22.

INSTRUMENTATION - AEROPLANES

22.01. FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

2002/12/22

Page 1 of 78

22.01. FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

22.01.01. Air data i !tr"#e t!
22.01.01.01. Pitot a d !tati$ !%!te#
1
id +,0

T&e 're!!"re #ea!"red at t&e for(ard fa$i g orifi$e of a 'itot t")e i! t&e *

a !tati$ 're!!"re. b total pressure. $ tota- 're!!"re '-"! !tati$ 're!!"re. d d% a#i$ 're!!"re.

2
id 2/77

A 'itot )-o$.age of )ot& t&e ra# air i '"t a d t&e drai &o-e (it& t&e !tati$ 'ort o'e $a"!e! t&e air!'eed i di$ator to *

a react like an altimeter. ) read a -itt-e &ig&. $ read a -itt-e -o(. d free0e at 0ero.

3 fo--o(i g

A 'itot t")e $o1ered )% i$e (&i$& )-o$.! t&e ra# air i -et (i-- affe$t t&e
id 2233

i !tr"#e t 4!5 *

a a-ti#eter o -%. b airspeed indicator only. $ 1erti$a- !'eed i di$ator o -%. d air!'eed i di$ator6 a-ti#eter a d 1erti$a- !'eed i di$ator.

4
id 3233

I a o 7're!!"ri0ed air$raft6 if o e or !e1era- !tati$ 're!!"re 'ort! are da#aged6 t&ere i! a "-ti#ate e#erge $% #ea ! for re!tori g a 'ra$ti$a--% $orre$t !tati$ 're!!"re i ta.e *

a breaking the rate-of-climb indicator glass window ) !-ig&t-% o'e i g a (i do( to re!tore t&e a#)ie t 're!!"re i t&e $a)i $ de!$e di g a! #"$& a! 'o!!i)-e i order to f-% at a 're!!"re a! $-o!e to 101,.2+ &Pa a! 'o!!i)-e d $a-$"-ati g t&e a#)ie t !tati$ 're!!"re6 a--o(i g for t&e a-tit"de a d 8NH a d ad9"!ti g t&e i !tr"#e t!

5
id 3/11

T&e at#o!'&eri$ 're!!"re at FL 70 i a :!ta dard ; 10: at#o!'&ere i!*

a 781.85 hPa. ) 232.1, &Pa. $ 1 01,.2+ &Pa. d /33.31 &Pa.

I a !ta dard at#o!'&ere a d at t&e !ea -e1e-6 t&e $a-i)rated air!'eed 4<AS5 i! *
id 3/1/

a &ig&er t&a t&e tr"e air!'eed 4TAS5. ) i de'e de t of t&e tr"e air!'eed 4TAS5. c e!ual to the true airspeed "#$%&. d -o(er t&a t&e tr"e air!'eed 4TAS5.

22.01. FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

2002/12/22

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2 of 78

7
id +283

=&i$& i !tr"#e t doe! ot $o

e$t to t&e !tati$ !%!te#>

a A-ti#eter. b 'acuum gauge. $ Air!'eed I di$ator. d ?erti$a- !'eed i di$ator.

8
id +28+

=&at $orre$tio ! #"!t )e a''-ied to i di$ated air!'eed to 'rod"$e tr"e air!'eed>

a <orre$tio for &eadi g a d a-tit"de. ) <orre$tio for (i d a d te#'erat"re. $ <orre$tio for a-tit"de a d (i d. d (orrection for altitude and temperature.

)
id +282

T&e 'itot t")e !"''-ie!*

a A-ter ate !tati$ 're!!"re. b *mpact pressure. $ @% a#i$ 're!!"re a-o e. d Stati$ 're!!"re a-o e.

1+
id +220

If t&e a-ter ate !tati$ !o"r$e i! "!ed6 t&e re!"-ti g readi g (i-- )e*

a Too -o( readi g of a-tit"de. b #oo high reading of altitude. $ Too -o( readi g of air!'eed. d No readi g of air!'eed.

11
id +228

Tota- air 're!!"re $o !i!t! of !tati$ 're!!"re '-"!*

a @iffere tia- 're!!"re. ) Tota- 're!!"re. c ,ynamic pressure. d Sti-- air.

12

=&e

t&e AAT i! ;2+B<6 t&e de1iatio

id /008

fro# !ta dard te#'erat"re for

aerod% a#i$
a 0B <. ) ;1+o <. $ 71+B <. d -1+. (

$o#'"tatio ! i!*

1/
id /022

If t&e 'itot t")e i! $-ogged6 (&i$& i !tr"#e t4!5 i!/are affe$ted>

a A-ti#eter o -%. b $irspeed indicator only. $ ?erti$a- !'eed i di$ator o -%. d A-ti#eter a d air!'eed i di$ator.

22.01. FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

2002/12/22

Page , of 78

22.01.01.02. A-ti#eter
14
id +,1

T&e error i a-ti#eter readi g! $a"!ed )% t&e 1ariatio of t&e !tati$ 're!!"re ear t&e !o"r$e i! . o( a!*

a position pressure error. ) )aro#etri$ error. $ i !tr"#e t error. d &%!tere!i! effe$t.

15 t&e

If t&e !tati$ !o"r$e of a a-ti#eter )e$o#e! )-o$.ed d"ri g a de!$e t

i !tr"#e t (i--* a continue to display the reading at which the blockage occured ) grad"a--% i di$ate 0ero
$ " der7read d i di$ate a &eig&t eC"i1a-e t to t&e !etti g o t&e #i--i)ar !")!$a-e

id +,2

1
id +,,

T&e 'ri#ar% fa$tor (&i$& #a.e! t&e !er1o7a!!i!ted a-ti#eter #ore a$$"rate t&a t&e !i#'-e 're!!"re a-ti#eter i! t&e "!e of*

a $o#)i atio of $o" ter!/'oi ter! ) #ore effe$ti1e te#'erat"re $o#'e !ati g -eaf !'ri g! c an induction pick-off de0ice d a !")7!$a-e -ogarit&#i$ f" $tio

17
id +,3

If t&e !tati$ !o"r$e to a a-ti#eter )e$o#e! )-o$.ed d"ri g a $-i#)6 t&e i !tr"#e t (i--*

a " der7read )% a a#o" t eC"i1a-e t to t&e readi g at t&e ti#e t&at t&e i !tr"#e t )e$a#e )-o$.ed

b continue to indicate the reading at which the blockage occured $ o1er7read d grad"a--% ret"r to 0ero

18
id 1288

At !ea -e1e-6 o a t%'i$a- !er1o a-ti#eter6 t&e to-era $e i feet fro# i di$ated #"!t ot eD$eed *

a -1- + feet ) ;/77+ feet $ ;/7,0 feet d ;/770 feet

1)
id 2,3,

=&e f-%i g fro# a !e$tor of (ar# air i to o e of $o-der air6 t&e a-ti#eter (i-- *

a )e 9"!t a! $orre$t a! )efore. ) " derread. c o0erread. d !&o( t&e a$t"a- &eig&t a)o1e gro" d.

2+
id 2+22

T&e &%!tere!i! error of a a-ti#eter 1arie! !")!ta tia--% (it& t&e*

a #a$& "#)er of t&e air$raft. b time passed at a gi0en altitude. $ air$raft a-tit"de. d !tati$ te#'erat"re.

22.01. FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

2002/12/22

Page 3 of 78

21
id 2/00

T&e '"r'o!e of t&e 1i)rati g de1i$e of a a-ti#eter i! to*

a red"$e t&e &%!tere!i! effe$t ) i for# t&e $re( of a fai-"re of t&e i !tr"#e t $ a--o( da#'i g of t&e #ea!"re#e t i t&e " it d reduce the effect of friction in the linkages

22
id 2/01

T&e !tati$ 're!!"re error of t&e !tati$ 1e t o (&i$& t&e a-ti#eter i! $o 1arie! !")!ta tia--% (it& t&e*

e$ted

a defor#atio of t&e a eroid $a'!"-e b 2ach number of the aircraft $ air$raft a-tit"de d !tati$ te#'erat"re

2/
id 2/02

T&e a-tit"de i di$ated o )oard a air$raft f-%i g i a at#o!'&ere (&ere a-- t&e at#o!'&ere -a%er! )e-o( t&e air$raft are $o-d i! *

a -o(er t&a t&e rea- a-tit"de. ) t&e !a#e a! t&e rea- a-tit"de. c higher than the real altitude. d eC"a- to t&e !ta dard a-tit"de.

24
id 2/0,

T&e a-tit"de i di$ated o )oard a air$raft f-%i g i a at#o!'&ere (&ere a-at#o!'&ere -a%er! )e-o( t&e air$raft are (ar# i!*

a &ig&er t&a t&e rea- a-tit"de. ) t&e !a#e a! t&e rea- a-tit"de. c lower than the real altitude. d eC"a- to t&e !ta dard a-tit"de.

25
id 2/03

A )oard a air$raft t&e a-tit"de i! #ea!"red fro# t&e*

a de !it% a-tit"de b pressure altitude $ te#'erat"re a-tit"de d !ta dard a-tit"de

2
id 2/0+

T&e de !it% a-tit"de i! *

a t&e 're!!"re a-tit"de $orre$ted for t&e de !it% of air at t&i! 'oi t ) t&e te#'erat"re a-tit"de $orre$ted for t&e differe $e )et(ee !ta dard te#'erat"re t&e rea- te#'erat"re a d t&e

$ t&e 're!!"re a-tit"de $orre$ted for t&e re-ati1e de !it% 're1ai-i g at t&i! 'oi t d the altitude of the standard atmosphere on which the density is e!ual to the actual density of the atmosphere

27
id 2/07

T&e 're!!"re a-tit"de i! t&e a-tit"de $orre!'o di g *

a i a#)ia t at#o!'&ere6 to t&e 're!!"re P! 're1ai-i g at t&i! 'oi t ) i a#)ia t at#o!'&ere6 to t&e refere $e 're!!"re P! $ i !ta dard at#o!'&ere6 to t&e refere $e 're!!"re P! d in standard atmosphere3 to the pressure Ps pre0ailing at this point

22.01. FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

2002/12/22

Page

5 of 78

28
id 27+2

If a air$raft i! eC"i''ed (it& o e a-ti#eter (&i$& i! $o#'e !ated for 'o!itio error a d a ot&er a-ti#eter (&i$& i! ot E a d a-- ot&er fa$tor! )ei g eC"a-...

a T&ere (i-- )e o differe $e )et(ee t&e# if t&e air data $o#'"ter 4A@<5 i! f" $tio i g or#a--% ) At &ig& !'eed t&e o 7$o#'e !ated a-ti#eter (i-- i di$ate a -o(er a-tit"de c $t high speed3 the non-compensated altimeter will indicate a higher altitude d AT< (i-- get a erro eo"! a-tit"de re'ort SSR

2)
id 32,,

T&e a-ti#eter $o !i!t! of o e or !e1era- a eroid $a'!"-e! -o$ated i a !ea-ed $a!i g. T&e 're!!"re! i t&e a eroid $a'!"-e 4i5 a d $a!i g 4ii5 are re!'e$ti1e-% *

a "i& 0acuum "or a 0ery low pressure& "ii& static pressure ) 4i5 !tati$ 're!!"re at ti#e t 4ii5 !tati$ 're!!"re at ti#e t 7 t $ 4i5 tota- 're!!"re 4ii5 !tati$ 're!!"re d 4i5 !tati$ 're!!"re 4ii5 tota- 're!!"re

30 )ird!56

$a!e of a$$ide ta- $-o!i g of a

t&e a-ti#eter*

air$raftF! -eft !tati$ 're!!"re 'ort 4rai 6

id 3+28

a .ee'! o 'ro1idi g re-ia)-e readi g i a-- !it"atio ! ) o1erread! t&e a-tit"de i $a!e of a !ide7!-i' to t&e rig&t a d di!'-a%! t&e $orre$t i for#atio d"ri g !%##etri$ f-ig&t. c o0erreads the altitude in case of a sideslip to the left and displays the correct information during symmetric flight. d " derread! t&e a-tit"de.

/1
id 3/12

T&e 8NH i! )% defi itio t&e 1a-"e of t&e*

a altimeter setting so that the needles of the altimeter indicate the altitude of the location for which it is gi0en. ) at#o!'&eri$ 're!!"re at t&e !ea -e1e- of t&e -o$atio for (&i$& it i! gi1e . $ a-ti#eter !etti g !o t&at t&e eed-e! i di$ate 0ero (&e t&e air$raft i! o gro" d at t&e -o$atio for (&i$& it i! 'ro1ided. d at#o!'&eri$ 're!!"re at t&e -e1e- of t&e gro" d o1erf-o( )% t&e air$raft.

/2
id +,72

T&e a-ti#eter i! fed )% *

a differe tia- 're!!"re ) d% a#i$ 're!!"re $ tota- 're!!"re d static pressure

//
id +222

=&e f-%i g (it& a i di$ated a-tit"de of ,000 ft i to a -o( 're!!"re area6 t&e a$t"aa-tit"de*

a will decrease. ) (i-- i $rea!e. $ (i-- )e t&e !a#e a! i di$ated a-tit"de. d (i-- )e a! )efore e teri g a -o(7're!!"re area.

/4
id /000

T&e a-ti#eter i! )a!ed "'o t&e !a#e 'ri $i'-e a!*

a #he aneroid barometer. ) T&e &%gro#eter. $ T&e #er$"r% )aro#eter. d T&e Go"rdo t")e #a o#eter.

22.01. FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS 6 of 78

2002/12/22

Page

/5
id /001

=&e t&e )aro#etri$ !")!$a-e of t&e a-ti#eter i! ad9"!ted to 101,.2 &Pa6 (&at t%'e of a-tit"de i! )ei g #ea!"red>

a Re-ati1e &eig&t. b Pressure altitude. $ I di$ated a-tit"de. d Tr"e a-tit"de.

/
id /01/

=it&o"t read9"!ti g t&e )aro#etri$ !etti g of t&e A-ti#eter6 it (i-- " der7read (&e *

a flying from a low pressure area into a high pressure area. ) f-%i g fro# a &ig& 're!!"re area i to a -o( 're!!"re area. $ f-%i g i &ead(i d (it& $o !ta t )aro#etri$ 're!!"re. d f-%i g i tai-(i d (it& $o !ta t )aro#etri$ 're!!"re.

/7
id /017

=e are #ai tai i g a $o !ta t f-ig&t -e1e-. T&at #ea !*

a t&e a-tit"de a)o1e !ea -e1e- i! $o !ta t. b the outside air pressure is constant. $ t&e a-tit"de i! $o !ta t (&e t&e !ea7-e1e- 're!!"re i! $o !ta t. d t&e o"t!ide air 're!!"re i! $o !ta t if t&e te#'erat"re re#ai ! $o !ta t.

/8
id /018

=&e t&e a-ti#eter i di$ated 0 40ero5 ft (&e t&e air$raft (a! 'ar.ed for t&e ig&t6 a d 1.000 ft t&e fo--o(i g #or i g6 t&i! !&o(! t&at*

a t&e )aro#etri$ 're!!"re &a! i $rea!ed )% a''roD. ,, &Pa. b the barometric pressure has decreased by appro4. // hPa. $ t&e )aro#etri$ 're!!"re i! $o !ta t6 )"t t&e te#'erat"re &a! fa--e d"ri g t&e ig&t. d a for#atio of fog &a! #o!t 'ro)a)-% ta.e '-a$e.

/)
id /021

A air$raft i! i -e1e- f-ig&t at FL100 o1er a #o" tai ra ge6 (&i$& eDte d! "' to 2.300 #etre! AMSL. If t&e regio a- 8NH i! 228 &Pa 4"!e ,0 ft/&Pa56 (&at i! t&e a''roDi#ate terrai $-eara $e>

a 2.+81 feet b 1. 81 feet $ 7.8/2 feet d 3+0 feet

4+
id /0,1

Ho" are de'arti g a aerodro#e 4/00 ft AMSL6 8NH 1012 &Pa5 a d 'ro$eed to a ot&er airfie-d 41+0 ft AMSL5 (it& t&e !a#e 8NH. After -a di g6 (&i$& )aro#etri$ !etti g o t&e a-ti#eter #a.e! it agai i di$ate /00 ft>

a 1+27. b 227. c 10,2. d 222.

22.01.01.0,. Air!'eed i di$ator

41
id +,+

If t&e !tati$ !o"r$e to a air!'eed i di$ator 4ASI5 )e$o#e! )-o$.ed d"ri g a de!$e t t&e i !tr"#e t (i--*

a " der7read ) read 0ero $ $o ti "e to i di$ate t&e !'eed a''-i$a)-e to t&at at t&e ti#e of t&e )-o$.age d o0er-read

22.01. FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

2002/12/22

Page

7 of 78

42
id +,/

=&e $-i#)i g at a $o !ta t Ma$& "#)er )e-o( t&e tro'o'a"!e6 i ISA $o ditio !6 t&e <a-i)rated Air!'eed 4<AS5 (i--*

a re#ai $o !ta t ) i $rea!e at a -i ear rate c decrease d i $rea!e at a eD'o e tia- rate

4/
id +,7

For a $o !ta t <a-i)rated Air!'eed 4<AS5 a d a -e1e- f-ig&t6 a fa-- i a#)ie t te#'erat"re (i-- re!"-t i a*

a lower #rue $irspeed "#$%& due to an increase in air density ) &ig&er Tr"e Air!'eed 4TAS5 d"e to a de$rea!e i air de !it% $ &ig&er Tr"e Air!'eed 4TAS5 d"e to a i $rea!e i air de !it% d -o(er Tr"e Air!'eed 4TAS5 d"e to a de$rea!e i air de !it%

44
id +,8

=&e de!$e di g t&ro"g& a i!ot&er#a- -a%er at a $o !ta t <a-i)rated Air!'eed 4<AS56 t&e Tr"e Air!'eed 4TAS5 (i--*

a re#ai $o !ta t ) i $rea!e at a -i ear rate c decrease d i $rea!e at a eD'o e tia- rate

45
id +,2

A -ea. i t&e 'itot tota- 're!!"re -i e of a o 7're!!"ri0ed air$raft to a air!'eed i di$ator (o"-d $a"!e it to*

a o1er7read. b under-read. $ o1er7read i a $-i#) a d " der7read i a de!$e t. d " der7read i a $-i#) a d o1er7read i a de!$e t.

46 dire$t-%

T&e air!'eed i di$ator $ir$"it $o !i!t! of 're!!"re !e !or!. T&e 'itot t")e
id +30

!"''-ie!*

a the total pressure ) t&e !tati$ 're!!"re $ t&e tota- 're!!"re a d t&e !tati$ 're!!"re d t&e d% a#i$ 're!!"re

47
id 1282

=it& a 'itot 'ro)e )-o$.ed d"e to i$e )"i-d "'6 t&e air$raft air!'eed i di$ator (i-i di$ate i de!$e t a *

a decreasing speed. ) $o !ta t !'eed. $ i $rea!i g !'eed. d f-"$t"ati g !'eed.

48
id 2+77

T&e -i#it! of t&e %e--o( !$a-e of a air!'eed i di$ator are *

a ?FE for t&e -o(er -i#it a d ?NE for t&e "''er -i#it ) ?LA for t&e -o(er -i#it a d ?NE for t&e "''er -i#it $ ?LE for t&e -o(er -i#it a d ?NE for t&e "''er -i#it d '56 for the lower limit and '57 for the upper limit

22.01. FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

2002/12/22

Page 8 of 78

4)
id 2+78

T&e -i#it! of t&e gree !$a-e of a air!'eed i di$ator are *

a ?S1 for t&e -o(er -i#it a d ?NE for t&e "''er -i#it ) ?S0 for t&e -o(er -i#it a d ?NA for t&e "''er -i#it c '%1 for the lower limit and '56 for the upper limit d ?S1 for t&e -o(er -i#it a d ?LA for t&e "''er -i#it

5+
id 2+72

T&e -i#it! of t&e (&ite !$a-e of a air!'eed i di$ator are *

a ?SI for t&e -o(er -i#it a d ?FE for t&e "''er -i#it b '%6 for the lower limit and '87 for the upper limit $ ?SA for t&e -o(er -i#it a d ?LE for t&e "''er -i#it d ?SI for t&e -o(er -i#it a d ?LE for t&e "''er -i#it

51
id 2+80

T&e 1e-o$it% #aDi#"# o'erati g 4?.M.A.5 i! a !'eed eD're!!ed i *

a $o#'"ted air!'eed 4<AAS5. ) eC"i1a-e t air!'eed 4EAS5. $ tr"e air!'eed 4TAS5. d calibrated airspeed "($%&.

52
id 2+8,

After a air$raft &a! 'a!!ed t&ro"g& a 1o-$a i$ $-o"d (&i$& &a! )-o$.ed t&e tota're!!"re 'ro)e i -et of t&e air!'eed i di$ator6 t&e 'i-ot )egi ! a !ta)i-i0ed de!$e t a d fi d! t&at t&e i di$ated air!'eed *

a decreases steadily ) i $rea!e! a)r"'t-% to(ard! ?NE $ i $rea!e! !teadi-% d de$rea!e! a)r"'t-% to(ard! 0ero

5/
id 2+8/

@"ri g a $-i#) after ta.e7off fro# a $o ta#i ated r" (a%6 if t&e tota- 're!!"re 'ro)e of t&e air!'eed i di$ator i! )-o$.ed6 t&e 'i-ot fi d! t&at i di$ated air!'eed *

a de$rea!e! a)r"'t-% to(ard! 0ero ) i $rea!e! a)r"'t-% to(ard! ?NE $ de$rea!e! !tadi-% d increases steadily

54
id 2+87

=it& a $o !ta t (eig&t6 irre!'e$ti1e of t&e airfie-d a-tit"de6 a air$raft a-(a%! ta.e! off at t&e !a#e *

a gro" d !'eed. b calibrated airspeed. $ tr"e air!'eed. d eC"i1a-e t air!'eed.

55
id 2+22

T&e $a-i)rated air!'eed 4<AS5 i! o)tai ed )% a''-%i g to t&e i di$ated air!'eed 4IAS5 *
a a d $o#'re!!i)i-it% $orre$tio .

a a d i !tr"#e t a d de !it% $orre$tio . ) a a te c an instrument and position1pressure error correction. d a $o#'re!!i)i-it% a d de !it% $orre$tio .

22.01. FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

2002/12/22

Page 2 of 78

5
id 2+2+

?NA i! t&e #aDi#"# !'eed *

a (&i$& #"!t e1er )e eD$eeded. b not to be e4ceeded e4cept in still air and with caution. $ at (&i$& t&e f-ig&t $o tro-! $a )e f"--% def-e$ted. d (it& f-a'! eDte ded i -a di g 'o!itio .

57
id 2+2/

?NE i! t&e #aDi#"# !'eed *

a at (&i$& t&e f-ig&t $o tro-! $a )e f"--% def-e$ted ) ot to )e eD$eeded eD$e't i !ti-- air a d (it& $a"tio c which must ne0er be e4ceeded d (it& f-a'! eDte ded i -a di g 'o!itio

58
id 2+27

?LA i! t&e #aDi#"# *

a f-ig&t !'eed (it& -a di g gear do( . b speed at which the landing gear can be operated with full safety. $ !'eed (it& f-a'! eDte ded i a gi1e 'o!itio . d $r"i!i g !'eed ot to )e eD$eeded eD$e't i !ti-- air (it& $a"tio .

5)
id 2+28

?LE i! t&e #aDi#"# *

a !'eed at (&i$& t&e -a di g gear $a )e o'erated (it& f"-- !afet% b flight speed with landing gear down $ !'eed (it& f-a'! eDte ded i a gi1e 'o!itio d !'eed a"t&ori0ed i f-ig&t

+
id ,00/

?FE i! t&e #aDi#"# !'eed *

a with the flaps e4tended in a gi0en position. ) (it& t&e f-a'! eDte ded i -a di g 'o!itio . $ at (&i$& t&e f-a'! $a )e o'erated. d (it& t&e f-a'! eDte ded i ta.e7off 'o!itio .

1
id 317/

T&e air!'eed i di$ator of a air$raft i! 'ro1ided (it& a #o1i g red a d (&ite &at$&ed 'oi ter. T&i! 'oi ter i di$ate! t&e*

a #aDi#"# !'eed i ?MA o'eratio 6 1er!"! te#'erat"re b ma4imum speed in '26 operation 0ersus altitude $ !'eed i di$ated o t&e a"tot&rott-e $o tro- )oD6 1er!"! te#'erat"re d !'eed i di$ated o t&e a"tot&rott-e $o tro- )oD 1er!"! a-tit"de

2
id 3182

T&e air!'eed i di$ator of a t(i 7e gi ed air$raft $o#'ri!e! differe t !e$tor! a d $o-or #ar.!. T&e )-"e -i e $orre!'o d! to t&e *

a !'eed ot to )e eD$eeded6 or ?NE b optimum climbing speed with one engine inoperati0e3 or 'y $ #i i#"# $o tro- !'eed6 or ?M< d #aDi#"# !'eed i o'eratio !6 or ?MA

22.01. FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

2002/12/22

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10 of 78

/
id 323,

Toda%F! air!'eed i di$ator! 4$a-i)rated to t&e Sai t7?e a t for#"-a56 i di$ate6 i t&e a)!e $e of !tati$ 4a d i !tr"#e ta-5 error *

a T&e tr"e air!'eed b #he calibrated airspeed "($%& in all cases $ T&e air!'eed6 (&ate1er t&e a-tit"de d T&e eC"i1a-e t air!'eed6 i a-- $a!e!

4
id 3,+,

<o !ideri g t&e #aDi#"# o'eratio a- Ma$& "#)er 4MMA5 a d t&e #aDi#"# o'eratio a- !'eed 4?MA56 t&e $a'tai of a 're!!"ri0ed air$raft )egi ! &i! de!$e t fro# a &ig& f-ig&t -e1e-. I order to #eet &i! !$&ed"-ed ti#e of arri1a-6 &e de$ide! to "!e t&e #aDi#"# gro" d !'eed at a % ti#e of t&e de!$e t. He (i-- )e -i#ited *

a initially by the 2263 then by the '26 below a certain flight le0el ) i itia--% )% t&e?MA6 t&e )% t&e MMA )e-o( a $ertai f-ig&t -e1e$ )% t&e MMA d )% t&e ?MA i !ti-- air

5
id 3/1,

A-- t&e a e#o#eter! are $a-i)rated a$$ordi g to*

a Ger o"i--iF! -i#ited for#"-a (&i$& ta.e! i to a$$o" t t&e air $o#'re!!i)i-it%. b %t-'enant9 formula which takes into account the air compressibility. $ St7?e a tF! for#"-a (&i$& $o !ider! t&e air a! a " $o#'re!!i)-e f-"id. d Ger o"i--iF! -i#ited for#"-a (&i$& $o !ider! t&e air a! a " $o#'re!!i)-e f-"id.

T&e Air!'eed I di$ator #ea!"re!*

id +282

a A)!o-"te 're!!"re. ) Tota- 're!!"re. c ,ifferential pressure. d Re-ati1e 're!!"re.

7
id +28,

=&at i! t&e !ig ifi$a $e of t&e %e--o( ar$ i a air!'eed i di$ator>

a F-a' o'erati g ra ge. ) Ne1er eD$eed ra ge. c %tructural warning range. d Nor#a- o'erati g ra ge.

8
id +28/

T&e "''er air!'eed -i#it of t&e gree ar$ o t&e air!'eed i di$ator re're!e t!*

a 2a4imum structural cruising speed "'56& ) La di g gear -o(eri g !'eed 4?LE5 $ @e!ig #a oe"1ri g !'eed 4?A5 d MaDi#"# a--o(a)-e !'eed for !#oot&7air o'eratio ! 4?NE5

)
id +222

I t&e air7tig&t i !tr"#e t $a!e of t&e air!'eed i di$ator (e (i-- fi d*

a Tota- 're!!"re. b %tatic pressure. $ @% a#i$ 're!!"re. d Ra# air.

22.01. FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

2002/12/22

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11 of 78

7+
id +22,

If i di$ated air!'eed i! $orre$ted for a 'o!iti1e error6 t&e re!"-ti g $a-i)rated air!'eed (i-- )e*

a :ower. ) It (i-- ot )e <AS )"t EAS. $ Hig&er. d It (i-- ot )e <AS )"t TAS.

71
id +22+

I di$ated air!'eed $orre$ted for 'o!itio error i!*

a EC"i1a-e t air !'eed. ) Tr"e air !'eed. c (alibrated airspeed. d Gro" d !'eed.

72
id +227

A! a air'-a e $-i#)! &ig&er6 t&e tr"e air!'eed for a gi1e i di$ated air!'eed (i--*

a Ge -o(er t&a i di$ated. ) T&e tr"e air!'eed a d t&e i di$ated (i-- )e t&e !a#e. $ @e$rea!e. d *ncrease.

7/
id /01,

I di$ated air!'eed 4a! read o t&e air!'eed i di$atorI (i--*

a I $rea!e i &ead(i d. ) I $rea!e i tai-(i d. $ @e$rea!e i tai-(i d. d ;emain unchanged in headwind and tailwind.

74
id /013

=&e !ide7!-i''i g6 o e of t&e i !tr"#e t! )e-o( (i-- gi1e a i $orre$t i di$atio *

a ?erti$a- S'eed I di$ator. ) A-tit"de I di$ator. $ Attit"de I di$ator. d $irspeed *ndicator.

75
id /022

Mat$& i di$ated air!'eed 4IAS5 (it& t&e a!!o$iated defi itio *

a A$t"a- !'eed of a air$raft o1er t&e gro" d6 b #he airspeed you read directly from the airspeed indicator. $ I di$ated air!'eed $orre$ted for i !ta--atio a d i !tr"#e t error!. d <a-i)rated air!'eed $orre$ted for a-tit"de a d o 7!ta dard te#'erat"re.

7
id /02,

Mat$& $a-i)rated air!'eed 4<AS5 (it& t&e a!!o$iated defi itio *

a <a-i)rated air!'eed $orre$ted for a-tit"de a d o 7!ta dard te#'erat"re. ) A$t"a- !'eed of a air$raft o1er gro" d. $ T&e air!'eed %o" read fro# t&e air!'eed i di$ator. d *ndicated airspeed corrected for installation and instrument errors.

22.01. FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

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Page 12 of 78

77
id /023

Mat$& tr"e air!'eed 4TAS5 (it& t&e a!!o$iated defi itio *

a T&e air!'eed %o" read dire$t-% fro# t&e air!'eed i di$ator. b (alibrated airspeed corrected for altitude and non-standard temperature. $ A$t"a- !'eed of a air$raft o1er gro" d. d I di$ated air!'eed $orre$ted for i !ta--atio a d i !tr"#e t error!.

78
id /02+

Mat$& gro" d!'eed 4GS5 (it& t&e a!!o$iated defi itio *

a I di$ated air!'eed $orre$ted for i !ta--atio a d i !tr"#e t error!. ) <a-i)rated air!'eed $orre$ted for a-tit"de a d o 7!ta dard te#'erat"re. c $ctual speed of an aircraft o0er ground. d T&e air!'eed %o" read dire$t-% fro# air!'eed i di$ator.

7)
id /0,2

If6 (&e $orre$ti g a EAS 1a-"e of 1+0 Jt6 a TAS 1a-"e of 13/ Jt i! o)tai ed*

a a error #"!t &a1e )ee #ade i t&e $a-$"-atio . ) d o a--o(a $e &a! )ee #ade for $o#'re!!i)i-it%. o a--o(a $e &a! )ee #ade for 'o!itio error. c the density of the atmosphere must be greater than the *%$ mean sea le0el air density.

8+
id /0,,

T&e rea!o for &a1i g a !C"are7-a( $o#'e !atio i t&e air!'eed7i di$ator #e$&a i!# i!*

a T&e !tati$ 're!!"re de$rea!e! (it& a-tit"de a$$ordi g to a !C"are -a(. b T&e de !it% of t&e air de$rea!e! (it& a-tit"de a$$ordi g to a !C"are -a(. c #he differential pressure increases with the s!uare of the airspeed. d T&e $o#'re!!i)i-it% of t&e air i $rea!e! (it& t&e !C"are of t&e air!'eed.

81
id /231

TAS i!*

a gro" d !'eed ) t&e readi g o t&e ASI c the aircraft9s true airspeed which is 7$% corrected for altitude and temperature d tr"e air!'eed of t&e air$raft (&i$& i! RAS $orre$ted for a-tit"de a d te#'erat"re

22.01.01.03. Ma$& #eter

82
id +31

Ma$&#eter readi g! are !")9e$t to*

a te#'erat"re error. ) de !it% error. c position pressure error d !etti g error.

8/
id 108,

If t&e o"t!ide te#'erat"re at ,+ 000 feet i! 730B<6 t&e -o$a- !'eed of !o" d i! *

a ,07 .t. ) 237 .t. c 5) kt. d /8/ .t.

22.01. FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

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13 of 78

84
id 2+7/

@"ri g a !traig&t a d " ifor# $-i#)6 t&e 'i-ot #ai tai ! a $o !ta t $a-i)rated air!'eed 4<AS5 *

a T&e Ma$& "#)er i! $o !ta t a d t&e tr"e air!'eed 4TAS5 de$rea!e!. ) T&e Ma$& "#)er i $rea!e! a d t&e tr"e air!'eed 4TAS5 i! $o !ta t. $ T&e Ma$& "#)er i! $o !ta t a d t&e tr"e air!'eed 4TAS5 i! $o !ta t. d #he 2ach number increases and the true airspeed "#$%& increases.

85
id 2+81

A ?MA7MMA (ar i g de1i$e $o !i!t! of a a-ar# $o

e$ted to *

a a barometric aneroid capsule sub<ected to a static pressure and an airspeed sensor sub<ected to a dynamic pressure. ) a )aro#eti$ a eroid $a'!"-e !")9e$ted to a d% a#i$ 're!!"re a d a !")9e$ted to a !tati$ 're!!"re. air!'eed !e !or

$ a )aro#etri$ a eroid $a'!"-e a d a air!'eed !e !or !")9e$ted to d% a#i$ 're!!"re. d a )aro#etri$ a eroid $a'!"-e a d a air!'eed !e !or !")9e$ted to a !tati$ 're!!"re.

8
id 2+82

T&e readi g of a Ma$& i di$ator i! i de'e de t of *

a t&e !tati$ 're!!"re b the outside temperature $ t&e tota- 're!!"re d t&e differe tia- 're!!"re #ea!"re#e t

87
id 2+83

T&e 'ri $i'-e of t&e Ma$& i di$ator i! )a!ed o t&e $o#'"tatio of t&e ratio *

a 4Pt ; P!5 to P! ) Pt to P! $ 4Pt 7 P!5 to Pt d "Pt - Ps& to Ps

88
id 2+8+

T&e #a$& "#)er i! t&e*

a eC"i1a-e t air!'eed 4EAS5 di1ided )% t&e -o$a- !'eed of !o" d ) $orre$ted air!'eed 4<AS5 di1ided )% t&e -o$a- !'eed of !o" d $ i di$ated air!'eed 4IAS5 di1ided )% t&e -o$a- !'eed of !o" d d true airspeed "#$%& di0ided by the local speed of sound

8)
id 27+0

I di$atio of Ma$& "#)er i! o)tai ed fro#*

a I di$ated !'eed 4IAS5 $o#'ared (it& tr"e air !'eed 4TAS5 fro# t&e air data $o#'"ter ) A ordi ar% air!'eed i di$ator !$a-ed for Ma$& "#)er! i !tead of . ot! $ A .i d of e$&o !o" d $o#'ari g 1e-o$it% of !o" d (it& i di$ated !'eed d *ndicated speed and altitude using a speed indicator e!uipped with an altimeter type aneroid

)+
id ,310

At a $o !ta t $a-i)rated air!'eed 4<AS56 t&e Ma$& "#)er *

a increases when the altitude increases ) de$rea!e! (&e t&e a-tit"de i $rea!e! $ re#ai ! " $&a ged (&e t&e o"t!ide te#'erat"re i $rea!e! d re#ai ! " $&a ged (&e t&e o"t!ide te#'erat"re de$rea!e!

22.01. FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

2002/12/22

Page 13 of 78

)1
id ,311

At a $o !ta t Ma$& "#)er6 t&e $a-i)rated air !'eed 4<AS5 *

a re#ai ! " $&a ged (&e t&e o"t!ide te#'erat"re i $rea!e! ) i $rea!e! (&e t&e a-tit"de i $rea!e! c decreases when the altitude increases d re#ai ! " $&a ged (&e t&e o"t!ide te#'erat"re de$rea!e!

)2
id 3120

T&e Ma$& "#)er i! *

a- air!'eed to t&e !o i$ 1e-o$it% at t&e a-tit"de $o !idered

a t&e ratio of t&e air$raft $o 1e tio

) a dire$t f" $tio of te#'erat"re E it 1arie! i 'ro'ortio to t&e !C"are root of t&e a)!o-"te te#'erat"re

$ t&e ratio of t&e i di$ated air!'eed to t&e !o i$ 1e-o$it% at t&e a-tit"de $o !idered d the ratio of the aircraft true airspeed to the sonic 0elocity at the altitude considered

)/
id 3/13

So" d 'ro'agate! t&ro"g& t&e air at a !'eed (&i$& o -% de'e d! o *

a te#'erat"re a d t&e 're!!"re. b temperature. $ 're!!"re. d de !it%.

)4
id 3/1+

T&e 1e-o$it% of !o" d at t&e !ea -e1e- i a !ta dard at#o!'&ere i!*

a /33 .t. ) 10+2 .t. c 1 kt. d ,,2 .t.

95 $o !ta t

If t&e a#)ie t te#'erat"re de$rea!e!6 t&e TAS of a

id /01+

air$raft $r"i!i g at a

Ma$& "#)er (i--* a re#ai $o !ta t ) i $rea!e )e$a"!e -o$a- !'eed of !o" d de$rea!e!
$ i $rea!e )e$a"!e -o$a- !'eed of !o" d i $rea!e! d decrease because local speed of sound decreases

)
id /020

A air$raft i! f-%i g at a TASof ,10 Jt at FL2206 te#'erat"re de1iatio i! 7/K <. T&e -o$a- !'eed of !o" d i!*

a +70 Jt
b 58/ =t

$ +2/ Jt d +/, Jt

)7
id /0/1

=&at i! t&e Ma$& "#)er>

a It i! t&e !'eed of t&e air$raft i Ma$& 'er$e tage!. b *t is the ratio of the aircraft9s true airspeed to the local speed of sound of the air in which the aircraft is mo0ing. $ It i! t&e ratio of t&e air$raftF! i di$ated air!'eed to t&e -o$a- !'eed of !o" d of t&e air i (&i$& t&e air$raft i! #o1i g. d It i! t&e ratio of t&e air$raftF! tr"e air!'eed to t&e air$raftF! i di$ated air!'eed.

22.01. FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

2002/12/22

Page 1+ of 78

)8
id /0/2

Ho( #a % dia'&rag#! are 're!e t i a )a!i$ Ma$& #eter>

a T&ree. b #wo. $ Fo"r. d A e.

))
id /0/,

T&e Ma$& "#)er i! a f" $tio of t&e

a &"#idit% of t&e air. b $bsolute temperature of the air. $ I!o)ari$ gradie t of t&e f-"id. d re-ati1e air te#'erat"re.

22.01.01.0+. ?erti$a- S'eed I di$ator 4?SI5

id

1++ T&e 1erti$a- !'eed i di$ator of a air$raft f-%i g at a tr"e air!'eed of 100 .t6 i a 2+23 de!$e t (it& a !-o'e of , degree!6 i di$ate! *

a - 5++ ft1min. ) 7 ,00 ft/#i $ 7 1+0 ft/#i d 7 2+0 ft/#i

101
id 2/0/

T&e re!'o !e ti#e of a 1erti$a- !'eed dete$tor #a% )e i $rea!ed )% addi g a*

a ret"r !'ri g ) )i#etta-i$ !tri' c correction based on an accelerometer sensor. d !e$o d $a-i)rated 'ort

1+2
id +,78

T&e 1erti$a- !'eed i di$ator 4?SI5 i! fed )% *

a d% a#i$ 're!!"re b static pressure $ tota- 're!!"re d differe tia- 're!!"re

10,
id +32/

T&e o'erati g 'ri $i'-e of t&e 1erti$a- !'eed i di$ator 4?SI5 i! )a!ed o t&e #ea!"re#e t of t&e rate of $&a ge of*

a Ji eti$ 're!!"re ) @% a#i$ 're!!"re $ Tota- 're!!"re d %tatic pressure

1+4
id +287

=&at doe! a 1erti$a- !'eed i di$ator a$t"a--% #ea!"re>

a #he rate of pressure change. ) T&e rate of te#'erat"re $&a ge. $ T&e rate of a-tit"de $&a ge. d T&e rate of te#'erat"re a d a-tit"de $&a ge.

22.01. FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

2002/12/22

Page 1/ of 78

1+5
id /012

Ho( doe! -ag error i a I !ta ta eo"! ?SI 4I?SI5 $o#'are to t&at i a or#a- ?SI>

a It i! e-i#i ated )% "!i g a -ogarit&#i$ !$a-e.

) It i! e-i#i ated )% 'a!!i g !tati$ 're!!"re i itia--% to t&e $a!e a d t&e t&ro"g& t&e #eteri g de1i$e.

c *t is 0irtually eliminated by using an acceleration pump. d It i! 1irt"a--% e-i#i ated )% "!i g a !er1o#otor.

1+
id /0,0

T&e '"r'o!e of t&e I?SI i! to

a a"to#ati$a--% i itiate $-i#)! a d de!$e t! t&ro"g& t&e a"to#ati$ f-ig&t $o tro- !%!te#. b gi0e an instantaneous indication of the aircraft9s 0ertical speed when a climb or descent has been initiated. $ i di$ate to t&e 'i-ot i !ta ta eo"!-% (&e a air$raft 'it$&e! i t"r 6 e!'e$ia--% !tee' t"r !. d e-i#i ate -ag )% 'a!!i g !tati$ 're!!"re dire$t-% i to t&e $a!e )efore e teri g t&e #eteri g de1i$e.

1+7
id /0,3

T&e ?erti$a- S'eed I di$ator 4?SI5 gi1e*

a I##ediate tre d i for#atio a d i##ediate $-i#) or de!$e t i for#atio . b *mmediate trend information and stable climb or descent information after to 12 seconds "depending on type&. $ No tre d i for#atio 6 )"t !ta)-e $-i#) or de!$e t i for#atio after / to 12 !e$o d! 4de'e di g o t%'e5. d I##ediate !ta)-e $-i#) or de!$e t i for#atio 6 )"t " re-ia)-e tre d i for#atio .
id

1+8 =it&i a te#'erat"re ra ge of ;+0B a d 720B < t&e ?SI i! a$$"rate to (it&i -i#it! /0,+ of*

a -1- 2++ ft1min. ) ;/7 0 ft/#i . $ ;/7 ,0 ft/#i . d ;/7 ,00 ft/#i .

1+)
id /0/7

T&e 1erti$a- !'eed i di$ator read!*

a #he differential pressure between the capsule pressure and the case pressure. ) T&e differe tia- 're!!"re )et(ee t&e $a'!"-e 're!!"re a d t&e o"t!ide !tati$ 're!!"re. $ T&e differe tia- 're!!"re )et(ee t&e !tati$ 're!!"re a d 'itot 're!!"re. d A -% t&e o"t!ide !tati$ 're!!"re.

11+
id /0/8

=&i$& !tate#e t i! $orre$t for t&e ?erti$a- S'eed I di$ator 4?SI5 d"ri g a $-i#) *

a T&e 're!!"re i !ide t&e $a'!"-e eC"a-i!e! t&e 're!!"re i !ide t&e $a!e. b #he pressure inside the capsule drops faster than the pressure inside the case. $ T&e 're!!"re i !ide t&e $a!e dro'! fa!ter t&a t&e 're!!"re i !ide t&e $a'!"-e. d T&e 're!!"re i to t&e $a'!"-e dro' !&o(er t&a t&e 're!!"re i to t&e $a!e.
id

111 Air$raft (it& 're!!"ri0ed $a)i e i f-ig&t* =&e !(it$&i g to t&e a-ter ate !tati$ /0/2 're!!"re !o"r$e6 t&e 'oi ter of t&e ?erti$a- S'eed I di$ator *

a doe! ot #o1e. ) i di$ate! a $-i#)6 t&e #ai tai ! t&i! 'o!itio . $ i di$ate! a $-i#)6 t&e !ett-e! do( a d read! $orre$t-%. d indicates a climb3 then settles down and reads incorrectly.

22.01. FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

2002/12/22

Page 17 of 78

22.01.01.0/. Air @ata <o#'"ter 4A@<5

112
id 2+2,

T&e ad1a tage! 'ro1ided )% a air data $o#'"ter to i di$ate t&e a-tit"de are * 1. Po!itio /'re!!"re error $orre$tio 2. H%!tere!i! error $orre$tio ,. Re#ote data tra !#i!!io $a'a)i-it% 3. <a'a)i-it% of o'erati g a! a $o 1e tio a- a-ti#eter i t&e e1e t of a fai-"re T&e $o#)i atio of $orre$t !tate#e t! i! *

a 1626,63 b 13/34 c 26,63 d 1626,

11,
id 2/30

Gi1e * 7 T! t&e !tati$ te#'erat"re 4SAT5 7 Tt t&e tota- te#'erat"re 4TAT5 7 Jr t&e re$o1er% $oeffi$ie t 7 M t&e Ma$& "#)er T&e tota- te#'erat"re $a )e eD're!!ed a''roDi#ate-% )% t&e for#"-a *

a Tt L T!4170.2 MM5 b #t > #s"1-+.2 2?& $ Tt L T!41;0.2 Jr.MM5 d Tt L T!/41;0.2 Jr.MM5

113
id 2738

I A Air @ata <o#'"ter 4A@<56 aero'-a e a-tit"de i! $a-$"-ated fro#*

a Mea!"re#e t of e-a'!ed ti#e for a radio !ig a- tra !#itted to t&e gro" d !"rfa$e a d )a$. ) T&e differe $e )et(ee a)!o-"te a d d% a#i$ 're!!"re at t&e f"!e-age $ Mea!"re#e t of o"t!ide air te#'erat"re 4AAT5 d 2easurement of absolute barometric pressure from a static source on the fuselage

115
id 2732

A Air @ata <o#'"ter 4A@<5 *

t&e !tati$ !%!te# a d tra !#it! t&i! i for#atio to AT< to 'ro1ide

a Mea!"re! 'o!itio error i $orre$t a-tit"de re'orti g

) I! a a"Di-iar% !%!te# t&at 'ro1ide! a-tit"de i for#atio i t&e e1e t t&at t&e !tati$ !o"r$e i! )-o$.ed

$ <o 1ert! air data #ea!"re#e t! gi1e )% AT< fro# t&e gro" d i order to 'ro1ide $orre$t a-tit"de a d !'eed i for#atio d #ransforms air data measurements into electric impulses dri0ing ser0o motors in instruments

11
id /002

T&e #ea!"re#e t of SAT 4!tati$ air te#'erat"re5 )% dire$t #ea ! i! ot 'o!!i)-e o !o#e 4fa!t5 air$raft )e$a"!e

a t&e )o" dar% -a%er aro" d t&e air$raft get! 1er% t"r)"-e t. ) #o!t te#'erat"re !e !or! &a1e a -o( re$o1er% fa$tor. c of the effects from adiabatic compression and friction. d t&e airf-o( $a"!e! too #"$& $oo-i g of t&e !e !i g 'ro)e.

117
id /010

T&e ra# air te#'erat"re 4RAT5 i! defi ed a!*

a t&e AAT 4o"t!ide air te#'.5 '-"! t&e SAT. ) t&e te#'erat"re of t&e ra# ri!e. $ t&e te#'erat"re rai!e $a"!ed )% adia)ati$ $o#'re!!io . d %$# plus the ram rise.

22.01. FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

2002/12/22

Page 18 of 78

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