Seminar Report 11

Intelligent Management Of Electrical Systems in Industries

Abstract

The automation of public electricity distribution has developed very rapidly in the past few years. The same basis can be used to develop new intelligent applications for electricity distribution networks in industrial plants. Many new applications have to be introduced because of the different environment and needs in industrial sector. The paper includes a system description of industrial electric system management. The paper discusses on the requirements of new applications and methods that can be used to solve problems in the areas of distribution management and condition monitoring of industrial networks.

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Seminar Report 11

Intelligent Management Of Electrical Systems in Industries

CONTENTS 1 Introduction ...... 0 ! "pplications for supporting the public distribution network management ................................................ 0# $ %escription of the system environment ..0& "pplication functions for distribution management in industrial plants ............ 11 # "dvanced %istribution "utomation .....................................1 #.1 %istribution 'ystem of (uture with "%" ..1) * %istribution Management (unctions ....................1& )"pplication (unctions of %ata Management 'ystems ...................................!1 ).1+ ,oad modeling ............................................!1 ).!+ -eliability management...........!$ ).$+ .oltage dip analyses................................!# ). + /ower quality analyses................!* ).#+ 0ondition monitoring..........!* & 0onclusion.............................................!1 1 2ibliography..................................$0

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Seminar Report 11

Intelligent Management Of Electrical Systems in Industries

Introduction

Industrial plants have put continuous pressure on the advanced process automation. 3owever4 there has not been so much focus on the automation of the electricity distribution networks. "lthough4 the uninterrupted electricity distribution is one basic requirement for the process. " disturbance in electricity supply causing the5downrun6 of the process may cost huge amount of money. Thus the intelligent management of electricity distribution including4 for e7ample4 preventive condition monitoring and on8line reliability analysis has a great importance. 9owadays the above needs have aroused the increased interest in the electricity distribution automation of industrial plants. The automation of public electricity distribution has developed very rapidly in the past few years. .ery promising results has been gained4 for e7ample4 in decreasing outage times of customers. 3owever4 the same concept as such cannot be applied in the field of industrial electricity distribution4 although the bases of automation systems are common. The infrastructures of different industry plants vary more from each other as compared to the public electricity distribution4 which is more homogeneous domain. The automation devices4 computer systems4 and databases are not in the same level and the integration of them is more complicated.

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Intelligent Management Of Electrical Systems in Industries

"pplications for supporting the public distribution network management

It was seen already in the end of &0:s that the conventional automation system ;i.e. '0"%"+ cannot solve all the problems regarding to network operation. <n the other hand4 the different computer systems ;e.g. "M=(M=>I'+ include vast amount of data which is useful in network operation. The operators had considerable heuristic knowledge to be utili?ed4 too. Thus new tools for practical problems were called for4 to which "I8based methods ;e.g. ob@ect8oriented approach4 rule8based technique4 uncertainty modeling and fu??y sets4 hyperte7t technique4 neural networks and genetic algorithms+ offers new problem solving methods. 'o far a computer system entity4 called as a distribution management system ;%M'+4 has been developed. The %M' is a part of an integrated environment composed of the '0"%"4 distribution automation ;e.g. microprocessor8based protection relays+4 the network database ;i.e. "M=(M=>I'+4 the geographical database4 the customer database4 and the automatic telephone answering machine system. The %M' includes many intelligent applications needed in network operation. 'uch applications are4 for e7ample4 normal state8monitoring and optimi?ation4 real8time network calculations4 short term load forecasting4 switching planning4 and fault management.

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Intelligent Management Of Electrical Systems in Industries

The core of the whole %M' is the dynamic ob@ect8oriented network model. The distribution network is modeled as dynamic ob@ects which are generated based on the network data read from the network database. The network model includes the real8time state of the network ;e.g. topology and loads+. %ifferent network operation tasks call for different kinds of problem solving methods. .arious modules can operate interactively with each other through the network model4 which works as a blackboard ;e.g. the results of load flow calculations are stored in the network model4 where they are available in all other modules for different purposes+.The present %M' is a Aindows 9T 8program implemented by .isual 0BB. The prototyping meant the iteration loop of knowledge acquisition4 modeling4 implementation4 and testing. /rototype versions were tested in a real environment from the very beginning. Thus the feedback on new inference models4 e7ternal connections4 and the user8interface was obtained at a very early stage. The aim of a real application in the technical sense was thus been achieved. The %M' entity was tested in the pilot company4 Coillis8'atakunnan 'DhkE <y4 having about 1000 distribution substations and 1 00 km of !0 k. feeders. In the pilot company different versions of the fault location module have been used in the past years in over $00 real faults. Most of the faults have been located with an accuracy of some hundred meters4 while the distance of a fault from the feeding point has been from a few to tens of kilometers. The fault location system has been one reason for the reduced outage times of customers ;i.e. about #0 F in the & past years+ together with other automation.

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Intelligent Management Of Electrical Systems in Industries

The e7periences as a whole were so encouraging that the %M' was modified as a commercial product. The vendor was first a small (innish software company. 'ince 111) the %M' has been a worldwide software product of "22 Transmit <ybeing integrated to the Micro'0"%" platform. "t present the %M' is in everyday use in several distribution companies all over the world. /art of the research group behind the development of the %M' works at present as the employees of "224 which has confirmed the successful commercially phase.

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Intelligent Management Of Electrical Systems in Industries

Description of the system environment

" big industrial plant differs from public distribution company by organi?atory structure and by system environment. " production is divided into many departments or many companies. These units have the responsibility of production and maintenance. .ery often the maintenance is maintained by a service company. "n energy department or company is in charge of local energy production and of the distribution network. "bove organi?ations may have some control systems that serve for their needs only4 but usually information systems are closely connected together. " process automation system is the most important system in an industrial plant4 sometimes including other systems4 as illustrated in (ig. 1. (or e7ample4 all energy production and distribution network control tasks can be done in a process automation system. 9ormally4 because of the reliability reasons4 vital parts of distribution network control is independent on the process automation. The independency of process automation system vendor has been one reason for separate systems4 too.

(igure1G "utomation and information systems of an industrial plant. www.seminarsTopics.com )

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Intelligent Management Of Electrical Systems in Industries

The systems in (ig. 1 utili?e many databases4 which contain data that can be used in new applications. /rocess automation systems collect data for process monitoring and optimi?ation tools. The databases contain information of material flow4 energy flow and control data of production machines. Maintenance databases include technical specifications and condition data of production machine components. 'imilar information of electricity network components is supported by network database. /roduction programs are stored in the databases of administrative systems. Intelligent applications are needed toG 8 3andle large amount of information available. This includes filtering of data and producing new information by collecting data. 8 Illustrate comple7 dependencies of electricity distribution and production processes in abnormal situations. 8 >ive instructions for operators in fault situations. " risk of misoperation in unusual fault situation is obvious and prevents or delay operatorsH decision making. 8 "utomi?e analysis tasks. 0ontinuous information analysis is not possible manually.

In order to introduce new intelligent applications for the management of electric systems in industrial plants4 a basis for implementation is needed. The following requirements should be satisfiedG 8 %ocumentation of electricity distribution network is available for the systems. 9etwork databases can supply this information.

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Intelligent Management Of Electrical Systems in Industries

8 9etwork4 process and motor measurements are available for the system. This means4 that data acquisition from multiple sources with capability to use various data transfer methods is needed4 as illustrated in (ig. !.

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Intelligent Management Of Electrical Systems in Industries

Application functions for distribution management in industrialplants

"s mentioned above the concept of public distribution automation cannot be applied as such in the management of industrial electricity networks. (or e7ample4 fast and accurate fault location has a great importance for reducing the outage time of customers in the public electricity distribution4 while there is no special need of such a function in industrial networks. /redictive condition monitoring4 reliability calculations4 and protection relay coordination to prevent disturbances in advance are more important. 0aused by the features of industrial networks there are needs for methods to model dynamic phenomena and harmonics4 and to calculate load8flow and fault currents in ring connected networks. "n essential need is the load modeling which differs considerable from the public distribution. The basis of the distribution management system ;i.e. the use of network model as the blackboard+ is common in the both domains. The network model includes the real8time topology and network calculation results in the prevailing switching and load conditions. The main functions of system entity for the industrial networks are listed in the followingG I -eal8time network monitoring4 state estimation and optimi?ationG 8 Topology management 8 load flow and fault currents also as dynamic phenomena 8 Monitoring and compensation of reactive power 8 monitoring of harmonics and resonances www.seminarsTopics.com 10

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Intelligent Management Of Electrical Systems in Industries

8 Minimi?ation of power losses I /lanning and simulation of operation actions 8 switching planning 8 "utomatic load shedding and forming a local island 8 switching the network as a part of the national grid 8 fault situations I Management of disturbances 8 Jvent analysis 8 (ault location and network restoration 8 /reventive condition monitoring 8 /rotection relay coordination 8 -eliability calculations 8 reporting

%istribution "utomation which includes feeder automation and distribution management systems ;%M'+ is an important technique in distribution network. The distribution management systems are composed of distribution management functions. The %M( is an entity which incorporates different applications on a single platform over which supervision is made. This mainly supports documentation of network data planning operation and reliability management of distribution networks. .arious

application functions for distribution management in industrial plants are mainly load modeling 4reliability management 4 power quality analysis4 voltage dip analysis and

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condition monitoring ."ll this are incorporated in a domain of distribution management functions. "dvanced distribution automation ;"%"+ modern day approach towards efficient management of distribution networks.

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Intelligent Management Of Electrical Systems in Industries

ADVANCED DIST I!"TION A"TO#ATION

Traditional distribution systems were designed to perform one functionK distributing power to end users. The distribution system of the future will be more versatile and will be multifunctional. 'trategic drivers for "%" are to L Improve system performance L -educe outage times L "llow the efficient use of distributed energy resources L /rovide the customer more choices and L To integrate the customer systems (or "%" to work4 the various intelligent devices must be interoperable both in the electric system architecture and in the communication and control architecture.

. (igure$G "%" architecture www.seminarsTopics.com 1$

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Intelligent Management Of Electrical Systems in Industries

"%" will enable the distribution system to be configured in new ways for such things as looped secondaries or intentional islanding to facilitate easy recovery from outages and to deal with other emergencies.

(igG The three ma@or components of "%" M (le7ible electrical system architecture M -eal8time state estimation tools M 0ommunication and control system based on open architecture standards The intelligent universal transformer is a prime e7ample of a new electronic device that will be a cornerstone of "%". It will provide a variety of functions including M .oltage stepping M .oltage regulation M /ower quality enhancement M 9ew customer service options such as %0 power output M /ower electronic replacement for conventional copper and iron transformers

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Intelligent Management Of Electrical Systems in Industries

The (le7ible Jlectric "rchitecture and the <pen 0ommunications "rchitecture synergistically empower each other to create the distribution system of the future.

Jach of these is made more valuable by its interaction with the other.

"%" will provide improvements in many areas including

M -eliability M 'ystem performance M 0ondition monitoring M <utage detection and restoration M Maintenance practices and prioriti?ation M "utomated switching and fault management M -eactive power and voltage management M ,oss reduction and load management M 0ustomer service options

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Intelligent Management Of Electrical Systems in Industries

Distribution System of $uture %ith ADA

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Intelligent Management Of Electrical Systems in Industries

DIST I!"TION #ANA&E#ENT $"NCTIONS

%istribution management functions form an entity of applications supporting documentation of network data4 and planning4 operation and reliability management of distribution network in industrial plants. The functions can be included into different computer systems4 like "M=(M=>I'4 %istribution Management 'ystem ;%M'+4 and '0"%" or case specific customi?ed applications. The main functions of distribution management entity for the industrial networks are listed in the followingG L %ocumentation of network data L >raphical user interfaces L -eal8time network monitoring4 state estimation and optimi?ation 8 Topology management4 load flow and fault current calculation4 monitoring and compensation of reactive power4 monitoring of harmonics and resonance4 and minimi?ation of power losses L /lanning and simulation of operation actions 8 switching planning4 fault situations4 automatic load shedding and forming a local island L Management of disturbances and reliability 8 /reventive condition monitoring4 reliability and availability management4 protection relay coordination4 event analysis4 fault location and network restoration4 reporting. 0aused by the features of industrial networks the importance of the distribution management functions are different as in public electricity networks. There are also needs for new methods. "n essential need is the load modeling which differs www.seminarsTopics.com 1)

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Intelligent Management Of Electrical Systems in Industries

considerable from the public distribution. /redictive condition monitoring4 reliability management4 and

protection relay coordination to prevent disturbances in advance have a great importance. 'ome functions of the %M' for the management of public distribution networks can be applied almost as such also in the management of industrial electricity networks4 e.g. topology management.

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Intelligent Management Of Electrical Systems in Industries

A''(ICATION $"NCTIONS O$ DATA #ANA&E#ENT S)STE#S

*+ (oad modeling
The essential basis for advanced application functions is the modeling of loads connected to the network. Nsually there are only few measurement points in the network. 3owever4 loading of every load node of the network must be known in the network calculations. (or that purpose the loads are estimated by load models. The essential need for the load models is that they form a basis for the load8flow calculations. -esults of load8flow calculations are utili?ed different kind of tasks as real8 time network monitoring and optimi?ation4 and switching planning. Information on loads can also be utili?ed in preventive condition monitoring and reliability analyses. "lthough4 the loads ;i.e. the current+ of some nodes can be measured on8line4 models are needful because of the %M' can be used also in simulated state4 when the information of system does not correspond the current real8time state of the distribution network. In the domain of public electricity distribution hourly load curves have been determined for each customer group to be used in load8flow calculation and load forecasting. In industrial plants the load modeling should be based mainly on the process

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Intelligent Management Of Electrical Systems in Industries

itself and its behavior. ,oad models can be determined by making enough measurements in different known process conditions. 3owever4 the industrialplants vary from each other quite much4 which means that load models determined in one plant may not be able to used as such in other one. <ne aim of the research work is to develop tools and methods by which the determination of the plant specific load models can be achieved during the installation of the automation system when enough measurements have been done and certain process specific parameters are known. 9eural networks can be used to learn the correlations between the measurements and the process in order to produce the load model 'ignificant features of the load models are swiftness4 simplicity4 a capability to utili?e measured information4 a capability to utili?e inaccurate information and a capability to adapt alternating and different conditions. The state monitoring of the %M' acts in real times which appoint demands to the swiftness of the load models. (urther the industrial processes will be developed and so the load models must be able to adapt in varied situation. %emands4 mentioned above4 could be achieved using advanced methods and technologies. This means using neural networks technology4 fu??y logic and self8 adaptively technologies in further development of load models of the industrial distribution networks.

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Intelligent Management Of Electrical Systems in Industries

(ig #G 9etwork ,oad Model %etermining

,oad forecasting in the industrial environment cannot be based on any regularity of behavior. -eliable forecasting assumes use of methods which can utili?e production plans in some time distance which also can have a large difference with each other and include inaccurate information. The load forecasting of the network feeding some process bases on the known behavior of the process4 earlier measured values and the planned production. Calculation methods for meshed net%or,s The %M' for public distribution management included load flow and fault current calculation procedures4 which worked only in radial networks. The need for

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Intelligent Management Of Electrical Systems in Industries

calculating meshed networks in industrial distribution networks is anyway obvious ;e.g. there are several fault current sources+. ,oad flow calculation for meshed network leads to a group of non8linear

equations. 0lassic 9ewton8-aphson iteration is considered be the most competent method for solving load flow equations4 and was selected as the solver. (ault current calculation is performed only in the symmetrical three8phase case. In fact4 the calculation can be done simply by inverting a matri7. To calculate inverse of matri7 with conventional methods is now too laborious and therefore discarded. Instead an algorithm called O8bus algorithm is used for calculating inverse effectively. The load flow and fault current algorithms are implemented as a part of the %M' so that they can utili?e the common network model and topology analysis. The primary information for the load8flow calculation is the loads of the secondary substations and motors connected to the medium voltage network. The loading information is read from the "ccess Mdatabase including the load models for different situations. The results of load flow and fault current calculations can be studied through the user8interface of the %M' by selecting the desired node.

-+ eliability management
The functions related to reliability have considerable economic significance in industry. The losses of production caused by the disturbances and the inputs into the investments of the systems including maintenance and operational arrangements @oin here.

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Intelligent Management Of Electrical Systems in Industries

The reliability can be studied with both qualitative and quantitative methods. Aith a qualitative analysis the possible states of the system and reasons which lead to these are determined with non8numerical methods. The failure modes4 effects and

criticality analyses are adapted generally on the qualitative methods. Nsing failure modes4 effects and criticality analysis it is aimed to identify those faults of the devices or of the subsystems which affect the capabilities of the system significantly. The system is systematically analy?ed and the effects of the component faults of the system are evaluated. In a quantitative analysis indicators describing the capabilities of the system are calculated. (or e7ample4 availability4 fault frequencies4 durations of disturbances and indicators which describe the economic appreciation of interruptions can be evaluated. The functions supporting power distribution reliability management can be included in several different systems which are4 among others4 "M=(M=>I'4 the %istribution Management 'ystem ;%M'+4 '0"%" system4 maintenance systems4 and documentation systems depending on the total concept.

The load flow calculations and short circuit calculations are applications which have central meaning in reliability analyses. The calculations make it possible to simulate faults4 to plan relaying arrangements and network operations. 'witching plans

operational instructions can furthermore be stored in databases. "n essential function supporting reliability management and analyses is also the management of various

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Intelligent Management Of Electrical Systems in Industries

instructions and documents. There are many kind of documents which can be used to support the reliability management. The graphical user8interface makes available the developing of the different sophisticated user friendly functions4 for e7ample4 determination of the feeding routes of the components or loads to be e7amined The estimation of the reliability technical state and capabilities of the distribution system together with real8time condition supervision and maintenance programmes are in a central position in the anticipating and prevention of disturbances and in the minimi?ation of their effects. The analysis of reliability technical state and capability of power distribution network is closely related to the protection coordination4 too. Nsing fault current and load8flow calculations personnel can evaluate how the distribution and the primary processes will behave in fault situations of the distribution network.

.+ Voltage dip analyses

" voltage dip is a sudden reduction of the supply voltage to a value between 10 Fand 1 F of the declared voltage4 followed by a voltage recovery after a short period of time. /ossible causes of these dips are typically faults in installations or in feeding public networks and switching of large loads ;e.g. motors+. In rural areas voltage dips are generally caused by short circuit faults in the public M. overhead network. The interest in voltage dips is mainly due to the problems they cause on several types of equipment e.g. tripping of ad@ustable8speed drives ;both ac and dc drives+4 process8control equipment4 computers and contactors in front of some devices. The employment of INT with the support of "%" is a step towards reduction in these voltage dips.

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Intelligent Management Of Electrical Systems in Industries

/+ 'o%er 0uality analyses

The term /ower Puality ;/P+ is used with slightly different meanings. More e7tensive meaning can be associated with any problems in voltage4 current or frequency deviations which result in failure4 malfunction4 disturbances or combination of voltage quality and current quality. 3owever4 the voltage quality is addressed in most cases. .oltage quality is concerned with deviations of the voltage from the ideal and main characteristics

can be described as with regard to frequency4 magnitude4 waveform4 symmetry of the three phase voltages and interruptions. In industrial plants on the other hand increasing amount of disturbing devices ;e.g. ad@ustable drives and power electronics+ and on the other hand increasing amount of sensitive devices ;computers4 process automation 4electronic devices and ad@ustable drives+ have caused growing concern about power quality. Thus there is also a growing need to manage and monitor power quality.
Volts

1 + Condition monitoring
There e7ist many systems for condition monitoring of industrial processes4 especially for rotating machines. Monitoring usually covers electric motors that are connected to the monitored processes. There are on8line systems designed mainly for condition monitoring of electric motors4 too. These systems usually include measuring device connected with processing device4 which can be connected permanently to data bus supplying information for analy?ing computer or data can be collected from device occasionally. " selection between continuous data transfer and manually performed data collection is made mainly by the costs of instrumentation and labour. Jlectric motors are

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Intelligent Management Of Electrical Systems in Industries

often considered to be very reliable4 which means that investment not economically @ustified. <n8line condition monitoring of components of electricity distribution network is not commonly used. /rotection relays include some functions for condition monitoring such as self diagnostics of relay and counter of operations. The applications described which are required to collect data from various sources4 for e7ample from process automation4 electricity grid and energy management system. These systems contain data or are able to collect data to be used for condition monitoring purposes. /rocess automation and energy management can provide energy4 power4 current and temperature measurements of motors as well as measurement of output quantity of drive4 such as mass flow of pump. Jlectricity grid protection and measuring devices supply quantitative and sometimes also qualitative information of voltage and current. 'ome useful information of condition of components can be created @ust by collecting and analy?ing information available. %atabase information is used in condition monitoring and condition planning of network components as followsG

I 0omponent data from the network databaseG 8 %ate of installation4 model4 and nominal life time 8 /lan for service and replacement investments I <peration counters and operation time of switches and disconnectorsG 8 Mechanical condition can be estimated 8 Test instruction for unused disconnectors to prevent sticking

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Intelligent Management Of Electrical Systems in Industries

I Integrated lifetime ;estimate of aging+ I -eliability analysisG 8 Topology information and estimated reliability of components in a given load situation I "nalysis ;reconstruction+ of actual faultsG 8 'imulated network state using topology4 load and voltage information of previous situation.

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Intelligent Management Of Electrical Systems in Industries

Conclusion

-equirements of intelligent software applications for supporting the operation of industrial distribution networks are different compared to the public distribution. The domain is more segmented and heterogeneous4 and the infrastructure of automation and computer systems for electricity networks are not so sophisticated and advanced as other process automation. <n the other hand the chance to apply intelligent software methods is promising from the point of view of end8user attitudes4 because the same kind of methods have been successfully applied in process automation4 e.g. in fu??y control and system modeling using neural networks. This paper discusses the requirements of intelligent methods in the new domain4 introduces the system environment and presents initial results gained in the research work. Intelligent management will provide improvements inmany areas including -eliability4 'ystem performance4 loss reduction and load management. The emergence of intelligent management is a promising step towards efficient maintenance and complete automation.

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!I!I(IO& A'2)

1+ Qero."46 ,oad modeling for distribution management function of industrial medium .oltage distribution networks 54 IJJJ Transactions on Industry applications4 .ol.$! 9o 4 Qanuary !001. !+ (rank -. >oodman4 Qr.4 /h.%.6 "dvanced %istribution "utomation64 www.epri.com. $+ Markku Cauppinen4 Tampere Nniversity of Technology4 (inland 5Management of electrical systems in industrial plants64 www.energyline.com . + ,i@un Pin46" new principle fro system protection in distribution networks64 IJJJ transactions on power delivery4 .ol 104 9o 4 Qune !001. #+ Monclar (.-46 Intelligent support system for distribution network management 54 International conference on Intelligent system application to power systems 54 'weden4 Qune !000.

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