Cestodes

Diphyllobotriu m latum Fish tapeworm/ Broad Tapeworm Largest tapeworm of man

Habitat
Small intestine

Features
Unarmed scolex; spoon shaped or spatulate w/ bothria Uterus in rosette form

Egg/Larv a
Ova: bile stained, ovoid, operculated, thick shelled embryonated Larval stages: coracidium procorcoid (IHcyclops) plerocorcoid (IH- fresh water fish) Egg: Nonoperculated; inner embryophore is thick walled and radially striated; With an oncosphere (hexacanth embryo) Larva : Cysticercus bovis IS:Cypticercus cellulosae

Mode of Infection
Ingestion of raw or uncooked infected fish ISPlerocercoid larva

Hosts or Vector
1st IH- cyclops 2nd IH- fresh water fishes FH-man, dog, cat

Diagnosis
Microscopic exam of feces for operculated eggs or vommited proglottids

Disease/ Treatment
Diphyllobothriasi sor Bothriacephalou s Anemia Prasiquantel Niclozamide

Taenia saginata beef tapeworm

Small intestine

Genital pore is marginal Uterus is dichotomous Unarmed scolex

Eating of beef infected with Cypticercus bovis

IH- cattle, cow, buffalo FH- man

Microscopic exam of stool for eggs, proglottids or scolex

Taeniasisleading to obstruction of organs Praziquantel Niclozamide

Taenia solium pork tapeworm

Small intestine

Armed scolex (hooklets shaped like daggers or Arabian poniards) Uterus is dendritic Genital pore is

Ingestion of infected pork

IH- pork FH-man

Stool exams for eggs or proglottids

IS: Cypticersus cellulone

Cypticercosis; Neurocysticerco sis (most serious zoonotic disease) Praziquantel Niclozamide

Cestodes

Habitat

Features

Egg/Larv a
Egg: resembles Taenia egg but ovoid

Mode of Infection
IS: embryonated egg IS: hydatid cyst

Hosts or Vector
IH: sheep, goat, pig, cattle, horse Definitive Host: (canines like dogs, wolf, fox) Accidental Host- Man

Diagnosis

Disease and Treatment

Hydatid sand; Alveolar cyst Surgical removal/ Albendazole

Echinococcus Granulosus Hydatid worm/ Dog tapeworm Smallest tapeworm of man

lymphatics

-Scolex bears 4 suckers and a protrusible rostellum

radiographic findings Immuno diagnosis

Hymenolepsis diminuta rat tapeworm

Small intestine

Uterus is saclike and transverse unarmed

Egg: double membrane Larva: cysticercoid

IH: fleas IS: Cysticercoiod AH- man

Eggs passed in feces

Hymenolepiasis Praziquantel

Dipylidium caninum Dog Tapeworm

Double pored Rose thorn hooklets Gravid proglottids

Ova: Thin walled and spherical

IS: Cysticercoid

IH: Ctenocephalid es canis: Dog flea Ctenophalides files: cat flea Pulex irritans: human flea Trichoedectas canis: dog flea

Eggs passed in feces

Dipylidiasis Praziquantel

Hymenolepsis nana
Dwarf tapeworm Smallest tapeworm affecting man

Ileum

Subglobular armed rostellum

Ova: spherical w/inner embryo has 3 pair of lancets and intermembrano us spaces

Ingestion of eggs or of infected arthropod in w/c cysticercoid larve are released and

DH: rodents , man

Embryonated eggs in feces

Demonstration of characteristic ova in the stool

Praziquantel

Trematode s
Schistosoma japonicum Oriental blood fluke

Habitat

Features

Egg/Larv a
Eggs: nonoperculated ; bottle neck egg S.japonicumlateral knob S.haematobiu m- terminal spine S.mansonilateral spine

Mode of Infection
Skin penetration IS: cercariae

Hosts or Vector
IH: Onchomelania for S. japonicum

Diagnosis Disease and Treatment

Stool exam S. japonicumKatayamas disease

superior mesenteric veins of the small intestine

Schistosoma haematobium Vesical blood fluke

vesicle and pelvic plexus of the venous circulation; urinary bladder

mesenteric veins of colon and rectum

S. haematobiumBilharziasis or bloody urine IH: Bulimus and Physopsis for S. haematobium S. mansoniSwimmers itch Praziquantel IH: Biomphalaria and Australorbis for S. mansoni

Schistosoma mansoni Mansons blood fluke smallest blood fluke

Paragonimus westermani Oriental Lung Fluke

lungs

Coffee or bean shaped in pairs or in threes in fibrotic capsules or cysts in the lungs

Ova: oval; thick shelled; with flattened opercular and thick abopercular end

Ingestion of insufficiently or uncooked crustaceans containing metacercariae

IH: Brotia asperata (snail) 2nd IH:Sundathelp usa philippina or Parathelpusa grapsoides IH: : Macrochlamys indica (snail) 2nd IH: :

Feces and sputum exam Misdiagnosed on pulmonarytube rculosis

Paragonimiasis Praziquantel Bithionol

Eurytrema pancreaticum pancreatic worm

pancreas

Stout worm with ruffled margins oral sucker is

Ova: dark brown thick shelled and operculated

Trematode s
Fasciolopsis buski Giant Intestinal Fluke

Habitat

Features

Egg/Larv a
operculated

Mode of Infection
Ingestion of encysted metacercariae on aquatic plants

Hosts or Vector
1st IH: snailSegmentina sp. Hippentis sp. 2nd IH: fresh water vegetation seed pods of water caltrop (Trapa bicornis, Trapa nutans) bulb of a fresh water chestnut (Eliocharis tuberosa) IH: Gyraulus convexiusculu s

Diagnosis Disease and Treatment

Stool exam for unembryonate d eggs Fasciolopsiasis Praziquantel

intestine

no cephalic cone no shoulders

Largest trematode

IS: metacercariae

Echinostoma ilocanum Garrisms fluke

Intestine

Oral suckers surrounded by circumoral disk w. crown of spines

Ova: germ ball egg dot-like operculum Larvae: no sporocyst stage but with 2 redial stages

Ingestion of infected fish or vegetation

Heterophydias s

Infective stage: metacercaria

Gyraulus prashadi
2nd IH: - Pila luzonica (kuhol) Vivipara angularis (susong pampang) Corbicula sp (clam)

Heterophyes heterophyes Von Siebolds

intestine

With 3 suckers oral, ventral and genital

Ova: As Clonochis sinensis ovumoperculat

Ingestion of metacercariae in infected fishes

Detection of eggs in the stool using Kato Katz

Unembryonate d eggs

Praziquantel

Trematode s
FASCIOLA
HEPATICA

Habitat

Features

Egg/Larv a
Ova: looks like hens egg

Mode of Infection
Ingestion of metacercariae in aquatic plants IS: metacercariae

Hosts or Vector
IH: Lymnea philippinensis (snail) 2nd IH: blades of grass and water plants

Diagnosis Disease and Treatment

Unembryonate d eggs Fascioliasis Bithionol

liver Conical projection called cephalic cone

SHEEP LIVER FLUKE FASCIOLA

GIGANTICA

GIANT LIVER FLUKE Chlonorchis sinensis Chinese liver fluke liver Unbranched intestine Ova: smallest like an oldfashioned electric bulb or pitchershaped Ingestion of raw or undercooked fish; salted and dried fishes IS: metacercaria IH: Bulimus fuschiana (snail) 2ndIH:Ctenoph aryngondon idellus (fish) Embryonated egg Clonorchiasis Triclabendazole Bithionol