File (SQL Tutorial)

Lesson 01
Basic Introduction
First let us understand the basic definitions of elements, fields, and items, columns, records,
tables, datatypes, as well as primary and foreign keys.
Elements, Fields and Items
In this tutorial, we will use the terms: elements, fields and items interchangeably.
A record also is the same as a row in a table.
Columns, Tables, Records, and Datatypes
To understand the relationships between tables, records, columns, and datatype consider the
following.
A field is the smallest unit in a table. A record is nothing more than a collection of fields or
columns horizontally. A table holds a collection of records. Now each column must have its
own datatype. A record can be added or inserted into a table. A value in a column can be
changed and a record in a table can be deleted.
Primary and Foreign Keys

Relationships between two tables are normally established by defining primary or foreign
keys.
The following diagram shows relationship between the EMP (Employee) table and the DEPT
(Department) table.
The DEPTNO column in the EMP table is a foreign key and the DEPTNO column in the
DEPT table is the primary key.
A primary key has the immutable responsibility of serving as a unique identifier in a table. A
foreign key is a column that refers to the primary key of another table. To join two tables, a
“where clause” is used to set up a table relationship between primary and foreign keys.
Entity Relationship/Logical data Model
"Entity Relationship Diagram" or "Logical Data Model" is used to establish relationships
between entities. In the following diagram-an Entity Relationship Diagram For Company’s
Customers and Their Orders--the relationship between the customer table and the order table,
is established by their defined primary and foreign keys.
The foreign key of the order table refers to the primary key of the customer table. A customer
can have one or many orders. An order, however, can refer to one and only one customer.
Composite Index
A primary key can be composed of more than one column. We call it a composite index.
An example of a composite index is the Item table in the diagram. Note how the combination
of two columns in the items table was used to create a primary key. These two columns are
"itemid" and "orderid".
You are going to use the EMP, ORD, ITEM, CUSTOMERS, PORTFOLIO,
PRICE_HISTORY, etc tables in your Hands-On training during the entire tutorial.
Entity Relationship Diagram For

Company’s Customers and their Orders
Now, observe the Entity Relationship Diagram for Company’s Customers and their portfolio
carefully.
The Customers table contains ID (customer id), first_name, last_name, etc. The customer id
(ID) is the primary key of the customer table.
In the portfolio table you have a composite index that contains the stock_symbol and
customer_id columns. The customer_id column is a foreign key of the portfolio table and it
refers to the primary key of the customer table.
The stock_history table contains columns such as symbol, sales, high, low, etc. The symbol
column in the stock_history table is the primary key. The symbol column as a primary key
will refer to the foreign key (stock_symbol) in the portfolio table. As you can see a table can
contain many foreign keys but only one primary key.
The price table has a composite index. Its composite index contains the symbol and
trade_date columns. The symbol column in the price table is a foreign key. It refers to the
primary key of the stock_history table.
From this ERD, you will know that a customer may have 1 or many stocks; and a customer’s
stock may have 1 or many recorded prices and so on. It is very important for a developer to
understand the entity relationship diagram of his/her task. It will assist the developer on
writing its SQL statement.
Study these two entity relationship diagrams and try to understand them. Then start to work
on our hands-on exercises.
Entity Relationship Diagram For Company’s Customers and their Stocks Portfolio
Database
Remember, a collection of all these tables under a single or many different schemas can be
stored and maintained in a database. A database, in effect, is a collection of tables.
DBA vs. Developers
The integrity, security, connectivity, performance, and tuning of a database will be maintained
by DBAs. One of the responsibilities of a DBA is to plan a contingency for disaster and
ensure recovery of the database.
DBAs maintain the integrity of a database by using "backup and recovery". They perform
Oracle client/server connectivity and do "performance tuning" to maximize availability and
better response time for their clients. They may use Oracle Enterprise Management tools to
perform and monitor their tasks.
On the other hand developers use front-end and back-end tools along with management tools
to perform their tasks. They develop applications to manipulate a database’s data. Their
application will query, insert, delete and update a record or records. They use front-end tools
such as "form builder," "report builder," and "graphics builder." They use back-end tools such
as "schema builder," "procedure builder," and "query builder." They use project builder tools
to manage and deliver their applications to their clients.
We strongly advise you before writing any "SQL" statements to study first your table and
have a solid understanding of the table's attributes and its data structure.
Now, let's observe the employee table. We abbreviated the employee table to "EMP." The
columns in this table are: Employee number, name, job, manager's id, hire date, salary,
commission, and department number.
Notice that the manager id column references to the employee number. A manager is an
employee of his/her company. On this type of table, you can establish a "selfjoin" condition.
Before writing any query spend some time to understand the structure of the table and its
data. A table contains information that describes an entity. It has ROWS and COLUMNS.
A row is a collection of information about a sub-entity. Here, for example, this table contains
the company's employee information.
A table may have a primary key. In this table, the first column (employee number) is a
primary key. A primary key is a unique identifier for each individual employee. A table can
have a foreign key. Here, the last column (department number) is a foreign key. A foreign key
of a table always references to a primary key of another table. In this table, the foreign key
references to the primary key of the department table. A table can have unique keys,
composite keys, and index keys. Avoid having too many indexes in a table.
Notice, the commission column and manager id columns have "null values." The employee
number should not have a "null value", since it is a primary key. Notice that the manager id
column refers to the employee number in the employee table.
Once you understand the nature of your data in a table, you are ready to write a good query
against that table.
Questions:
Q: What are the definitions of the following items?
column,record,table,item,field,element,primary key,foreign key, anddatatype.
Q: What is the relationship between primary and foreign keys?
Q: Describe the Entity Relationship diagram and Logical Data Model.
Q: What is a composite index?
Q: What are the responsibilities of an Oracle DBA and Oracle Developer?
Q: What is a Database?
Lesson 02
Selecting Data (SQL)
In this section, you will learn how to query an Oracle Table.
Go to MS-DOS and login to "SQLPLUS" as "iself” password “schooling."
SQL> CONNECT iself/schooling@school
SELECT statements
The SELECT statement is a DML (Data Manipulation Language) statement. DML statements
are SQL commands that allows you to retrieve and manipulate a data in the database. SQL
commands are divided to three parts:
DML - Data Manipulation Language are SQL commands that allows you to query and
manipulate data such as UPDATE, SELECT, INSERT, and DELETE.
DDL - Data Definition Language are SQL commands that allows you to create, alter, and/or
remove an object in the database such as CREATE TABLE, DROP TABLE, ALTER TABLE,
etc.
DCL - Data Command Language are SQL commands that allows you to execute a command
in the SQLPLUS such as CONNECT, etc.
Query the employee names and their salaries from the employee table.
SQL> SELECT ename, sal FROM emp;
Column Heading
As you notice from the above query statement, the columns heading were the columns name
as a default. These column names most of the time are meaningless. You use the column
heading to make them more meaningful.
For the same above query, now you use the “as” clause for the column heading. Notice that
the column heading is changed.
SQL> SELECT ename, sal AS salary FROM emp;
Use the same above query without using the “as” clause. The ‘as’ clause is a default option.
SQL> SELECT ename, sal salary FROM emp;
Use the same above query to use a double quote for the ename and sal as “Full Name” and
“Salary” column headings. You use a double quote if the column headings contain “case
sensitive” or “blank” characters.
SQL> SELECT ename “Full Name”, sal "Salary"
FROM emp;
Arithmetic Expression
You can use an arithmetic expression in the SELECT statement.
Use an arithmetic expression that calculates a 10 percent salary bonus for all employees.
SQL> SELECT ename, sal salary, sal * .1 bonus
FROM emp;
Use the dual table as a dummy table to execute the system's function, user's functions or any
other arithmetic expressions.
SQL> SELECT 100+200 total FROM dual;
NULL value
A null value means I don’t know. Note that any number that is added, multiplied, divided, or
subtracted from NULL will be NULL.
Remember, the result of any arithmetic calculation with a "null" is a "null" value.
SQL> SELECT 100+null “Null + 100”
FROM dual;
Query the employee names and their commissions. Notice that the commission column
contains the null value.
SQL> SELECT ename, comm commission FROM emp;
NVL function
You can use the NVL function to substitute any not NULL value with a NULL column. This
way, you will get more control on how to manipulate that column in a WHERE clause.
Use the null value function (NVL) to assign a zero to any null value in the commission
column.
SQL> SELECT ename, NVL(comm,0) commission
FROM emp;
Concatenation
You will use two vertical bars (||) to concatenate two or more strings or columns together.
Use two vertical bars or pipe line to concatenate a last and first name with the following
format (example: Smith, Joe).
SQL> SELECT last_name || ', ' || first_name AS "full name"
FROM customers;
ORDER BY clause
You use the ORDER BY clause to sort one or more columns in a query.
Use the "order by" clause to sort a query. Query the employee names sorted by ascending
order.
SQL> SELECT ename
FROM emp
ORDER BY ename ASC;
Query the employee names sorted by descending order.
SQL> SELECT ename FROM emp
ORDER BY ename DESC;
WHERE clause
You use the WHERE clause to query one or more records selectively.
Query the employee information whose employee number is 7788.
SQL> SELECT *
FROM emp WHERE empno = 7788;
LIKE condition
The LIKE conditions specify a test involving pattern matching. Whereas the equality operator
(=) exactly matches one character value to another, the LIKE conditions match a portion of
one character value to another by searching the first value for the pattern specified by the
second. The pattern can contain the special pattern-matching characters:
• % matches any string of any length (including length 0)
• _ matches any single character.
To search for the characters % and _, precede them by the escape character. For example, if
the escape character is @, then you can use @% to search for %, and @_ to search for _.
Query the employee names whose names start with the letter “M.”
SQL> SELECT ename FROM emp WHERE ename LIKE 'M%';
Query the employee names whose names end with the letter “R.”
SQL> SELECT ename FROM emp WHERE ename LIKE '%R';
BETWEEN condition
The BETWEEN conditions specify a test to query all the records between the selection values
inclusively.
Query the employees name whose salaries between 2000 and 3000 dollars.
SQL> SELECT ename FROM emp WHERE sal BETWEEN 2000 AND 3000;
Query the employees’ name that’s their names start with a letter ‘C’ and end with a letter ‘F’.
SQL> SELECT ename FROM emp WHERE upper (ename) BETWEEN ‘C’ AND
‘EZZZ’;
You used the UPPER function in the above query to convert all names to upper case in the
case if the employee’s names are case sensitive.
DECODE function
The DECODE function is like an IF-THEN-ELSE statement. It compares the content of a
column to each of the comparisons. If there is a match, then it replaces the value. If there is
no match, then the else action will be performed.
Query the employee names and their department names using the “DECODE” function.
Check if the "department no" is 10 then print "accounting", else if the "department no" is 20
then print "research," or if the "department no" is 30 then print "sales". Anything else print
"others."
SQL> SELECT ename, DECODE (deptno, 10, 'Accounting',20, 'Research', 30, 'Sales',
'Others') AS "Department" FROM emp; Questions:
Q: Query the employee names and their salaries from the employee table.
Q: Do the above query and use an “as” clause for the “salary” column aliases or column
headings.
Q: Repeat the previous query and have “Full Name” for the ename’s column heading and
“Salary” for the “sal” column heading.
Q: What is the result of 100 + NULL?
Q: Query the employee names with their commissions.
Q: Use the (NVL) the null value function to assign zero to any null value in the commission
column for the previous query.
Q: Concatenate the customers’ last name and first name separated by comma.
Q: Query the employees name sorted by ascending order.
Q: Query the employees name sorted by descending order.
Q: Query the employee information whose employee number is 7788.
Q: Query the employees name whose names start with the letter “M.”
Q: Query the employees name whose names end with the letter “R.”
Q: Query the employees name whose salaries between 2000 and 3000 dollars.
Q: Query the employees name and their department name using the “DECODE” function. If
the department number is 10 then print "accounting.” If the department number is 20 then
print "research," or if the department number is 30 then print "sales." Anything else prints
others.
Lesson 03
Advanced Data Selection
Introduction
In this section, you will learn about an ambiguous column and how you can prevent it. You
will learn how to query against two (such as the department and employee tables) or more
tables by joining them together. You also learn what a sub-query is and how to use it.
Now, let’s before you join the department table and the employee table, first query them
individually.
SQL> SELECT * FROM dept; SQL> SELECT * FROM emp;
INNER Join or EQUIJOIN
Joining two or more tables together is the best relational database usage. You relate the tables
using the WHERE clause. The equal sign (=) in a query only retrieves records that have exact
match.
Query the employees name and their department name using user schemas to avoid the
ambiguous column problem. Also, this is an example of the inner join or equijoin.
SQL> SELECT ename, dname FROM emp, dept WHERE emp.deptno = dept.deptno;
Use the previous query and use the table aliases to avoid the ambiguous column. Use the
letter “e” for the employee table alias and the letter “d” for the department table alias.
SQL> SELECT ename, dname, e.deptno FROM emp e, dept d WHERE e.deptno =
d.dpetno;
Ambiguous Column
An ambiguous column is a column that is not defined clearly. Having two tables with the
same column name, you should reference them such that there is no ambiguity on their
ownerships. The column name should be identified by alias to make it clear that to what table
that column is belong.
If you join two tables that contain a common column name, you should use the table aliases
or the user schema. Otherwise the column would be an ambiguous column.
The following is an example of an ambiguous column.
SQL> SELECT ename, deptno FROM emp, dept WHERE deptno = deptno;
In the above example the ‘DEPTNO’ column is an ambiguous column since there is no
identifier to indicate that what table the DEPTNO column belongs.
Cartesian product
Avoid a Cartesian product. A “Cartesian” product is caused by joining “N” number of tables
while you have less than “N-1” joins condition in the query.
SQL> SELECT * FROM dept, emp;
This is an example of a Cartesian product.
OUTER JOIN
By joining two or more tables using OUTER join, not only you retrieve all matching records
but also you retrieve the records that do not match. For example that you may have an
employee that you did not assign any department number for him or via versa.
Try to query the department table again.
SQL> SELECT * FROM dept;
Notice, we have only three records.
Insert a record to the department. Remember that we have no employee in the department
table.
SQL> INSERT INTO dept VALUES (40, 'Finance', 'Ohio');
Save the insert transaction.
SQL> COMMIT;
Now, query all the employee names and their department names including the entire
department name with no employees.
Use outer join. As you know there is no employee in the "Finance" department.
Use + sign next to the column that has no match in it.
SQL> SELECT ename, dname FROM emp e, dept d WHERE e.deptno (+) = d.deptno;
SELF JOIN If a table refers to itself in the WHERE clause, we say that join is a selfjoin.
Query the manager names with their employees sorted by the manager names. This is an
example of a selfjoin.
SQL> SELECT mgr.ename “Manager Name”, e.ename “Employee Name”
FROM emp mgr, emp e WHERE mgr.empno = e.mgr ORDER BY mgr.ename;
SUM, AVG, MIN, and MAX functions Query the department number and their total,
average, min, and max salaries for each department.
SQL> SELECT deptno, SUM(sal), AVG(sal), MIN(sal), MAX(sal) FROM emp
GROUP BY deptno;
GROUP BY statement Query the department number and their total salaries that have more
than 5 employees in their department.
SQL> SELECT deptno, SUM(sal) FROM emp GROUP BY deptno HAVING count(*) >
5;
IN clause Use the IN clause, when you are going to use OR.
Query the employee names that work for the Research or Sales departments (the department
number 20 or 30).
SQL> SELECT ename, deptno FROM emp WHERE deptno IN (20, 30);
Sub-query If you write a query within a query, you are using sub-query. In the WHERE
clause, not all the time, you have a constant value to compare. If you have to query a value
from table, then you need to write a sub-query. Query the employee names that work in the
"accounting" department. Assuming the department number is unknown.
SQL> SELECT ename FROM emp WHERE deptno IN (SELECT deptno
FROM dept WHERE dname = "ACCOUNTING");
Runtime variable If you have a query that you have to change its WHERE clause constants
or column names over and over, you may use the runtime variables. You can substitute those
values without changing or modifying the query script.
Query the employee names of each department. Use the runtime variable to substitute the
department number.
Run to query department number 10.
SQL> SELECT ename FROM emp WHERE deptno = &deptno;SQL> /
Enter value 10.
SQL> run Enter value 20.
SQL> / Enter value 30.
EXISTS statement You use the EXISTS clause to test existence of rows in the results of a
sub-query. When you specify the exits operation in a WHERE clause, you must include a
sub-query that satisfies the EXISTS operation. If the sub-query returns data, then the EXISTS
operation will return TRUE and a record from the parent query will be returned.
Query the customer names which have more than four orders.
SQL> SELECT name FROM customer c WHERE exists (SELECT 'T'
FROM ord WHERE custid = c.custid GROUP BY custid HAVING count(*) > 4);
Questions:
Q: What is an ambiguous column?
Q: How can you resolve an ambiguous column problem?
Q: What is a Cartesian product?
Q: How can you avoid a Cartesian product?
Q: What is an inner join or equi-join?
Q: What is an outer join?
Q: What is a self join?
Q: Query all the employee names and their department including all the departments with no
employees.
Q: Query the managers’ name with their employees sorted by the manager name.
Q: Query the department number and their total, average, min, and max salaries for each
department.
Q: Query the department no and their total salaries that have more than 5 employees working
in their department.
Q: Query the employees name that work for the Research or Sales department (the
department number 20 or 30).
Q: Query the employees name that work in the "accounting" department. Assuming the
department number is unknown.
Q: Query the employees name and use the runtime variable to substitute the department
number? Then run it for following department no 10, 20, and 30.
Q: Query the customer names which have more than four orders.
Lesson 04
Create the Database objects Create table, Primary key, Foreign Key,
Unique, and Delete Cascade Create an employee table that contains five columns: employee
id, last name, first name, phone number and department number. The last and first name
should be not null. Make a check constraint to check the department number is between 9 and
100. Make a primary constraint on the employee ID column. Make a foreign key constraint
on the department number column. Use the "delete cascade" option to delete all records if
parent gets deleted. Use the "phone number" as a unique key.
SQL> CREATE TABLE employee (empid NUMBER(10), lastname VARCHAR2(20) not
null, firstname VARCHAR2 (20) not null, phone_no VARCHAR2 (15), deptno
NUMBER(2) CHECK (deptno BETWEEN 9 AND 100), constraint pk_employee_01
PRIMARY KEY (empid), constraint fk_dept_01 FOREIGN KEY (deptno) references
dept (deptno) ON DELETE CASCADE, constraint uk_employee_01 UNQUE
(phone_no)); Always, start the constraint name with PK prefix for a primary key, FK prefix
for a foreign key, UK prefix for a Unique key, or CK prefix for a check constraint.
Creating a composite index If you have an index that contains two or more columns, we call
them a composite index. When an index is a composite index, you should make sure that the
first column position in the index always be in your WHERE clause. The more columns from
the composite index that you have in the WHERE clause the faster you will be able to
retrieve your data. Avoid creating too many indexes.
Create an index table using the “Create Index” statement. Create a composite index that
contains two columns (last name and first name).
SQL> CREATE INDEX employee_lname_fname_ind_01 ON employee (lastname,
firstname); USER_TABLES table You use USER_TABLES to query or view all table
objects (schema) that are belong to the user who login to a database.
Query the tables that iself owns. The “Employee” table should be listed.
SQL> SELECT table_name FROM user_tables ORDER BY table_name;
USER_INDEXES table You use USER_INDEXES to query or view all index objects
(schema) that are belong to the user who login to a database. Indexes are attached to their
tables. Dropping a table will drop all its indexes.
Query the index tables that belong to the employee table and owns by the iself user.
SQL> SELECT index_name, uniqueness FROM user_indexes
WHERE table_name = 'EMPLOYEE'; Notice that there are three index tables of which
two are unique. Make sure that table name is in uppercase. All tables’ name are stored in
uppercase in the Oracle database.
USER_CONSTRAINTS table
You use USER_CONSTRAINTS to query or view all constraint objects (schema) that are
belong to the user who login to a database. The same as indexes, the constraints are attached
to their tables. Dropping a table will drop all its constraints. You use USER_CONSTRAINTS
to view table dependencies with its different types of constraints.
Query the constraints name of the employee table including their types and status.
On the constraint type column, "C" is for a "null and check" constraint; "U" is for a unique
key; "R" is for a foreign key; and "P" is for a primary key. The status column can be enabled
or disabled.
SQL> SELECT constraint_name, constraint_type, status
FROM user_constraints
WHERE table_name = 'EMPLOYEE';
COLUMN command
You use the COLUMN command to change size or format of your column to be displayed.
Syntax:
COL[UMN] [{column|expr} [option ...]]
options:
ALIAS alias Assign an alias to a column
CLEAR Reset the display attributes
Format a column (e.g. COL emp_name FORMAT A15)

HEA[DING] 'text' Set a column heading
JUSTIFY {L[EFT]|C[ENTER]|C[ENTRE]|R[IGHT]}
LIKE {expr|alias}Format like another column (already defined)
NEWLINE Same as FOLD_BEFORE
NOPRINT|PRINT Display the column
NUL[L] char Display NULL values as Char
ON|OFF Enable or disable column format attributes
WRA[PPED]|WOR[D_WRAPPED]|TRU[NCATED]
How to treat long CHAR strings
Use the column command to change the size of the "column_name" to 30 characters.
SQL> COLUMN column_name FORMAT a30
USER_IND_COLUMNS table
USER_IND_COLUMNS contains all information about those columns that are index. It
keeps information such as index_name, column_name, table_name, column position, etc.
Query the index columns of the employee table. Remember that on the composite index the
sequence of the column would be the same as the column position. Notice that the last name
has the first position and the first name has the second position in the composite index.
SQL> SELECT index_name, column_name, column_position
FROM user_ind_columns
INSERT statement using column names

The INSET statement writes a record in to a table. The following are some of INSERT
syntaxes that are frequently used:
Syntax: INSERT [hint] INTO [schema.] table [@dblink]
[t_alias] (column, column,...) VALUES (expression)
INSERT [hint] INTO [schema.] table [@dblink] [t_alias]
VALUES (expression) INSERT [hint] INTO [schema.] table
[[SUB]PARTITION (ptn_name)] (column, column,...) VALUES
(expression) INSERT [hint] INTO subquery WITH [READ
ONLY | CHECK OPTION [CONSTRAINT constraint] ] [t_alias]
(column, column,...) VALUES (expression)
Insert a record into the "employee" table using column names. In this type of insert, the input
data values are inserted by a position of column.
For example, 100 goes to employee id; "smith" goes to the "lastname"; 10 goes to the
"department number; "joe" goes to the "firstname"; and 703 821 2211 goes to the "phone_no"
column.
SQL> INSERT INTO employee
(empid, lastname, deptno, firstname, phone_no)
VALUES (100, 'smith', 10,'joe', ‘7038212211');
COMMIT statement
A record will not be added to a table unless you execute the COMMIT statement. All not
committed records are stored in UNDO segment. It will give you a chance to undo your
transaction. COMMIT means save all none committed transaction. It guarantees that the DBA
will be able to recover your data to the point of failure.
Save the transaction.
SQL> COMMIT;
INSERT statement using the column position

Insert a record using the column position format. In this case, the input data are inserted by
the sequences of position of columns in the table. For example, 200 goes into the first column
of the table; "KING" goes into the second column of the table; and so on.
SQL> INSERT INTO employee
VALUES (200, 'KING', 'Allen', 5464327532, 10);
Save the transaction.

SQL> COMMIT;
Query the employee table.

SQL> SELECT * FROM employee;
UPDATE statement
To change a value of a column in a table, you use the UPDATE statement. You must use the
WHERE clause for specific record or records. Notice that if you don’t use a WHERE clause
then the entire table will be changed. That could be an action that you did not want it.
Change "Smith" to “Judd” where "employee id" is 100.
SQL> UPDATE employee
SET lastname = 'Judd'
WHERE empid = 100;
Save the transaction;

SQL> COMMIT;
Query the employee table to see the changes;

DELETE statement
A record or records can be deleted from a table by using the DELETE statement. Again the
same as UPDATE, you must make sure to have a WHERE clause in your query. Avoiding a
WHERE clause will delete your all records in the table.
Delete the employee record where its employee id is 200.
SQL> DELETE
FROM employee
WHERE empid = 200;
Save the transaction;

SQL> COMMIT;
Query the table.

DELETE all records

As we mentioned before, to delete all records, you only avoid a WHERE clause. You can also
truncate a table. If you want to delete all records from a table, you should use the
TRUNCATE statement. It will change the table watermark. The table watermark is an
address that indicates a last location of a record in a table. On the DELETE statement the
watermark will not change. But using the TRUNCATE statement will change the watermark
to the beginning of the table.
Delete all records from the employee table using the DELETE statement and do not commit.
SQL> DELETE FROM employee;
Query the table.

ROLLBACK statement
If you change, delete, insert a record into a table but not execute the commit statement. All
your before transaction block images are in an UNDO segment. You can execute the
ROLLBACK statement in order to undo your transaction. It is a perfect statement for
correcting a user mistake such as deleting a table’s records.
Undo the delete transaction, as long as you did not commit the transaction.
SQL> ROLLBACK;
Query the employee table again.

All records are back. Notice that you only are able to undo a transaction to the last point that
you executed a COMMIT statement.
TRUNCATE statement
Now, truncate the employee table.
SQL> TRUNCATE TABLE employee;
Do not commit. Notice that the TRUNCATE command is a DDL statement and all DDL
statements have commit inclusive. That is why the ROLLBACK action after truncation does
not work.
Undo the truncation.

SQL> ROLLBACK;
Query the employee table again.

Note that you lost all the data. Always remember that the truncate statement is a DDL
statement and in all the DDL statements the commit is implicit.
"People demand freedom of speech to make up for the freedom of thought which
they avoid." - Soren Aabye Kierkegaard (1813-1855)
Questions:
Q: Create an employee table that contains five columns:
Such as Employee Id, last name, First name, Phone number and Department number with the
following constraints.
1. The last name and first name should be not null.
2. Make a check constraint to check the department number is between 9 and 100.
3. Make a primary constraint on the employee ID column.
4. Make a foreign key on the department number column.
5. Use the "delete cascade" to delete all records if parent gets deleted.
6. Use the "phone number" as a unique key.
Q: Create a composite index on the employee table that contains two index columns (last
name and first name).
Q: Query the tables that you as a user own.
Q: Query the index tables that belong to the employee table and owns by the iself user.
Q: Change the size of the "column_name" to 30 characters logically (for display only.
Q: Query the indexes columns of the employee table.
Q: Insert a record into the "employee" table using column names.
Q: Insert a record using the column position format.
Q: How do you save the inserted transaction?
Q: Change the "last_name" column value from “Smith” to “Judd” where the "employee id" is
100.
Q: Delete all the employee records from the "employee" table using the delete command and
the truncate command.
Q: How do you undo a transaction?
Q: What is the difference between the delete statement and the truncate statement?
Lesson 05
"Not everything that can be counted counts, and not everything that counts can be
counted." - Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
Read first then play the video:
SQL008(VIDEO)-Creating Other Oracle Database Objects
Creating more Database Objects

SET SQLPROMPT
Sometime you may want to open multiple SQLPLUS sessions. It is very normal that you may
not know that what session you are in. To avoid this confusion, you can use the
SQLPROMPT option to stay away from such problem.
In this hands-on, you need to open three sessions. Each session will be a different user. For
example, in the first session login to "sqlplus" as "iself” password “schooling"
MS-DOS> SQLPLUS iself/schooling
Set the sql prompt to “iself.”
SQL> SET SQLPROMPT ‘iself > ’
Go to the second session and login to "sqlplus" as “system” password “manager.”

MS-DOS> SQLPLUS system/manager
Set the sql prompt to “system.”
SQL> SET SQLPROMPT ‘system > ’
Go back to the iself session.
DROP TABLE
When you drop a table all its dependencies such as its indexes, constraints, and triggers will
be deleted. All the views, procedures, packages, and functions that reference to that table will
be in an invalid status.
Drop the employee table.
SQL> DROP TABLE employee;
CREATE TABLE AS …
If you want to copy a table, you can use the CREATE TABLE AS statement. It copies all
records. Notice that the new table will not inherit any constraints, indexes, and triggers from
original table. Only records will be copied not dependencies.
Copy column of employe name, job, commission and department number of the “EMP” table
to the employee table.
SQL> CREATE TABLE employee
AS SELECT ename, job, comm, deptno
FROM emp;
DESCRIBE command
When you create a table, you would like to know what its columns’ name and their attributes
are. The DESC command will display such information. Notice that you will not find its
indexes information, and constraints’ name.
Describe the employee table.
SQL> DESC employee
ALTER TABLE ADD …
Once you create a table, you may want to delete, resize, or add more columns to it. The
ALTER TABLE ADD statement will add a column or add a constraint to a table.
Add a salary column to the employee table.
Use "add" clause to add a column.
SQL> ALTER TABLE employee
ADD (salary NUMBER(8,2));
Describe the employee table.

SQL> DESC employee
The "salary" column was added.
ALTER TABLE MODIFY …

The MODIFY option in the ALTER TABLE statement, can change a column’s datatype and
its length. Note that if you decrease a column’s length, you may truncate some of the data in
the column. Therefore, Oracle will not allow you to reduce the length of a column unless it is
null. So in order to reduce a column’s size, just copy that column to an alternative table, and
then null the column and change the size. Then put the column values back. If the column has
constraint, you may have to disable the constraint.
Change the "ename" column size from 10 to 15.
Use the "modify" clause to modify the column table.
SQL> ALTER TABLE employee
MODIFY (ename VARCHAR2(15));
Describe the employee table to see the changes.

SQL> desc employee
RENAME command
The RENAME command will change the table’s name. Remember that when you change the
table name, all the status of those views, procedures, functions, and packages that were
referencing to the table will be changed to an INVALID mode. You should modify them
(views, procedures, functions, and packages) in order to force them to refer to the new table;
and once they have been compiled or used, their status will be changed to a VALID mode.
Rename the "employee" table to the "iself_employee" table.
SQL> RENAME employee TO iself_employee;
Query the iself_employee table to make sure that its data was not changed.
SQL> SELECT * FROM iself_employee;
CREATE VIEW AS …
You use view to present rows and columns of a table in the way you want. You may use it for
security reason. For example, you may eliminate some rows and columns that are very
sensitive information. These changes are transparent to a user. There are two types of views.
They are Simple View and Complex View. A Simple View is a view that was created only
from one single table. In the contrast a Complex View is a view that it has two or more tables
joining together. You may also insert, update, and delete a record using simple views. Do not
try to insert, update, or delete a record from a complex view.
Create a view to display only the employees name of the “Accounting” department.
You may use a view for a security reason.
This is an example of a simple view.
SQL> CREATE VIEW employee_name
AS SELECT ename
FROM iself_employee
WHERE deptno = 10;
Query against the new view to see the output.

SQL> SELECT * FROM employee_name;
ALTER VIEW …
As we mentioned before, when you rename a table, all the status of its associated views,
procedures, functions, and packages become in an invalid mode. One way to change the
status from invalid to valid is to use the ‘ALTER VIEW’ statement with the COMPILE
option.
The view should be compiled if its status is invalid.
Compile the view.
SQL> ALTER VIEW employee_name COMPILE;
DROP VIEW …
A view can be dropped if it is not needed. When you drop a view, all the tables used in the
view will be untouched. But all the views that were created using the dropped view, their
status will change to an INVALID mode.
Drop the employee_name view.
SQL> DROP VIEW employee_name;
CREATE INDEX command

When you use the WHERE clause in your SQL statement, Oracle’s optimizer will check to
see whether you have an index on that column or not. If not, then it will scan the whole table.
If your table is a long table which normally it is. It may take a very long time to retrieve that
query. Creating an index on a column that you normally have it in the WHERE clause, will
eliminate to scan the table. Creating an index will increase a performance of a query. Keep
this in mind, just making all columns index because that will increase a query’s performance,
it is not a good practice. When you create an index on a column, any insert, update, and
delete has to do one more task to maintain the index table. That may cause some performance
problem.
There are different types of indexes:
1- B-Tree index,
2- Bitmap index, and
B-Tree index
When you create an index table by default will be the B-Tree index, unless you specify
otherwise. The B-Tree index is the traditional index. It stores your data in a treelike fashion.
It has the root node, which is an entry point for your search. It contains pointers to other
nodes. The pointers in the root node point to another level in the index, which we call them
branch nodes. The branch nodes also contain pointers to other nodes to the next level of node
in the index. The highest level of the index is called the leaf nodes. Each leaf node is linked
to its right and left leaf nodes. You create a B-Tree index on a column, if that column has a
very high cardinality. The more unique value in a column represents a higher cardinality. For
example: assuming that I have a table that contains 1000 records. If one of its columns
(column c1) has 995 unique values against 1000 values, then that column has a high
cardinality. In the contrast if one of its columns (columns c2) has 25 unique values against all
1000 values, then that column has a low cardinality.
Bitmap Index
You create a bitmap index against a column when you have a low cardinality. Think of a
Bitmap Index as a matrix. Its columns correspond to all unique values in the column. Notice
that the higher cardinality brings more columns in your index table. That is the reason; why
you should use a Bitmap Index when your column has a very low cardinality.
Now, create a B-Tree index on the employee name column on the employee table.
SQL> CREATE INDEX employee_ename_ind_01
ON iself_employee (ename);
ALTER INDEX REBUILD

An index table can be reorganized if it has fragmentation. A table may have fragmentation
when you deleted lots of records or your table contains lots of migration or chained records.
Assuming that your employee_ename_ind_01 index table, it has an index fragmentation.
Reorganize the index table.
SQL> ALTER INDEX employee_ename_ind_01 REBUILD;
DROP INDEX …
An index table can be dropped, if it is not needed. When you drop an index table, its table
will not be dropped.
Drop the employee_ename index table.
SQL> DROP INDEX employee_lname_ind_01;
Go to the "system/manager" session.
CREATE USER …
No one can login to Oracle unless they have userid and password. They should also have
been granted to ‘CREATE SESSION.’ Otherwise, they will not able to login to SQLPLUS.
They should have some system privileges in order to do their task such as CREATE TABLE,
CREATE PROCEDURE, ALTER TABLE, etc. Make sure always to assign a default
tablespace and a temporary tablespace to a user. Make sure that they are not able to write in
the SYSTEM tablespace. Later in this book, you will learn how to stop users to create an
object in the SYSTEM tablespace.
Create a user with username “newuser” and password "newpass."
Make its default tablespace as "iself_data."
SQL> CREATE USER newuser IDENTIFIED BY by newpass
DEFAULT TABLESPACE iself_data;
GRANT RESOURCE, CONNECT statement

The RESOURCE and CONNECT roles contains some system privileges that allows users to
login, create table, alter table, etc. For example: The CONNECT role has the CREATE
SESSION system privilege. A user without the CREATE SESSION system privilege can not
even login to SQLPLUS.
Notice that the user can not connect or create any objects unless the privileges are granted to
it. Grant the resource and connect roles to newuser.
SQL> GRANT resource, connect TO newuser;
Go to the third session and connect as newuser password newpass.
SQL> sqlplus newuser/newpass
Set the sql prompt to newuser. The SQLPROMPT option is a good command to show a user
that what session he/she is in.
SQL> SET SQLPROMPT ‘newuser > ‘
ALTER USER …
Change the password often. It is a good practice. You as a user can only change your
password by using the ALTER USER statement. You can not do any other altering such as
changing your default tablespace, etc. The only user that can change your default tablespace
is the one has already been granted the ALTER ANY USER system privilege.
Change the newuser password to "mypass".
SQL> ALTER USER newuser IDENTIFIED BY mypass;
Users should be granted access by other users to query their tables.

Query the iself_employee table.
SQL> SELECT * FROM iself.iself_employee;
No access granted.
Go to the “system/manager” session
CREATE PUBLIC SYNONYM …

You create public synonym so that the users don’t need to type schema name to a table when
they query the table. Creating a public synonym does not mean that oracle users can access to
that table or object. Still the owner of the object has to grant access to a user on its table.
Create a public synonym. The public synonym must be unique to an object. The public
synonym ‘employees’ is exit.
SQL> CREATE PUBLIC SYNONYM employees FOR iself.iself_employee;
DROP PUBLIC SYNONYM …

It comes a time that you may have to drop a public synonym. Dropping a public synonym, it
doesn’t drop its dependencies.
Drop the public synonym.
SQL> DROP PUBLIC SYNONYM employees;
Then create it again.
Now, all the users that can access to iself’s employee table should be able to access it through
the public synonym.
Go to the "iself" session
GRANT command
You can grant an specific object privilege to user or all the privileges.
For example:
GRANT SELECT gives only a query access on a table.
GRANT UPDATE gives only a write access on a table.
GRANT DELELTE gives only a delete access on a table.
GRANT INSERT gives only an insert access on a table and more…
GRANT ALL gives all the access on a table to a user.
Grant select and update on the employee table to the newuser. The newuser can not delete or
insert any record.
SQL> GRANT SELECT, UPDATE ON employee TO newuser;
Go to the "newuser” session
Query the employee table using its public synonym.
Private Synonym
Sometime when you access to an object, you may have to type a lot of words. For example; I
can access to a table like this:
SELECT * FROM go2mydatabase_in_AL@accounting.employees;
Notice that typing go2mydatabase_in_AL@accounting.employees is not very practical
every time. So, you may create your own private synonym.
SQL> CREATE SYNONYM emp
FOR go2mydatabase_in_AL@accounting.employees;
From now on, you can access to the table by using emp. For example:
SQL> SELECT * FROM emp;
When you create a private synonym, it will be used only by you. No one can use that
synonym.
Create a private synonym emp_table for the iself employee table.
SQL> CREATE SYNONYM emp_table FOR iself.iself_employee;
Query the table using the “emp_table” private synonym.

SQL> SELECT * FROM emp_table;
DROP SYNOMYM …
A user can drop its private synonym if is not needed.
Drop the emp_table private synonym.
SQL> DROP SYNONYM emp_table;
Go to the "iself" session and revoke the privileges from "newuser."

It comes a time that you may have to revoke some object or system privileges from a user.
Notice that an object privilege may have been granted to a user by using WITH GRANT
OPTION. If that is the case then when you revoke an object privilege from a user, all the
object privileges that were granted by that user to some other Oracle users will be revoked
too.
In the contrast with the WITH GRANT OPTION, if a system privilege was granted WITH
ADMIN OPTION. When you revoke it, all the system privileges that were granted by that
user to some other Oracle users will not be revoked.
Revoke the update and select privileges on the employee table from newuser.
SQL> REVOKE UPDATE, SELECT ON employee FROM newuser;
Back to the "newuser" session.

Query the employee table.
No access.
"Only two things are infinite, the universe and human stupidity, and I'm not sure
about the former." - Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
Questions:
Q: Copy the “EMP” table to another table and name the new table "employee." In the new
employee table use the employee name, job, commission and department number.
Q: Add a salary column to the employee table.
Q: Modify the "ename" column size from varchar10 to varchar15.
Q: Rename the "employee" table to the "iself_employee" table.
Q: Create a view to display the employee names of the “Accounting” department only.
Q: Why do you use the view?
Q: How do you compile the view?
Q: How do you delete the view?
Q: Create an index on the employee table on the ename column only and name it
employee_indx.
Q: Reorganize the “employee_indx” index table.
Q: Drop the employee_ename index table.
Q: Create a user with username “newuser” and password "newpass." Its default tablespace
should be the "iself_data" tablespace.
Q: Grant the resource and connect roles to newuser.
Q: Change the newuser password to "mypass".
Q: Can the above new user access to any other user tables?
Q: What is a public synonym?
Q: What is the syntax to create a public synonym?
Q: What is the difference between public and private synonym?
Q: Create and drop a private synonym.
Q: Revoke an object privilege on a table from a user.
Lesson 06
"A lie gets halfway around the world before the truth has a chance to get its pants
on." - Sir Winston Churchill (1874-1965)
SQL009(VIDEO)-SQL and PL/SQL Command editors
Command Line editing
Go to MS-DOS and make a new directory to be used for your new scripts and programs.
Login to SQLPlus from DOS
Change directory to the root directory.
DOS> cd ..
Make a directory called "iself".

DOS> mkdir iself
Change the directory to the iself directory.

DOS> cd iself
List directory. Notice that there is nothing in it.

DOS> dir
Login to “sqlplus” as "iself” password “schooling".

SQL> sqlplus iself/schooling
SQLPlus default directory

From now on the “iself” directory is a default directory for “SQLPLUS.”
Query the dept table.

SQL> SELECT deptno, dname, loc FROM dept;
Command line editing

You should know command line editing since it is a universal editor regardless of the
operating system platform. You can use it at IBM, UNIX, LINUX, DOS, and any other
operating system. Learn it well, since it may come handy.
Oracle Buffer
Remember that always your last “SQL” statement is in the Oracle buffer.
L command
Type the letter "L" to list the last entered “SQL” statement.
SQL> l
The asterisk next to the line indicates the current line position.
RUN commands
Run the “SQL” statement in the buffer, using the "run" command.
SQL> run
-or- the letter "r."
SQL> r
-or- "/"
SQL> /
Semi-column in Oracle
You enter a semi-column at the end of each SQL statement. It means to terminate a SQL
statement and execute the statement in the Oracle buffer.
Write a format free “SQL” statement to query the dept table; and enter each word in a line.
SQL> SELECT
deptno,
dname,
loc
FROM
dept;
End the SQL statement with “;” to terminate and execute the statement.
List the statement from the Oracle buffer.

SQL> L
A dot (.) in a SQL statement

You enter a dot at the end of your SQL statement to tell Oracle that it is the end of my SQL
statement and do not execute the statement. You may do that if for some reason you want to
change your SQL statement in the Oracle buffer.
Write a format free query and use a dot at the end of the sql statement to end the statement,
but not run the statement.
The sql statement will be in the Oracle buffer as long as it was not replaced or the user
session was not terminated.
SQL> SELECT
deptno
,
dname
,
loc
FROM
dept
.
Then run the statement.
SQL> r
“c” or CHANGE command

Use the command line editor to add ‘location’ a column heading to the "loc" column. First,
you should change the current line position to number 6 and then use the "C" or change
command to add column heading.
SQL> L6
SQL> c/loc/loc "location"/
Listing lines within a range

List the sql statement lines from 2 to 7.
SQL> L 2 7
List the entire query.

SQL> L
Deleting lines within a range
Delete the sql statement lines from 4 to 5.
SQL> del 4 5
Run the query. Notice that the department name column was deleted.
SQL> /
Positioning a SQL line

Position line number 3 to the current line.
SQL> L3
“I” or INSERT command

Use the "i" or insert command to insert a line.
Then use the dot to terminate the insert mode.
SQL> i
4i dname,
List the query. The line was added.

SQL> L
Then run the statement.

SQL> /
SAVE command
Save the sql statement as "d-e-p-t" file in the “iself” directory. Notice that the default
extension is “s-q-l.”
SQL> save dept
GET command
Use the "get" command to replace the sql file into the buffer.
SQL> get dept
EXIT command
Exit “sqlplus” to see where the file was stored?
SQL> exit
List the file names in the iself directory.

DOS> dir
TYPE command
Use the "type" command to list the query.
DOS> type dept.sql
Login to "sqlplus" as “iself/schooling”

DOS> sqlplus iself/schooling
List the buffer. Notice that there is no query in the buffer. Get the file and then run it.
SQL> l
SQL> get dept

/
“@” command
or use the "@" sign command to run the file.
SQL> @c:
START command
Or use the "start" command to run the file.
SQL> start dept
These are different ways you can run the SQL script file.
"I do not feel obliged to believe that the same God who has endowed us with
sense, reason, and intellect has intended us to forgo their use." - Galileo Galilei
Questions
Q: What does the LIST or ‘L’ command line editor?
Q: What does the INSERT or ‘I’ command line editor?
Q: What does the DEL or ‘D’ command line editor?
Q: How do you change a string in the Oracle Buffer?
Q: How do you save the SQL script in the Oracle Buffer?
Q: How do you open the SQL Script into the Oracle Buffer?
Lesson 07
"The artist is nothing without the gift, but the gift is nothing without work." -
Emile Zola (1840-1902)
SQL010(VIDEO)-SQL and PL/SQL Notepad editor
Notepad Editing
Why notepad editing and use of afiedt.buf
Oracle makes provisions for you to utilize your favorite text editor to edit the statement
created in "afiedt.buf," the file into which SQL*PLUS stores the most recently executed SQL
statement. You simply type edit (abbreviated "ed"). This action causes Oracle to bring up the
SQL statement in "afiedt.buf" into the operating system's default text editor.
DEFINE_EDITOR command
To change the text editor, issue the define_editor='your editor' statement from the
SQL*PLUS prompt. Try to use a text editor rather than the Command Line editor.
Go to MS-DOS and change the directory to the iself folder.

SQL> cd ..
Login to “sqlplus” as "iself/schooling".

SQL> sqlplus iself/schooling
Get the dept file.

SQL> get dept
“ed” command
Your default editor is notepad. Use the "ed" command, to call notepad. On notepad, you can
modify the query. Then close the window and click on Yes to replace the changes to the
buffer.
Notice that when you use the ‘ed’ command in the sqlplus, your defined editor will bring the
last SQL statement from Oracle buffer. Now, you should be able to modify the SQL
statement. After you modify your query, you can save and exit from the defined editor. By
default that is NOTEPAD.
Remember that when you bring your SQL statement into your editor the ‘;’ character will be
disappeared and instead a ‘/’ character will be replaced. Leave the SQL statement with ‘/’
character and don’t enter ‘;’ character at the end of your SQL statement.
Also, you should not work in the defined editor one SQL statement at a time. You can not
have multiple SQL statements.
Notepad as an independent tool

If you want to use multiple SQL statements or to write your SQL script, you may want to
open your own independent editor from the SQLPLUS tool.
And the technique you may want to use is to open the notepad as an independent tool.
To open the dept script from the iself directory, open notepad as a separate window and then
open the "dept" file from the "iself" folder.
Add a column heading. Change the statement to query only the department number 10.
Save the file. Save the file at the iself folder.
Go to “SQLPLUS.”
Get the "dept" file.
SQL> get dept
Notice that the changes are in the buffer, run the query.
SQL> run
Use the “Start” command to run the query.

Go to notepad
Remove the department number column.
Save the changes.
Go back to “SQLPLUS.”
Use the @ sign to run the file.
No department number this time.
"This book fills a much-needed gap." - Moses Hadas (1900-1966) in a review
Questions:
Q: How do you use the notepad editor?
Q: What is afiedt.buf?
Q: How do you change your text editor in the SQLPLUS tool?
Q: What does the ed command in the SQLPLUS tool?
Q: Can you have multiple SQL statements in the afiedt.buf file?
Q: How do you use the notepad editor as an independent tool in the SQLPLUS utility?
Q: How do you execute or run a SQL script?
Lesson 08
“It is possible to fail in many ways...while to succeed is possible only in one way.”
Aristotle (384 BC - 322 BC), Nichomachean Ethics
SQL011(VIDEO)-Oracle9i and up SQL New Features
Oracle9i: SQL ANSI statements
CONNECT command
Connect to SQLPLUS as the iself user.
SQL> CONNECT iself/schooling
SET command
Let's begin by setting the linesize to 100 and the pagesize to 55.
SQL> SET LINESIZE 100 PAGESIZE 55
Now, let's compare the Oracle9i ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard
JOIN syntax with the original join syntax. Query the employee name, department number,
and department name columns from the EMP table and DEPT table.
Join command using original syntax
First, let us exclude all of the sales department information by using the original Oracle join
syntax.
SQL> SELECT ename, dept.deptno, dname
FROM emp, dept
WHERE emp.deptno = dept.deptno
AND dname <> 'SALES'
/
JOIN syntax (ANSI)
And now, use the Oracle9i ANSI standard JOIN syntax.
FROM emp JOIN dept
ON emp.deptno = dept.deptno
/
Notice, that you get the same result.
NATURAL JOIN syntax (ANSI)
Use the Oracle9i ANSI standard NATURAL JOIN syntax to join the EMP and DEPT tables
where the employees' salary is greater than 3000 dollars.
SQL> SELECT ename, deptno, dname
FROM emp NATURAL JOIN dept
WHERE sal > 3000
/
Notice that in the NATURAL JOIN syntax, you don't need a WHERE clause since the
department number is the same.
USING clause
Use the USING clause to join the EMP and DEPT tables where employees' salary is greater
than 3000 dollars.
SQL> SELECT ename, deptno, dname
FROM emp JOIN dept
USING (deptno)
WHERE sal > 3000
/
Notice that in the USING clause the join column names must be the same.
CROSS JOIN syntax (ANSI)
Use the Oracle9i ANSI standard CROSS JOIN syntax with no WHERE clause to create a
Cartesian product.
Query the department name and employee name where the department number is (10 or 30)
and the employees are (SMITH, ALLEN, and WARD).
SQL> SELECT dname, ename
FROM dept d CROSS JOIN emp e
WHERE d.deptno IN (10,30) and
ename IN ('SMITH','ALLEN','WARD')
ORDER BY dname
/
This is an example of an Oracle9i ANSI standard CROSS JOIN syntax.
OUTER JOIN syntax (ANSI)
Using the OUTER JOIN option, not only will you query records that have matches but you
also see the rows that have no matches.
The Oracle9i ANSI Join syntax provides three separate capabilities: RIGHT, LEFT, and
FULL OUTER JOIN. The word OUTER is redundant and usually omitted.
RIGHT OUTER JOIN syntax (ANSI)
Let's demostrate the RIGHT OUTER JOIN syntax usage.
First, add a Finance department to the department table with no associated employees.
SQL> INSERT INTO dept
VALUES (40,'FINANCE','WASHINGTON,DC')
/
SQL> COMMIT;
Query all employee names with their department's name. With that in mind to:
-- Exclude all of the sales department information;
-- Include all of the departments that have no employees.
Use the original oracle join syntax to do the OUTER JOIN query.
SQL> SELECT nvl(e.ename,'No Match'), d.deptno, d.dname
FROM dept d, emp e
WHERE d.deptno = e.deptno (+)
/
Notice that FINANCE deptartment has no match.
Write the same above query, using the Oracle9i ANSI standard RIGHT OUTER JOIN syntax.
SQL> SELECT nvl(e.ename,'No Match'), d.deptno, d.dname
FROM emp e RIGHT OUTER JOIN dept d
ON d.deptno = e.deptno
WHERE dname <> 'SALES'
/
LEFT OUTER JOIN syntax (ANSI)
Add an employee who doesn't work in any of the departments yet.
Make sure to disable the foreign key before inserting a record.

SQL> INSERT INTO emp
VALUES (9900,'KAZ','CLERK',7902,TO_DATE(sysdate),1000,NULL,NULL)
/
COMMIT
/
Query all of the employee names including those who don't work for any department.
Use the original Oracle syntax.

SQL> SELECT e.ename, d.deptno,
nvl(d.dname,'No Match') as department
FROM dept d, emp e
WHERE d.deptno (+) = e.deptno
/
Notice that employee KAZ does not work for any department.
List the same above query by using the Oracle8i ANSI standard LEFT OUTER JOIN syntax.
SQL> SELECT e.ename, d.deptno,
FROM emp e LEFT OUTER JOIN dept d
/
FULL OUTER JOIN syntax (ANSI)
Let's perfom an excercise to use the FULL OUTER JOIN option to find all of the records that
have no matches in the two joined tables.
SQL> SELECT nvl(e.ename,'No Match') as name,
d.deptno,
FROM emp e FULL OUTER JOIN dept d
/
That would be difficult to do with an original Oracle syntax.
Delete the FINANCE department and the KAZ employee.
SQL> DELETE FROM dept
WHERE deptno = 40
/
DELETE FROM emp
WHERE empno = 9900
/
SQL> COMMIT
/
You have deleted the records so that you can repeat these steps over and over again.
"I'm living so far beyond my income that we may almost be said to be living
apart." - e e cummings (1894-1962)
Questions:
Q: What is the SQL ANSI statement?
Q: What is the difference between the SQL ANSI statement and Original Oracle statement?
Q: Is the SET command a SQL statement?
Q: How do you change your workstation’s page size or line size?
Q: What does the JOIN syntax in the Oracle SQL (DML) statement?
Q: What is the difference between the JOIN syntax and the NATURAL JOIN syntax?
Q: What does the USING clause in the Oracle SQL statement?
Q: When can you not use the USING clause?
Q: What is the advantage of the NATURAL JOIN syntax?
Q: What does the CROSS JOIN syntax in the Oracle SQL statement?
Q: What does the IN clause in the Oracle SQL statement?
Q: What do the OUTER JOIN, RIGHT OUTER JOIN, LEFT OUTER JOIN, and FULL
OUTER JOIN syntax in the Oracle SQL statement?
Q: How can you perform the FULL OUTER JOIN syntax using the Original Oracle syntax?
Lesson 09
"Give me a museum and I'll fill it." - Pablo Picasso (1881-1973)
SQL012(VIDEO)-WITH SUMMARY AS and MERGE statements
Oracle9i: More SQL New Features

Login as the iself user.
Set the linesize to 100 and the pagesize to 55.
WITH … AS statement
If you have a query which it needs to process the same sub-query several times, you should
consider using the WITH …AS clause in your statement.
This process will help you a great deal of performance. The query will create a temporary
table to query it over and over.
Use the (WITH ... AS) statement to query all the department names that their total paid
salaries are more than 1/3 of the total salary of the company.
SQL> WITH summary_totals AS
(SELECT dname,
SUM(sal) AS totals
GROUP BY dname)
SELECT dname, totals
FROM summary_totals
WHERE totals > (SELECT SUM(totals)*1/3
FROM summary_totals)
ORDER BY totals DESC
SQL>/
Multiple columns in SQL statement
You can use multiple columns to match the multiple columns returned from the sub-query.
Get the name of all employees who earn the maximum salary in their department.
SQL> SELECT deptno, ename, job, sal
FROM emp
WHERE (deptno, sal) IN
(SELECT deptno, MAX(sal)
FROM emp
GROUP BY deptno)
/
Inline View
If you have a sub-query in a FROM clause in the Oracle SQL statement, is called an inline
view.
Use the (inline view) to query all of the employee names, jobs, and salaries where their salary
is more than 10% of the total company paid salary.
SQL> SELECT ename, job, sal
FROM (SELECT ename, job, sal
FROM emp
WHERE sal > (SELECT SUM(sal) * .1
FROM emp)
ORDER BY 3)
/
This is an example of the inline view query.
MERGE statement
To show an example of how the MERGE statement works, pay careful attention to the
following demonstration.
First, create a table with two columns.

SQL> CREATE TABLE Merge2Here (c1 NUMBER, c2 VARCHAR2(10))
/
Write a stored procedure to populate the table.
SQL> BEGIN
SQL> FOR i IN 1..10 LOOP
SQL> INSERT INTO Merge2Here VALUES (i, i+10);
SQL> END LOOP;
SQL> COMMIT;
SQL> END;
SQL> /
Then, create a second table with three columns.
SQL> CREATE TABLE MoreGoodRows
(cc1 NUMBER, cc2 VARCHAR2(10), cc3 NUMBER)
/
Write a stored procedure to populate it.
SQL> BEGIN
SQL> INSERT INTO MoreGoodRows VALUES (i, i+10, i+20);
SQL> END LOOP;
SQL> INSERT INTO MoreGoodRows VALUES (i, i+10, i+20);
SQL> END LOOP;
SQL> COMMIT;
SQL> END;
SQL> /
Now, query the Merge2Here table.
SQL> SELECT * FROM Merge2Here
/
Also, query the MoreGoodRows table.
SQL> SELECT * FROM MoreGoodRows
/
Take notes about the data in these two tables.
Use the MERGE statement to merge the MoreGoodRows table into the Merge2Here table
using the first column as a join column. If there was a match, you should replace the third
column value of MoreGoodRows with the second column of the Merge2Here table. On the
other hand, if there was no match, just insert the first two columns of data into the
Merge2Here table.
SQL> MERGE INTO Merge2Here
USING MoreGoodRows
ON (c1 = cc1)
WHEN MATCHED THEN
UPDATE SET c2 = cc3
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
INSERT VALUES (cc1, cc2)
/
Now, query the Merge2Here table.
SQL> SELECT * FROM Merge2Here
SQL> /
Notice that the first three rows were changed and the last seven rows were added.
Then, query the MoreGoodRows table.
SQL> SELECT * FROM MoreGoodRows
SQL> /
No changes on this table.
Drop both the Merge2Here and MoreGoodRows tables.
SQL> DROP TABLE Merge2Here
SQL> /
SQL> DROP TABLE MoreGoodRows
SQL> /
SQL> DELETE FROM dept
WHERE deptno = 40
SQL> /
SQL> COMMIT
SQL> /
You have dropped your tables so that you can do this Hands-On exercise over.
"In theory, there is no difference between theory and practice. But, in practice,
there is." - Jan L.A. van de Snepscheut
Questions:
Q: When do you use the WITH … AS clause in the SQL statement?
Q: How does the WITH … AS clause help your performance?
Q: Write a query to list all the department names that their total paid salaries are more than
1/3 of the total salary of the company.
Q: What are the multiple columns in the SQL statement? Where or how do you use them?
Q: Write a SQL statement to query the name of all employees who earn the maximum salary
in their department using the multiple columns syntax.
Q: What is the inline view in the Oracle SQL statement?
Q: Write a SQL statement to query all of the employee names, jobs, and salaries where their
salary is more than 10% of the total company paid salary.
Q: What does the MERGE statement in the SQL statement?
Q: Can you update, insert, or delete any records while you are using the MERGE statement?
Lesson 10
"I find that the harder I work, the more luck I seem to have." - Thomas Jefferson
(1743-1826)
SQL013(VIDEO)-Materialized views - the view that stores data
Materialized Views - The view that stores data

Introduction
Your organization is growing, and their managers from different states are in need of data
warehousing. You should pre-compute database information into a summary data aggregated
to be easily understood.
They are asking you to create a materialized view to pre-compute and store information
manually on the number of employees with their total salary paid for each department (to
project the employees’ payment budget). They want, when new employees and their salaries
are entered into the base tables, to be able to manually update their materialized view with its
summary, aggregated data, to reflect these changes from the base tables.
They should be able to download a subset of data from the company’s headquarter table to
another company associated servers, assuming that their system is not in a distributed
environment.
In a distributed environment, they could use materialized views to replicate data at distributed
sites and synchronize updates between these sites.
Now, the company wants the ability to create an aggregated snapshot for the accounting
department only. The required data include the total number of employees, and the total paid
salaries for the accounting department only. Once the aggregated snapshot was created, it
should define, in such a way, that it can update the materialized view once a month without
any human intervention. The snapshot must be refreshed, based on the rule that your client
asked.
Your assignments are:
1- To create a materialized view log,
2- To create a materialized view,
3- To test your materialized view,
4- To execute or update you materialized view manually,
5- To create materialized view and updated monthly,
6- To test it, and
7- To check and test your monthly job.
Topics:
Creating a materialized view log
Listing the snapshot logs' view
MLOG$_EMP
Creating a materialized view
Granting materialized view privilege
Listing the user's materialized views
Executing the REFRESH procedure
Using DBMS_SNAPSHOT package
Executing the REMOVE procedure
Listing the materialized view in the job’s queue
Deleting the materialized view’s job
Dropping the created Materialized view
Revoking the materialized view privilege
Log in to sqlplus as the iself user.

To do this Hands-On exercise, you must first create a materialized view log.
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW ...
PRIMARY KEY, ROWID, and INCLUDING NEW VALUES
A materialized view (MVIEW) is a replica of a target master from a single point in time. The
concept was first introduced with Oracle7 termed as SNAPSHOT. You use Materialized
Views to create summaries in a data warehouse environment or replicate a data in a
distributed environment. In data warehouses, you can use materialized views to pre-compute
and store aggregated data such as the sum of sales. In distributed environments, you can use
materialized views to replicate data from a master site to other distributed sites.
Remember that the following datatypes in the Oracle database are not supported in snapshot
replication:
- LONG
- LONG RAW
- BFILE
- UROWID (cot supported for updatable snapshots)
Materialized View Types
Read-Only Materialized Views
You can not perform DML on snapshots in this category.
Updatable Materialized Views

You can insert, update and delete rows of the updatable materialized view.
Example:
create materialized view MVIEW_test
refresh fast
start with sysdate
next sysdate+1
FOR UPDATE as
select * from mytable@california;
Subquery Materialized Views

Materialized views that are created with sub-queries in the WHERE clause of the mview
query are referred to as subquery materialized views.
Example:
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW myorders
REFRESH FAST AS
SELECT * FROM myorder@california o
WHERE EXISTS
(SELECT * FROM mycustomer@dc c
WHERE c.customer_id = o.customer_id
AND c.credit_limit > 10000);
Rowid vs. Primary Key Materialized Views

Fast refresh requires association between rows at snapshot and master sites. Snapshots that
use ROWIDs to refresh are called ROWID snapshots while those that use primary keys are
called primary key snapshots.
Example:
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW orders
REFRESH WITH ROWID AS
SELECT * FROM orders@califonia;
Create a materialized view log with a PRIMARY KEY, the ROWID, and INCLUDING NEW
VALUES options.
SQL> CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG ON emp
WITH PRIMARY KEY,
ROWID (deptno)
INCLUDING NEW VALUES
SQL> /
Begin by setting your linesize to 1000.
SQL> SET LINESIZE 1000;
Query your snapshot logs' view.
SQL> SELECT * FROM user_snapshot_logs
SQL> /
This result shows that your log was created successfully and named MLOG$_EMP.
BUILD IMMEDIATE and REFRESH ON DEMAND
Create a materialized view with the BUILD IMMEDIATE and REFRESH ON DEMAND
options.
Your materialized view should have the department number, number of employees, and total
salaries paid to employees by department.
SQL> CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW mv_sal
BUILD IMMEDIATE
REFRESH ON DEMAND
AS SELECT deptno, COUNT(1) AS no_of_emp, SUM(sal) AS salary
FROM emp
GROUP BY deptno
SQL> /
Notice on the error message INSUFFICIENT PRIVILEGE.
In order to create a materialized view, you must be granted a CREATE MATERIALIZED

VIEW privilege.
Connect to SQLPLUS as system/manager.
SQL> CONNECT system/manager
GRANT CREATE MATERIALZED VIEW …
Grant the CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW privilege to the iself user.
SQL> GRANT CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW TO iself
SQL> /
Now, log back in as the iself user.
This time you should be able to create a materialized view without any problems.
Create your materialized view again.

SQL> CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW mv_sal
BUILD IMMEDIATE
REFRESH ON DEMAND
AS SELECT deptno, COUNT(1) AS no_of_emp, SUM(sal) AS salary
FROM emp
GROUP BY deptno
SQL> /
Note that this time the materialized view was created successfully.
Query the user's materialized views.
SQL> SELECT * FROM user_mviews
SQL> /
Query the mv_sal materialized view.
SQL> SELECT * FROM mv_sal
SQL> /
Note the total salary paid to department 10.
Query all the information about empno 7934.
SQL> SELECT * FROM emp WHERE empno = 7934
SQL> /
Make a note about her salary.
Change her salary to 5000 and save it into the EMP table.
SQL> UPDATE emp
SET sal = 5000
WHERE empno = 7934
SQL> /
SQL> COMMIT
SQL> /
The salary column was changed.
Query the mv_sal materialized view.
SQL> /
Notice that there are no changes made on the total salary in department 10.
DBMS_SNAPSHOT package and REFRESH option
Refresh the mv_sal materialized view by executing the REFRESH procedure at the
DBMS_SNAPSHOT package and use the letter C for the complete option.
SQL> EXECUTE dbms_snapshot.refresh('mv_sal','C')
SQL> /
Now, query your mv_sal materialized view.
SQL> /
Notice that the total salary paid to department 10 was changed. In fact, you have manually
updated the materialized view.
START WITH SYSDATE NEXT …
Now, let's create a materialized view named mv_account that would be updated every month
automatically without any human intervention.
SQL> CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW mv_account
BUILD IMMEDIATE
REFRESH FORCE
START WITH SYSDATE NEXT (SYSDATE+30)
WITH PRIMARY KEY
AS
SELECT * FROM emp
WHERE deptno = 10
SQL> /
Notice that the START WITH SYSDATE option will create an immediate data, and the
NEXT (SYSDATE+30) option will update the table every 30 days.
Check to see how many materialized views you have created.
SQL> SELECT * FROM user_mviews
SQL> /
you got one more materialized view.
Query the mv_account materialized view.
SQL> SELECT * FROM mv_account
SQL> /
Insert a record to your EMP table.
SQL> INSERT INTO emp VALUES
(9999,'John','Kazerooni',7782,'04-Apr-02',1400,500,10)
SQL> /
SQL> COMMIT
SQL> /
A record was added.
Since you have 30 days to see your changes, you can update the mv_account materialized
view by executing the REFRESH procedure from the DBMS_SNAPSHOT package and use
the C option for the complete option.
SQL> EXECUTE dbms_snapshot.refresh('mv_account','C')
SQL> /
Now, query the mv_account table.
SQL> SELECT * FROM mv_account
SQL> /
Notice that employee number 9999 was added to the materialized view.
USER_JOBS table
Check your jobs' queue.
SQL> SELECT * FROM user_jobs
SQL> /
Notice that this job is going to run each month. Make a note of it's job number.
DBMS_JOB package and REMOVE procedure
Execute the REMOVE procedure from the DBMS_JOB package to delete a job from the
job's queue. Use the runtime variable to enter your job number.
SQL> EXECUTE dbms_job.remove(&Enter_job_number)
SQL> /
Delete the added employee number 8888 and 9999 and change the employee's salary back to
1000.
SQL> DELETE FROM emp WHERE empno IN (8888,9999);
UPDATE emp
SET sal = 1000
WHERE empno = 7934
SQL> /
SQL> COMMIT
SQL> /
Drop all of the created Materialized views.
SQL> DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG ON emp
SQL> /
SQL> DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW mv_sal
SQL> /
SQL> DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW mv_account
SQL> /
REVOKE CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW …
Log back in as system/manager and revoke the CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW privilege
from the ISELF user.
SQL> REVOKE CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW FROM iself
SQL> /
you have now cleared your session, so that you can perform this excercise over and over
again.
"Each problem that I solved became a rule which served afterwards to solve other
problems." - Rene Descartes (1596-1650), "Discours de la Methode"
Questions:
Q: What is a Materialized View?
Q: What are the Materialized View types?
Q: Write the difference between ROWID and PRIMARY KEY in the Materialized View.
Q: What is the difference between a Materialized View and View?
Q: When or why do you use a Materialized View?
Q: What is a materialized view log?
Q: What are the PRIMARY KEY and ROWID in the Materialized View Log?
Q: What does the USER_SNAPSHOT_LOGS view contain?
Q: Create a materialized view that contains the department number, number of employees,
and total salaries paid to employees by department.
Q: Who can create a materialized view?
Q: What does the USER_MVIEWS view contain?
Q: How do you refresh a materialized view?
Q: What parameter should be used to update the materialized view every month
automatically without human intervention?
Q: What does the USER_JOBS view contain?
Q: How do you remove a job from the Oracle Job Queue?
Q: How do you drop a materialized view log and a materialized view?
Lesson 11
"In the End, we will remember not the words of our enemies, but the silence of our
friends." - Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-1968)
SQL014(VIDEO)-The BREAK ON clause
The BREAK ON clause
Introduction
Your organization now wants to get a simple report from the following report layout.
Unfortunately, they don’t have the “REPORTS builder” tool and you have to use sql*plus in
order to fulfill their user requirements.
The client asked you to query all employee names and their departments where their salaries
are greater than $3,150.00, sorted by department.
The report layout printout:

----------------Salary-----------------
Department Employee Salary
-------------------- -------------------- -----------
ACCOUNTING KING $5,250.00
******************** -----------
sum $5,250.00
SALES ALLEN $3,758.57

BLAKE $3,464.20
******************** -----------
sum $7,222.77
------------ confidential -------------

1. To use TTITLE, COLUMN, COMPUTE and BREAK commands,
2. To query department name, employee names and their salaries, and
3. To have subtotal for each department.
Topics:
REPHEADER
REPFOOTER
COLUMN <col> HEADING <hdr> FORMAT a20
BREAK ON <col> SKIP n
COMPUTE SUM OF <col> ON <col>
SPOOL
HOST
CLEAR BUFFER
CLEAR COLUMNS
CLEAR COMPUTE

Set the pagesize to 55 and the linesize to 80.
SQL> SET PAGESIZE 55
SQL> SET LINESIZE 80
REPHEADER and REPFOOTER commands
Make a report header and footer the way it was stated in the case study.
SQL> REPHEADER '----------------Salary-----------------'
SQL> REPFOOTER '------------ confidential -------------'
COLUMN … HEADING … FORMAT …command
Make your column heading and format as stated in the case study.
SQL> COLUMN dname HEADING 'Department' FORMAT a20
SQL> COLUMN sal HEADING 'Salary' FORMAT $99,999.99
SQL> COLUMN ename HEADING 'Employee' FORMAT a20
BREAK and COMPUTE command
Build a break on the department number and compute a sub-total for each department.
Skip one line for each control break.
SQL> BREAK ON dname SKIP 1
SQL> COMPUTE SUM OF sal ON dname
SPOOL command
Use the SPOOL command to populate a text file with any thing that you type in the
SQLPLUS prompt or you query. You have to SPOOL off in order to be able to open the spool
file. If you don’t spool off, you will see a zero byte written in the file and you will not be able
to see any output data.
Spool it on a file called salary.out in your c: drive.
SQL> SPOOL c:.out
Query your report based on your case study description.
SQL> SELECT dname, ename, sal
FROM emp e, dept d
WHERE e.deptno = d.deptno AND sal > 3150
ORDER BY dname
SQL> /
Spool off, of the output.
SQL> SPOOL OFF
You can use the text editor to open your spool file.
CLEAR command
Note that all the values in REPHEADER, REPFOOTER, BUFFER, COLUMNS, COMPUTE
and etc are going to stay the same during your open session. In order to clean them, you
should use the CLEAR command for BUFFER, COLUMNS, and COMPUTE. And input
NULL to REPHEADER and REPFOOTER.
Clear the buffer, repheader, repfooter, and compute all of the columns from your session.
SQL> REPHEADER ''
SQL> REPFOOTER ''
SQL> CLEAR BUFFER
SQL> CLEAR COLUMNS
SQL> CLEAR COMPUTE
"Whether you think that you can, or that you can't, you are usually right." - Henry
Ford (1863-1947)
Questions:
Q: What does the BREAK ON clause in SQLPLUS?
Q: What do the REPHEADER and REPFOOTER commands in SQLPLUS?
Q: What does the following commands?
COLUMN sal HEADING 'Salary' FORMAT $99,999.99
COLUMN ename HEADING 'Employee' FORMAT a20
REPHEADER ''
BREAK ON dname SKIP 1

COMPUTE SUM OF sal ON dname
SPOOL c:.out
SPOOL OFF
REPFOOTER ''
CLEAR BUFFER
CLEAR COLUMNS
CLEAR COMPUTE
Q: What does the CLEAR command in SQLPLUS?
Lesson 12
"The only way to get rid of a temptation is to yield to it." - Oscar Wilde (1854-
1900)
SQL015(VIDEO)-Troubleshooting - UNION, INTERSET, and MINUS statements
UNION, INTERSET, and MINUS statements
Introduction
Your organization has another table that contains employee data for the accounting
department only. You have been assigned to check the contents of the accounting table with
the base EMP table.
You need to:

1- List all of the records from the EMP table in the accounting department that are not in the
accounting table.
2- List all of the records that are common in both tables.
3- Merge the two tables so that you can query all of the records with no duplicated records.
Topics:
UNION
INTERSECT
MINUS

Create a table named accounting and copy all of the accounting employees into it.
SQL> CREATE TABLE accounting
AS (SELECT * FROM emp
WHERE deptno = 10)
SQL> /
Query the accounting table.
SQL> SELECT * FROM accounting
SQL> /
Now, insert a new record into the accounting table.
SQL> INSERT INTO accounting VALUES
(9000,'Dana','Kazerooni',7782,'04-Apr-02',1500,null,10)
SQL> /
SQL> COMMIT;
Insert a new record into the EMP table.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES
(9999,'Borna','Kazerooni',7782,'04-Apr-02',1500,null,10)
SQL> /
SQL> COMMIT;
Query the accounting table again.
SQL> /
Note the employee that was added to accounting table.
Query the accounting employees from the EMP table.
SQL> SELECT * FROM emp
WHERE deptno = 10
SQL> /
Note! The employee record was added to the EMP table.
MINUS statement
It will query all the records that are not matching against your base table.
Find all of the records from the EMP table in the accounting department, that are not in the
accounting table.
WHERE deptno = 10
MINUS SELECT * FROM accounting
SQL> /
Notice that this is the record that you added into the EMP table.
INTERSECT statement
It will query all the records that match with the base table. It is the same as joining two tables.
Search and list for all of the records that are common in both tables.
WHERE deptno = 10
INTERSECT SELECT * FROM accounting
SQL> /
Notice the common records.
UNION statement
It will query all the records that match or not match with the base table.
Merge the two tables so that you can query all of the records with no duplicated records.
UNION ALL SELECT * FROM emp
WHERE deptno = 10
AND empno NOT IN (SELECT empno FROM accounting)
SQL> /
Now, drop the accounting table.
SQL> DROP TABLE accounting
SQL> /
Delete the record which was added to the EMP table.
SQL> DELETE FROM emp
WHERE empno = 9999
SQL> /
SQL> COMMIT;
"Don't stay in bed, unless you can make money in bed." - George Burns (1896-
1996)
Questions:
Q: What does the UNION statement in the SQL statement?
Q: What does the INTERSET statement in the SQL statement?
Q: What does the MINUS statement in the SQL statement?
Lesson 13
"I don't know why we are here, but I'm pretty sure that it is not in order to enjoy
ourselves." - Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951)
SQL016(VIDEO)-Troubleshooting Deleting duplicated records
Troubleshooting Deleting duplicated records

Introduction
Your organization has a lot of duplicated records in their Account Employee table. This is a
daily problem in any organization and you should be prepared to fix the problem. You have
been assigned to clean all of the duplicated records.
Begin by logging in as the iself user.

CREATE TABLE AS …
First, let's create a table with lots of duplicated records. Create a table named dup_emp and
copy all of the EMP's records into it.
SQL> CREATE TABLE dup_emp
AS (SELECT * FROM emp)
SQL> /
Query the dup_emp table.
SQL> SELECT * FROM dup_emp
SQL> /
INSERT INTO … SELECT command
Insert all the accounting department rows into the dup_emp table.
SQL> INSERT INTO dup_emp
SELECT * FROM emp WHERE deptno = 10
SQL> /
SQL> commit;
Query all the duplicated records from the dup_emp table order by the employee name.
WHERE deptno = 10
ORDER BY ename
SQL> /
Notice that all of the employees of department 10 have been duplicated. Don’t try to
understand the following PL/SQL statements. You will learn how to write a PL/SQL
statement at the PL/SQL book.
Using PL/SQL to delete duplicated records
Write a procedure to delete all of the duplicated records.
SQL> DECLARE
SQL> -- Get the unique empno.
SQL> CURSOR c_empno IS
SQL> SELECT DISTINCT empno AS empno FROM dup_emp;
SQL> -- Get all duplicated records for an employee.
SQL> CURSOR c_duprec (p_empno NUMBER) IS
SQL> SELECT rowid FROM dup_emp WHERE empno = p_empno;
SQL> first_one BOOLEAN;
SQL> BEGIN
SQL> FOR v_empno IN c_empno LOOP
SQL> first_one := TRUE;
SQL> FOR v_duprec IN c_duprec (v_empno.empno) LOOP
SQL> IF NOT first_one THEN
SQL> DELETE FROM dup_emp
SQL> WHERE rowid = v_duprec.rowid;
SQL> COMMIT;
SQL> END IF;
SQL> first_one := FALSE;
SQL> END LOOP;
SQL> END LOOP;
SQL> END;
SQL> /
Query again the dup_emp table order by the department and employee number.
Then check for duplication.

WHERE deptno = 10
ORDER BY ename
SQL> /
Notice that there are no duplicated records.
Using SQL to delete duplicated records
You could write a delete statement to remove all duplicated records. The following statement
will delete all records that have the same employee number except the first one.
In this time, you did not have any duplicated record to be deleted.
WHERE ROWID IN (SELECT MAX(ROWID)
FROM dup_emp
GROUP BY empno
HAVING COUNT (empno) > 1)
SQL> /
Drop the dup_emp table.
SQL> DROP TABLE dup_emp
SQL> /
"Good people do not need laws to tell them to act responsibly, while bad people
will find a way around the laws." - Plato (427-347 B.C.)
Questions:
Q: Why it is important to eliminate duplicate records?
Q: What does the following SQL statement?
FROM dup_emp
GROUP BY empno
SQL> /
Lesson 14
"Talent does what it can; genius does what it must." - Edward George Bulwer-
Lytton (1803-1873)
SQL017(VIDEO)-Data Partitioning
Data Partitioning
Introduction
Your organization’s database is growing very fast. They want to have a database that contains
each department in a separate tablespace. They projected that their employee’s table is
growing to more than 100 million rows in each department. Also, upon their requirements,
they want to have each department’s employees in a separate hard disk, and to be independent
of other department employee’s data. Also, they want to be sure all the employees are in the
same table. They want it to be partitioned in such away, that when they run a query against an
employee’s information, they would scan at most on the department’s hard disk that he/she
works, rather than the other department’s hard disks on non-partitioned table.
You will need to choose a partition key. You have been told that the department’s employees
are distributed equally among the partition table. There are two types of partitioning
approaches that you, as a database designer, must choose (they are Local and Global). A
Local index is one that is partitioned exactly like the table to which it belongs. A Global
index, unlike local indexes, you should explicitly partition range boundaries using the
“VALUE LESS THAN” methods. They want you to create a “Local Index” for the partition
table.

1- To create folder for each department,
2- To create tablespace with following specification for each department:
a. Automatic Allocation for an unlimited size,
b. Generates redo logs and recoverable, and
c. Type must be permanent.
3- To create the partition table,
4- To copy the EMP table into the partition table,
5- To check the table statistics,
6- To create a local partition indexes, and
7- To check the index table statistics.

Creating OS directory from DOS
HOST command
Create folders for the accounting department, Reseach department, Sales department, and
other departments. Make sure that you have at least 50 Megabytes of hard drive space
available on your hard disk. The HOST command tells the SQLPLUS tool that the command
is an operating system command. It will execute it at OS level.
SQL> HOST mkdir c:dept10

SQL> HOST mkdir c:deptxx
Your folders were created.
CREATE TABLESPACE
Tablespace is a logical place that you will store your object in it. An Oracle user can store all
their tables in their default tablespace. Notice that all procedures, functions and packages will
be stored in the SYSTEM tablespace and you have no control to enforce that to any other
tablespace.
Create a tablespace for the accounting department with the following options:
1- Automatic Allocation,
2- Generates the redo logs,
3- Recoverable, and
4- Tablespace type must be permanent.
SQL> CREATE TABLESPACE dept10ts
LOGGING
DATAFILE 'c:dept10ts_01.dbf' SIZE 10M
AUTOEXTEND ON
NEXT 5K
MAXSIZE UNLIMITED
SQL> /
Notice that you don't have the sufficient privilege to create a tablespace.
Now, connect to SQLPLUS as the system/manager user
GRANT CREATE TABLESPACE and DROP TABLESPACE …
Grant the CREATE TABLESPACE and DROP TABLESPACE privilege to the iself user.
SQL> GRANT CREATE TABLESPACE TO iself
SQL> /
SQL> GRANT DROP TABLESPACE TO iself
SQL> /
The CREATE TABLESPACE privilege and DROP TABLESPACE privilege was granted to
the ISELF user.
Now, go back and connect to SQLPLUS as the iself user.
Create tablespaces for the accounting department.
LOGGING
DATAFILE 'c:dept10ts_01.dbf' SIZE 10m
AUTOEXTEND ON
NEXT 5k
MAXSIZE UNLIMITED
SQL> /
The accounting department tablespace was created.
Create tablespaces for the research department.
LOGGING
AUTOEXTEND ON
NEXT 5K
MAXSIZE UNLIMITED
SQL> /
Here, the research department tablespace was created.
Create tablespaces for the sales department.
LOGGING
AUTOEXTEND ON
NEXT 5K
MAXSIZE UNLIMITED
SQL> /
And here, the sales department tablespace was created.
Create tablespaces for the other departments.

SQL> CREATE TABLESPACE deptxxts
LOGGING
DATAFILE 'c:deptxx_01.dbf' SIZE 10M
AUTOEXTEND ON
NEXT 5K
MAXSIZE UNLIMITED
SQL> /
And now, the other departments tablespace was created.
CREATE partition table
PARTITION and MAXVALUE options
Now, create a range-based partitioning table named p_emp. Make sure that the data entry of
the accounting department goes to the dept10ts tablespace, the data entry of the research
department goes to the dept20ts tablespace, etc.
SQL> CREATE TABLE p_emp (
empno NUMBER(4) PRIMARY KEY,
ename VARCHAR2(10),
job VARCHAR2(9),
mgr NUMBER(4),
hiredate DATE,
sale NUMBER(7,2),
comm NUMBER(7,2),
deptno NUMBER(2))
STORAGE (INITIAL 5K
NEXT 5K
PCTINCREASE 0)
PARTITION BY RANGE (deptno)
(PARTITION dept10
VALUES LESS THAN (20)
TABLESPACE dept10ts,
PARTITION dept20
PARTITION dept30
PARTITION deptxx
VALUES LESS THAN (MAXVALUE)
TABLESPACE deptxxts)
SQL> /
Your partition table should be created. Notice that the VALUES LESS THAN clause
indicates the partition key value must be less then its assigned value in order to be illegible
for any DML transaction on its assigned tablespace.
Insert records into your partition table (p_emp).
SQL> INSERT INTO p_emp SELECT * FROM emp
SQL> /
SQL> COMMIT
SQL> /
ANALZE TABLE COMPUTE STATISTICS
Analyze your partition table.
SQL> ANALYZE TABLE p_emp COMPUTE STATISTICS
SQL> /
USER_TAB_PARTITIONS
Partition_name, tablespace_name and num_rows columns
Query the PARTITION_NAME, TABLESPACE_NAME, and NUM_ROWS columns from
the dictionary view.
SQL> SELECT partition_name, tablespace_name, num_rows
FROM user_tab_partitions
WHERE table_name = 'P_EMP'
SQL> /
Notice that in the accounting tablespace you have three records and research tablespace you
have 5 records, etc.
Compare these two tables, EMP and P_EMP.
First, query the EMP table.
SQL> /
Now, query the p_emp table.
SQL> SELECT * FROM p_emp
SQL> /
Can you see the difference? Notice that the query scanned the partition table by the sequence
of the tablespaces. That is why the list is sorted by department number.
SELECT … PARTITION ()
Query the accounting employees from the partition table. Use the partition option.
SQL> SELECT * FROM p_emp PARTITION (dept10)
SQL> /
Notice that your query is only against the accounting department partition and you don't have
to have a WHERE clause.
Query employee number 7900 from the sales department.
SQL> SELECT * FROM p_emp PARTITION (dept30)
WHERE empno = 7900
SQL> /
CREATE INDEX … LOCAL
Create a local partition index.
SQL> CREATE INDEX p_emp_ind ON p_emp (deptno) LOCAL
SQL> /
Analyze the partition table index.
SQL> ANALYZE INDEX p_emp_ind COMPUTE STATISTICS
SQL> /
Query the statistics on the number of records in each partition.
SQL> SELECT index_name, partition_name, num_rows
FROM user_ind_partitions
SQL> /
DROP TABLE … CASCADE CONSTRAINTS
Drop the table and all of the tablespaces.
SQL> DROP TABLE p_emp CASCADE CONSTRAINTS
SQL> /
DROP TABLESPACE … INCLUDING CONTENTS
SQL> DROP TABLESPACE dept10ts INCLUDING CONTENTS
SQL> /
SQL> /
SQL> /
SQL> DROP TABLESPACE deptxxts INCLUDING CONTENTS
SQL> /
Now, connect to SQLPLUS as the system/manager user
REVOKE CREATE TABLESPACE privileges

Revoke the CREATE TABLESPACE and DROP TABLESPACE privileges from the ISELF
user.
SQL> REVOKE CREATE TABLESPACE FROM iself
SQL> /
REVOKE DROP TABLESPACE privileges
SQL> REVOKE DROP TABLESPACE FROM iself
SQL> /
RMDIR using /S /Q options
Remove all of the created folders. Use the /S option if folder is not empty. And use the /Q
option for the QUIET MODE option.
SQL> HOST rmdir c:dept10 /S /Q
SQL> HOST rmdir c:deptxx /S /Q
"I'm all in favor of keeping dangerous weapons out of the hands of fools. Let's
start with typewriters." - Frank Lloyd Wright (1868-1959)
Questions:
Q: What is a data partitioning in the Oracle database?
Q: When should you use data partitioning?
Q: What is the advantage of using a data partitioning?
Q: What is a partition key?
Q: What is a local index in the data partitioning?
Q: What is a global index in the data partitioning?
Q: What are the differences between local and global indexes?
Q: How does the ‘VALUE LESS THAN’ method work in the data partitioning?
Q: Why do you need multiple tablespaces?
Q: Create a range-based partitioning table named p_emp. Be sure that the data entry of the
each department goes to its own provided tablespaces such as the accounting department goes
to the dept10ts tablespace, the data entry of the research department goes to the dept20ts
tablespace, etc.
Q: What does the MAXVALUE parameter mean in the data partitioning?
Q: How do you analyze a partition table?
Q: What does the USER_TAB_PARTITIONS view contain?
Q: Write a query to list the accounting employees from the partition table. Use the partition
option.
Q: Write a query to list employee number 7900 from the sales department?
Q: How do you create a local partition index?
Q: How do you analyze a partition table index?
Q: What does the USER_IND_PARTITIONS view contain?
Lesson 15
"Some cause happiness wherever they go; others, whenever they go." - Oscar
Wilde (1854-1900)
SQL018(VIDEO)-Data Warehousing and use of ROLLUP and CUBE functions
The ROLLUP and CUBE function
Hands-On
Data warehousing is a focus in your organization. Management needs more reports in order
to truly understand their data. You have been assigned to write simple SQL statement using
the “ROLLUP” operator to create salary subtotals for each type of job per year. Also, you
should use the CUBE operator to enable a simple statement to calculate all possible
combinations of the types of jobs and year for the research department only.
Notice: A select statement using the ROLLUP operator returns both ‘regular rows’ and
‘super-aggregate rows.’ Super-aggregate rows are rows that contain a sub-total value.
A select statement using the CUBE operator returns cross-tabulation values, thus produces
totals in all possible dimensions, and is used for warehousing aggregated data reports.
The report layout printout:
The ROLLUP layout output:

Year JOB SUM(SAL) COUNT(*)
---- --------- ---------- ----------
80 CLERK 1050 1
80 1050 1
81 ANALYST 3150 1
81 CLERK 997.5 1
81 MANAGER 9160.45 3
81 PRESIDENT 5250 1
81 SALESMAN 11609.82 4
81 30167.77 10
82 CLERK 1365 1
82 1365 1
87 ANALYST 2000 1
87 CLERK 1337.06 1
87 3337.06 2
35919.83 14
The CUBE layout output:

Year JOB SUM(SAL) COUNT(*)
---- --------- ---------- ----------
80 CLERK 1050 1
80 1050 1
81 ANALYST 3150 1
81 MANAGER 3123.75 1
81 6273.75 2
87 ANALYST 2000 1
87 CLERK 1337.06 1
87 3337.06 2
ANALYST 5150 2
CLERK 2387.06 2
MANAGER 3123.75 1
10660.81 5
Introduction
Oracle added the ROLLUP and CUBE functions in Oracle9i to the GROUP BY clause of the
SELECT statement. The ROLLUP function creates subtotals at any level of aggregation from
the most detailed up to a grand total. The CUBE function is similar to the ROLLUP function,
but it calculates all possible combinations of subtotals. Look at the following example to have
a better understanding of these two powerful functions. We use these two functions a lot
when we have a warehousing application or needs.
Connect to SQL*PLUS as the iself user.
Set the pagesize to 55 and the linesize to 100.
SQL> SET PAGESIZE 55
SQL> SET LINESIZE 100
Alter the EMP table, and add a column to store the year that employees were hired.
SQL> ALTER TABLE emp ADD (year VARCHAR2(2))
SQL> /
Set the column year heading.
SQL> COLUMN year FORMAT a4 HEADING "Year"
Update the EMP table to set the year each employee was hired, into the newly created YEAR
column.
SQL> UPDATE emp
SET year = TO_CHAR(hiredate,'YY')
SQL> /
SQL> commit;
ROLLUP grouping option
Query an aggregation sum report for each job, in each year, using the ROLLUP grouping
option.
SQL> SELECT year, job, SUM(sal), COUNT(*)
FROM emp
GROUP BY ROLLUP (year, job)
SQL> /
This is an example of a GROUP BY ROLLUP option.
CUBE grouping option
Query an aggregation sum report for each job, in each year using the CUBE option group for
the research department only.
SQL> SELECT year, job, SUM(sal), COUNT(*)
FROM emp
WHERE deptno = 20
GROUP BY CUBE (year, job)
SQL> /
This is an example of a GROUP BY CUBE option.
DROP TABLE … DROP column
Drop the year column
SQL> ALTER TABLE emp DROP (year)
SQL> /
You have dropped the year column so that you can perform this exercise over and over again.
"I am ready to meet my Maker. Whether my Maker is prepared for the great ordeal
of meeting me is another matter." - Sir Winston Churchill (1874-1965)
Questions:
Q: What does the ROLLUP operator?
Q: What does the CUBE operator?
Q: What are the differences between the CUBE and ROLLUP functions?
Q: What environments may use the CUBE and ROLLUP functions most?
Q: Write a query to list an aggregation sum report for each job, in each year, using the
ROLLUP grouping option.
Q: Write a query to list an aggregation sum report for each job, in each year, using the CUBE
grouping option.
Lesson 16
"I shall not waste my days in trying to prolong them." - Ian L. Fleming (1908-
1964)
SQL021(VIDEO)-Defining Objects and Collection Types
Defining Objects and Collection Types

Hands-On introduction
Your organization is going to gather information about all the employees’ families in order to
keep track of the number of the employee kids, kids’ names and their date of birth. You have
been assigned to use the nested object tables for the employees’ family. You should use the
“CONSTRUCTOR” operator to refer to the nested table with the “THE” syntax. Your client
should be able to insert a record into the nested table directly or update the nested table, and
be able to get individual elements from a nested object table using the object columns.

1- To use nested object tables,
2- To create a record object type,
3- To create a table objects type,
4- To create a table for employee’s table (EMP_FAMILY),
5- To insert record into table,
6- To query information from table,
7- To update information from table, and
8- To delete information from table.

Start your session by setting the pagesize to 55 and the linesize to 100. Also, change the
object_name column format to only 20 characters long.
SQL> SET PAGESIZE 55 LINESIZE 100
SQL> COLUMN object_name FORMAT a20
This section contains examples of creating and using user-defined object types and collection
types in the Oracle database.
CREATE TYPE … AS OBJECT …
Create an object type with two columns to hold the employee's child name and date of birth
and name it employee_kids.
SQL> CREATE TYPE employee_kids AS OBJECT (
NAME VARCHAR2(30),
dob DATE
)
SQL> /
CREATE TYPE … IS TABLE OF …
Create a table type using employee_kids and name it employee_kids_table.
SQL> CREATE TYPE employee_kids_table IS TABLE OF employee_kids
SQL> /
Query all of the object types that you created.
SQL> SELECT object_name FROM user_objects
WHERE object_type = 'TYPE'
SQL> /
CREATE TABLE … NESTED TABLE …
Create the emp_family table containing the kids column with a type of employee_kids_table.
SQL> CREATE TABLE emp_family
(empno NUMBER,
kids employee_kids_table)
NESTED TABLE kids STORE AS nested_employee_kids_table
SQL> /
This is an example of a nested table column. In this column, you will store the name and birth
of an employees' child.
INSET INTO … VALUES (object_type(), …)
Insert two rows into the emp_family table.
SQL> INSERT INTO emp_family VALUES (7900, employee_kids_table())
SQL> /
SQL> INSERT INTO emp_family VALUES (7788, employee_kids_table())
SQL> /
SQL> COMMIT;
Note that the constructor creates an empty nested table as opposed to leaving it null. Notice
that without using the constructor, it is not possible to refer to the nested table with the "THE"
clause.
Insert another row into the emp_family table, while specifying three employee kids for the
nested table at the same time.
SQL> INSERT INTO emp_family VALUES
(7902,
employee_kids_table
( employee_kids('David','08-AUG-01'),
employee_kids('Peter','10-JUN-88'),
employee_kids('Mark','30-OCT-92')
)
)
SQL> /
Now, query the emp_family table.
SQL> SELECT * FROM emp_family
SQL> /
Notice that the names David, Peter, and Mark were added.
Describe the emp_family table
SQL> desc emp_family
INSERT using “THE” sub-query
Now insert directly into the nested table. The "THE" sub-query is used to identify the nested
table to INSERT INTO.
SQL> INSERT INTO THE(SELECT kids FROM emp_family
WHERE empno = 7900)
VALUES ('Fred','10-SEP-89')
SQL> /
WHERE empno = 7900)
VALUES ('Sue','10-DEC-99')
SQL> /
SQL> commit
SQL> /
Note that when using this method only one row may be inserted into the nested table at a time
- as would also be the case if you were inserting rows into any table.
Set off the record separator and then query the emp_family table.
SQL> SET RECSEP OFF
SQL> COLUMN KIDS FORMAT A55 WORD
SQL> /
Notice that the names FRED and SUE were added to the KIDS nested table.
Now query directly from the nested table. The "THE" sub-query is used to identify the nested
table to query. Query the children names of employee number 7788.
SQL> SELECT name
FROM THE(SELECT kids FROM emp_family WHERE empno = 7788)
SQL> /
Notice that this employee does not have any kids.
UPDATE … SET … = object_type()
Use an UPDATE statement, to change the whole nested table for a given row, in the
"emp_family" table.
SQL> UPDATE emp_family
SET kids = employee_kids_table(
employee_kids('Sara','08-OCT-88'))
WHERE empno = 7788
SQL> /
SQL> COMMIT
SQL> /
Now, query the emp_family table.
SQL> /
Notice that the KIDS nested table was replaced and Sara was inserted into the kids table.
UPDATE THE (SELECT …)
Now, let's update a single element of the nested table. Update the David name to Dana where
the employee number is 7902.
SQL> UPDATE THE(SELECT kids FROM emp_family WHERE empno=7902)
SET name = 'Dana'
WHERE name = 'David'
SQL> /
SQL> COMMIT;
The "THE" sub-query is used to identify the KIDS nested table.
Query the emp_family table to see the changes.
SQL> /
David was changed to Dana.
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX …
Add a unique index to the nested table. Note that we must include the nested_table_id column
in this case.
SQL> CREATE UNIQUE INDEX i_nested_employee_kids_table
ON nested_employee_kids_table(nested_table_id,name)
SQL> /
Insert the duplicated record into the nested table.
WHERE empno = 7900)
SQL> /
UNIQUE CONSTRAINT VIOLATION

As you can see, you get a UNIQUE CONSTRAINT VIOLATION message.
DROP TYPE statement
Drop the emp_family, employee_kids_table, and employee_kids tables.
SQL> DROP TABLE emp_family
SQL> /
SQL> DROP TYPE employee_kids_table
SQL> /
SQL> DROP TYPE employee_kids
SQL> /
You have dropped the objects so that you can practice this Hands-On over.
“Always bear in mind that your own resolution to succeed is more important than
any one thing.” Abraham Lincoln (1809 - 1865)
Questions:
Q: What is an object type?
Q: What is a collection object?
Q: Create an object type with two columns to hold the employee's child name and date of
birth and name it employee_kids .
Q: Create a table type using employee_kids and name it employee_kids_table.
Q: Create the emp_family table containing the kid’s column with a type of
employee_kids_table.
Q: How do you insert a record in the object type?
Q: What is the constructor?
Q: What is the ‘THE’ sub-query?
Q: How do you query a record using the ‘THE’ sub-query?
Q: What is a nested table?
Q: How do you insert a record to a nested table?
Q: How do you update a record to nested table?
Q: How do you add a unique index to a nested table?
Lesson 17
Try not to become a man of success but rather to become a man of value. Albert
Einstein (1879 - 1955)
Replicating data with a NESTED TABLE collection

type
Hands-On Introduction
Today, a lot of company wants to replicate their data for a reason of backup and recovery,
accessibility, performance, etc.
This hand-on is intended to introduce the enhancement in Oracle9i to teach how to replicate
an object from location “A” to “B” based on a table with a NESTED TABLE collection type.
We will learn how to create a materialized view based on a table with a NESTED TABLE
collection type.
We assume that you have two sites (Master Site with a service name of SITEA and
Materialized View Site with a service name of SITEB). Also we assume that we have user
schema called REPLICATOR in both sites.
CONNECT …/…@...
STEPS to implement replication:
Step 1: Connect to “SITEA” (Master Site) as the REPLICATOR user.
SQL> CONNECT replicator/…@SITEA
CREATE TYPE … AS OBJECT …
Step 2: Create the “address_book_type_object” object. Then create a nested table type from
created object.
SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE address_book_type_object
AS OBJECT (
id_address NUMBER(1),
address VARCHAR2(20));
CREATE TYPE … AS TABLE OF …

SQL> CREATE TYPE address_book_nested_type
AS TABLE OF address_book_type_object;
CREATE TABLE … NESTED TABLE …

Step 3: Create the “ADDRESS_BOOK” table with created
“ADDRESS_BOOK_NESTED_TYPE” type.
SQL> CREATE TABLE address_book
( id NUMBER(10) CONSTRAINT address_book_pk PRIMARY KEY,
first_name VARCHAR2(15),
last_name VARCHAR2(15),
address_obj address_book_nested_type)
NESTED TABLE address_obj STORE AS address_nested
((PRIMARY KEY (NESTED_TABLE_ID, id_address)));
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG …

Step 4: Now, create a Materialized View Log.
SQL> CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG ON address_book;
ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG ON address_book ADD(address_obj);
SQL> CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG ON address_nested
WITH PRIMARY KEY;
INSERT INTO … VALUES (object_type(),…)

Step 5: Insert some records into your address book table and then commit the transaction.
SQL> INSERT INTO address_book
VALUES ('100','Borna','Kaz',
address_book_nested_type(
address_book_type_object (1,‘Company Name’),
address_book_type_object (2,'1576 Dunterry place')
address_book_type_object (3, 'Orlando','FL, 22101')));
SQL> INSERT INTO address_book
VALUES ('200','Dana','Kaz’,
address_book_nested_type (
address_book_type_object (1,‘Company Name2’')));
SQL> COMMIT;
Query the address book table.

SQL> SELECT *
FROM address_book;
Step 6: Connect to SITEA again with a DBA privilege.

SQL> CONNECT system/…@SITEA
Obtaining an Object ID (OID)

Step 7: Obtain Object ID of created “ADDRESS_BOOK_TYPE” object.
SQL> SELECT OWNER, TYPE_OID FROM DBA_TYPES
WHERE TYPE_NAME LIKE 'ADDRESS%';
Step 8: Connect to SITEB (Materialized View Site) as the REPLICATOR user.

SQL> CONNECT replicator/...@SITEB
Step 9: Assuming that your object IDs are

‘XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX’ and ‘YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.
SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE address_book_type_object
OID ‘XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX’
AS OBJECT (
Creating type using OID
SQL> CREATE TYPE address_book_nested_type
OID ‘YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY’
AS TABLE OF address_book_type_object;
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW …FROM ..@...

Step 10: Now, create a Materialized View that it will be updated as soon as there is any
changes on the Master table (ADDRESS_BOOK) by executing refresh procedure.
SQL> CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW address_book_mv
NESTED TABLE address_obj STORE AS address_nested_mv
REFRESH FAST AS
SELECT *
FROM replicator.address_book@SITEA;
DBMS_MVIEW.REFRESH procedure
Step 11: From now on, any changes in the ADDRESS_BOOK table in the Master Site
(SITEA) will be replicated to the SITEB (Materialized View Site) by executing
DBMS_MVIEW.REFRESH procedure on the SITEB.
SQL> EXECUTE dbms_mview.refresh(‘address_book_mv’,’F’);
A great secret of success is to go through life as a man who never gets used up.
Albert Schweitzer (1875 - 1965)
Questions:
Q: What is a data replica?
Q: What is the difference between a materialized view and a materialized view log?
Q: What is an object ID?
Q: How do you retrieve an object ID?
Q: How do you use an object ID to create an object type?
Lesson 18
“If your success is not on your own terms, if it looks good to the world but does
not feel good in your heart, it is not success at all.” Anna Quindlen
IMPORTANT-READ CAREFULLY
The following are important definitions to remember:
"DML" stands for Data Manipulation Language. SELECT, UPDATE, INSERT, and DELETE
are the "DML" statements.
A "SELECT" statement must consist of a "SELECT" and a "FROM" clause.
A Mathematical Operation can be performed on the "SELECT" statement.
The "DUAL" table would be used when a user does not want to pull data from a table but
rather wants simply to use an arithmetic operation. It contains only one row and one column.
The "NULL" value will be used when you don't know the value of the column. Remember
that the Null value means "I don't know;" and any mathematical operation on the null value
will return a null result.
The null value function (NVL) can convert a null value an assigned value.
A "column heading" can be used in place of the actual column name. If your column heading
is case sensitive, a reserved word, or contains white space, it must be enclosed within double
quotes.
A "table alias" can be used in place of the actual table name to make a column a unique
identifier.
Two or more columns or strings can be concatenated using a double-pipe.
The "ORDER BY" clause in a select statement will sort the order of a listed table.
The "WHERE" clause can contain comparison operations linked together.
The "LIKE" clause can be used for pattern matching.

The "BETWEEN" clause would be used for a range operation.
The "DECODE" function will match the column values with appropriate return values. It
continues matching until it has identified all cases. The last variable is used for the default
return value.
A "JOIN" table is: when a query obtains data from more than one table and merges the data
together. You may join tables together using "inner join" or "equijoin", "outer join", and "self
join".
"inner join" also known as equijoin is an equality operation linking the data in the common
columns.
"outer join" returns data in one table even when there is no match in the other table.
A "self join" is based on an equality operation linking the data to itself.
A "Cartesian" product" is caused by joining "N" number of tables while you have less than
"N-1" join conditions in the query.
An "Anonymous Column" is caused by joining two tables when they have a common column
name in them. You can use table aliases or table names next to a column name to avoid
causing the "anonymous column."
The "GROUP BY" clause will assist you in grouping data together.
The "EXISTS" operation produces a "TRUE" or "FALSE" value based on the related sub-
query data output. You may use the global column name in your sub-query.
The "IN" operation produces a "TRUE" or "FALSE" value based on the related sub-query
data output or list of values.
"MIN," "MAX," and "SUM" are grouping functions that allow you to perform operations on
data in a column.
You can assign a variable in a "SELECT" statement at run time with use of a runtime
variable.
A Table is a collection of records.
Use the "VARCHAR2" datatype when your input data string varies and does not exceed more
than 2000 characters.
Use the "CHAR" datatype when your input data string is fixed and does not exceed more than
2000 characters.
If your input data is number, use the "NUMBER" datatype.

The "DATE" datatype should be used when your input data is "date", "time", or "date and
time".
The "RAW" datatype should be used when your input data contains binary data and does not
exceed more than 2000 bytes.
If your input data contains text data and does not exceed more than 2 gig, use the "LONG"
datatype.
The "LONG RAW" datatype is used if your input data is binary and does not exceed more
than 2 Gig.
Use the "ROWID" datatype when your application references to the "rowid" of a table.
The "BLOB" (Binary Large Object) datatype would be used for binary long objects and can
store up to 4 gig.
Use the "CLOB" (Character Large Object) datatype if you have to store a book in a column.
Its size should not exceed more than 4 gig. Try to use "CLOB" instead of the "LONG"
datatype. It is searchable; also more than one column can be defined as Large Object in a
table.
The "BFILE" datatype would be used for the large external files. The content of this column
points to system files.
The DATA DICTIONARY is a repository of all the database objects that were created by
different schemas.
All the information about the database objects is stored in the data dictionary. You will
retrieve the data dictionary information using the data dictionary views.
DDL" stands for Data Definition Language. CREATE TABLE, CREATE USER, DROP
TABLE, ALTER TABLE are examples of the DDL statements.
The "ALTER" command changes an object.
The "DROP" command removes an object.
The "TRUNCATE" or "DELETE" command removes records from an object. When you use
the truncate statement, the "high watermark" will change to the beginning of the table. The
truncate statement is a "DDL" statement; and on all DDL statements, the commit is implicit.
That is the reason that you can not rollback on the truncate statement. Also, when a table is
removed all its indexes, constraints, and references will be removed as well.
The Oracle9i ANSI standard JOIN syntax
You can use Oracle9i ANSI standard JOIN syntax to join the contents of two or more tables
together in a single result according to the following syntax.
Syntax:
SELECT col1, col2
FROM table1 JOIN table2
ON condition;
The ANSI standard NATURAL JOIN syntax

A natural join is a join between two or more tables where Oracle joins the tables according to
the column(s) in the two or more tables sharing the same name with the following syntax.
Syntax:
SELECT col1, col2
FROM table1 NATURAL JOIN table2;
The USING clause

You can use Oracle9i ANSI standard JOIN syntax to join the contents of two or more tables
together in a single result according to the columns in the two tables sharing the same name
and be used in the USING clause with the following syntax.
Syntax:
SELECT col1, col2
FROM table1 JOIN table2
USING (col);
The ANSI standard CROSS JOIN syntax

A cross-join is produced when you use the CROSS keyword in your ANSI/ISO -compliant
join query. You use it when you want to retrieve a Cartesian product.
Syntax:
SELECT col1, col2
FROM table1 CROSS JOIN table2;
The OUTER JOIN clause

A OUTER JOIN is a join between two tables where you want to see information from tables
even when no corresponding records exist in the common column. You can have RIGHT
OUTER JOIN, LEFT OUTER JOIN, and FULL OUTER JOIN.
Syntax:
SELECT col1, col2
FROM table1 RIGHT/LEFT/FULL OUTER JOIN table2;
RIGHT OUTER JOIN

A RIGHT OUTER JOIN is a join between two tables where you want to see information
from table on the right side even when no corresponding records exist in the common
column.
Syntax:
SELECT col1, col2
FROM table1 RIGHT OUTER JOIN table2;
LEFT OUTER JOIN

A LEFT OUTER JOIN is a join between two tables where you want to see information from
table on the left side even when no corresponding records exist in the common column.
Syntax:
SELECT col1, col2
FROM table1 LEFT OUTER JOIN table2;
FULL OUTER JOIN

A FULL OUTER JOIN is a join between two tables where you want to see information from
both tables on the left and right sides even when no corresponding records exist in the
common column.
Syntax:
SELECT col1, col2
FROM table1 FULL OUTER JOIN table2;
The (WITH name AS) statement

Oracle9i provides you with the WITH clause that lets you factor out the sub-query, give it a
name, then reference that name multiple times within the original complex query.
The (inline view)

A sub-query that appears in the FROM clause is called an inline view. You must enclose the
query text for the inline view in parentheses and also give a label for the inline view so that
columns in it can be referenced later.
The MERGE statement

Oracle9i provides you with the MERGE statement so that you can identify a table into which
you would like to update data in an existing row or add new data if the row does not already
exist.
Materialized View
Unlike an ordinary view, which only contains an SQL statement, a materialized view contains
the rows of data resulting from an SQL query against one or more base tables. The
materialized view can be set up to automatically keep itself in synch with those base tables.
Materialized view log

Whenever a change is made to one of the underlying base tables; the database stores a log on
each change.
Using DBMS_SNAPSHOT package

You can use the REFRESH procedure of the DBMS_SNAPSHOT package to refresh
periodically a snapshot manually.
UNION
The UNION set operator combines the results of two queries into a single result with no
record duplication.
INTERSECT
The INTERSECT set operator returns all the rows contained in both tables.
MINUS
The MINUS set operator returns all the rows in one table minus the rows contained in other
table.
Tablespace
A tablespace is a logical database structure that is designed to store other logical database
structures. Oracle sees a tablespace as a large area of space into which Oracle can place new
objects. Space in tablespace is allocated in segments.
Partitioned table
Partitioned tables are just like regular tables except for an important small feature-they enable
you to reference the individual segments that might support larger tables directly.
The ROLLUP function

It is simple extension to the SELECT statement’s GROUP BY clause. It creates subtotals at
any level of aggregation needed, from the most detailed up to a grand total.
The CUBE function

It is simple extension to the SELECT statement’s GROUP BY clause. It calculates subtotals
for all the combinations of a group of dimensions. It also calculates a grand total.
JAVA
JAVA is a language that is portable, due to the fact that it is run within your environment. This
environment may be a web browser, a database, or an application server.
Nested Table
If an object is in an object, it is a nested object. A nested table is a table that is nested in
another table.
The “THE” sub-query

The "THE" sub-query is used to identify the nested table to insert into. Note only one row
may be inserted into the nested table at once using this method-as would be the case if you
were inserting into any table.
The REF Cursor

REF cursors hold cursors in the same way that VARCHAR2 variables hold strings. This is an
added feature that comes with PL/SQL v2.2. A REF cursor allows a cursor to be opened on
the server and passed to the client as a unit rather than one row at a time. One can use a Ref
cursor as a target of assignments and can be passed as parameters to the Program Units. Ref
cursors are opened with an OPEN FOR statement and in all other ways, they are the same as
regular cursors.
Table of Records
A table of records is a new feature added in PL/SQL v2.3. It is the equivalent of a database
table in memory. If you structure the PL/SQL table of records with a primary key (an index)
you can have array-like access to the rows.
Table of records differ from arrays in that they are not bound by a fixed lower or higher limit.
Nor do they require consecutive index numbers as arrays do. Consult a PL/SQL reference
manual (version 2.3 or higher) for further explanation. There are three steps involved in
creating a table of records.
Oracle Server is an object-relational database management system that provides an open,

comprehensive, and integrated approach to information management. It consists of an Oracle
database and instance.
The Oracle Database contains all user data information. It has a physical and a logical
structure.
The “Physical Structure” is determined by the operating system files; such as data files,
control files, and parameter files.
The “Logical Structure” is determined by the Oracle Database, such as tablespaces, tables,
and segments.
An instance is a combination of Oracle background processes and memory buffers.
The memory buffer is called System Global Area (SGA) and is shared by the database users.
Every time a database is started the system global area is allocated and Oracle background
processes are started.
Oracle Background Processes Server tasks between memory and disk.
A user establishes connection and then requests information using a client application from
the Oracle Server.
The Listener process waits for connection requests from a client application, and routes each
client to a server process.
Server processes are created on behalf of each user’s application to read a user request and
return the results.
The TNSNAMES.ORA and SQLNET.ORA files establish client session connectivity to a
server using the local naming option.
“Of course there is no formula for success except perhaps an unconditional

acceptance of life and what it brings.” Arthur Rubinstein (1886 - 1982)
General Questions:
Q: What does the DML stand for?
Q: What are the examples of the DML statement?
Q: What should a ‘SELECT’ statement consist of?
Q: Can you perform a mathematical operation on a ‘SELECT’ statement?
Q: What is the DUAL table?
Q: When do you use the DUAL table?
Q: What does the DUAL table contain?
Q: What is the NULL value?
Q: What is the result of 100+NULL?
Q: What does the NVL function?
Q: What is a COLUMN HEADING?
Q: What is a TABLE ALIAS?
Q: How can you concatenate two columns or strings?
Q: What does the LIKE clause?
Q: What does the DECODE function?
Q: How many different types of JOIN table do you know?
Q: What is an inner join table?
Q: What is an outer join table?
Q: What is an equi-join table?
Q: What is the difference between an inner join table and an outer join table?
Q: What is a SELF JOIN table?
Q: What is the Cartesian product?
Q: How can you avoid having a Cartesian product?
Q: What is an anonymous column?
Q: How can you avoid having an anonymous column?
Q: When do you use the GROUP BY clause?
Q: What does the EXISTS operation produce?
Q: What does the IN operation produce?
Q: What is a runtime variable?
Q: What is a table?
Q: What is the difference between a VARCHAR2 datatype and a CHAR datatype?
Q: What is the difference between a DATE and NUMBER datatypes?
Q: How does a DATE store in the Oracle database?
Q: What is the difference between a LONG RAW and BLOB datatypes?
Q: What is the difference between a LONG and CLOB datatypes?
Q: What is a ROWID of a record?
Q: What is the BFILE datatype?
Q: What is a data dictionary in the Oracle database?
Q: What type of data store in a data dictionary?
Q: What is a data dictionary view?
Q: What is DDL?
Q: What does DDL stand for?
Q: What are the differences between a TRUNCATE and DELETE commands?
Q: What is a high watermark in the Oracle table?
Q: What is implicit in a DDL statement?
Q: What is the Oracle9i ANSI?
Q: What are the differences between the NATURAL JOIN and JOIN syntaxes?
Q: When do you use the USING clause in the Oracle ANSI database?
Q: Write and describe all different types of JOIN in the Oracle ANSI statements?
Q: What is an inline view in the Oracle database?
Q: What is the materialized view?
Q: What is the view?
Q: When do you use the DBMS_SNAPSHOT package?
Q: What is the materialized view log?
Q: Describe the UNION, INTERSET, and MINUS set operators in the Oracle SELECT
statement?
Q: What is a tablespace in the Oracle database?
Q: What is a partitioned table in the Oracle database?
Q: When do you use a partitioned table in the Oracle database?
Q: What are the differences between Oracle table and Oracle partitioned table?
Q: What is the ROLLUP function?
Q: What is the CUBE function?
Q: What is the Nested Table in the Oracle database?
Q: What is the logical structure in the Oracle database?
Q: What is the physical structure in the Oracle database?
Q: What is an instance in the Oracle database?
Q: What is SGA?
Q: What are the Oracle Background Processes?
Q: What is the listener process in the Oracle database?
Lesson 19
“Nothing in the world can take the place of persistence. Talent will not; nothing is
more common than unsuccessful men with talent. Genius will not; unrewarded
genius is almost a proverb. Educations will not the world is full of educated
derelicts. Persistence and determination alone are omnipotent. The slogan, 'Press
on,' has solved and always will solve the problems of the human race.” --Calvin
Coolidge
Answers:
Q: What are the definitions of the following items?
column,
record,
table,
item,
field,
element,
primary key,
foreign key, and
datatype.
A: A column is a smallest unit in a database that you need to deal with. A record is a
collection of columns and a table is a collection of records. The terms: elements, columns,
fields and items can be used interchangeably. A primary key is a unique identifier in a table.
A foreign key is a column in a table (child) that references to a primary key column in
another table (parent). Relationships between two tables are normally established by defining
primary or foreign keys. A datatype is a format that an input data will be stored in a column.
A: Relationships between two tables are normally established by defining primary or foreign
keys. It will establish a child and parent relationships. A foreign key is a column in a table
(child) that references to a primary key column in another table (parent).
Q: Describe the Entity Relationship diagram and Logical Data Model.
A: "Entity Relationship Diagram" or "Logical Data Model" is used to establish relationships
between entities.
A: If an index key or a primary key were composed of more than one column. We call it a
composite index.
Q: What are the responsibilities of an Oracle DBA and Oracle Developer?
A: The integrity, security, connectivity, performance, and tuning of a database will be
maintained by DBAs. One of the responsibilities of a DBA is to plan a contingency for
disaster and ensure recovery of the database. On the other hand developers use front-end and
back-end tools along with management tools to perform their tasks. They develop
applications to manipulate a database’s data. Their application will query, insert, delete and
update a record or records. They use front-end tools such as "form builder," "report builder,"
and "graphics builder." They use back-end tools such as "schema builder," "procedure
builder," and "query builder." They use project builder tools to manage and deliver their
applications to their clients.
Q: What is a Database?
A: A collection of all tables under a single or many different schemas can be stored and
maintained in a database. A database, in effect, is a collection of objects such as tables,
indexes, stored procedures, etc.
Q: Query the employee names and their salaries from the employee table.
A: SQL> SELECT ename, sal FROM emp;
Q: Do the above query and use an “as” clause for the “salary” column aliases or column
headings.
A: SQL> SELECT ename, sal AS salary FROM emp;
Q: Repeat the previous query and have “Full Name” for the ename’s column heading and
“Salary” for the “sal” column heading.
A: SQL> SELECT ename “Full Name”, sal "Salary"
FROM emp;
A: NULL.
Q: Query the employee names with their commissions.
A: SQL> SELECT ename, comm commission FROM emp;
Q: Use the (NVL) the null value function to assign zero to any null value in the commission
column for the previous query.
A: SQL> SELECT ename, NVL(comm,0) commission
FROM emp;
Q: Concatenate the customers’ last name and first name separated by comma.
A: SQL> SELECT last_name || ', ' || first_name AS "full name"
FROM customers;
Q: Query the employees name sorted by ascending order.
A: SQL> SELECT ename
FROM emp
ORDER BY ename ASC;
Q: Query the employees name sorted by descending order.
A: SQL> SELECT ename FROM emp
ORDER BY ename DESC;
Q: Query the employee information whose employee number is 7788.
A: SQL> SELECT *
FROM emp
WHERE empno = 7788;
Q: Query the employees name whose names start with the letter “M.”
FROM emp
WHERE ename LIKE 'M%';
Q: Query the employees name whose names end with the letter “R.”
FROM emp
WHERE ename LIKE '%R';
Q: Query the employees name whose salaries between 2000 and 3000 dollars.
FROM emp
WHERE sal BETWEEN 2000 AND 3000;
others.
A: SQL> SELECT ename, DECODE (deptno, 10, 'Accounting',
20, 'Research',
30, 'Sales',
'Others') AS "Department"
FROM emp;
Q: What is an ambiguous column?
A: An ambiguous column is a column that is not defined clearly. Having two tables with the
same column name, you should reference them such that there is no ambiguity on their
ownerships.
Q: How can you resolve an ambiguous column problem?
A: The column name should be identified by alias to make it clear that to what table that
column is belong.
Q: What is a Cartesian product?
A: A “Cartesian” product is caused by joining “N” number of tables while you have less than
“N-1” joins condition in the query.
Q: How can you avoid a Cartesian product?
A: To avoid it, just when joining “N” number of tables you should have more or equal “N-1”
joins condition in the query.
Q: What is an inner join or equi-join?
A: Joining two or more tables together using the WHERE clause with the equal sign (=) in a
query. This type of query will retrieve records that have exact match and will be called inner
join or equi-join.
Q: What is an outer join?
A: Joining two or more tables using OUTER join, not only you retrieve all matching records
but also you retrieve the records that do not match.
Q: What is a self join?
A: When a table refers to itself in the WHERE clause, we call that join is a self-join.
Q: Query all the employee names and their department including all the departments with no
employees.
A: SQL> SELECT ename, dname
FROM emp e, dept d
WHERE e.deptno (+) = d.deptno;
Q: Query the managers’ name with their employees sorted by the manager name.
A: SQL> SELECT mgr.ename “Manager Name”, e.ename “Employee Name”
FROM emp mgr, emp e
WHERE mgr.empno = e.mgr
ORDER BY mgr.ename;
Q: Query the department number and their total, average, min, and max salaries for each
department.
A: SQL> SELECT deptno, SUM(sal), AVG(sal), MIN(sal), MAX(sal)
FROM emp
GROUP BY deptno;
Q: Query the department no and their total salaries that have more than 5 employees working
in their department.
A: SQL> SELECT deptno, SUM(sal)
FROM emp
GROUP BY deptno
HAVING count(*) > 5;
Q: Query the employees name that work for the Research or Sales department (the
department number 20 or 30).
A: SQL> SELECT ename, deptno
FROM emp
WHERE deptno IN (20, 30);
Q: Query the employees name that work in the "accounting" department. Assuming the
department number is unknown.
FROM emp
WHERE deptno IN
(SELECT deptno
FROM dept
WHERE dname = "ACCOUNTING");
Q: Query the employees name and use the runtime variable to substitute the department
number? Then run it for following department no 10, 20, and 30.
FROM emp
WHERE deptno = &deptno;
SQL> /
Q: Query the customer names which have more than four orders.
A: SQL> SELECT name
FROM customer c
WHERE exists
(SELECT 'T'
FROM ord
WHERE custid = c.custid
GROUP BY custid
HAVING count(*) > 4);
A: SQL> CREATE TABLE employee
(empid NUMBER(10),
lastname VARCHAR2(20) not null,
firstname VARCHAR2 (20) not null,
phone_no VARCHAR2 (15),
deptno NUMBER(2) CHECK (deptno BETWEEN 9 AND 100),
constraint pk_employee_01 PRIMARY KEY (empid),
constraint fk_dept_01 FOREIGN KEY (deptno)
references dept (deptno) ON DELETE CASCADE,
constraint uk_employee_01 UNQUE (phone_no));
Q: Create a composite index on the employee table that contains two index columns (last
name and first name).
A: SQL> CREATE INDEX employee_lname_fname_ind_01
ON employee (lastname, firstname);
Q: Query the tables that you as a user own.
A: SQL> SELECT table_name
FROM user_tables
ORDER BY table_name;
Q: Query the index tables that belong to the employee table and owns by the iself user.
A: SQL> SELECT index_name, uniqueness
FROM user_indexes
Q: Change the size of the "column_name" to 30 characters logically (for display only).
A: SQL> COLUMN column_name FORMAT a30
Q: Query the indexes columns of the employee table.
A: SQL> SELECT index_name, column_name, column_position
FROM user_ind_columns
Q: Insert a record into the "employee" table using column names.
A: SQL> INSERT INTO employee
(empid, lastname, deptno, firstname, phone_no)
VALUES (100, 'smith', 10,'joe', ‘7038212211');
Q: Insert a record using the column position format.
A: SQL> INSERT INTO employee
VALUES (200, 'KING', 'Allen', 5464327532, 10);
Q: How do you save the inserted transaction?
A: COMMIT;
Q: Change the "last_name" column value from “Smith” to “Judd” where the "employee id" is
100.
A: SQL> UPDATE employee
SET lastname = 'Judd'
WHERE empid = 100;
Q: Delete all the employee records from the "employee" table using the delete command and
the truncate command.
A: SQL> DELETE FROM employee;
OR
SQL> TRUNCATE TABLE employee;
Q: How do you undo a transaction?
A: ROLLBACK;
A: Notice that the TRUNCATE command is a DDL statement and all DDL statements have
commit inclusive. That is why the ROLLBACK action after truncation does not work. Also,
if you want to delete all records from a table, you should use the TRUNCATE statement. It
will change the table watermark. The table watermark is an address that indicates a last
location of a record in a table. On the DELETE statement the watermark will not change. But
using the TRUNCATE statement will change the watermark to the beginning of the table.
A: SQL> CREATE TABLE employee
FROM emp;
Q: Add a salary column to the employee table.
A: SQL> ALTER TABLE employee
ADD (salary NUMBER(8,2));
Q: Modify the "ename" column size from varchar10 to varchar15.
A: SQL> ALTER TABLE employee
MODIFY (ename VARCHAR2(15));
Q: Rename the "employee" table to the "iself_employee" table.
A: SQL> RENAME employee TO iself_employee;
Q: Create a view to display the employee names of the “Accounting” department only.
A: SQL> CREATE VIEW employee_name
AS SELECT ename
FROM iself_employee
WHERE deptno = 10;
Q: Why do you use the view?
A: You use view to present rows and columns of a table in the way you want. You may use it
for security reason. For example, you may eliminate some rows and columns that are very
sensitive information. These changes are transparent to a user.
Q: How do you compile the view?
A: SQL> ALTER VIEW employee_name COMPILE;
Q: How do you delete the view?
A: SQL> DROP VIEW employee_name;
Q: Create an index on the employee table on the ename column only and name it
employee_indx.
A: SQL> CREATE INDEX employee_indx
ON employee (ename);
A: SQL> ALTER INDEX employee_ indx REBUILD;
Q: Drop the employee_ename index table.
A: SQL> DROP INDEX employee_indx;
Q: Create a user with username “newuser” and password "newpass." Its default tablespace
should be the "iself_data" tablespace.
A: SQL> CREATE USER newuser IDENTIFIED BY by newpass
DEFAULT TABLESPACE iself_data;
Q: Grant the resource and connect roles to newuser.
A: SQL> GRANT resource, connect TO newuser;
Q: Change the newuser password to "mypass".
A: SQL> ALTER USER newuser IDENTIFIED BY mypass;
Q: Can the above new user access to any other user tables?
A: No.
Q: What is a public synonym?
A: It is a synonym that public users can use. We create public synonym so that the users don’t
need to type schema name to a table when they query the table. Creating a public synonym
does not mean that oracle users can access to that table or object. Still the owner of the object
has to grant access to a user on its table.
Q: What is the syntax to create a public synonym?
A: SQL> CREATE PUBLIC SYNONYM employees FOR iself.iself_employee;
A: The private synonym is only for the user who owns or created the synonym, but the public
can be used by every users.
Q: Create and drop a private synonym.
A: SQL> CREATE SYNONYM emp_table FOR iself.iself_employee;
To drop:
SQL> DROP SYNONYM emp_table;
Q: Revoke an object privilege on a table from a user.

A: SQL> REVOKE UPDATE, SELECT ON employee FROM newuser;
Q: What does the LIST or ‘L’ command line editor?
A: It lists the current SQL statement that was typed in the Oracle buffer.
Q: What does the INSERT or ‘I’ command line editor?
A: It inserts a command in the Oracle buffer after the current active line that was indicated
with an *.
Q: What does the DEL or ‘D’ command line editor?
A: It deletes the current active line in the Oracle Buffer.
Q: How do you change a string in the Oracle Buffer?
A: First, mark the line as a current active line and then type the‘del’ command.
Q: How do you save the SQL script in the Oracle Buffer?
A: SQL> save c:.sql
Q: How do you open the SQL Script into the Oracle Buffer?
A: SQL> get c:.sql
Q: How do you use the notepad editor?
A: Just type: the ed command to open the default editor.
Q: What is afiedt.buf?
A: The "afiedt.buf" file is a place that into which SQL*PLUS stores the most recently
executed SQL statement.
Q: How do you change your text editor in the SQLPLUS tool?
A: Issue the define_editor='your editor' statement from the SQL*PLUS prompt.
Q: What does the ed command in the SQLPLUS tool?
A: We use the "ed" command, to open your default word editor.
A: No. You can only use one SQL statement at a time.
Q: How do you use the notepad editor as an independent tool in the SQLPLUS utility?
A: Just open your notepad editor outside of your SQLPLUS.
A: SQL> run c:.sql or start c:
Q: What is the SQL ANSI statement?
A: It is some standard roles that provided by American National Standards Institute.
Q: What is the difference between the SQL ANSI statement and Original Oracle statement?
A: The Original Oracle statements are not follow the role of American National Standards
Institute.
Q: Is the SET command a SQL statement?
A: No.
Q: How do you change your workstation’s page size or line size?
A: SQL> SET LINESIZE 100 PAGESIZE 55
Q: What does the JOIN syntax in the Oracle SQL (DML) statement?
A: It does innor join using the ON clause.
FROM emp JOIN dept
ON emp.deptno = dept.deptno
/
Q: What is the difference between the JOIN syntax and the NATURAL JOIN syntax?
A: In the NATURAL JOIN syntax, you don't need the ON clause if the column’s names are
the same.
Q: What does the USING clause in the Oracle SQL statement?
A: It joins two tables and in the USING clause the join column names must be the same.
Q: What is the advantage of the NATURAL JOIN syntax?
A: It is less typing.
Q: What does the CROSS JOIN syntax in the Oracle SQL statement?
A: We can use the Oracle9i ANSI standard CROSS JOIN syntax with no WHERE clause to
create a Cartesian product.
Q: What does the IN clause in the Oracle SQL statement?
A: The IN clause in the Oracle SQL statement is an equivalent of the OR condition in the
SQL statement.
Q: What do the OUTER JOIN, RIGHT OUTER JOIN, LEFT OUTER JOIN, and FULL
OUTER JOIN syntax in the Oracle SQL statement?
A: We use the OUTER option when we want all records that have exact match plus those
records that have no match.
Q: How can you perform the FULL OUTER JOIN syntax using the Original Oracle syntax?
A: Although it is possible but it is very difficult to perform the full outer join using the
original Oracle syntax.
Q: When do you use the WITH … AS clause in the SQL statement?
A: If we have a query which it needs to process the same sub-query several times, we should
consider using the WITH …AS clause in our statement.
Q: How does the WITH … AS clause help your performance?
A: The query will create a temporary table to query it over and over.
A: SQL> WITH summary_totals AS
(SELECT dname,
SUM(sal) AS totals
GROUP BY dname)
FROM summary_totals
WHERE totals > (SELECT SUM(totals)*1/3
SQL>/
Q: What are the multiple columns in the SQL statement? Where or how do you use them?
A: We use multiple columns to match the multiple columns returned from the sub-query.
Q: Write a SQL statement to query the name of all employees who earn the maximum salary
in their department using the multiple columns syntax.
A: SQL> SELECT deptno, ename, job, sal
FROM emp
WHERE (deptno, sal) IN
(SELECT deptno, MAX(sal)
FROM emp
GROUP BY deptno)
/
Q: What is the inline view in the Oracle SQL statement?
A: If we have a sub-query in a FROM clause in the Oracle SQL statement, is called an inline
view.
Q: Write a SQL statement to query all of the employee names, jobs, and salaries where their
salary is more than 10% of the total company paid salary.
A: SQL> SELECT ename, job, sal
FROM (SELECT ename, job, sal
FROM emp
WHERE sal > (SELECT SUM(sal) * .1
FROM emp)
ORDER BY 3)
/
Q: What does the MERGE statement in the SQL statement?
A: We use the MERGE statement to merge one table into another table.
Q: Can you update, insert, or delete any records while you are using the MERGE statement?
A: Yes.
A: A materialized view (MVIEW) is a replica of a target master from a single point in time.
Q: What are the Materialized View types?
A: Read-Only Materialized Views
Updatable Materialized Views
Sub-query Materialized Views
Row-id vs. Primary Key Materialized Views
Q: Write the difference between ROWID and PRIMARY KEY in the Materialized View.
A: Fast refresh requires association between rows at snapshot and master sites. Snapshots that
use ROWIDs to refresh are called ROWID snapshots while those that use primary keys are
called primary key snapshots.
Q: What is the difference between a Materialized View and View?
A: A Materialized View is a physical duplicated data in a table, but a View is just a logical
presentation of a table.
Q: When or why do you use a Materialized View?
A: You use Materialized Views to create summaries in a data warehouse environment or
replicate a data in a distributed environment. In data warehouses, you can use materialized
views to pre-compute and store aggregated data such as the sum of sales. In distributed
environments, you can use materialized views to replicate data from a master site to other
distributed sites.
Q: What is a materialized view log?
A: A materialized view log is a holder that contains updated, inserted, or deleted records’
information in the primary table.
Q: What are the PRIMARY KEY and ROWID in the Materialized View Log?
A: The Materialized View log that use ROWIDs to refresh are called ROWID view log while
those that use primary keys are called primary key view log.
Q: What does the USER_SNAPSHOT_LOGS view contain?
A: It shows if our log was created successfully and its name (MLOG$_EMP).
Q: Create a materialized view that contains the department number, number of employees,
and total salaries paid to employees by department.
A: SQL> CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW mv_sal
BUILD IMMEDIATE
REFRESH ON DEMAND
AS SELECT deptno,
COUNT(1) AS no_of_emp, SUM(sal) AS salary
FROM emp
GROUP BY deptno
SQL> /
Q: Who can create a materialized view?
A: The one that was granted the CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW privilege.
Q: What does the USER_MVIEWS view contain?
A: It contains all the Materialized Views’ information that were created by the user.
Q: How do you refresh a materialized view?
A: SQL> EXECUTE dbms_snapshot.refresh('mv_sal','C');
Q: What parameter should be used to update the materialized view every month
automatically without human intervention?
A: The START WITH SYSDATE option will create an immediate data, and the
NEXT(SYSDATE+30) option will update the table every 30 days.
Q: What does the USER_JOBS view contain?
A: It contains all users’ jobs in the Oracle queue.
Q: How do you remove a job from the Oracle Job Queue?
A: SQL> EXECUTE dbms_job.remove(job_number);
Q: How do you drop a materialized view log and a materialized view?
A: SQL> DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG ON emp;
To drop it:
SQL> DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW mv_sal;
Q: What does the BREAK ON clause in SQLPLUS?
A: It builds a break on a column.
Q: What do the REPHEADER and REPFOOTER commands in SQLPLUS?
A: They make a report header and footer.
Q: What does the following commands?
COLUMN sal HEADING 'Salary' FORMAT $99,999.99 --Creates heading format.
COLUMN ename HEADING 'Employee' FORMAT a20 - Creates heading format.
REPHEADER '' - Creates report heading.
BREAK ON dname SKIP 1 - Creates control bread on a column and skip 1 line after
the break.
COMPUTE SUM OF sal ON dname - Computes total salary within a department.
SPOOL c:.out -- Activates spooling.
SPOOL OFF -- Deactivate spooling.
REPFOOTER '' - Creates report footer.
CLEAR BUFFER -- Clear the Oracle buffer.
CLEAR COLUMNS - Clears columns.
CLEAR COMPUTE -- Clears compute functions.
Q: What does the CLEAR command in SQLPLUS?
A: Note that all the values in REPHEADER, REPFOOTER, BUFFER, COLUMNS,
COMPUTE and etc are going to stay the same during your open session. In order to clean
them, you should use the CLEAR command for BUFFER, COLUMNS, and COMPUTE.
And input NULL to REPHEADER and REPFOOTER.
Q: What does the UNION statement in the SQL statement?
A: It will query all the records that match or not match with the base table.
Q: What does the INTERSET statement in the SQL statement?
A: It will query all the records that match with the base table. It is the same as joining two
tables.
Q: What does the MINUS statement in the SQL statement?
A: It will query all the records that are not matching against your base table.
Q: Why it is important to eliminate duplicate records?
A: To keep your database integrity.
FROM dup_emp
GROUP BY empno
SQL> /
A: Deletes all the rows that have the same employee number except the first one.
Q: What is a data partitioning in the Oracle database?
A: The data partitioning in the Oracle database is that the data will be partitioned in multi-
tablespaces for ease of maintenances.
Q: When should you use data partitioning?
A: When you have a huge data file and can be classified to some partitions.
Q: What is the advantage of using a data partitioning?
A: It is faster to access. It is easier to maintain.
Q: What is a partition key?
A: It is used to separate data and associates them to their own assigned tablespace.
Q: What is a local index in the data partitioning?
A: A Local index is one that is partitioned exactly like the table to which it belongs.
Q: What is a global index in the data partitioning?
A: A Global index, unlike local indexes, you should explicitly partition range boundaries
using the “VALUE LESS THAN” methods.
Q: What are the differences between local and global indexes?
A: In the local index you don’t define explicitly partition range.
Q: How does the ‘VALUE LESS THAN’ method work in the data partitioning?
A: The VALUES LESS THAN clause indicates the partition key value must be less then its
assigned value in order to be illegible for any DML transaction on its assigned tablespace.
Q: Why do you need multiple tablespaces?
A: Multiple tablespaces give us more flexibility to maintain a tablespace without affecting
any performance or downtime to others.
Q: Create a range-based partitioning table named p_emp. Make sure that the data entry of the
each department goes to its own provided tablespaces such as the accounting department goes
to the dept10ts tablespace, the data entry of the research department goes to the dept20ts
tablespace, etc.
A: SQL> CREATE TABLE p_emp (
empno NUMBER(4) PRIMARY KEY,
ename VARCHAR2(10),
job VARCHAR2(9),
mgr NUMBER(4),
hiredate DATE,
sale NUMBER(7,2),
comm NUMBER(7,2),
deptno NUMBER(2))
STORAGE (INITIAL 5K
NEXT 5K
PCTINCREASE 0)
PARTITION BY RANGE (deptno)
(PARTITION dept10
PARTITION dept20
PARTITION dept30
PARTITION deptxx
VALUES LESS THAN (MAXVALUE)
TABLESPACE deptxxts)
SQL> /
A: It means as large as the column can hold.
Q: How do you analyze a partition table?
A: SQL> ANALYZE TABLE p_emp COMPUTE STATISTICS;
Q: What does the USER_TAB_PARTITIONS view contain?
A: A user can query its partitions table’s information that was created by the user.
Q: Write a query to list the accounting employees from the partition table. Use the partition
option.
A: SQL> SELECT * FROM p_emp PARTITION (dept10);
Q: Write a query to list employee number 7900 from the sales department?
A: SQL> SELECT * FROM p_emp PARTITION (dept30)
WHERE empno = 7900
SQL> /
Q: How do you create a local partition index?
A: SQL> CREATE INDEX p_emp_ind ON p_emp (deptno) LOCAL;
Q: How do you analyze a partition table index?
A: SQL> ANALYZE INDEX p_emp_ind COMPUTE STATISTICS;
Q: What does the USER_IND_PARTITIONS view contain?
A: It contains information in regard to the user’s partition indexes.
Q: What does the ROLLUP operator?
A: The ROLLUP operator returns both ‘regular rows’ and ‘super-aggregate rows.’ Super-
aggregate rows are rows that contain a sub-total value.
Q: What does the CUBE function?

A: The CUBE operator returns cross-tabulation values, thus produces totals in all possible
dimensions, and is used for warehousing aggregated data reports.
Q: What are the differences between the CUBE and ROLLUP functions?
A: See the output…
Q: What environments may use the CUBE and ROLLUP functions most?
A: Warehousing.
Q: Write a query to list an aggregation sum report for each job, in each year, using the
ROLLUP grouping option.
A: SQL> SELECT year, job, SUM(sal), COUNT(*)
FROM emp
GROUP BY ROLLUP (year, job)
SQL> /
Q: Write a query to list an aggregation sum report for each job, in each year, using the CUBE
grouping option.
A: SQL> SELECT year, job, SUM(sal), COUNT(*)
FROM emp
WHERE deptno = 20
GROUP BY CUBE (year, job)
SQL> /
Q: What is an object type?
A: The object type in the Oracle database is like the class eliminate in the C++ developer tool
or any object oriented tool.
Q: What is a collection object?
A: The collection object in the Oracle database is like a nested table and a variable array in a
table.
Q: Create an object type with two columns to hold the employee's child name and date of
birth and name it employee_kids .
A: SQL> CREATE TYPE employee_kids AS OBJECT (
NAME VARCHAR2(30),
dob DATE
)
SQL> /
Q: Create a table type using employee_kids and name it employee_kids_table.
A: SQL> CREATE TYPE employee_kids_table
IS TABLE OF employee_kids;
Q: Create the emp_family table containing the kid’s column with a type of
employee_kids_table.
A: SQL> CREATE TABLE emp_family
(empno NUMBER,
kids employee_kids_table)
NESTED TABLE kids STORE AS nested_employee_kids_table
SQL> /
Q: How do you insert a record in the object type?
A: SQL> INSERT INTO emp_family VALUES
(7902,
employee_kids_table
(employee_kids('David','08-AUG-01'),
employee_kids('Peter','10-JUN-88'),
employee_kids('Mark','30-OCT-92')
)
)
SQL> /
Q: What is the constructor?
A: The constructor creates an empty nested table as opposed to leaving it null. Notice that
without using the constructor, it is not possible to refer to the nested table with the "THE"
clause.
Q: What is the ‘THE’ sub-query?
A: To query a nested table you should use the "THE" clause. Also, the "THE" sub-query is
used to identify the nested table to INSERT INTO.
Q: How do you query a record using the ‘THE’ sub-query?
A: SQL> SELECT name
FROM
THE(SELECT kids FROM emp_family WHERE empno = 7788)
SQL> /
Q: What is a nested table?
A: It is a table within a table.
Q: How do you insert a record to a nested table?
A: SQL> INSERT INTO
THE(SELECT kids FROM emp_family
WHERE empno = 7900)
VALUES ('Sue','10-DEC-99');
Q: How do you update a record to nested table?
A: SQL> UPDATE emp_family
SET kids = employee_kids_table(
employee_kids('Sara','08-OCT-88'))
WHERE empno = 7788
SQL> /
Q: How do you add a unique index to a nested table?
A: SQL> CREATE UNIQUE INDEX i_nested_employee_kids_table
ON nested_employee_kids_table(nested_table_id,name)
SQL> /
Q: What is a data replica?
A: A duplicated data in a different location.
Q: What is the difference between a materialized view and a materialized view log?
A: The Materialized view is a real duplicated data from a primary table but the materialized
view log is an on going logs generated due to the table changes after the last refresh.
Q: What is an OID (Object ID)?
A: It is a unique ID assigned to an object by Oracle.
Q: How do you retrieve an object ID?
A: SQL> SELECT OWNER, TYPE_OID FROM DBA_TYPES
WHERE TYPE_NAME LIKE 'ADDRESS%';
Q: How do you use an object ID to create an object type?
A: SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE address_book_type_object
OID ‘XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX’
AS OBJECT (
A: The relationships between two tables are normally established by defining primary or
foreign keys. A primary key has the immutable responsibility of serving as a unique identifier
in a table. A foreign key is a column that refers to the primary key of another table. To join
two tables, a “where clause” is used to set up a table relationship between primary and
foreign keys.
A: A primary key can be composed of more than one column. We call it a composite index.
A: NULL value.
Q: Write a query to concatenate the customers’ last name and first name separated by comma.
A: SELECT last_name || ‘, ‘ || first_name
as “Full Name”
FROM customers
/
others.
A: SELECT ename, DECODE (deptno, 10, 'Accounting',
20, 'Research',
30, 'Sales',
'Others') AS "Department"
FROM emp
/
Q: Query the department number and their total salaries that have more than 5 employees
working in their department.
A: SELECT deptno, SUM(sal)
FROM emp
GROUP BY deptno
HAVING count(*) > 5
/
Q: query the customer names which have more than four orders.
A: SELECT name FROM customer c
WHERE exists (SELECT 'T' FROM ord
WHERE custid = c.custid
GROUP BY custid
HAVING count(*) > 4)
/
A: CREATE TABLE employee
(empid NUMBER(10),
lastname VARCHAR2(20) not null,
firstname VARCHAR2 (20) not null,
phone_no VARCHAR2 (15),
deptno NUMBER(2) CHECK (deptno BETWEEN 9 AND 100),
constraint pk_employee_01 PRIMARY KEY (empid),
constraint fk_dept_01 FOREIGN KEY (deptno)
references dept (deptno) ON DELETE CASCADE,
constraint uk_employee_01 UNQUE (phone_no))
/
A: On the DELETE statement the watermark will not change. But using the TRUNCATE
statement will change the watermark to the beginning of the table.
A: CREATE TABLE employee
FROM emp
/
A: ALTER INDEX employee_indx REBUILD
/
A: You create synonym so that the users don’t need to type schema name to a table when they
query the table. The Public Synonym is available to all database users but the Private
Synonym is available only to the owner of synonym.
A: No.
A: SQL> @my_sql_script; or start my_sql_script;
A: SQL> WITH summary_totals AS
(SELECT dname,
SUM (sal) AS totals
GROUP BY dname)
FROM summary_totals
WHERE totals > (SELECT SUM (totals)*1/3
SQL>/
A: A materialized view (MVIEW) is a replica of a target master from a single point in time.
You use Materialized Views to create summaries in a data warehouse environment or
replicate a data in a distributed environment. In data warehouses, you can use materialized
views to pre-compute and store aggregated data such as the sum of sales. In distributed
environments, you can use materialized views to replicate data from a master site to other
distributed sites.
FROM dup_emp
GROUP BY empno
SQL> /
A: Deletes duplicated records.
A: It is the maximum possible value that can be store into a column.
WHERE empno = 7900)
SQL> /
A: Inserts a record to a nested object in a table.

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Lesson 01

Primary and Foreign Keys

Entity Relationship Diagram For

Format a column (e.g. COL emp_name FORMAT A15)

INSERT statement using column names

INSERT statement using the column position

Save the transaction.

Query the employee table.

Save the transaction;

Query the employee table to see the changes;

Save the transaction;

Query the table.

DELETE all records

Query the table.

Query the employee table again.

Undo the truncation.

Query the employee table again.

Creating more Database Objects

Go to the second session and login to "sqlplus" as “system” password “manager.”

Go back to the iself session.

Describe the employee table.

ALTER TABLE MODIFY …

Describe the employee table to see the changes.

Query against the new view to see the output.

CREATE INDEX command

ALTER INDEX REBUILD

GRANT RESOURCE, CONNECT statement

Users should be granted access by other users to query their tables.

CREATE PUBLIC SYNONYM …

DROP PUBLIC SYNONYM …

Query the table using the “emp_table” private synonym.

Go to the "iself" session and revoke the privileges from "newuser."

Back to the "newuser" session.

Make a directory called "iself".

Change the directory to the iself directory.

List directory. Notice that there is nothing in it.

Login to “sqlplus” as "iself” password “schooling".

SQLPlus default directory

Query the dept table.

Command line editing

List the statement from the Oracle buffer.

A dot (.) in a SQL statement

“c” or CHANGE command

Listing lines within a range

List the entire query.

Positioning a SQL line

“I” or INSERT command

List the query. The line was added.

Then run the statement.

List the file names in the iself directory.

Login to "sqlplus" as “iself/schooling”

SQL> get dept

Go to MS-DOS and change the directory to the iself folder.

Login to “sqlplus” as "iself/schooling".

Get the dept file.

Notepad as an independent tool

Use the “Start” command to run the query.

"This book fills a much-needed gap." - Moses Hadas (1900-1966) in a review

Make sure to disable the foreign key before inserting a record.

Use the original Oracle syntax.

Oracle9i: More SQL New Features

First, create a table with two columns.