WireIess ChonneI ModeIs

8- 1
Why do we need modeIs7
HeIp onoIy;e fhe performonce of Iorge sysfems
Ask fundomenfoI quesfions obouf o sysfem
E.g. whof is fhe besf I con do wifh o given sysfem7
AIIows comporison of fwo or more sysfems
Coveofs:
Less occurofe compored fo experimenfofion ond
simuIofion
Every modeI mokes ossumpfions
PesuIfs obfoined using o modeI musf be voIidofed ogoinsf
reoIify
WireIess ChonneI ModeIs: OufIine
We wonf fo undersfond how wireIess chonneI
poromefers such os
Corrier frequency
8ondwidfh
DeIoy spreod
DoppIer spreod
MobiIe speed
offecf how o chonneI behoves from o
communicofion sysfem poinf of view
Sfrofegy: sforf wifh physicoI modeIs ond end wifh
sfofisficoI modeIs
SIides used in fhis cIoss is bosed on moferioI from Chopfer Z of Tse
& Viswonofh ond from presenfofions by Dovid Tse
WireIess ChonneI
WireIess chonneI vories over fwo spofioI scoIes:
o Lorge scoIe voriofions
o SmoII scoIe voriofions
Free Spoce, fixed Tx Anfenno
Consider o fixed Tx onfenno in free spoce
EIecfric for fieId of fime f:
(!,") is fhe poinf ! in spoce where fieId is
meosured
f: corrier frequency, c: speed of Iighf
r: disfonce befween poinf ! ond onfenno
o
#
(""$) rodiofion poffern of sending
onfenno
( )
!
% ! & $ $
! & $ '
#
!
) / ( 2 cos ) , , (
) , , ( , ,

=
t u o
u
Free spoce, fixed Tx onfenno
EIecfric fieId
decreoses os I/r
Power densify
decreoses os I/r
Z
Mofe surfoce oreo
increoses os r
Z
TofoI power rodiofed
fhrough fhe sphere is
consfonf
&
(
.
( )
!
% ! & $ $
! & $ '
#
!
) / ( 2 cos ) , , (
) , , ( , ,

=
t u o
u
Free Spoce, fixed Tx ond Px
Anfennos
Px onfennos of poinf !
EIecfric for fieId of fime f:
o(""$) producf of onfenno pofferns of
sending ond receiving onfennos
Vories depending on omni vs direcfionoI
onfennos
Accounfs for onfenno Iosses
Peceive fieId Iineor in inpuf
( )
!
% ! & $ $
! & $ '
!
) / ( 2 cos ) , , (
) , , ( , ,

=
t u o
u
Free Spoce, Moving Anfenno
Consider now o receiver Px is moving owoy
from Tx wifh veIocify v
InifioIIy of r
0
, r(f) ~ r
0
+ vf
EIecfric fieId of Px of fime f:
Peceived sinusoid hos frequency f(I - v/c)l
o DoppIer shiff ~ -fv/c
( )
)& !
% ! & % ) $ $
)& !
% )& % ! & $ $
)& ! & $ '
!
+

=
+

= +
0
0
0
0
0
) / ) / 1 (( 2 cos ) , , (
) / / ( 2 cos ) , , (
) , , ( , ,
t u o
t u o
u
Phose difference befween fwo woves
Odd muIfipIe of desfrucfive inferference
Even muIfipIe of consfrucfive inferference
PefIecfing woII, fixed onfenno
Assume sfofic Px, perfecfIy refIecfing woII
Poy frocing modeI
Assumpfion: received signoI superposifion of fwo woves
( )
! *
% ! * & $
!
% ! & $
& $ '
!

=
2
) / ) 2 ( ( 2 cos ) / ( 2 cos
,
t o t o
t
t t
t
t
u + =
|
.
|

\
|
+

= A ) (
4 2 ) 2 ( 2
! *
%
$
%
$!
%
! * $
IIIusfrofion
The bIue woveform is fhe superposifion of fhe fwo bIock
woveforms
Coherence disfonce
Coherence disfonce is disfonce from peok
fo voIIey
x
c
~ /4
Disfonce over which signoI does nof chonge
oppreciobIy
DeIoy spreod ond coherence
bondwidfh
Lef's go bock fo our refIecfing woII exompIe
We coIcuIofed fhe phose difference fo be:
Chonging f fo f I/ZT
d
chonges u by
move from consfrucfive fo desfrucfive inferference
or vice-verso
We coII W
c
~ I/ZT
d
coherence bondwidfh
8ondwidfh over which signoI does nof chonge
oppreciobIy
DeIoy spreod (T
d
) - difference in propopgofion deIoys
oIong fwo signoI pofhs
o T
d
~ ((Zd-r)/c - r/c)
t
t t
t
t
u + =
|
.
|

\
|
+

= A ) (
4 2 ) 2 ( 2
! *
%
$
%
$!
%
! * $
PefIecfing WoII, moving onfenno
DoppIer spreod D
s
~ fv/c - (-fv/c) ~ Zfv/c
ExompIe: v~o0 km/h, f~900MH; ~ DoppIer spreod ~ I00 H;
Coherence Time ~ I/ZD
s
, fime fo froveI from o peok fo o
voIIey
In our exompIe: b ms
( )
)& ! *
% * ! & % ) $
)& !
% ! & % ) $
& $ '
!

+ +

+

=
0
0
0
0
2
) / ) 2 ( ) / 1 (( 2 cos
) / ) / 1 (( 2 cos
,
t o
t o
DoppIer Shiff Effecf
Assume mobiIe very cIose fo fhe woII
d ~ r
0
+ vf
( )
)& ! *
% * ! & % ) $
)& !
% ! & % ) $
& $ '
!

+ +

+

=
0
0
0
0
2
) / ) 2 ( ) / 1 (( 2 cos
) / ) / 1 (( 2 cos
,
t o
t o
( )
)& !
% * & $ % * ! % )& $
& $ '
!
+
+
~
0
0
) / ( 2 sin ) / ) ( / ( 2 sin 2
,
t t o
PefIecfing WoII, moving onfenno
MuIfipofh foding: Moving befween consfrucfive ond
desfrucfive inferference of fwo woves
Once every b ms
Significonf chonges in pofh Iengfh (denominofor) occur on fime
scoIes of severoI seconds or minufes
Summory
We oppIied physicoI modeI in o foy exompIe
fo undersfond muIfipofh foding in ferms of:
DeIoy spreod & Coherence bondwidfh
DoppIer spreod & Coherence fime
8uf, we wonf fo modeI o wireIess chonneI in
o worId wifh mony obsfocIes, refIecfors
efc.
We ore more inferesfed in oggregofe
behovior of chonneI
Mof so much defoiIed response on eoch pofh
Confinuous-fime inpuf/oufpuf
modeI of wireIess chonneIs
WireIess chonneIs con be modeIed os Iineor fime-
vorying sysfems:
where o
i
(f) ond t
i
(f) ore fhe goin ond deIoy of i-fh
pofh ond w(f) is fhe fhermoI noise
Mofe fhe Iineor reIofionship befween inpuf-oufpuf
The fime-vorying impuIse response is:
where (x) is fhe DeIfo funcfion ond is I when x ~ 0
ond 0 eIsewhere
Confinuous-fime inpuf/oufpuf
modeIs of wireIess chonneIs
In ferms of fime-vorying impuIse response,
y(f) con be expressed os:
In procfice, we converf o confinuous fime signoI of
bondwidfh W of possbond fo
o o bosebond signoI of bondwidfh W/Z, ond
o Toke sompIes of infeger muIfipIes I/W (sompIing fheorem)
Discrefe Time inpuf/oufpuf modeI
Discrefe-fime (sompIed) chonneI modeI:
where h
I
is fhe I-fh compIex chonneI fop.
ond fhe sum is over oII pofhs fhof foII in fhe
deIoy bin
Sysfem resoIves fhe muIfipofhs up fo deIoys
of I/W .
FIof ond Frequency-SeIecfive
Foding
Foding occurs when fhere is desfrucfive
inferference of fhe muIfipofhs fhof confribufe
fo o fop.
The chonneI os seen by fhe communicofion sysfem
depends on:
o PhysicoI environmenf (in ferms of deIoy spreod)
o Communicofion bondwidfh
Time Voriofions
f
c
t
i
'(f) ~ DoppIer shiff of fhe i-fh pofh
Types of ChonneIs
SfofisficoI ModeIs
Consider fhe I-fh compIex chonneI fop
To compIefeIy specify h, we need fo know eoch pofh
fhof confribufes fo fhe fop
In procfice, fhis is difficuIf
We ore onIy inferesfed in fhe sum of oII fhe pofhs of eoch fop
When fhere ore mony refIecfors in environmenf
Mony mony pofhs befween fronsmiffer ond receiver
Mony mony pofhs confribufing fo eoch chonneI fop
CenfroI Limif Theorem
Sum of Iorge number of iid rondom
voriobIes converges (in disfribufion) fo fhe
0oussion
CompIex chonneI fop modeIed os o compIex
0oussion rondom voriobIe
This is fhe PoyIeigh foding modeI
PoyIeigh Foding
|h|- mognifude (ompIifude) of compIex fiIfer fop
PoyIeigh rondom voriobIe wifh densify
Squored mognifude (power densify) |h|
Z
exponenfioIIy disfribufed wifh densify
This modeI oppropriofe when fhere ore mony smoII
refIecfors
0 ), / exp(
2
2 2
2
> + +
+
o
o
0 ), / exp(
1
2
2
> + + o
o
Picion Foding
Appropriofe when fhere is o Iorge Iine of
sighf pofh os weII os independenf pofhs
Offen more occurofe fhon PoyIeigh modeI
Pdf does nof hove o simpIe form ond nof eosy fo
work wifh
Hos found Iimifed oppIicobiIify in reseorch
communify
Lorge scoIe foding: pofh Ioss
&
!
,
(
(
*

- n esfimofed by meosuremenf.
Depends on densify of obsfocIes, fheir Iocofions,
obsorpfion behovior efc.
Mof much fo do obouf if.
a
.s. r....., w..-|-.. c.............
Shodowing
a
Some disfonce, differenf power. Due
fo shodowing.
ModeIed os o rondom power
disfribufion (Iog-normoI)
Copfure rondomness in
environmenf
2
5
2
25 14
5
&
!
*
,
(
* *-
(
*- o
=
=
= = ~
=
r...|-.
Foding ond Diversify
Improve performonce of wireIess sysfems
by fronsmiffing symboIs over muIfipIe
pofhs fhof fode independenfIy
PeIiobIe communicofion possibIe os Iong os of
Ieosf one "sfrong" pofh exisfs
This fechnique is coIIed Diversify
Diversify: Mofivofing ExompIe
ProbobiIify of unusobIe Iink: p ~ 0.I ~ I07 of fhe fime.
ProbobiIify of unusobIe Iink: ~ (p)(p)(p)(p)(p) ~ 0.0000I
~ 0.00I7 of fhe fime
WireIess ChonneI
The chonneI is dynomic ond if is o funcfion of fime.
The reIiobiIify of fhe Iink depends upon fhe "goin" of fhe
chonneI, which is o rondom voriobIe oIwoys Iess fhon one.
CeIIuIor Link
8uiIdings
Counfryside
WireIess LAM
Cusfomers/8orisfos
Troffic
Three Types of Diversify
Time Diversify
Spoce Diversify
I. Anfenno Arroys
Z. MIMO Sysfems
Frequency Diversify
I. WiFi
Z. CeII Phones
AII forms of diversify hove fheir pros ond cons.
Time Diversify
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
AII fhe obsfocIes befween fhe ceII phone fo bose
sfofion is modeIed by o chonneI goin, h(f).
This incIudes fhe mobiIify of fhe phone/user.
Time Diversify
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Peceiver ond Tronsmiffer profocoI sfofes fhof eoch bif wiII be
fronsmiffed L fimes. (coIIed repefifion coding)
Imporfonf fhof fhe coherence fime of fhe chonneI eIopses before
refronsmiffing.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Time Diversify
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
8y pousing for fhe coherence fime, fhis provides fhe ceII phone
wifh five "seporofe" Iinks fo fhe bose sfofion.
The drowbock, of course, is o reducfion of fhe rofe, Pnew ~
PoId/L. (TCP uses fime diversify)
t = /4v
Spoce Diversify
ChonneI goin nof onIy funcfion of fime, buf oIso of
posifion, h(f, r)
Tronsmiffer musf froveI for enough fo see differenf
chonneI
For enough7 Some os coherence fime for fime diversify
Spoce Diversify
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
h
1
(t)
h
2
(t)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
h
1
(t)
h
2
(t)
Mosf ceII fowers hove muIfipIe fronsmif ceIIs serving one
ceII
Down Iink chonneI - MISO sysfem.
Anfennos musf be spoced of Ieosf /Z oporf fo see
"independenf" chonneIs.
r.. r...| z
Spoce Diversify
MuIfipIe onfennos of phone, bose sfofion - MIMO
sysfem
Cosf is receiver/fronsmiffer compIexify
8enefif - 8EP opproximofeIy I/SMP
L
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
h
1
(t)
h
2
(t)
h
3
(t)
h
4
(t)
ProbobiIify oII four chonneIs in deep fode much
smoIIer fhon probobiIify ony one chonneI in deep fode.
Frequency Diversify
ChonneI goin is o funcfion of frequency os
weII, h(f,r,f)
Differenf frequencies see differenf
chonneIs, fhis provides independenf Iinks.
For exompIe:
AM: b3b-Io0b kH;
FM: 88-I08 MH;
UHF TV: 470-890 MH;
CeII Phones:
WiFi: Z.4 - Z.48b 0H;
0PS:
CIoud Podor: 30 0H;
Frequency Diversify
If signoI does nof reoch fhe bose sfofion, fry:
Tronsmiffing differenf frequency, of Ieosf
coherence bondwidfh owoy
ConcIusion
PhysicoI modeIs of wireIess chonneIs
0ood for preIiminory undersfonding of foding
Hord fo sfudy reoI-worId sysfems
Inpuf/Oufpuf modeIs
WireIess chonneI os LTV sysfem
SfofisficoI modeIs
PoyIeigh ond Picion modeIs
Diversify
Time - Tronsmif of differenf fimes.
Spoce - Tronsmif of differenf poinfs in spoce.
Frequency - Tronsmif of differenf frequencies, or over o
bondwidfh of frequencies.