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CHAPTER 26. PREPOSITIONS

# e words at' in' of' on and to are e%amples o! prepositions( A word suc as a noun' pronoun or gerund !ollowing a preposition is said to be t e obje t o! t e preposition( As pointed out pre)iously' a personal pronoun !ollowing a preposition must be in t e objecti)e case( A p rase beginning wit a preposition can be re!erred to as a !re!ositional !hrase( # e prepositional p rases in t e !ollowing e%amples are underlined( e(g( He owns t e ouse on t e corner( We are waiting !or er( S e as read many books about !lying( $n t e !irst e%ample' t e noun orner is t e object o! t e preposition on( $n t e second e%ample' t e personal pronoun her is t e object o! t e preposition for( $t can be seen t at t e personal pronoun her is in t e objecti)e case( $n t e t ird e%ample' t e gerund fl"ing is t e object o! t e preposition abo#t( A preposition ser)es to connect its object wit t e rest o! a sentence( $n doing so' a preposition indicates t e relations ip o! t e idea e%pressed in t e prepositional p rase to t e ideas e%pressed $n t e rest o! t e sentence( *or instance in t e sentence He o$ns the ho#se on the orner' t e preposition on indicates t at t e words the orner e%press t e location o! t e ouse re!erred to in t e rest o! t e sentence( Similarly' in t e sentence %e are $aiting for her' t e preposition for indicates t at t e word her e%presses t e reason !or t e action o! waiting re!erred to in t e rest o! t e sentence( Alt oug t ere are !ewer t an one undred Englis prepositions' alt oug prepositions do not take endings' and alt oug t e structure o! most prepositional p rases is simple' t e use o! Englis prepositions is )ery comple%( # e reasons !or t is are t at most prepositions a)e more t an one meaning' many prepositions can also be used as ad)erbs' prepositions are used in undreds o! idioms' many adjecti)es' nouns' and )erbs must usually be !ollowed by certain prepositions' and t ere are undreds o! p rasal )erbs !ormed !rom combinations o! )erbs wit ad)erbs and prepositions( $t s ould also be noted t at t e use o! prepositions )aries somew at among t e di!!erent dialects o! Englis ( *or instance' as illustrated in t e !ollowing e%ample' t ere are some di!!erences between +ritis and &ort American Englis in t e use o! prepositions( e(g( +ritis ,sage: # ere is a !ence abo#t t e garden(

American ,sage: # ere is a !ence aro#n& t e garden( # e discussion below emp asi-es t e &ort American usage o! Englis prepositions(

'. The meanings of !re!ositions # e table below gi)es t e most usual meanings o! Englis prepositions( Eac meaning is illustrated by an e%ample( Abo#t .( /n t e subject o!: # is is a story abo#t elep ants( 0( Appro%imately: He is abo#t ten years old( Abo(e .( Hig er t an1 o)er: # e plane !lew abo(e t e clouds( 0( Earlier on a page: # ere is a eading abo(e eac diagram( A ross .( *rom one side to t e ot er: We walked a ross t e !ield( 0( /n t e ot er side o!: # ere is a store a ross t e street( After .( 2ater in time: after ten o3clock1 after lunc 0( 2ater in a series: 4 comes after P in t e alp abet( 5( $n pursuit o!: # e dog ran after t e cat( Against .( $n opposition to: # e!t is against t e law( 0( #ouc ing1 supported by: $ leaned my bicycle against t e wall( Along .( *ollowing t e lengt o!: We walked along t e road( Among .( Wit in a group: # e money was s ared among t ree people( Note) $n !ormal Englis ' among is usually used only w en re!erring to more t an two persons or t ings( $n contrast' bet$een is used w en re!erring to two persons or t ings( Aro#n& .( Circling somet ing: We walked aro#n& t e block( 0( Surrounding: # ere is a !ence aro#n& t e garden( 5( $n di!!erent parts o!: $ looked aro#n& t e ouse !or t e keys( 6( $n t e ot er direction: We turned aro#n& and went back ome( 7( Appro%imately: He is aro#n& si% !eet tall( At

.( A speci!ic location: at 05 C estnut Street1 at t e park 0( A point in time: at 7 o3clock1 at C ristmas 5( A condition: at peace1 at war1 at rest 6( An acti)ity: at work1 at sc ool1 at play 7( #owards: 2ook at someone1 wa)e at someone Note: W en re!erring to a speci!ic location or to a point in time' at is usually used( W en re!erring to a certain street or a certain day' on is usually used( W en re!erring to a location as an area' or w en re!erring to a unit o! time longer t an a day' in is usually used( e(g( at C ristmas1 on C ristmas day1 in t e C ristmas olidays *efore .( Earlier in time: before two o3clock1 before C ristmas 0( Earlier in a series: S comes before # in t e alp abet( *ehin& .( At t e back o!: # e little girl id behin& er mot er( 0( 2ate: $ am behin& in my work( 5( Cause1 origin: W o was behin& t at idea8 *elo$ .( 2ower t an1 under: belo$ !ree-ing1 belo$ sea le)el 0( 2ater on a page: *ootnotes are pro)ided belo$ t e te%t( *eneath .( 2ower t an1 below: beneath t e eart *esi&e .( &e%t to1 at t e side o!: $ sit besi&e er in class( *esi&es .( Also1 as well as: We study ot er languages besi&es Englis ( Note t e di!!ering meanings o! besi&e and besi&es( *esi&e is usually used wit re!erence to a p ysical location( *et$een .( An intermediate location: #oronto lies bet$een Montreal and 9ancou)er( 0( An intermediate time: bet$een C ristmas and &ew :ear3s ;ay 5( $ntermediate in a series: + comes bet$een A and C in t e alp abet( 6( An intermediate amount: bet$een !i)e and ten people 7( Wit in a group o! two: # e money was s ared bet$een two people( *e"on& .( *art er t an: # e mountains lie be"on& t e ori-on( 0( *urt er t an1 e%ceeding: # at was be"on& my e%pectations( *#t .( E%cept: $ a)e read all b#t t e last c apter(

Note) *#t is used more o!ten as a conjunction t an as a preposition( *" .( &ear: a ouse b" t e sea 0( Past: He wa)ed as e dro)e b" t e ouse( 5( &ot later t an: #ry to !inis t e work b" ne%t week( 6( $n units o!: c eaper b" t e do-en1 sold b" weig t 7( # roug t e means o!: tra)el b" plane1 written b" im Note) *" is o!ten used in combination wit )erbs in t e Passi)e 9oice( Con erning .( Connected wit 1 about: He studies e)eryt ing on erning trees( +es!ite .( $n spite o!: We walked downtown &es!ite t e rain( +o$n .( #o a lower position: # e ball rolled &o$n t e ill( 0( *urt er along: He li)es &o$n t e street( +#ring .( # roug out a period: S e works &#ring t e day( 0( Sometime wit in a period: An accident occurred &#ring t e nig t( E, e!t .( &ot including: $ a)e )isited e)eryone e, e!t im( -or .( ;uration o! time: We walked for two ours( 0( ;istance: $ walked for !i)e kilometers( 5( Purpose: $ boug t t is jacket for you( 6( $n t e direction o!: S e le!t for &ew :ork( 7( $n !a)or o!: We are for t e proposal( <( Considering: # e boy is cle)er for is age( -rom .( Place o! origin: We le!t from +oston1 e comes from Me%ico 0( Start o! a period o! time: from now on1 from yesterday until today 5( Start o! a range: -rom 0= to 5= people were present( 6( Cause: He su!!ers from ner)ousness( 7( Source: $ !irst eard t e story from you( In .( Place t oug t o! as an area: in 2ondon1 in Europe 0( Wit in a location: in t e room1 in t e building 5( 2arge units o! time: # at appened in Marc ' in .>>0( 6( Wit in a certain time: $ will return in an our( 7( +y means o!: write in pencil1 speak in Englis <( Condition: in doubt1 in a urry1 in secret

?( A member o!: He is in t e orc estra1 in t e na)y @( Wearing: t e boy in t e blue s irt >( Wit re!erence to: lacking in ideas1 ric in oil Insi&e .( Wit in: # ey are insi&e t e ouse( Into .( #o t e inside o!: We stepped into t e room( 0( C ange o! condition: # e boy c anged into a man( .i/e .( Aesembling: # at looks li/e im( 0( Appearing possible: $t looks li/e rain( 5( +e in a suitable mood !or: $ !eel li/e going swimming( 0in#s .( 2ess: # ree min#s two eBuals one( Near .( Close to: near t e sc ool1 near t e ocean Of .( 2ocation: east of ere1 t e middle of t e road 0( Possession: a !riend of mine1 t e sound of music 5( Part o! a group: one of us1 a member of t e team 6( Measurement: a cup of milk1 two meters of snow Off .( &ot on1 away !rom: Please keep off t e grass( 0( At some distance !rom: # ere are islands off t e coast( On .( #ouc ing t e sur!ace o!: on t e table1 on t e wall 0( A certain day: # at appened on Sunday' on t e <t o! Cune( 5( A certain street: on Sout Street 6( About: a book on engineering 7( A state or condition: on strike1 on !ire1 on oliday <( +y means o!: li)e on a pension1 s own on tele)ision Onto .( #o a position on: # e c ild climbed onto t e table( O!!osite .( *acing: # e library is o!!osite t e !ire station( O#t of .( #o t e outside o!: S e went o#t of t e room( 0( *rom among: We won two games o#t of t ree( 5( Moti)e: We spoke to t em o#t of politeness(

6( Material: # e bridge is made o#t of steel( 7( +eyond: o#t of control1 o#t of danger O#tsi&e .( /n t e outer side o!: o#tsi&e t e ouse 0( +eyond t e limits o!: o#tsi&e my e%perience O(er .( Abo)e1 ig er t an: # ere are cupboards o(er t e sink( 0( Co)ering: We spread an e%tra blanket o(er t e bed( 5( Across: $ jumped o(er a puddle( 6( More t an: $t cost o(er ten dollars1 it took o(er an our 7( ;uring: $ saw im se)eral times o(er t e past week( <( +y means o!: We made plans o(er t e telep one( Past .( ,p to and beyond: $ walked !ast t e ouse( 0( A!ter Din timeE: $t was !ast 0 o3clock1 al! !ast two 5( +eyond: !ast belie! Per .( *or eac : <= kilometers !er our1 price !er liter Pl#s .( Wit t e addition o!: Si% !l#s !our eBuals ten( Sin e .( *rom a speci!ic time in t e past: $ ad been waiting sin e two o3clock( 0( *rom a past time until now: $ a)e been waiting ere sin e noon( Note) +ecause o! its meaning' t e preposition sin e is usually used in combination wit a per!ect tense( $t s ould be noted t at t e preposition for can also be used wit a per!ect tense( Howe)er' w en used wit re!erence to time' for is usually !ollowed by a p rase re!erring to a !erio& o! time1 w ereas sin e is usually !ollowed by a p rase re!erring to a s!e ifi time( e(g( $ a)e known im for si% mont s( $ a)e known im sin e Canuary( $n t e !irst e%ample' for is !ollowed by si, months' w ic re!ers to a period o! time( $n t e second e%ample' sin e is !ollowed by 1an#ar"' w ic re!ers to a speci!ic time( Thro#gh .( Across1 !rom end to end o!: t e main road thro#gh town 0( *or t e w ole o! a period: $ slept thro#gh t e nig t( 5( +y means o!: Skill impro)es thro#gh practice( Thro#gho#t .( $n e)ery part o!: thro#gho#t t e world 0( *or t e w ole o! a period: thro#gho#t t e winter Till Note) Till can be used instead o! #ntil( Howe)er' at t e beginning o! a sentence' #ntil is

usually used( To .( $n t e direction o!: #urn to t e rig t( 0( ;estination: $ am going to Aome( 5( ,ntil: !rom Monday to *riday1 !i)e minutes to ten 6( Compared wit : # ey pre!er ockey to soccer( 7( Wit indirect object: Please gi)e it to me( <( As part o! in!initi)e: $ like to ski1 e wants to elp( ?( $n order to: We went to t e store to buy soap( To$ar& Dor To$ar&sE .( $n t e direction o!: We walked to$ar& t e center o! town( 0( &ear1 just be!ore DtimeE: $t rained to$ar&s e)ening( 2n&er .( +eneat : #n&er t e desk1 #n&er t e trees 0( 2ess t an: 2n&er .== people were present( 5( $n circumstances o!: #n&er repair1 #n&er way1 #n&er discussion 2n&erneath .( +elow' under: #n&erneath t e carpet 2ntil .( ,p to a certain time: S e will stay #ntil *riday1 #ntil 7 p(m( 2!on Note) On and #!on a)e similar meanings( 2!on may be used in certain e%pressions' as in on e #!on a time' and !ollowing certain )erbs' as in to rel" #!on someone( 2! .( #o a ig er place: We went #! t e stairs( 0( $n a ig er place: S e li)es #! t e ill( 2! to .( As !ar as: #! to now1 $ a)e read #! to page .==( 0( ;epending on: # e decision is #! to you( 5( As good as1 ready !or: His work is #! to standard( 3ers#s .( Against Dsports' legalE: # e ne%t game is England (ers#s Australia( 3ia .( +y way o!: He went to 2os Angeles (ia San *rancisco( %ith .( Accompanying: He came $ith er1 $ a)e my keys $ith me( 0( Ha)ing1 containing: Here is a book $ith a map o! t e island( 5( +y means o!1 using: $ repaired t e s oes $ith glue( 6( Manner: $ith pleasure1 $ith ease1 $ith di!!iculty

7( +ecause o!: We were paraly-ed $ith !ear( %ithin .( $nside o!: $ithin twenty minutes1 $ithin one kilometer %itho#t .( &ot a)ing: ;o not lea)e $itho#t your coat1 $itho#t money See E%ercises . and 0(

2. Pre!ositions #se& in i&ioms +elow are e%amples o! idioms consisting o! prepositional p rases( # e !ollowing selection o! idioms emp asi-es t ose used in &ort American Englis ( # e meaning o! eac idiom is indicated a!ter t e colon( At not at all) not in any way at all times) always at any rate) w ate)er appens keep someone at arm3s lengt ) a)oid becoming closely in)ol)ed wit someone at close Buarters) )ery near at one3s disposal) to be used as one wis es at a distance) not near at !ault) causing somet ing wrong at !irst) at t e beginning see at a glance) see immediately at and) near1 readily a)ailable at last) !inally' a!ter some delay at a loss) uncertain w at to do or say at t e mercy o!) wit out de!ense against at t e moment) now at once) immediately at present) now at rest) not mo)ing at risk) t reatened by danger or loss at s ort notice) wit little warning at stake) to be won or lost at a stretc ) continuously at t at rate) under t ose circumstances at t is point) at t is place1 at t is moment at t e w eel) in control *ehin& behin& t e scenes) Do! personsE in!luencing e)ents secretly1 Din a t eaterE be ind t e stage behin& sc edule) not on time

*esi&e be besi&e onesel!) lose one3s sel!Fcontrol besi&e t e point) irrele)ant *et$een read bet$een t e lines) deduce a meaning t at is not actually e%pressed *e"on& be"on& elp) unable to be elped be"on& a joke) too annoying to be amusing be"on& reproac ) per!ect1 blameless *" b" accident) not deliberately b" all means) by any possible met od bit b" bit) gradually b" c ance) by accident1 wit out planning b" courtesy o!) wit t e elp or permission o! win b" de!ault) win because o! lack o! competition b" degrees) gradually per!orm b" ear) per!orm DmusicE by listening to t e sound' wit out re!erring to written music b" and) wit out t e use o! mac inery b" eart) !rom memory little b" little) gradually b" means o!) by using b" mistake) accidentally b" no means) not at all one b" one) one at a time b" onesel!) alone side b" side) beside one anot er b" t e way) incidentally Dused to introduce an unrelated topic o! con)ersationE b" word o! mout ) orally -or once and for all) !or t e last time De(g( used w en gi)ing someone a !inal warningE for certain) de!initely1 wit out doubt for a c ange) !or t e sake o! )ariety for e%ample) as an illustration for !un) !or t e sake o! enjoyment for good) permanently for good measure) in addition to t e necessary amount for instance) !or e%ample1 as an illustration for keeps) DcolloBuialE permanently for a li)ing) as a pro!ession for now) temporarily run for o!!ice) compete !or an elected position for one t ing) because o! one reason Dout o! se)eralE for t e sake o!) !or t e bene!it o!1 !or t e purpose o! for sale) intended to be sold

for sure) de!initely Dmore colloBuial t an for ertainE !ood for t oug t) somet ing w ic makes one t ink play for time) delay doing somet ing in t e ope t at t e situation will impro)e for t e time being) until some ot er arrangement is made ask for trouble) act in a dangerous or !oolis way for a w ile) !or a period o! time word for word) e%actly as said or written -rom from a!ar) !rom a distance from all sides) !rom all directions from ead to !oot) Do! a personE completely1 all o)er from scratc ) !rom t e beginning from time to time) occasionally In in addition to) as well as in ad)ance) be!ore be in agreement wit ) a)e t e same opinion as in any case) w ate)er appens in brie!) in a !ew words in bulk) Do! goodsE in large amounts1 not in packages be in c arge o!) a)e responsibility !or in common) s ared by all members o! a group in control) a)ing t e power to direct somet ing in t e course o!) during in danger) likely to be armed in a da-e) unable to t ink clearly1 con!used in debt) owing money in demand) Do! goods or personsE desired by many people in dept ) Din)estigate somet ingE t oroug ly in detail) De%plain somet ingE t oroug ly in disgrace) regarded wit disappro)al because o! a)ing done somet ing wrong in t e distance) !ar away in doubt) uncertain in duplicate) so t at t ere are two identical copies Do! a documentE in earnest) seriously1 in a determined way in e!!ect) Do! rulesE operating in t e end) !inally in !act) in reality1 really in !as ion) !as ionable1 accepted as being t e most desirable and up to date in !a)or o!) supporting Dan ideaE in !lames) burning' wit )isible !lames in a !las ) )ery Buickly1 suddenly in !ull) wit out omitting anyt ing in general) usually1 as a w ole and in and) Do! personsE olding ands1 Do! related situationsE occurring toget er in a urry) trying to accomplis somet ing Buickly in jest) as a joke in kind) DpaymentE in goods rat er t an in money

in itsel!) wit out re!erence to anyt ing else in league wit ) Do! personsE joined toget er wit Dusually !or a dis onest purposeE be in t e limelig t) be t e !ocus o! attention1 recei)e great publicity in t e long run) in t e end1 e)entually in t e long term) looking a ead to t e distant !uture lea)e someone in t e lurc ) abandon someone w o is in a di!!icult situation be in t e minority) be in t e smaller o! two groups in mint condition) Do! manu!actured goodsE per!ect1 brandFnew in a minute) soon in a moment) soon1 Buickly set somet ing in motion) start somet ing going nip somet ing in t e bud) put an end to somet ing be!ore it gets properly started in no time) )ery soon1 )ery Buickly in order o!) arranged according to in order to) !or t e purpose o! in part) to some degree in particular) especially in power) Do! a political partyE olding o!!ice in practice) able to do somet ing well because o! recent practice1 in reality Dopposite o! in t eoryE in print) Do! a bookE printed and a)ailable !rom t e publis er in pri)ate) not in !ront o! ot er people in public) openly1 not in pri)ate in reality) really in reser)e) sa)ed !or later use in retrospect) looking back o)er past e)ents in return !or) as repayment !or be in t e rig t) be correct in season) Do! !ruit or )egetablesE readily a)ailable at t at time o! year in a second) soon1 Buickly in s ort supply) scarce1 not easily obtainable in sig t) able to be seen in stock) Do! goods at a storeE present and a)ailable in t at case) i! t at is true in t eory) ideally1 according to t eoretical considerations be in time) not be late in touc wit in) communication wit 1 in!ormed about in triplicate) so t at t ere are t ree identical copies Do! a documentE be in trouble) be in a di!!icult situation1 be blamed or punis ed !or doing somet ing wrong in tune) at t e correct pitc act in unison) act toget er in )ain) wit out success in t e )icinity o!) near once in a w ile) occasionally in words o! one syllable) De%plain somet ingE clearly and simply in working order) able to !unction properly in t e wrong) responsible !or an error1 guilty Insi&e insi&e out) wit t e inner side out1 t oroug ly

Into paint onesel! into a corner) take a course o! action w ic greatly narrows one3s !uture c oices o! action go into iding) ide onesel! get into a rut) get into a !i%ed and uninteresting way o! li!e get into trouble) get into a di!!icult situation1 do somet ing deser)ing blame or punis ment Of of course) certainly1 as one would e%pect1 as e)eryone knows ard of earing) somew at dea! ne%t of kin) nearest relati)e or relati)es of one3s own accord) )oluntarily1 on one3s own initiati)e of one3s own !ree will) )oluntarily1 by c oice one3s point of )iew) one3s opinion about somet ing rig t of way) public rig t to use a pat or road1 Do! road tra!!icE rig t to proceed be!ore ot ers rule of t umb) a simple way to calculate w at procedure to !ollow' based on e%tensi)e e%perience' rat er t an on t eoretical considerations Off go off t e air) Do! radio or tele)isionE stop broadcasting off duty) not engaged in one3s regular work off one3s ands) no longer one3s responsibility off and on) !rom time to time off t e record) say somet ing pri)ately' t at is not to be o!!icially recorded off t e track) !ollowing a wrong line o! t oug t or action On on account o!) because o! be on t e air) Do! radio or tele)isionE be in t e process o! broadcasting on t e alert) ready to act be on all !ours) Do! a personE be on ands and knees on t e a)erage) usually1 normally on be al! o!) !or1 in t e interests o! on board) on a s ip or airplane on business) as part o! one3s work on condition t at) only i!1 pro)ided t at on demand) w en asked !or on display) being e% ibited on duty) engaged in one3s regular work on !ire) burning to go on !oot) to walk be on one3s guard) be alert and ready to meet an attack on and) a)ailable on loan) lent and not yet returned s oot on location) Do! a mo)ieE !ilm in natural surroundings' not in a studio on t e lookout) watc !ul put somet ing on t e map) cause somet ing to become wellFknown get on one3s ner)es) annoy1 irritate

on no account) absolutely not on t e one and) Dused to introduce one side o! an argumentE on one3s own) alone1 wit out elp act on one3s own initiati)e) act independently' wit out orders !rom anyone else on order) reBuested but not yet deli)ered on t e ot er and) Dused to introduce a contrasting side o! an argumentE act on principle) do somet ing to support a policy on purpose) deliberately go on record) say somet ing w ic is to be o!!icially recorded on sale) being sold at a lower price t an usual on sc edule) at t e correct time1 as planned or predicted on second t oug ts) a!ter t inking !urt er about somet ing on a s oestring) wit a )ery small amount o! money be on t e spot) be w ere important e)ents are taking place1 be placed in an awkward situation on t e spur o! t e moment) on a sudden impulse go o!! on a tangent) c ange suddenly to a new line o! t oug t or action on time) at t e correct time walk on tiptoe) walk on t e toes and balls o! t e !eet accept somet ing on trust) accept somet ing wit out proo! on t e )erge o!) )ery close to1 about to on t e w ole) taking e)eryt ing into consideration O#t of o#t of t e blue) une%pectedly o#t of breat ) Da!ter runningE panting !rom a s ortage o! o%ygen o#t of c aracter) unlike a person3s known c aracter o#t of control) not able to be regulated or guided o#t of danger) sa!e o#t of date) no longer used1 oldF!as ioned1 Do! newsE no longer true o#t of debt) a)ing paid one3s debts be o#t of one3s dept ) be unable to andle a situation because o! lack o! e%perience o#t of doors) in t e open air1 not in a building o#t of !as ion) not !as ionable1 not presently in common use o#t of and) not under control o#t of arm3s way) sa!e o#t of line wit ) in disagreement wit be o#t of one3s mind) be insane o#t of order) not !unctioning properly1 Dat a !ormal meetingE not be a)ing according to t e rules o#t of t e ordinary) unusual o#t of place) unsuitable o#t of practice) unable to do somet ing as well as one as in past' because o! lack o! recent practice o#t of print) Do! a bookE no longer a)ailable !rom t e publis er o#t of proportion) too big or too small1 not a)ing t e appropriate relations ip to somet ing o#t of t e Buestion) impossible1 not to be considered o#t of season) Do! !ruit or )egetablesE not readily a)ailable at t at time o! year o#t of s ape) Do! personsE not in top condition because o! lack o! e%ercise

o#t of sig t) idden' not able to be seen o#t of stock) Do! goods at a storeE temporarily una)ailable o#t of style) not !as ionable o#t of touc ) wit not in communication wit 1 not in!ormed about o#t of town) a)ing temporarily le!t town o#t of trouble) not in trouble o#t of tune) not at t e correct pitc o#t of work) no longer a)ing employment To to all intents and purposes) in all important ways to a certain e%tent) partly to date) so !ar1 until now up to date) current1 modern see eye to eye wit ) agree entirely wit take somet ing to eart) be muc a!!ected by somet ing made to measure) e%actly suitable1 Do! clot esE made !or a certain person keep somet ing to onesel!) not tell anyone to t e point) rele)ant 2n&er #n&er age) below t e age o! being legally permitted to do somet ing be #n&er arrest) be eld prisoner and c arged wit wrongdoing #n&er t e auspices o!) wit t e patronage o!1 supported by #n&er one3s breat ) in a w isper #n&er t e circumstances) because t is is true #n&er consideration) being t oug t about #n&er control) able to be regulated or guided #n&er co)er o!) protected by1 undetected because o! #n&er !ire) being s ot at1 being critici-ed #n&er t e impression t at) a)ing t e idea t at be #n&er t e in!luence o!) be a!!ected by be #n&er oat ) a)e sworn to tell t e trut #n&er obser)ation) being watc ed care!ully #n&er restraint) pre)ented !rom doing somet ing 2! a)e somet ing #! one3s slee)e) a)e a secret idea or plan in reser)e %ith $ith impunity) wit out risk o! injury or punis ment $ith t e naked eye) wit out using a magni!ying lens $ith no strings attac ed) Do! elp gi)enE wit no conditions1 to be used !reely take $ith a pinc o! salt) not belie)e completely $ith regard to) concerning1 about $ith respect to) concerning1 about tarred $ith t e same brus ) a)ing t e same !aults $ith a )engeance) )ery muc 1 more t an usual %ithin

$ithin limits) to a certain e%tent1 not too muc $ithin li)ing memory) wit in t e memory o! people now ali)e %itho#t go $itho#t saying) be ob)ious See E%ercises 5 and 6(

4. No#ns follo$e& b" !re!ositions # e !ollowing are e%amples o! nouns w ic are usually !ollowed by certain prepositions( $n t e case o! p rases w ic are idioms' t e meanings o! t e p rases are indicated in brackets( Against take precautions against -or a)e a!!ection !or a)e compassion !or a reason !or a)e respect !or a)e a talent !or pa)e t e way !or Dprepare !orE -rom absence !rom In a)e con!idence in a)e an interest in make progress in Into a)e insig t into Of a)e an ab orrence o! take ad)antage o! take command o! an e%ample o! make a !ool o! a)e an impression o! neglect o! a pair o! a possibility o! a proo! o! recognition o! an acknowledgement o! take care o! e)idence o! an e%cess o! make !un o! DridiculeE a lack o! a number o! be part o! make a practice o! Ddo o!tenE a Buantity o! a recollection o! a)e !ait in take part in make allowances !or an e%cuse !or a)e a reputation !or a)e sympat y !or lie in wait !or Dambus E

a result o! catc sig t o! Dsee suddenlyE a sur)ey o! a symptom o! make use o! was one3s ands o! Dstop caring about and dealing wit E On an attack on make an impression on s ed lig t on De%plainE To a)e access to an objection to a response to s ut one3s eyes to Ddeliberately ignore a problemE To$ar& or To$ar&s animosity towardDsE %ith a)e a connection wit !all in lo)e wit See E%ercise 7(

run t e risk o! DriskE a sign o! a symbol o! a token o! a way o!

dependence on play a joke on a)e pity on pay attention to a reply to lay siege to DbesiegeE

an attitude towardDsE !ind !ault wit Dcritici-eE c ange places wit

5. A&je ti(es an& (erbs in the !assi(e (oi e follo$e& b" !re!ositions $n some cases di!!erent prepositions can be used wit out causing a c ange in meaning( *or instance' t e !ollowing e%amples bot a)e t e same meaning( e(g( $ was angry at t em( $ was angry $ith t em( Howe)er' in many cases' t e use o! di!!erent prepositions causes a c ange in meaning( *or instance' t e past participle !rote te& is typically !ollowed by t e preposition from( Howe)er' like many ot er past participles' !rote te& may also be !ollowed by t e preposition b"' w ere b" ser)es to introduce t e per!ormer o! t e action e%pressed by t e past participle( e(g( # e city is protected from t e soldiers( # e city is protected b" t e soldiers( # e !irst e%ample indicates t at t e soldiers are a t reat to t e city1 w ereas t e second e%ample indicates t at t e soldiers are protecting t e city( # e !ollowing are e%amples o! predicate adjecti)es and past participles o! )erbs in t e Passi)e 9oice w ic are usually !ollowed by certain prepositions( $n addition' it s ould be kept in

mind t at most )erbs in t e Passi)e 9oice can be !ollowed by a p rase beginning wit t e preposition b"( Abo#t an%ious about curious about doubt!ul about e%cited about pleased about worried about At adept at ama-ed at s ocked at *et$een torn between *" accompanied by guided by obsessed by -or blamed !or !amous !or known !or noted !or punis ed !or ready !or ripe !or suitable !or -rom absent !rom deri)ed !rom detac ed !rom distinct !rom !ar !rom omitted !rom remo)ed !rom separated !rom In absorbed in engaged in interested in Of caused by manu!actured by written by eligible !or !it !or late !or praised !or Buali!ied !or responsible !or sorry !or concerned about depressed about ent usiastic about appy about wrong about

alarmed at o)erjoyed at surprised at

apart !rom descended !rom di!!erent !rom e%empt !rom isolated !rom protected !rom sa!e !rom

disappointed in immersed in in)ol)ed in

accused o! as amed o! capable o! composed o! con)inced o! de)oid o! ignorant o! jealous o! regardless o! sure o! suspected o! tired o! On based on intent on To acceptable to accustomed to addicted to attac ed to close to comparable to detrimental to due to eBui)alent to e%posed to !a)orable to imper)ious to indispensable to kind to ne%t to obliged to opposed to partial to pre!erable to proportional to reduced to relati)e to resigned to restricted to sensiti)e to subject to suited to susceptible to To$ar& or To$ar&s protecti)e towardDsE

a!raid o! aware o! certain o! conscious o! depri)ed o! !ond o! independent o! proud o! reminded o! suspicious o! terri!ied o! wort y o! dependent on

accessible to adapted to adjacent to attributable to committed to dedicated to de)oted to eBual to essential to !ait !ul to !oreign to indi!!erent to in!erior to loyal to obedient to obli)ious to parallel to peculiar to prior to reconciled to related to rele)ant to resistant to senior to similar to subordinate to superior to tied to

%ith acBuainted wit associated wit compared wit con!ronted wit co)ered wit e%asperated wit !inis ed wit in!atuated wit pleased wit synonymous wit See E%ercise <(

a!!iliated wit besieged wit compatible wit consistent wit cursed wit !amiliar wit identi!ied wit patient wit satis!ied wit t reatened wit

6. 3erbs follo$e& b" !re!ositions # e !ollowing are e%amples o! )erbs w ic are o!ten !ollowed by certain prepositions( Abo#t care about !orget about reminisce about t ink about worry about Against discriminate against react against turn against At aim at conni)e at ga-e at growl at look at s oot at snap at stare at wink at -or apply !or beg !or budget !or long !or mourn !or complain about lie about Dtell a lieE talk about wonder about

protest against rebel against

bark at !rown at glare at int at point at smile at sneer at wa)e at

apologi-e !or blame !or ope !or look !or pay !or

plead !or pray !or press !or searc !or substitute !or wait !or -rom abstain !rom deduct !rom desist !rom detract !rom di!!er !rom escape !rom !lee !rom pro!it !rom Buote !rom recoil !rom re!rain !rom stem !rom In belie)e in indulge in in)est in persist in Into c ange into del)e into de)elop into !all into plunge into sink into Of appro)e o! concei)e o! depri)e o! disappro)e o! On blame on depend on impose on intrude on re!lect on report on subsist on

pose !or prepare !or register !or s op !or )ouc !or wis !or bene!it !rom deri)e !rom deter !rom de)iate !rom di)ert !rom e%tricate !rom in!er !rom protect !rom radiate !rom reco)er !rom s rink !rom su!!er !rom engage in inter)ene in participate in succeed in con)ert into dip into di)ide into merge into pry into trans!orm into beware o! consist o! die o! smell o! concentrate on impinge on insist on pounce on rely on spy on t ri)e on

O(er preside o)er To adapt to adjust to belong to contribute to listen to pertain to re!er to respond to re)ert to subscribe to surrender to %ith agree wit collaborate wit communicate wit concur wit contend wit cope wit !lirt wit s are wit

trip o)er ad ere to amount to con!orm to correspond to object to pre!er to relate to resort to submit to succumb to yield to associate wit combine wit comply wit consort wit cooperate wit correspond wit mingle wit sympat i-e wit

See E%ercise ?(

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