Amplitude Modulation

Analog Communication Analog Communication
Unit No. 1
Amplitude (Linear) Modulation
Dr. Suvarna S. Patil
BVCOEW, Pune-43
Mail id: sschorage@gmail.com
Unit No. 1
Amplitude (Linear) Modulation
Dr. Suvarna S. Patil
BVCOEW, Pune-43
Mail id: sschorage@gmail.com
2/12/2013 Amplitude (Linear) Modulation 1
Unit 1: Contents Unit 1: Contents
Base Band & Carrier Communication
Generation of AM (DSBFC) and its spectrum.
Power relations applied to sinusoidal signals.
DSBSC Multiplier modulator, Non linear generation,
switching modulator, Ring modulator and its spectrum.
Modulation index
SSBSC, ISB, VSB & their generation methods and
comparison
AM Broadcast technical standards
Books :
T1: Modern Digital & Analog Communication Systems, by B.
P. Lathi 3
rd
Ed.
T2: Electronic Communication, by D. Roddy & J. Coolen, 4
th
Ed.
Base Band & Carrier Communication
Generation of AM (DSBFC) and its spectrum.
Power relations applied to sinusoidal signals.
DSBSC Multiplier modulator, Non linear generation,
switching modulator, Ring modulator and its spectrum.
Modulation index
SSBSC, ISB, VSB & their generation methods and
comparison
AM Broadcast technical standards
Books :
T1: Modern Digital & Analog Communication Systems, by B.
P. Lathi 3
rd
Ed.
T2: Electronic Communication, by D. Roddy & J. Coolen, 4
th
Ed.
Examination Scheme Examination Scheme
204189: Analog Communication
Lectures: 4 Hrs/Week
Theory Online: 50 Marks
Practical: 2 Hr/Week
Theory Paper: 50 Marks
Practical: 50 Marks
204189: Analog Communication
Lectures: 4 Hrs/Week
Theory Online: 50 Marks
Practical: 2 Hr/Week
Theory Paper: 50 Marks
Practical: 50 Marks
Unit 1: Objectives Unit 1: Objectives
To understand base band signals and pass band communication
To study generation methods of various Amplitude Modulation
(AM) schemes (such as DSBSC, SSB, ISB and VSB).
Plot frequency spectrum of different AM and compute the
required bandwidth for AM channel
Derive power relation in AM and compute power required for AM
transmission.
Define and calculate Modulation index
To understand the concept of suppressing the carrier in DSBSC
and SSB techniques.
To study various AM broadcast standards
To understand base band signals and pass band communication
To study generation methods of various Amplitude Modulation
(AM) schemes (such as DSBSC, SSB, ISB and VSB).
Plot frequency spectrum of different AM and compute the
required bandwidth for AM channel
Derive power relation in AM and compute power required for AM
transmission.
Define and calculate Modulation index
To understand the concept of suppressing the carrier in DSBSC
and SSB techniques.
To study various AM broadcast standards
Pre Pre--requisites requisites
Electromagnetic spectrum
Non linear characteristics of switching devices
Basic block diagram of communication system
Need of modulation
1. Reduces height of antenna
2. Avoids mixing of signals
3. Increases range of communication
4. Allows multiplexing of signals
5. Allows adjustments in BW
6. Improves quality of reception
Electromagnetic spectrum
Non linear characteristics of switching devices
Basic block diagram of communication system
Need of modulation
1. Reduces height of antenna
2. Avoids mixing of signals
3. Increases range of communication
4. Allows multiplexing of signals
5. Allows adjustments in BW
6. Improves quality of reception
Basic block diagram of Analog Basic block diagram of Analog
Communication System Communication System
Analog
information
source
Analog
Modulation
Communication
Channel
Analog
Demodulation
Destination
Analog carrier
source
Noise
Analog carrier
source
Noise
What is Communication?
What are its examples?
What is Communication System?
What are various information sources?
What are available communication channels?
Base band and carrier communication Base band and carrier communication
Communication systems are classified according
to the range of frequencies they use to transmit
information
Base band and Pass band / carrier systems
Base band communication is without any
modulation (without frequency shifting)
Carrier communication is with modulation
Shifting the baseband signal to higher frequency
Communication systems are classified according
to the range of frequencies they use to transmit
information
Base band and Pass band / carrier systems
Base band communication is without any
modulation (without frequency shifting)
Carrier communication is with modulation
Shifting the baseband signal to higher frequency
Base Band Signal and Communication Base Band Signal and Communication
Base Band Signal is band of frequencies of the
signal delivered by the source
They have sizable powers at lower frequencies
Telephony band of voice signals (0 to 3.5kHz)
Television band of video (0 to 4.3kHz)
Digital data or PCM ( 0 to Rate Hz)
Eg.
Communication between two telephones
Video Communication
Digital transmission of analog signals
Communication between two PCs
Base Band Signal is band of frequencies of the
signal delivered by the source
They have sizable powers at lower frequencies
Telephony band of voice signals (0 to 3.5kHz)
Television band of video (0 to 4.3kHz)
Digital data or PCM ( 0 to Rate Hz)
Eg.
Communication between two telephones
Video Communication
Digital transmission of analog signals
Communication between two PCs
Baseband and Carrier Wave (CW) Systems Baseband and Carrier Wave (CW) Systems
c
f
w
Linear
modulation
(AM...)
2 bw w =
Exponential
modulation
(FM...)
Baseband
spectra
f
f
Figures show baseband message transfer by linear (AM) and
exponential modulation (FM)
In linear modulation, transmission bandwidth is always below or
equal to 2W(W: message bandwidth)
Non-linear (angle modulation) spreads message on much larger
transmission bandwidth that 2W
Exponential
modulation
(FM...)
2 bw w >>
Baseband
spectra
f
Modulation Modulation
The process of shifting the base band signal to
pass band is known as Modulation
Basic parameter such as amplitude, frequency
or phase of a sinusoidal signal known as carrier
of high frequency is varied in proportion to the
baseband signal
The process of shifting the base band signal to
pass band is known as Modulation
Basic parameter such as amplitude, frequency
or phase of a sinusoidal signal known as carrier
of high frequency is varied in proportion to the
baseband signal
What is Modulation?
Define AM.
Define requirement of AM signal
AM waveform representation AM waveform representation
AM mathematical representation AM mathematical representation
Modulating signal
Carrier signal
Modulation index
Amplitude of AM wave
Instantaneous voltage of AM wave
t V v
m m m
sin =
t V v
c c c
sin =
c
m
V
V
m =
Modulating signal
Carrier signal
Modulation index
Amplitude of AM wave
Instantaneous voltage of AM wave
c
m
V
V
m =
t t m V
t A v
c m c
c AM

sin ) sin 1 (
sin
+ =
=
) sin 1 ( t m V A
m c
+ =
AM mathematical representation AM mathematical representation
t
mV
t
mV
t V v
m c
c
m c
c
c c AM
) cos(
2
) cos(
2
sin + + =
Un-modulated
carrier
Un-modulated
carrier
Lower
sideband
(LSB)
Upper
sideband
(USB)
AM mathematical representation using AM mathematical representation using
frequency shifting property frequency shifting property
Base band signal
AM containing only two sidebands
) ( ) ( M t m
)] ( ) ( [
2
1
cos ) (
c c c
M M t t m + +
Lower
sideband
(LSB)
Upper
sideband
(USB)
AM frequency domain representation AM frequency domain representation
Amplitude
c
V
2
c
V m
2
c
mV
Carrier band
Modulating band
2/12/2013 Amplitude (Linear) Modulation
m c
+
) sec (rad
m c
0
2
c
V m
2
c
mV
m
LSB USB
c
15
AM Generation Methods AM Generation Methods
AM (DSBFC) Modulators
BJT Collector Modulator
Analog multiplier
AM (DSBSC) Modulators
Multiplier (Product) Modulators
Nonlinear Modulators
Switching Modulators
Ring Modulators
AM (DSBFC) Modulators
BJT Collector Modulator
Analog multiplier
AM (DSBSC) Modulators
Multiplier (Product) Modulators
Nonlinear Modulators
Switching Modulators
Ring Modulators
BJT Collector Modulator BJT Collector Modulator
Transistor is operated in Class C mode
Transistor is biased well below cutoff.
Carrier input to the base drives the transistor into conduction
during the RF cycle.
Collector current flows in the form of Pulses periodic at carrier
frequency.
Tuned circuit is used at the collector resonates at this
frequency.
By applying modulating voltage in series with collector dc
supply changes this steady collector voltage to slowly varying
voltage.
This produces current pulses of varying amplitude
Finally modulated output is obtained by mutual inductive
coupling
Transistor is operated in Class C mode
Transistor is biased well below cutoff.
Carrier input to the base drives the transistor into conduction
during the RF cycle.
Collector current flows in the form of Pulses periodic at carrier
frequency.
Tuned circuit is used at the collector resonates at this
frequency.
By applying modulating voltage in series with collector dc
supply changes this steady collector voltage to slowly varying
voltage.
This produces current pulses of varying amplitude
Finally modulated output is obtained by mutual inductive
coupling
BJT Collector Modulator Practical Circuit BJT Collector Modulator Practical Circuit
Collector Modulator Waveform Collector Modulator Waveform
Analog Multiplier AM Modulator Analog Multiplier AM Modulator
) (t m
Modulating
Signal
DSBFC
Modulated
Signal
Analog
Multiplier

t
c
cos
Carrier Signal
DSBFC
Modulated
Signal
Modulation index using practical method Modulation index using practical method
V max
V min
min max
min max
V V
V V
m
+
=
Trapezoidal method of Modulation index Calculation Trapezoidal method of Modulation index Calculation
Modulated signal
L1 = 2Vmax
L2 = 2 Vmin
2 1
2 1
L L
L L
m
+
=
, ) 1 0 s s m
) ( , 1
c m
V V m = =
Modulation index range :
100% modulation
Requires high transmission power
) ( , 1
c m
V V m
) ( , 1
c m
V V m > >
Under modulation
Most preferably used
Over modulation
Must be avoided
Bandwidth of AM Bandwidth of AM
m
m c m c
LSB USB
L H
f
f f f f
f f
f f BW
2
) ( ) (
=
+ =
=
=
For single tone modulation
m
m c m c
LSB USB
L H
f
f f f f
f f
f f BW
2
) ( ) (
=
+ =
=
=
For multi tone modulation
max
max max
2
) ( ) (
f
f f f f BW
c c
=
+ =
Power relations in AM Power relations in AM
R
V m
R
V m
R
V
R
mV
R
mV
R
V
R
V
R
V
R
V
P P P P
c c c
c c c
USB LSB c
USB LSB c T
rms rms rms
8 8 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
+ + =
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
=
+ + =
+ + =
R
V m
R
V m
R
V
R
mV
R
mV
R
V
R
V
R
V
R
V
P P P P
c c c
c c c
USB LSB c
USB LSB c T
rms rms rms
8 8 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
+ + =
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
=
+ + =
+ + =
Power relations in AM Power relations in AM
R
V
P
c
c
2
2
=
4
2
c
USB LSB
P m
P P = =
2
4 4
2
2 2
c
c c
USB LSB SB
P m
P m P m
P P P
=
+ =
+ =
|
|
\
|
+ =
+ =
+ =
2
1
2
2
2
m
P
P m
P
P P P
c
c
c
SB c T
Voltage and Current relations in AM Voltage and Current relations in AM
2
1
2
1
2
2
m
I I
m
V V
c T
c T
+ =
+ =
2
1
2
1
2
2
m
I I
m
V V
c T
c T
+ =
+ =
Power relations in multi tone AM Power relations in multi tone AM
2
1
2
1
2 2 2
1
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
3
2
2
2
1
eff
c T
eff
c T
eff
c T
m
I I
m
V V
m m m m
m m m
P P
+ =
+ =
+ + + =
|
|
\
|
+ + + + =

2
1
2
1
2 2 2
1
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
3
2
2
2
1
eff
c T
eff
c T
eff
c T
m
I I
m
V V
m m m m
m m m
P P
+ =
+ =
+ + + =
|
|
\
|
+ + + + =
% 100 =
T
SB
P
P
Ratio of useful power to the total power

where P
SB
is the total sidebands signal power
that contains information
Transmission Efficiency in AM Transmission Efficiency in AM
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1 2
2
1
2
m
m
m
m
m
P
P m
c
c
+
=
|
|
\
|
+
=
|
|
\
|
+
=
If m= 1 (100% modulation), the average power, P
SB
= 50% P
c
= P
c
/2
It shows that the P
SB
is dependent on m.
Transmission Efficiency in AM Transmission Efficiency in AM
% 100
2
2
2
m
m
+
=
The transmission efficiency with m= 1 is only 33.33%
practically still less on the order of 25% or lower.
Only 1/3
rd
of the transmitted power is used for
carrying message.
Efficiency increases monotonically with m
The transmission efficiency with m= 1 is only 33.33%
practically still less on the order of 25% or lower.
Only 1/3
rd
of the transmitted power is used for
carrying message.
Efficiency increases monotonically with m
Examples Examples
Numerical 1: A 400 watt carrier is modulated to a depth of
75 %. Calculate the total power in the modulated wave.
Solution:
Note: Refer page no. 38 to 42 for more solved numerical
from G. Kennedy
W
m
P P
c T
5 . 512
2
75 . 0
1 400
2
1
2 2
=
|
|
\
|
+ =
|
|
\
|
+ =
Numerical 1: A 400 watt carrier is modulated to a depth of
75 %. Calculate the total power in the modulated wave.
Solution:
Note: Refer page no. 38 to 42 for more solved numerical
from G. Kennedy
Examples Examples
Numerical 2: Sketch AM wave for modulation indices of
m=0.5 and m=1, when
Solution: carrier signal is
when the modulating signal is pure sinusoidal, the
modulation referred to as Tone Modulation
t B t m
m
cos ) ( =
t A
c
cos
A
B
V
V
m
c
m
= =
Numerical 2: Sketch AM wave for modulation indices of
m=0.5 and m=1, when
Solution: carrier signal is
when the modulating signal is pure sinusoidal, the
modulation referred to as Tone Modulation
A
B
V
V
m
c
m
= =
Disadvantages of AM Disadvantages of AM
Needs large bandwidth
Requires more power for transmission
Maximum power is wasted in carrier.
Highly affected due to noise.
Needs large bandwidth
Requires more power for transmission
Maximum power is wasted in carrier.
Highly affected due to noise.
Features of DSBSC Features of DSBSC
Carrier signal does not contain any information.
Information lies in sidebands only
Eliminating carrier signal saves transmission power
DSBSC contains only sidebands carrying same
information
Bandwidth remains same as that of DSBFC (AM)
Exhibits phase reversal at zero crossing
Carrier signal does not contain any information.
Information lies in sidebands only
Eliminating carrier signal saves transmission power
DSBSC contains only sidebands carrying same
information
Bandwidth remains same as that of DSBFC (AM)
Exhibits phase reversal at zero crossing
Multiplier/Product DSBSC Modulator Multiplier/Product DSBSC Modulator
) (t m
Modulating
Signal
DSBSC signal
)] ( ) ( [
2
1
cos ) (
c c c
M M t t m + +
t
c
cos
Modulating
Signal
Carrier Signal
DSBSC signal DSBSC signal
DSBSC spectrum DSBSC spectrum
AM signal is generated using nonlinear device such as a
semiconductor diode or a transistor.
Input output characteristics of nonlinear device is
approximated by power series
Positive C
i
2
cv bv a i + + =
Nonlinear Resistance Characteristics Nonlinear Resistance Characteristics
Negative C
v
a : dc component
b: conductance
c: coefficient of nonlinearity
Nonlinear Modulator Nonlinear Modulator
) ( ) ( ) (
2
t cx t bx t y + =
Nonlinear Modulator.. Cont. Nonlinear Modulator.. Cont.
)] ( ) ( [ )] ( ) ( [ ) ( ) ( ) (
2
2 2
2
1 1 2 1
t cx t bx t cx t bx t y t y t z + + = =
By substituting the two inputs
) ( cos ) (
), ( cos ) (
2
1
t m t t x
t m t t x
c
c
=
+ =

) ( cos ) (
), ( cos ) (
2
1
t m t t x
t m t t x
c
c
=
+ =
t t m c t m b t z
c
cos ) ( 4 ) ( 2 ) ( + =
After passing through BPF the output contains only one term
with two sidebands so called as single balanced modulator
Switching Modulator Switching Modulator
The signal consists not only component of
m(t) but also infinite number of modulated signals with
carrier frequency c, 3c, 5c,
Multiplication of a signal by a square pulse is switching
operation.
Switching the signal m(t) periodically is achieved using
simple switching element.
This switching element is controlled by carrier signal
w(t)
) ( ) ( t w t m
The signal consists not only component of
m(t) but also infinite number of modulated signals with
carrier frequency c, 3c, 5c,
Multiplication of a signal by a square pulse is switching
operation.
Switching the signal m(t) periodically is achieved using
simple switching element.
This switching element is controlled by carrier signal
w(t)
Switching Modulator Switching Modulator
S(t) = m(t).w(t)
w(t)
S(t) = m(t).w(t)
Diode Bridge: series and shunt modulator Diode Bridge: series and shunt modulator
Ring Modulator Ring Modulator
Diode bridge act as an electronic switch
For the first half cycle of carrier all diodes conduct
For next half cycle all diodes remain open
SSB Modulation SSB Modulation
The two sidebands of an AM signal are mirror images of
each other.
One of the sidebands is redundant
Using single-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission
results in reduced bandwidth and therefore twice as many
signals may be transmitted in the same spectrum
allotment
Typically, a 3dB improvement in signal-to-noise ratio is
achieved as a result of SSBSC
The two sidebands of an AM signal are mirror images of
each other.
One of the sidebands is redundant
Using single-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission
results in reduced bandwidth and therefore twice as many
signals may be transmitted in the same spectrum
allotment
Typically, a 3dB improvement in signal-to-noise ratio is
achieved as a result of SSBSC
SSB Spectra SSB Spectra
Frequency spectrum:
Bandwidth = f
m(max)
Total Power = +P
USB
f
c
f
c
+f
m
f
c
-f
m
Frequency spectrum:
Bandwidth = f
m(max)
Total Power = +P
USB
f
c
f
c
+f
m
f
c
-f
m
Methods of Generating SSB Methods of Generating SSB
i) Selective Filtering method
A filter removes the undesired sideband
producing SSB.
Balanced modulators is used to suppress the
unwanted carrier and filters to suppress the
unwanted sidebands
Quartz crystal filters are the most widely used
sideband filters since they are very selective
and inexpensive.
i) Selective Filtering method
A filter removes the undesired sideband
producing SSB.
Balanced modulators is used to suppress the
unwanted carrier and filters to suppress the
unwanted sidebands
Quartz crystal filters are the most widely used
sideband filters since they are very selective
and inexpensive.
SSB Generation by Filter Method SSB Generation by Filter Method
Sideband
filter
Balanced
modulator
Carrier
oscillator
Antenna
DSB
signal
SSB
signal
Filter
response
curve
Sideband
filter
Balanced
modulator
Microphone Audio
amplifier
Linear
amplifier
Upper
sidebands
Lower
sidebands
Methods of Generating SSB Methods of Generating SSB
ii) Phase shift method
This method avoids filters and their
disadvantages.
It makes use of two Balanced Modulators and
two phase shifters.
One of the BM receives 90 phase shifted
carrier and in phase message signal
ii) Phase shift method
This method avoids filters and their
disadvantages.
It makes use of two Balanced Modulators and
two phase shifters.
One of the BM receives 90 phase shifted
carrier and in phase message signal
Phase Shift method Phase Shift method
Other BM receives 90 phase shifted
message and in phase carrier signal.
Both BM produce sidebands only.
USB of both BMs will be in phase and LSB will
be out of phase.
Adding the two DSB signals together results in
one sideband being cancelled out.
Other BM receives 90 phase shifted
message and in phase carrier signal.
Both BM produce sidebands only.
USB of both BMs will be in phase and LSB will
be out of phase.
Adding the two DSB signals together results in
one sideband being cancelled out.
Block Diagram of Phase Shift method Block Diagram of Phase Shift method
Balanced
Modulator 1
Phase shifter
+
m (t)
Carrier signal
Output Signal
Vm cos wmt
Vc cos (wct + 90)
A
1
(t)
Balanced
Modulator 2
Phase shifter
Carrier signal
Vm cos (wmt + 90)
A
2
(t)
Advantages/Benefits of SSB Advantages/Benefits of SSB
Low power transmission
Less band width conservation
Selective fading
Noise reduction
Disadvantages of SSB Disadvantages of SSB
Disadvantages of SSB Disadvantages of SSB
Complex receivers
Tuning difficulties
Comparison of time domain representation of three Comparison of time domain representation of three
common AM transmissions common AM transmissions
Examples Examples
For an AM DSBFC wave with a peak unmodulated carrier
voltage Vc = 10 Vp, frequency of 100kHz, a load resistor of RL
= 10 O, frequency of modulating signal of 10kHz and m = 1,
determine the following
i) Powers of the carrier and the upper and lower sidebands.
ii) Total power of the modulated wave.
iii) Bandwidth of the transmitted wave.
iv) Drawthe power and frequency spectrum.
For an AM DSBFC wave with a peak unmodulated carrier
voltage Vc = 10 Vp, frequency of 100kHz, a load resistor of RL
= 10 O, frequency of modulating signal of 10kHz and m = 1,
determine the following
i) Powers of the carrier and the upper and lower sidebands.
ii) Total power of the modulated wave.
iii) Bandwidth of the transmitted wave.
iv) Drawthe power and frequency spectrum.
Examples..contd Examples..contd
For the same given values, determine questions (ii)-(iv)
for a AM DSB-SC, AM SSB-FC and AM SSB-SC systems.
Determine also the percentage of power saved in each of
the system design.
Solution for DSBFC
i)
ii)
iii) Bandwidth=2xf
mmax
=2(10kHz)=20kHz
W
P m
P P
W
R
V
R
V
P
c
lsb usb
c c
c
25 . 1
4
5
10 2
) 10 (
2
) 2 / (
2
2
2
2
= = =
=
-
= = =
Solution for DSBFC
i)
ii)
iii) Bandwidth=2xf
mmax
=2(10kHz)=20kHz
W
P
m
P
m
P P
c c c t
5 . 7 ) 5 (
4
1
) 5 (
4
1
5
4 4
2 2
2 2
= + + =
+ + =
Solution : For DSB-SC
ii)
iii)Bandwidth=2xf
mmax
=2(10kHz)=20kHz
iv)
% 67 . 66
% 100
5 . 7
5
%
5
5 . 2 5 . 7
=
=
=
=
W
W
Power
W
W W Power
saved
saved
W
P
m
P
m
P
c c t
5 . 2 ) 5 (
4
1
) 5 (
4
1
4 4
2 2
2 2
= + =
+ =
Power Saving with DSBSC Solution : For DSB-SC
ii)
iii)Bandwidth=2xf
mmax
=2(10kHz)=20kHz
iv)
% 67 . 66
% 100
5 . 7
5
%
5
5 . 2 5 . 7
=
=
=
=
W
W
Power
W
W W Power
saved
saved
W
P
m
P
m
P
c c t
5 . 2 ) 5 (
4
1
) 5 (
4
1
4 4
2 2
2 2
= + =
+ =
110kHz
90kHz
Solution :For SSB-FC
ii)
iii)Bandwidth=f
mmax
=10kHz
iv)
% 67 . 16
% 100
5 . 7
25 . 1
%
25 . 1
25 . 6 5 . 7
=
=
=
=
x
W
W
Power
W
W W Power
saved
saved
W
P
m
P P
c c t
25 . 6 ) 5 (
4
1
5
4
2
2
= + =
+ =
Solution :For SSB-FC
ii)
iii)Bandwidth=f
mmax
=10kHz
iv)
% 67 . 16
% 100
5 . 7
25 . 1
%
25 . 1
25 . 6 5 . 7
=
=
=
=
x
W
W
Power
W
W W Power
saved
saved
W
P
m
P P
c c t
25 . 6 ) 5 (
4
1
5
4
2
2
= + =
+ =
100kHz
110kHz
f
c
-f
m
Example 1..contd Example 1..contd
Solution : For SSB-SC
ii)
iii)Bandwidth=f
mmax
=10kHz
iv)
% 33 . 83
% 100
5 . 7
25 . 6
%
25 . 6
25 . 1 5 . 7
=
=
=
=
W
W
Power
W
W W Power
saved
saved
W
P
m
P
c t
25 . 1 ) 5 (
4
1
4
2
2
= =
=
Solution : For SSB-SC
ii)
iii)Bandwidth=f
mmax
=10kHz
iv)
% 33 . 83
% 100
5 . 7
25 . 6
%
25 . 6
25 . 1 5 . 7
=
=
=
=
W
W
Power
W
W W Power
saved
saved
f
c
110kHz f
c
-f
m
Independent Side Band (ISB) Modulation Independent Side Band (ISB) Modulation
Satisfies the need of multiplex techniques for
high density point- to- point communication
Two sidebands quite independent of each other
with reduced carrier.
It can simultaneously convey a totally different
transmission
Satisfies the need of multiplex techniques for
high density point- to- point communication
Two sidebands quite independent of each other
with reduced carrier.
It can simultaneously convey a totally different
transmission
ISB drive unit ISB drive unit
Channel
A
Balanced
Modulator
USB
filter
3-MHz
Crystal
oscillator
Input 1
100 kHz crystal
oscillator
Channel
B
LSB filter
26-dB
Carrier
attenuator
Adder
3.1-MHz
Amplifier
and filter
Balanced
Mixer
Balanced
Modulator
Input 2
To the ISB transmitter
ISB spectrum ISB spectrum
Reduced Carrier
26-dB
Independent information sidebands
USB LSB
Vestigial Side Band (VSB) Vestigial Side Band (VSB)
In the video signal, very low frequency modulating
components exist along with rest of the signal
These components give rise to sidebands very close to
the carrier frequency difficult to remove by physically
realizable filters
The low video frequencies contain the most important
information of the picture
Complete suppression of the lower sideband would result
in phase distortion at these frequencies
one complete sideband can not be fully suppressed
As a compromise only a part of the LSB is suppressed
Radiated signal consist of :
Full USB + Carrier + Vestige of the partially suppressed
LSB
In the video signal, very low frequency modulating
components exist along with rest of the signal
These components give rise to sidebands very close to
the carrier frequency difficult to remove by physically
realizable filters
The low video frequencies contain the most important
information of the picture
Complete suppression of the lower sideband would result
in phase distortion at these frequencies
one complete sideband can not be fully suppressed
As a compromise only a part of the LSB is suppressed
Radiated signal consist of :
Full USB + Carrier + Vestige of the partially suppressed
LSB
VSB Generation VSB Generation
Product
Modulator
Product
Modulator
Side Band
Shaping Filter
Side Band
Shaping Filter
x(t)
VSB
DSBSC
Carrier
S(f) = Ac/2 [ M ( f fc ) + M ( f + fc) ] H(f)
Spectrum of the Modulating signal and corresponding Spectrum of the Modulating signal and corresponding
DSB, SSB, and VSB DSB, SSB, and VSB
M(w)
DSBSC
SSB
VSB
Bandwidth Calculation in VSB Bandwidth Calculation in VSB
Frequencies up to 0.75 MHz of the LSB are fully radiated
Attenuation slope of 0.5 MHz at either end
FM sound signal occupies a frequency spectrum of about 75 KHz
around the sound carrier
Guard band of 0.25 MHz allowed on the sound carrier side for
interchannel separation
Advantages of VSB Advantages of VSB
Relatively easy to generate.
Less bandwidth as compared to DSBSC
Disadvantages of VSB Disadvantages of VSB
Small power is wasted in VSB filter.
Some phase and amplitude distortion still
occurs
Needs careful design of VSB filter.
Critical tuning at the receiver
Small power is wasted in VSB filter.
Some phase and amplitude distortion still
occurs
Needs careful design of VSB filter.
Critical tuning at the receiver
Sample MCQs Sample MCQs
1.1 If are the peak amplitudes of carrier, LSB and
USB, then the relation among them in AM is
a) b)
c) d)
u l c
V and V V ,
1.2 The amplitude modulator works on the principle of
a) Multiplication b) Addition
a) Multiplication b) Addition
c) Subtraction d) Division
1.3 To achieve 50 percent modulation with carrier V
c
= 20cos
c
t ,the
modulating signal amplitude V
m
should be
a) 15V b) 10V
c) 12V d) 13V
1.4 ideal value of m for maximum amplitude of modulating signal is
a) b)
c) d)
1.5 Choose the correct statement related AM
a) BW in AM is dependent
on m
b)
a) BW in AM is dependent
on m
b)
c) Total power lies in
sidebands
d)
1.6 The maximum power of AM wave under distortionless condition is
a) b)
c) d)
1.7 The instantaneous voltage of the SSB=LSB wave is
a) b)
c) d)
1.8 The bandwidth of SSB wave is given by
a) b)
c) d)
1.9 Tone modulation refers to
1.9 Tone modulation refers to
a) Modulating signal of
irregular shape
b) Modulating signal is pure
sinusoid
c) Modulating signal is
square wave
d) None of them
1.10 AM (DSBFC) wave can be generated with the help of
a) Balanced Modulator b) Ring Modulator
c) Class C tuned
amplifier
d) Phase shift method
Outcomes of the Unit Outcomes of the Unit
Upon completing this unit Student will be able to
Describe theory of amplitude modulation
Compare baseband and carrier communication
Draw AM, DSBSC, SSB signals
Compute total transmission power in each technique of AM
Solve problems involving frequency components, power,
current, bandwidth calculations.
Understand differences between AM and other techniques.
Draw and explain various AM modulators.
Explain the concept of non-linear resistance applied to
generation of DSBSC signal
Upon completing this unit Student will be able to
Describe theory of amplitude modulation
Compare baseband and carrier communication
Draw AM, DSBSC, SSB signals
Compute total transmission power in each technique of AM
Solve problems involving frequency components, power,
current, bandwidth calculations.
Understand differences between AM and other techniques.
Draw and explain various AM modulators.
Explain the concept of non-linear resistance applied to
generation of DSBSC signal
Thank You Thank You

Amplitude Modulation

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Analog Communication Analog Communication

2/12/2013 Amplitude (Linear) Modulation 20

2/12/2013 Amplitude (Linear) Modulation 28

Ratio of useful power to the total power

2/12/2013 Amplitude (Linear) Modulation 40

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