Muhammad Abbas

Class#22 & Reg. # 3076

Assignment #01

Q. Write note on hydraulic structures? A. Hydraulic structures: A hydraulic structure is a structure submerged or partially submerged in any body of water, which disrupts the natural flow of water. They can be used to divert, disrupt or completely stop the flow. An example of a hydraulic structure would be a dam, which slows the normal flow rate of river in order to power turbines. A hydraulic structure can be built in rivers, a sea, or any body of water where there is a need for a change in the natural flow of water. It is the engineering structures that are constructed for the controlling and using water resources for example canals are constructed to supply water from the source li e a dam to irrigate the agricultural fields controlled by the head regulator at the upstream of the off!ta ing canal and preventing the surrounding environment from the destructive action of water for example designing a spillway to bypass the excess water from an earth dam to avoid any danger of overflow of water which would probable destruct the dam and would cause the failure of the dam. There are a large variety of hydraulic structures to serve the many purposes for which water resources are put to use. There are several classifications of hydraulic structures" however, the most important is the classification by function as given below. 1. Storage structures - Dams Dam: #am is any artificial barrier and its appurtenant wor s constructed for the purpose of holding water or any other fluid. There are three common classification schemes for dams. According to the function performed, dams are classified into$ a. %torage dams for impounding water for developmental uses. b. #iversion dams for diverting stream flow into canals or other conveyance c. #etention dams to hold the water temporary to retard flood &rom hydraulic design considerations, dams are classified as$ a. 'verflow dams to carry discharge over their crests, and. b. (on!overflow dams, which are not designed to be overtopped. The most common classification is one based on the materials of which dams are made. This classification ma es further sub!classification by recogni)ing the basic type of design, such as concrete gravity or concrete arch dams. Types of dams include$ *arth fill dams, +oc fill dam, ,oncrete dams -concrete gravity dams, concrete arch dams and concrete buttress dams., %tone masonry -stone!masonry gravity dam stone!masonry arch dams., timber dam and steel coffer dam. 2. Flow control structures- spillway and gates Spillway is a passage way to convey past the dam flood flows that cannot be contained in the allotted storage space or which are in excess of those turned into the diversion systems. %pillways function infre/uently, at times of flood or sustained high runoff, when
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Muhammad Abbas

Class#22 & Reg. # 3076

Assignment #01

other facilities are inade/uate. 0owever its ample capacity is of prime importance for the safety of the dam and other hydraulic structures. 0ydraulic aspects of spillway design relates to design of the three spillway components$ control structure, discharge channel and terminal structure. %pillways may be classified, depending upon the type of structure as$ %ide channel spillway, %traight drop spillway, 'verflow or 'gee spillway ,hute or Trough spillway, %haft -1orning glory. spillway and %iphon spillway. Gates are the temporary barrier installed over the permanent crest of the spillway, for storing additional water during dry weather season. %pillway gates can be provided on all types of spillways except siphon spillway, types of spillway gates are commonly used$ &lash board gates, %top logs or needle gates, +adial gates, #rum gates and vertical lift gates. 3. Flow measurement structures:-Weir, ori ice and Flumes Weir in general is any regular obstruction over which flow occurs. Weirs, especially the sharp!crested ones are commonly used for measuring large and small open flows in the field or laboratory. Flumes are devices in which the flow is locally accelerated by a streamlined lateral contraction in the channel sides. A flume has$ a convergent section, in which the flow accelerates, a throat section and a divergent section, in which the flow returns to normal &lumes are of two types$ non!modular or the venture flume and the modular or the standing wave flume. In the non!modular flume, the velocity at the throat is maintained below the critical value so that no standing wave is produced. 0owever, in the modular type, the flume is designed such that the velocity of flow at the throat is greater than the critical velocity thereby resulting in a standing wave within the flume. !. Di"ersion structures --Weirs and #arrages The construction wor done at the river or canal for diversion of water to the off!ta ing canal is nown as head!wor . #epending on the purpose, head!wor s may be$ %torage head!wor which is constructed to store water for some purpose or it may be #iversion head!wor whose main purpose is to divert the re/uired /uantity of water into the off!ta ing canals for irrigation purpose. Weir or $nicut$ It is a solid wall of masonry or concrete constructed along the width of the river from one ban to the other to raise the water level on the upstream side so that proper supplies of water may be assured to the canals. #arrage: The function of a barrage is the same as that of a weir. In a barrage, a low height weir is constructed first and then according to design piers are constructed at regular intervals along the width of the river. The gaps between the piers are closed by means of gates, which can be lifted or lowered down mechanically or manually or both. %. &on"eyance structures: 'pen c(annel, pressure conduits, canals and sewers
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Muhammad Abbas

Class#22 & Reg. # 3076

Assignment #01

These structures are used to guide flow from one location to another it includes the open channel, pressure conduits, canals and sewers. ). &ollection structures The purpose of this structure is to collect water for disposal it includes drain inlets, infiltration, galleries and wells. *. +nergy dissipation structures 0ydraulic structures such as dams, weirs, and drop structures have energy dissipators as a means of dissipating the excess energy of high!velocity flows, in order to protect the riverbed and ban s downstream. In energy!dissipation structures, there are stilling basins with hori)ontal or sloping aprons, stilling basins with baffles or sills, buc et!type stilling basins, and baffled or stepped chute. ,. S(ore protection structures! Di-es, groins, .etties / re"etment They are used to protect ban s. +evetments are a cover or facing of erosion resistant material placed directly on an existing slope, emban ment or di e to protect the area from waves and strong currents. #i es are typically earth structures -dams. that eep elevated water levels from flooding interior low land. 2roins are the oldest and most common shore!connected, beach stabili)ation structure. 3etties are shore!normal stone structures commonly used for training navigation channels and stabili)ing inlets 10. Sediment and 1uality control structure-2e"ees, cuto , loc-s, piers, / cul"erts They are used to control or remove sediments and other pollutants. They are rac s, screens, traps, sedimentation tan s, filters, and sluiceway. 4ier structures are sometimes referred to as 5etties. 11. Hydraulic mac(ines They are used to convert on form of energy into another it include turbines, pumps and ramps. Turbine converts the energy of water into electricity" pump converts the electrical energy into hydraulic energy.

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