ALCOHOL ABUSE Alcohol abuse is a very dangerous condition in that it can cause many pr oblems in a persons life and

affect many aspects of their lifestyle. Alcoholism (or alcohol abuse) somehow effects everyone's life at some point in time; throu gh a parent, a sibling, a friend, or even personal encounters. Alcohol abuse, a s a medical diagnosis, refers to a pattern of behavior characterized by excessiv e alcohol consumption. This consumption can occur at regular intervals, regular weekend intervals, or during binges, which are considered as being intoxicated for at least two successive days. Difficulty in stopping, reducing the amount o f alcohol use, and impaired social/occupational role functioning are all charact eristics of alcohol abuse. A number of theories in the medical feild are used to explain alcohol ab use. These are the biologic-genetic model, learning/social model, the psychodyn amic model, and the multidimensional model (McFarland 457). Each different mode l, for alcoholism have varied explanations as to how and why people use and abus e alcohol. The biologic-genetic model states that there is a specific genetic vulne rability for alcoholism. There has been extensive studies on factors in the gen es that could determine or influence the use of alcohol from generation to gener ation. However, these studies have shown no hard evidence for an association be tween alcoholism and inherited factors. The learning and social model proposes that alcoholism is a process tha t is slowly developed within a social situation or atmosphere. This model of al coholism has also been researched by using both human and animal subjects. A co nditioning model of alcohol tolerance has demonstrated that specific cues from t he environment such as odor, sight, and taste, produce a stimulus that results i n alcohol consumption. If ethanol, the addictive ingredient in alcohol , is not supplied, a psychological compensatory response called a craving is produced. The psychodynamic model of alcoholism proposes that problematic child re aring practices produce psychosexual maldevelopment and dependence/independece c onflicts. It is believed that while habitual alcohol use is in process, the h abitual drinker may use behavior such as exaggeration, denial, rationalization, and affiliation with socially deviant groups. Results of these behaviors may in clude decreased work efficiency, job loss, alienation of friends and family, or even hospitalization. The multidimensional model of alcoholism combines the interaction of bio logical, behavioral, and sociocultural factors. These three factors contribute together to make the strongest model, in which most alcoholics fit. The biologi cal model relates to the progression from occasional initial relief drinking, to the increase of tolerance, and from loss of memory during heavy drinking period s to an urgency of drinking. The behavioral model is helpful in the identificat ion of high-risk situations, in which alcoholics are most likely to be ritualist ally drinking. Sociocultural factors are present in peer interaction around dri nking as a primary activity for entertainment. This can lead to the preference of drinking for social interaction. Ideas such as this are influenced greatly, and shaped by media through commercials, television portrayal of alcohol use as a coping skill, and the belief that the use of alcohol to reduce life's stress i s socially acceptable. Another area in which alcohol is looked at as all right, comes during the aging process. The death of a spouse, job relocation, retirem ent, or loss of health put older people at risk of alcoholism and is identified as having late-onset alcoholism (McFarland 458). Alcoholism can be divided into several subtypes. Gamma alcoholism appli es to binge drinkers who alternate periods of sobriety and drunkenness. An exam ple of gamma alcoholism would be a college student who engages in heavy binge dr inking. In contrast, beta alcoholism is manifested by physical complications of chronic alcohol use such as cirrhosis, weakening of the liver, heart, stomach, and esophagus. An example of a beta alcoholic would be a housewife who is a mai

ntenance drinker and experiences withdrawal symptoms. A number of issues also a rises among characteristics of alcoholism. Behavioral problems are often visibl e signs. Poor school grades, rambling speech, disciplinary problems, excessive fighting, truancy, vandalism, and hyperactivity are all possible signs of alcoho lism. Alcoholism is a disease that is very serious and complicated. The curin g of alcoholism is a difficult process which requires accepting the presence of the condition, self realization, and support. As a person begins to achieve con trol over their drinking problem, by implementing new coping strategies, and inc reasing a sense of competence and hope, a new phase of life is entered.