potuermus potuertis potuerant potuerimus potueritis potuerint possmus posstis possint possmus posstis possent potuermus potuertis potuerint potuissmus potuisstis potuissent possum, posse, potu, -- : to be able, can translation I am able, can

79

I was

I was able, could

Fut.

I will be

I will be able

Perf.

I have been, I was I had been

I have been able, I was able, could I had been able

Plpf.

fueram fuermus fuers fuertis fuerat fuerant fuerimus fueritis fuerint smus stis sint essmus esstis essent

Fut. Pf. fuer fueris fuerit Subjunctive Pres. sim s s sit Impf. essem esss esset

I will have been potuer potueris potuerit same as indicative possim posss possit possem posss posset potuerim potuers potuerit potuissem potuisss potuisset xxx to be posse to have been potuisse to be going to be ----

I will have been able

same as indicative

Perf.

fuerim fuermus fuers fuertis fuerit fuerint fuissem fuissmus fuisss fuisstis fuisset fuissent

Plpf.

Imperative xxx Infinitive Pres. esse Perf. fuisse Fut. futrum esse*
* alternative = fore

to be able to have been heard

sum, esse, fu, futrum: to be, 165 adsum, -esse, -fu: be present, assist, 3 possum, posse, potu: be able, can, avail, 40 dsum, -esse, -fu: be lacking, lack, fail, 6 praesum, -esse, -fu: be over, preside over, 2 intersum, -esse, -fu: take part in, engage in, 1 subsum, -esse, -fu: be near, close at hand, 1

80

Synopsis: e, re
e, re, i(v), itrum: to go

Indicative Pres.

active e s it bam b s bat b bis bit i st iit ieram iers ierat ier ieris ierit mus tis eunt bmus btis bant bimus bitis bunt iimus stis irunt iermus iertis ierant ierimus ieritis ierint emus etis eant rmus rtis rent ierimus ieritis ierunt ssmus sstis ssent te

translation I go

Impf.

I was going

Fut.

I will go

Perf.

I went, have gone

Plpf.

I had gone

Fut. Pf.

I will have gone

Subjunctive Pres. eam es eat Impf. rem r s ret ierim ieris ierit ssem sss sset

same as indicative

Perf.

Plpf.

Imperative Participle Pres. Perf. Fut. Infinitive Pres. Perf. Fut.

ins (euntis) --itrus, -a, -um re sse trum esse

going going to go to go to have gone to be going to go

Compound verbs ade, -re, i(v), itus: approach, encounter, 2 e, re, v, itum: to go, come, 4 exe, -re, -i (v), -itus: go out, 4 ine, -re, i, -itum: go into, enter, 1 intere, -re, -v, -tum: to die, perish, 3 introe, -re, i, -itum: go into, enter, 1 obe, -re, -v, -tum: go to meet, oppose 1 prde, -re, -i, -itum: advance, go forth, 1 rede, -re, -v: go back, return, 1 sube, -re, -i, -itum: approach, undergo, 1 trnse, -re, -i (v), itus: pass (by), 6

Synopsis: vol, velle, volu

vol, velle, volu: to wish, want active Indicative Pres. vol v s vult Impf. volbam volbs volbat volam vols volet volu voluist voluit volueram voluers voluerat translation volumus vultis1 volunt2 volbmus volbtis volbant volmus voltis volent voluimus voluistis volurunt I wish irregular present tense
1

81

p. 14, 46

p. 28

I was wishing

Fut.

I will wish

Perf.

I have wished

Plpf.

voluermus I had wished voluertis voluerant voluerimus I will have wished volueritis voluerint velimus velitis velint4 vellmus velltis vellent5 voluermus voluertis voluerint voluissmus voluisstis voluissent xxxx wish! wishing same as indicative irregular present tense (not volam)
3

Fut. Pf. voluer volueris voluerit Subjunctive Pres. velim velis velit3 Impf. vellem vells vellet voluerim voluers voluerit voluissem voluisss voluisset

p.52

p. 28, 42, 58, 60

irregular imperfect tense (irreg. velle)

5

p. 10, 40, 52, 58, 62

Perf.

Plpf.

Imperative xxxx

Participle Pres. volns (gen. volentis) Perf. xxxx Fut. xxxx Infinitive Pres. velle Perf. voluisse Fut. xxxx

to wish to have wished

irregular infinitive

82

Synopsis: Deponent Verb

sequ, sequ, sectus-a-um sum: to follow

deponent Indicative Pres. sequor sequeris sequitur Impf. sequbar sequbris sequbtur sequar sequris sequtur secta sum secta es secta est

translation sequimur sequimin sequuntur sequbmur sequbmin sequbantur sequmur sequmin sequentur sectae sumus sectae estis sectae sunt I follow

I was following

Fut.

I will follow

Perf.

I have followed

Plpf.

secta eram sectae ermus secta ers sectae ertis secta erat sectae erant sectae erimus sectae eritis sectae erunt sequmur sequmin sequantur sequermur sequermin sequerentur sectae smus sectae stis sectae sint

I had followed

Fut.. Pf. secta er secta eris secta erit Subjunctive Pres. sequar sequris sequtur Impf. sequerer sequerris sequertur secta sim secta ss secta sit

I will have followed

same as indicative

Perf.

Plpf.

secta essem sectae essmus secta esss sectae esstis secta esset sectae essent sequitor follow! following having followed going to follow to follow to have followed to be going to follow

Imperative sequere

Participle Pres. sequns (gen. sequentis) Perf. sectus, -a, -um Fut. sectrus, -a, -um Infinitive Pres. sequ Perf. sectum esse Fut. sectrum esse

sequendus,-a -um going to be followed

Conditional Sentences in Indirect Discourse

I. Terminology:

83

If-then clauses are called conditionals or conditional sentences. All conditionals have two parts which we will call by the Greek terms in the grammar notes to avoid confusion: (1) the protasis (premise, if-clause, conditional clause) and (2) the apodosis (result, then-clause, consequent). In order to identify a type of condition (note the names in boldface below), we must identify the tense and mood of the verbs in the protasis and apodosis. If we encounter verbs and moods that do no fit the modeled conditional sentences below, we call such sentences mixed conditions. II. Rules in Indirect Discourse (1) Translate subjunctives in the tense in which you find them. a. Very often readers modify the translate naturally to fit the context. b. Identification of the type of condition occurs after, not before or during, translation. (2) Verbs in the apodosis (if-clause)just as all subordinate verbs become subjunctive. a. In primary sequence, subjunctive verbs in direct discourse remain the same in indirect. b. In secondary sequence, almost all verbs become imperfect subjunctive, which makes it rather difficult for readers to determine the tenses and types of conditions. c. the protasis of contrafactuals do not change in primary or secondary sequence. III. Types of Conditional Sentences (see also pp. 59 and 61) Indicative Conditions Simple Present: If you believe, you are wrong. dc s credis, errs. dix s credis, errs. dc s creds, errbis. dix s creds, errbis. dc s credbs/credidist, errvist. dix s credbs/credidist, errvist. d c dix d c dix d c dix s haec creds, t errre s haec creders, t errre s haec creds, t errtrum esse s haec creders, t errtrum esse s haec creders/credideris, t errvisse. s haec creders/credidisss, t errvisse.

Future More Vivid: If you (will have) believe(d), you will be wrong.

Simple Past: If you believed, you were wrong.

Subjunctive Conditions Fut. Less Vivid: If you should believe, you would be wrong. dc s creds, errs. dix s creds, errs. dc s creders, errrs. dix s creders, errrs. dc s credisss, errvisss. dix s credisss, errvisss. d c dix d c dix d c dix s haec creds, t errtrum esse s haec creders, t errtrum esse s haec creders, t errtrum esse s haec creders, t errtrum esse s haec credisss, t errtrum fuisse. s haec credisss, t errtrum fuisse.

Present Contrafactual: If you were believing, you would be wrong.

Past Contrafactual: If you had believed, you would have been wrong.

84 Caesar Alphabetized Core Vocabulary (5 or more times)

The following seven pages includes all words in the Caesar selections that occur five or more times arranged in an alphabetized vocabulary list. The author tabulated the frequency lists by collating all of Caesars words in the selections and counting them. Digital flashcards are available online.

, ab: (away) from, by, 80 absum, -esse, fu: be absent, lack, 6 ac: and, and also, and even, 24 accd, -ere, -cess, -cessus: approach, 5 accid, -ere, accid: to happen, fall to, 13 accipi: to take without effort, receive, get, accept, 10 ad: to, toward; near, at 110 Adutuc, -rum m.: Aduatuci (in Belgae), 5 adventus, -s m.: arrival, approach, 7 ager, agr m.: field, land; farm, 8 aliqu, -qua, -quod: some, any, definite, 8 alius, -a, -ud: other, another, else, 13 alter, -era, -erum: other (of two), 12 altus, -a, -um: high, lofty, tall, 5 Ambiorix, -rigis m.: Ambiorix, 15 amcitia, -ae, f.: friendship, 12 animadvert, -ere, -vert, -versum: turn mind to, notice 5 animus, - m: mind, spirit; pl. courage, 6 annus, - m.: year, 11 appell (1): call, call by name, 5 apud: among, at the house of (acc.), 7 arbitror, arbitrr, arbitrtus sum: to judge, think, 10 arma, -rum n.: arms, equipment, tools, 7 ascend, -ere, -, -nsus: ascend, mount 2 at: but; mind you; but, you say, 7 atque: and, and also, and even, 60 aut: or (aut...aut eitheror), 32 autem: however, moreover, 5 barbarus, -a, -um: foreign, savage, 5 Belgae, -rum m.: Belgians, 6 bellum, -, n.: war, 16 Britannia, -ae f.: Britain, 6 Caesar, -aris m.: Caesar, 40 calamits, -ttis f.: loss, misfortune, calamity, disaster, 5 capi, -ere, cp, captum: to take, capture, seize, 11 castra, -rum n.: camp, encampment, 23 casus, -s m.: misfortune, mishap; fall 5 causa, -ae f.: reason, cause; case, 21 celerits, -ttis f.: quickness, swiftness, speed, 5 celeriter: quickly, swiftly, speedily, 6 certus, -a, -um: definite, sure, certain, reliable, 8 Cicero, Cicernis m.: Cicero 14

Alphabetized Core Vocabulary

circiter: (round) about, not far from, 7 circumveni, -re: to come around, encircle, 6 cvits cvittis, f.: state, citizenship, 20 coep, coepisse, coeptum: to begin, 9 cognsc, -ere, -nv, -nitum: to learn, come to know, pf. know, 14 cg, cgere, cog, coctum: to collect; compel, 11 cohors, cohortis f.: cohort, company, troop 14 commnis, -e: common, 6 comple, -re, -v, -tum: fill up, fill, 6 complres n.: several, 5 concilium, -i n.: meeting, rendezvous, 6 confirm (1): make strong, confirm strengthen, 5 co(n)ici, -ere, -ic: throw together, throw, take oneself, 10 cnor, cnr, cntus sum: to try, 6 cnsilium, -i n.: plan, counsel, 12 conspici, -ere, -spex, -spectus: see, behold, 5 constitu, -ere, -u, -tus: decide, establish, resolve, 14 consuesc, -ere, -v, -sutum: to accustom, 8 consutdo, -inis f.: custom, habit, 5 contine, -re, -nu, -tentum: hold or keep together, 9 contrversia, -ae f.: dispute, debate, 7 conveni, -re, -vn, -ventus: come together, assemble, 9 copia, -ae f.: abundance, supply; troops, 12 Cotta, -ae m.: Cotta, 10 Crassus, - m.: Crassus, 5 cum: with (+ abl.); when, since, although, 86 d: (down) from; about, concerning, 41 dfer, -ferre, -tul, -ltum: report, offer 8 dmonstr (1): to show, demonstrate, 5 dsum, -esse, -fu, -futrum: be lacking, lack, fail, 6 dc, -ere, dx, dictus: say, speak, tell, call, name, 18 dis, - m./f.: day, time, season, 33 discd, -ere, -cess, -cessum: to go away, depart, 9 disciplna, -ae f.: training, instruction, 5 d, dare, ded, datum: give; grant, 18 Druids, -um m.: Druids, 6 dc, -ere, dx, ductus: lead, draw, 7 dum: while, as long as, until, 6 duo, duae, duo: two, 8 , ex: out from, from, out of (+ abl.), 72 Eburns, -um m.: Eburones (German), 5 effici, -ere, -fc, -fectus: make, form, 5 gredior, -, -gressus: go out, disembark, 5 eques, equitis m.: horseman, rider, 12 equittus, -s m.: cavalry, 5 et: and, also, even, 167 etiam: also, even, besides, 8

85

86

Alphabetized Core Vocabulary

ets: even if, although, though, 5 exercitus, -s m.: (trained) army, 9 existim (1): judge, consider, think, 9 facilis, -e: easy; adv. facile, easily, 10 faci, -ere, fc, factum: do, make, perform; grant, 40 facults, -ttis f.: opportunity, power, skill, ability, 5 fer: almost, nearly, closely, 7 fer, ferre, tul, ltus: carry, bear, endure, 7 flius, -i m.: son, 5 fnis, -is m./f.: end, border; territory, 17 fnitimus, -a, -um: neighboring; subst. neighbors, 6 flmen, -inis n.: river, stream, 9 fortis, -e: strong, brave, valiant, 7 frmentum, - n.: grain, 10 Gallia, -ae f.: Gaul, 17 Gallus, -a, -um: Gallic; subst. a Gaul, 15 genus, generis, n.: origin, kind, sort, 10 Germnus, -a, -um: German, 9 ger, -ere, gess, gestus: carry (on), wage, 8 gravis, -e: heavy, serious, severe; venerable, 9 habe, -re, habu, -itus: have, hold; consider, 32 Helvtius, -a, -um: Helvetian; subst. a Helvetian 16 hberna, -rum n.: winter-quarters, 26 hic, haec, hoc: this, these, 92 hom, -inis m./f.: man, mortal, human, 15 hostis, -is m./f.: stranger, enemy, foe, 43 ibi: there, in that place, 5 dem, eadem, idem: the same, 14 ille, illa, illud: that, those, 22 impedmentum, - n.: baggage, impediment, 6 imperium, - n.: command, power, 7 imper (1): command, order, bid, 7 impetus, -s m.: attack, assault, onset, 7 in: in, on (abl.), into, to (acc.) 173 incit (1): put into motion, urge on, 5 infer, -ferre, -tul, illtum: wage, carry on, 7 initium, - n.: beginning, entrance, 6 inter: between, among (+ acc.), 15 interim: meanwhile, in the meantime, 5 interfici, -ere, -fc, -fectum: kill, slay, destroy, 14 intermitt, -ere: interrupt, discontinue, leave off, 5 ipse, ipsa, ipsum: -self; the very, 17 is, ea, id: this, that; he, she, it, 133 ita: so, thus, 7 itaque: and so, 6 iter, itineris n.: way, road, route, journey, 17 iube, iubre, iuss, iussum: to order, command, 17

Alphabetized Core Vocabulary

Labinus, m.: Labienus, 5 lgtus, - m.: an envoy, legate, 16 legio, -nis f.: legion, (~4200 soldiers), 32 licet: impersonal, it is allowed or permitted, 5 littera, -ae f.: letter of the alphabet, letter, literature, 12 locus, - m.: place, region, location, 31 long: far, at a distant, 6 longus -a, -um: long, 8 Lucius, - m.: Lucius, 10 magnitdo, -inis f.: greatness, size, 5 magnus, -a, -um: great, large; mighty, important, 29 maior, maius: greater, 6 manus, mans, f.: hand; group, 9 maxim: exceedingly especially, 6 maximus, -a, -um: greatest, largest, 15 mles, mlitis, m.: soldier, 33 mlle pl. mlia, ium n.: thousand, 9 minor, minus: less, smaller, 7 mitt, -ere, ms, missus: send, hurl, dismiss, 20 mors, mortis, f.: death, 9 multitdo, inis f.: multitude, population, people, 11 multus, -a, -um: much, many, 11 mntio, -inis f.: fortification, paving, 7 nam: for, 9 nvis, nvis, f.: ship, boat, 23 n: lest, that not, no, not, 13 neque: and not, nor (nequeneque = neithernor), 27 Nervi, -irum m.: Nervii (Belgic Gauls) 9 nihil: nothing, 10 nisi: if not, unless 6 nn: not, by no means, not at all, 36 noster, nostra, nostrum: our, 36 nox, noctis, f.: night, 9 nllus, -a, -um: none, no, no one, 9 numerus, - m.: number, multitude, 13 nuntius, -i m.: messenger, 6 ob: on account of, because of (acc.), 5 obss, obsidis m./f.: hostage, 5 obtine, -re, -u, -tentum: hold, maintain, 6 omnis, omne: every, all, 72 oppugntio, -tinis f.: an assault, 6 oppugn (1): capture by assault, attack, 6 rtio, -ionis f.: speaking, speech, language, 8 ord, -inis m.: order, line, array; status, 6 Orgetorix, -is m.: Orgetorix, 6 pars, partis, f.: part, side, direction, 43

87

88

Alphabetized Core Vocabulary

passus, -s: pace, step, 7 paulus, -a, -um: little, small, 9 px, pcis f.: peace, quiet, rest, 6 per: through, across (acc) 18 perculum, - n.: risk, danger, peril, 14 permove, -re: to move deeply, trouble, excite, agitate, 5 persude, -re, -sus, -susum: persuade, convince, 12 pertine, -re, -tinu: to pertain to, reach, stretch to, 7 perturb (1): confuse, disturb, throw into confusion, 6 perveni, -re, -vn, -ventum: arrive, 8 ps, pedis m.: foot, 5 pet, petere, petv, pettum: seek, aim at, 7 plrumque: for the most part, mostly, commonly, 5 pon, ponere, posu, positum: to put, place, 6 populus, - m.: people, nation, 9 possum, posse, potu: be able, can, avail, 40 post: after, behind (+ acc.); afterward, next, 5 praemium, - n.: reward, prize, 5 praest, -re, -stit, -stitus: perform, show, be better, 6 prem, -ere, press, pressus: check, pursue, control, 7 prmus -a -um: first, 15 prv (1): deprive of, rob, strip from (abl), 5 pr: before, for, in behalf of (abl.), 16 prob (1): approve, commend, 5 proelium, -i n.: battle, combat, 15 profectio, -nis f.: departure, 5 proficscor, -, -fectus: set out, depart, 23 prohibe, -re, -u, -itus: keep off, prohibit, 6 propter: on account of, because of, 5 prvincia, -ae f.: province, 7 proximus, -a, -um: nearest, very close, 12 pblicus, -a, -um: public, common, 11 pugna, -ae f.: battle, fight, 7 pugn (1): to fight, 9 Pullo, Pullnis, m.: Pullo, 6 quantus, -a, -um: how great, much, many, 6 -que: and, 109 qu, quae, quod (quis? quid?): who, which, that, 226 quidem: indeed, in fact, certainly, 6 Quintus, - m.: Quintus, 6 quisque, quidque: each one, each person, 9 ratio, ratinis, f.: calculation, account, method, 5 recipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum: take back, recover, 10 regnum, - n.: royal power, kingdom, realm, 8 relinqu, -ere, -lqu, -lictum: to leave behind, 7 reliquus, -a, um: remaining, the rest of, 28

Alphabetized Core Vocabulary

rs, re, f.: thing, matter, affair, business, 64 resist, -ere, -stit: stand still, halt; oppose, 5 Rhnus, - m.: Rhine River, 9 Rhodanus, -a, -um: Rhone, 5 Rmnus, -a, -um: of Rome, Roman, 15 Sabnus, m.: Sabinus, 7 sals, -tis f.: safety, refuge; health, 10 s: himself, herself, itself, themselves, 74 sed: but, moreover, however, 13 Squanus, -a, -um: Sequanian, 5 ss: emphatic form of reflexive s, 14 s: if (only), whether, in case that, 30 signum -, n.: sign, signal; gesture, seal, 5 sine: without (abl.), 8 singulus, -a, -um: one by one, separate, 5 spr (1): hope (for), expect, 6 sps, - f.: hope, expectation, 6 sub: under, below, beneath, underneath, 5 subit: suddenly, 5 subsequor, -, sectus sum: to follow after or behind, 7 subsidium, i n.: reserve troops; third line of battle, 5 sum, esse, fu, futrum: to be, 165 summus, -a, -um: top of, highest (part of) 10 super (1): surpass, overcome, 6 superus, -a, -um: upper, higher, above, 9 sustine, -re, -u: hold up, sustain, 8 suus, -a, -um: his, her, its, their own, 54 tamen: however, nevertheless, 14 tantus, -a, -um: so great, so large, 10 telum, - n.: projective, weapon, blow, 9 tempus, temporis, n.: time, occasion, 11 tene, tenre, tenu, tentum: to hold, keep, 6 tertius, -a, -um: third, 8 Titurius, - m.: Titurius, 8 ttus -a, -um: whole, entire, 7 trnse, -re, -i (v), itus: pass (by), 6 trs, tria: three, 7 tum: then, at that time, 12 turris, turris f.: tower, walled tower, 7 ttus, -a, -um: safe, secure, guarded, 7 llus, -a, -um: any, 5 undique: (from) everywhere, from or on all sides, 5 nus, -a, -um: one, 29 sus, -s m.: use, practice, application, 10 ut: as, just as, when (+ ind.); (so) that, in order that, 59 uterque, utraque, utrumque: each (of two) 8 tor, -, sus sum: use, employ (abl.), 5

89

90

Alphabetized Core Vocabulary

vallum, - n.: wall, fortification, palisade, 11 veni, -re, vn, ventus: come, go, 14 victoria, -ae f.: victory, 7 vide, vidre, vd, vsum: to see, 14 virts, -tis f.: valor, manhood, excellence, 11 vta, -ae, f.: life, 5 vol, velle, volu: will, wish, be willing, 13 Vornus, - m.: Vorenus, 5

Notes

91

92

Notes

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93

94

Notes

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95

96

Notes

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97

98

Notes

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99

100

Notes