Program for assisting in calculations of heat demand in buildings and seasonal energy demand

Version 4.0

InstalSoft 2005

Rev.20050602

Foreword
THE PRODUCER OF THIS SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR LOSS OF PROFITS OR INCOME, LOSS OF DATA, DAMAGE OF EQUIPMENT OR ANY OTHER LOSS ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE.

The software application presented in this manual is protected by Copyright. The User is therefore obliged not to distribute or duplicate this application. The software Copyright owner is InstalSoft s.c.. Legal purchasers of the software are entitled to obtain explanations regarding its use. The authors shall not be liable for the consequences of wrong installation of the software, abuse or calculation results.
Contact with the authors: InstalSoft s.c. ul. Zjednoczenia 2; 41-500 Chorzw, Poland fax: (+48 32) 249 37 33 http://www.instalsoft.com E-mail: info@instalsoft.com

Trademarks: InstalSoft, InstalSystem, Gredi, OZC are registered trademarks of InstalSoft s.c. or of their proprietors. Adobe and Acrobat are trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated. AutoCAD is a registered trademark of Autodesk, Inc. Microsoft is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation. Names of installation products are used in this manual for illustrative purposes only and they do not constitute any recommendation for particular applications and guarantee of presence of these products in catalogues included in the software.

CONTENTS:
1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................. 1 1.1. PROGRAM PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF CALCULATIONS............................................ 1 1.1.1. Program possibilities.......................................................................... 1 1.1.2. Data required for calculations ............................................................ 1 1.1.3. Program calculations results.............................................................. 2 1.2. CO-OPERATION WITH OTHER PROGRAMS OF INSTALSYSTEM PACKAGE ................. 2 1.3. CO-OPERATION WITH EXTERNAL APPLICATIONS .................................................. 3 1.4. ARRANGEMENT OF THE MANUAL........................................................................ 4 1.5. SYMBOLS USED ................................................................................................ 4 1.6. TERMINOLOGY AND ABBREVIATIONS APPLIED IN PROGRAM AND INSTRUCTION ................................................................................................... 5 2. ABBREVIATED DESCRIPTION OF TYPICAL PROJECT CREATION STAGES ................................................................................................... 9 2.1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 9 2.2. DATA INPUT INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 10 2.3. GENERAL DATA .............................................................................................. 11 2.4. DESCRIPTION OF BUILDING PARTITIONS ............................................................ 14 2.5. GRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF BUILDING ............................................................ 18 2.5.1. Creating of plan views and description of storeys............................ 18 2.5.2. Identification of compartments ......................................................... 18 2.5.3. Completion of graphical compartment data ..................................... 21 2.5.4. Completion of storeys and flats data................................................ 22 2.5.5. Completion of graphical structure of building with data of storey entered in tabular manner................................................................ 22 2.5.6. Inserting of internal ceilings between heated and non-heated storeys ............................................................................................. 26 2.6. TABULAR DESCRIPTION OF BUILDING ................................................................ 27 2.6.1. Description of storeys ...................................................................... 29 2.6.2. Description of flats ........................................................................... 30 2.6.3. Description of compartments creating of new compartments and their general data............................................................................. 30 2.6.4. Description of partitions inserting and identification of partitions .. 31 2.7. DECLARATION OF BELONGING TO FLATS ........................................................... 34 2.8. DECLARATION OF BELONGING TO THERMAL ZONES ........................................... 34 2.8.1. Input of thermal zones data ............................................................. 35 2.9. SELECTION OF HEATERS AND DISTRIBUTION OF HEAT LOSSES ............................ 38 2.10. REVIEW AND PRINTING OF CALCULATION RESULTS ....................................... 41 3. PROJECT AND ITS DATA............................................................................... 43 3.1. GENERAL INFORMATION CONCERNING STRUCTURE OF PROJECT DATA................ 43 3.2. BUILDING DATA AND THEIR STRUCTURE ............................................................ 43 3.2.1. General information concerning the building data structure............. 43 3.2.2. Tabular data and graphical data ...................................................... 44 3.3. COVERAGE OF HEAT LOSSES IN COMPARTMENTS .............................................. 45 4. DATA EDITION................................................................................................. 47 4.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 47 4.2. ELEMENTS OF SCREEN ................................................................................... 47 I

4.2.1. Main program menu......................................................................... 48 4.2.2. Toolbar and clipboard ...................................................................... 51 4.2.3. Handy menu..................................................................................... 52 4.2.4. Unit change buttons ......................................................................... 52 4.2.5. Status line ........................................................................................ 53 4.2.6. Messages list ................................................................................... 54 4.3. GENERAL DATA .............................................................................................. 54 4.3.1. Project description ........................................................................... 55 4.3.2. Norms and calculations options ....................................................... 55 4.3.3. Building data .................................................................................... 61 4.3.4. Heaters selection data ..................................................................... 68 4.3.5. Expression variables........................................................................ 73 4.4. PARTITIONS DEFINITIONS ................................................................................ 74 4.4.1. General data of partition .................................................................. 76 4.4.2. Partition layers table ........................................................................ 82 4.4.3. Control of water vapour condensation in partition............................ 84 4.4.4. Operations available in partition edition window .............................. 85 4.4.5. Building material selection window .................................................. 86 4.5. BUILDING STRUCTURE ..................................................................................... 88 4.5.1. Description of storeys ...................................................................... 90 4.5.2. Description of flats ........................................................................... 93 4.5.3. Description of compartments creating of new compartments and their general data ............................................................................. 96 4.5.4. Window of partition edition............................................................. 109 4.5.5. Heating data................................................................................... 111 4.6. EDITION OF BUILDING MATERIALS ................................................................... 114 5. DIAGNOSTIC AND CALCULATIONS RESULTS .......................................... 117 5.1. CALLING OF DATA DIAGNOSTIC ...................................................................... 117 5.2. DATA DIAGNOSTIC IN ERROR LIST WINDOW ..................................................... 117 5.2.1. Types and syntax of messages applied in the program................. 117 5.2.2. Error list window............................................................................. 118 5.2.3. Searching of element or field connected with a message.............. 119 5.2.4. Commands available in error list window....................................... 119 5.3. CALCULATIONS RESULTS............................................................................... 119 5.3.1. General data .................................................................................. 120 5.3.2. Results for building ........................................................................ 120 5.3.3. Compartments parameters ............................................................ 121 5.3.4. Setting up of compartment losses.................................................. 122 5.3.5. Compartments data and results ..................................................... 122 5.3.6. Data and results for partitions ........................................................ 125 5.3.7. Calculations results of seasonal energy demand........................... 126 5.3.8. Setting-up of heaters...................................................................... 127 5.3.9. Legend ........................................................................................... 127 5.3.10. Printout of tabular results or export to a sheet ............................... 127 6. ADVANCED FUNCTIONS OF PROGRAM .................................................... 129 6.1. 6.2. 6.3. 6.4. WORK ON MANY DOCUMENTS AND USING OF CLIPBOARD ................................. 129 USING OF EXPRESSIONS AND VARIABLES ........................................................ 131 USING THE UNITS ALIASES ............................................................................. 132 USING THE OPTION OF SELECTION OF SEVERAL ELEMENTS MULTISELECT MODE. ..................................................................................... 133

II

6.4.1.

Entering of repeating data ............................................................. 134

7. PRINTING AND EXPORT OF RESULTS TABLES ....................................... 135 7.1. PRINTING AND PRINT OPTIONS ....................................................................... 135 7.1.1. General printout settings:............................................................... 137 7.1.2. Printout layouts specify the range of results printed: .................. 138 7.1.3. Printout styles specify colours, fonts, etc.: .................................. 139 7.2. EXPORT OF RESULTS TABLES INTO WORKSHEETS OF MS EXCEL ..................... 139 APPENDIX A. STANDARD OPERATIONS ASSIGNED TO KEYBOARD AND MOUSE................................................................................................. 141 A.1. KEYBOARD ............................................................................................... 141 A.2. MOUSE:....................................................................................................... 142 B. APPENDIX B. APPLIED NORMS AND CALCULATION METHODS............ 145 B.1. CALCULATIONS OF U COEFFICIENT OF PARTITIONS ...................................... 145 B.2. CALCULATIONS OF HEAT LOSSES IN COMPARTMENTS - HEAT DEMAND OF COMPARTMENTS........................................................................................... 146 B.3. CALCULATIONS OF SEASONAL ENERGY DEMAND ............................................. 151 B.4. HEATERS SELECTION .................................................................................... 153 B.5. CALCULATIONS OF VENTILATION AIR BALANCE ................................................ 154 B.6. CALCULATIONS OF WATER VAPOUR CONDENSATION IN PARTITION .................... 156 C. APPENDIX C. ERROR MESSAGES .............................................................. 157 C.1. GENERAL DATA AND RESULTS ....................................................................... 158 C.2. PARTITIONS DEFINITIONS .............................................................................. 160 C.3. PARTITION LAYERS ....................................................................................... 161 C.4. PARTITIONS WITH ENFORCED HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT ............................ 161 C.5. STOREYS ..................................................................................................... 161 C.6. FLAT ........................................................................................................... 162 C.7. COMPARTMENTS .......................................................................................... 162 C.8. PARTITIONS ................................................................................................. 163 C.9. HEATERS AND HEAT DISTRIBUTION................................................................. 164 C.10. IMPORT ........................................................................................... 164 C.11. REFERENCE ERROR NOT DEFINED EXPRESSION............................ 165 C.12. REFERENCE: ERROR VALUE TOO SMALL.......................................... 165 C.13. REFERENCE: ERROR: VALUE TO BIG .................................................. 165 C.14. REFERENCE: HINT DETERMINING OF VALUE IMPOSSIBLE................... 165 C.15. REFERENCE: WARNING VALUE TOO SMALL ...................................... 165 D. APPENDIX D. DIMENSIONS OF PARTITIONS APPLIED IN CALCULATIONS.................................................................................. 167

III

Introduction

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Program purpose and scope of calculations
Program Instal-heat&energy is designed for designers of central heating systems. It has been designed for calculations of overall heat-transfer coefficients U (or heat resistance R) of building partitions, heat loss in compartments and seasonal energy demand in apartment buildings and office buildings. The program can also select preliminary the unit heaters of central heating system from available catalogues. Due to considerable possibilities of data modification it enables also performing of analysis of heat loss interdependence on individual building parameters, such as thermal insulation parameters, window dimensions and others, as well as evaluation of effects of possible thermo-modernization actions in existing building by calculating the energy consumption without and with consideration of effects of this actions. For this reason the program can be also successfully used by power engineers, architects and power engineering auditors for evaluation of energy-saving investments in apartment buildings.

1.1.1. Program possibilities

Program can perform following calculations of: overall heat-transfer coefficient "U (or heat resistance R) of building partitions, control of dew-point on internal surface of external partitions, control of condensation inside of external partitions (by Glasers method), heat losses in compartments and entire building, balance of ventilation air for flats, seasonal energy demand for heating purposes and E-indicator, air temperature in non-heated compartments on the basis of thermal balance, selection of unit heaters of water central heating system.

Norms, on which the calculations are based, depend on the program version (its destination for specified market). Specification of these norms for individual version has been described in Appendix B. Applied norms and calculation methods. Thanks to possibility of work with files common with Instal-therm program, after completion of some data it is possible to calculate the heat losses in buildings. The plan views of these buildings are available in DWG or DXF files; it is not necessary to enter manually the dimension of cooling partitions into program tables.

1.1.2. Data required for calculations

Program requires building data systematized according to: storeys, flats on one storey, compartments and partitions separating compartments. These data can be entered manually into tabular editor included in program or can be loaded from file, which is saved in Instal-therm program, where it is possible to draw the plan views of individual storeys of building or import them from DWG or DXF files. Information concerning vertical geometry of building and assigning of individual compartments to flats and heating zones (if available) are entered into tables. Also the definitions of cooling partitions which are calculated by means of program are declared tabular. 1

Introduction

1.1.3. Program calculations results

The most important calculation results are given directly in working tables of individual objects (partitions, compartments) and in cumulative tables with various layout and information. Moreover, in Instal-therm program you can see also the calculation results of heat losses and reduced heat losses in compartments, which are indispensable for further calculations of heating system. Results have been grouped according to guidelines included in general rules of European Norm or in national appendices to European Norm. General data include Information concerning project name and general data of building. That are among others data concerning building parameters and general data of building, its dimensions, climatic data, ground. Results for a building contain results statements for a building concerning the value of coefficients of heat loss by penetration, total heat loss for ventilation, heat energy demand of a building and building features. Compartments parameters include their temperature, minimal multiplication factor of air exchanges and heating time for all compartments entered in project. Matching of compartment losses includes compartments listed in a table with values of all heat losses characteristic for compartments. Compartments results present for each compartment declared in project its belonging to a flat, temperature, dimensions, data of ground, on which the building is located, parameters of additional thermal power, data matching of partitions of a compartment as well as results of heat loss by penetration, ventilation, total net losses and additional heat losses. Results for partitions concern all partitions defined in project and includes such results as heat penetration coefficient, description, heat flow direction, partition type, value of heat transfer of other and outer part of partition. In case of declaring of laminar partition, additionally the layer structure of partition and chart of temperature drop on these partition layers is presented. Also for defined inhomogeneous partitions some data concerning their names, description, values of heat transfer coefficient and heat penetration resistance on internal and external side are displayed. Matching of heaters includes selection data as number of compartment, in which the heater has been installed, symbol of heater, temperature in compartment, required heat loss, value of heating agent flow, supply and return temperature, selected type of heater and its dimensions. The legend includes text description for all symbols appearing in program.

1.2. Co-operation with other programs of InstalSystem package

Program Instal-heat&energy is an element of InstalSystem package, also including Instal-therm program assisting in designing of convection central heating and water radiant heating systems. Due to possibility of co-operation with Instal-therm program, quick transfer of heat losses calculation results to central heating system data is also possible. Data exchange is realized by means of data file, which is common for both applications. Because the data files can be read by both applications and they include data and calculation results and the building structure is specified in the same way in both 2

Introduction applications (partition into storeys, flats and compartments), the building data created in Instal-therm during edition or import of storey plan views are read in Instalheat&energy. This enables, among other things, calculations of heat losses for buildings, the storey plan views of which have been received from an architect in form of DWG/DXF files. Defining of partition construction (layers) in building is performed in Instalheat&energy program with help of material database and partition patterns library. Optionally it is possible to use partitions with enforced U- or R- value, without specification of their layers. It is also possible to declare thermal properties of inhomogeneous partitions being present in the project. The user is able to complete in Instal-heat&energy program additional data of partitions and compartments, the basic geometrical data of which, together with structure of entire building, have been read from the plan view. Values of temperature in compartments can be completed in any application. Heat losses in compartments calculated in Instal-heat&energy are saved to file with pointing out of so-called reduced heat losses (without losses through partitions being heating surfaces), which enables appropriate selection of both unit heaters and radiant heaters. Return to Instal-therm enables creating of diagram and calculation of central heating installation for calculated heat losses. Every change of data in Instal-heat&energy causes counting over of heat losses and makes possible later system update in Instal-therm program.

1.3. Co-operation with external applications

Except of applications of InstalSystem package the program Instal-heat&energy can co-operate directly or indirectly with other applications working in Windows system: - MS Excel export of results in form of tables. - AutoCAD import of data concerning building structure (storey plan views) by means of Instal-therm program. Building base (plan views of individual storeys) utilized for heat losses calculations can be imported from one or several files of DXF or DWG format, created by engineering graphical programs, for example AutoCAD. Such import can be performed with simultaneous interpretation of walls, windows and doors so that in result appropriate program objects can be created and compartments can be defined, or without such interpretation then imported part of DXF or DWG file will be a drawing. On the background of this drawing it is possible to draw in Instal-therm program our own building base or installation plan. To enable correct file interpretation and recognition of walls, windows and doors as well as creation of compartments it is necessary to observe specified principles of graphical design (in application, in which the building project is created), which have been described in Instal-therm program manual. Calculation results tables and bill of materials can be saved in worksheets (letter files) of MS Excel program. This makes possible presentation of calculation results in form of any statements and charts.

Introduction

1.4. Arrangement of the Manual

The sections of this Manual are arranged in a manner that enables a beginner to start working with the software right away and to let every user get acquainted with its advanced functions. Section 2 describes shortly how to work with the software. The information given there is sufficient to start working with the program and to create projects with the use of its basic functions. The arrangement of information follows a typical scheme of creating a project. Subsequent sections of the Manual describe all functions of the program arranged in a more encyclopaedic way. Information provided there is, to some extent, a repetition of what is included in section 2, but it is much more detailed. Further parts of the Manual (section 3 and following sections) is also provided on the installation disk of the software in the form of easy-to-browse HTML files and a PDF file, which enables printout of selected sections. Microsoft Internet Explorer version 4 or higher is recommended to look through the Manual in the HTML format. To view or print the Manual in the PDF format, Adobe Acrobat Reader or Adobe eBook Reader software is required.

1.5. Symbols used

The following symbols and abbreviation are used in the manual: Paragraphs marked with indicate lists of actions required for performing a function. For instance: In order to place a component in the project: 1. Click the button on the toolbar representing the component. 2. Move the mouse pointer to the workspace. The mouse pointer takes the shape of [...]. Paragraphs marked with an exclamation mark and printed in bold and italics contain particularly important information. For instance: ! Double mouse click in the realtime zoom mode or grabber hand mode, toggles these modes on and off. This enables convenient and fast viewing of the project. The following notation: command File / Save project (Ctrl+S, Program )

indicates the selection of the command Save project from the File menu. The combination of Ctrl and S keys is the shortcut to this command this means pressing the CTRL key, keeping it depressed and pressing the S key. This command can be called from the Program toolbar by pressing the button.

Introduction

1.6. Terminology and abbreviations applied in program and instruction

In this instruction following terminology has been applied: Total net heat loss of compartment Netto: sum of heat loss by penetration and for ventilation in compartment Total reduced heat loss QZred/ Zred: total heat loss taking into account heat gains from heating surfaces in compartment Partition definition: definition of thermal features by stating of building materials layers in partition. Partition can also be defined by stating the heat transfer coefficient U or thermal resistance R as well as by declaring the inhomogeneous partition. Storey: set of adjacent compartments having the same floor ordinate. Graphic storey: a storey being the set of compartments from one working sheet of Instal-therm program. Tabular storey: a storey entered or added in tabular editor of Instal-heat&energy program. Flat: set of compartments, for which some calculations of thermal calculations are given. That are flat area, heated flat area, cubic capacity of flat, heated cubic capacity of flat and average temperature of heated compartments. Main flat: flat chosen by the User as a representative among many others, being one multi-storey flat. Declaring of required parameters of internal environment in main flat brings about their assigning to entire multi-storey flat. Multi-storey flat: a flat including several storeys in a building. Sub-floor: one of constructional elements of lifted floor, including floor layers located under the sub-floor space. The sub-floor is a part of lifted floor being below in contact with the ground and above in contact with aerial sub-floor space. Sub-partition: a partition of type Window, Door, assigned by the User to selected partition in a compartment. The sub-partition has an assigned orientation towards cardinal points of the compass, in accordance with orientation of original partition and the effective area of original partition is reduced by the area of sub-partition. Compartment: a polyhedron closed by partitions (on a plan represented by polygon) with specified internal temperature (or non-heated) and known ventilation method. Graphic compartment: a compartment, the geometrical data and some tabular data of which are read from file of Instal-therm program, which includes plan view (or views) of building storey. Tabular compartment: a compartment defined by the User in tabular editor of Instalheat&energy program. The tabular compartment can be present on graphic storey or tabular storey. 5

Introduction

Surface giving up the heat A: surface of building containing all partitions having contact with external environment. Partition: basic element of building construction separating compartments. Program recognizes partitions made of homogeneous and inhomogeneous layers according to norm EN ISO 6946. Cooling partition: external partition as external wall, ceiling over passage, window and outer doors, internal partition, which has another temperature on both sides declared, as well as internal partition between heated and non-heated compartment. Graphic partition: a partition, the geometrical data of which (length, width, location towards others) are read from file of Instal-therm program. Internal construction (layers) is described in tabular way. Non-cooling partition: a partition from the set of internal partitions, which has the same, given temperature on both sides or the temperature difference is !t " 4K Tabular partition: a partition used for description of a compartment (graphic or tabular) in tabular editor of Instal-heat&energy program. Internal structure (of layer) has been described in tabular manner. Partition with enforced U (or R): it is possible to declare a partition with unknown layers and known heat transfer coefficient U or thermal resistance R. Inhomogeneous partition: partition which includes in its cross-section repeatable elements with different construction and thermal properties.

Non-heated space: compartments or closed spaces, which are not the part of heated space. Temperatures in not heated compartments are always determined by program of thermal balance. Heated space: compartments or closed spaces heated to certain calculation temperature. Program clipboard: especially dedicated program clipboard, independent on Windows clipboard. Heat loss (heat demand) of building: heating peak power demand for calculated external conditions. Corrected heat transfer coefficient Uc: heat transfer coefficient of partition Uo corrected by value of norm addition and addition taking into consideration presence of heat leakage bridges in partition. Specific coefficient of heat loss by penetration HT: coefficient of heat loss by penetration related to the heated area of a building.

Introduction Heat loss for minimal ventilation v, min: heat loss for heating of air, the volume of which results from hygienic requirements in compartment. Normative, hygienic volume of air depends on the type of compartment. In non-heated compartments the hygienic stream of ventilation air does not occur. Heat loss by mechanical, blow ventilation v, su: heat loss for heating of air blown into compartment which should be heated up from the value of external air temperature to the value of declared blown air temperature. If the temperature of blown air is lower than the temperature in compartment, then the loss for blown ventilation in compartment will be calculated. Heat loss as a result of operation of exhaust ventilation mech, su: heat loss for heating of air flowing into compartment from external environment through leakages and/or from other compartments as a result of operation of mechanical exhaust ventilation Total heat loss for ventilation v in compartment: total heat loss for heating of ventilation air in heated compartment. Calculated on the basis of maximal value of ventilation air stream, selected from the value of hygienic air stream or sum of air streams flowing as a result of operation of mechanical ventilation (blow/exhaust) and infiltration. Total net heat loss of a building Netto: sum of heat losses by penetration and for ventilation taking into consideration all heated compartments in the building. Total heat demand (by temporary temperature reduction) RH: sum of additional heat demand calculated for compartments, in which temporary temperature reduction has been declared. Total heat loss of a building HLbuild : heat loss being the sum of total heat net loss of a building and total heat demand resulting from temporary temperature reduction. Thermal zone: part of heated space with specified calculation temperature, in which special deviations of temperature can be omitted. Thermal zone is defined according to norm EN 832:1998. Data table: a table in which data of elements of the same type can be defined. Indicator EA: indicator of seasonal energy demand related to heated area of part of a 2 building, most often expressed in MJ/m year. Boundary values of this indicator are designated by EAO. Indicator EV: indicator of seasonal energy demand related to cubic capacity of heated 3 space, most often expressed in MJ/m year. Boundary values of this indicator are designated by Evo. Coefficient of heat loss for ventilation: index of heat losses for ventilation, resulting from the volume of ventilation air and its density and specific heat.

Introduction Coefficient of heat loss by penetration: index of heat losses by penetration, depending on the value of partition heat penetration coefficient, its area and on correcting coefficient depending on the partition type, e.g. external partition, partition between heated and non-heated compartment, partition between heated compartments of different temperatures. Energy demand of a building: amount of energy, which must be supplied to heated space, indispensable for maintaining the internal calculation temperature in heated space, within specified time (month or heating season), expressed in MJ or kWh. Other definitions are in compliance with norm EN 12831, EN 832:1998 and with not connected norms. Both in instruction and in program there are some abbreviations applied for most often used names. Below the list of abbreviations: Heat loss by penetration Heat loss for ventilation Total net heat loss Total heat loss, reduced Heat loss for minimal ventilation Heat loss for infiltration Heat loss by ventilation, mechanical, blow Heat loss as a result of operation of exhaust installation Total heat demand (by temporary temperature reduction) Total heat loss of a building Coefficient of heat loss for ventilation Coefficient of heat loss by penetration Minimal stream of ventilation air Ventilation air stream Stream of air blown mechanically Stream of external air flowing as a result of excess of removed air Ventilation air stream Temperature on heaters supply Default cooling of heating agent in a heater Inner temperature Declaration, whether the partition is heated (Yes/No) Declaration, whether automatic dimensions are possible (Yes/No) Partition heat transfer coefficient Normative addition to partition heat transfer coefficient Addition because of the presence of heat leakage bridges in partition Corrected partition heat transfer coefficient Specific coefficient of heat loss by penetration #T #V #Netto #Zred #V, min #V, inf #V, su #mech, inf #RH #HL, build HV HT Vmin Vinf Vsu*fv Vmech, inf V tz/$z t/$ ti/ $i O A UO Uo U UC HT

Abbreviated description of typical project creation stages

2. ABBREVIATED DESCRIPTION OF TYPICAL PROJECT CREATION STAGES

2.1. Introduction
In this chapter the basic stages of building data input to the Instal-heat&energy program have been described. Abbreviated descriptions of each stage have been also given, whereas detailed description of various functions and mechanisms of the program have been included in following chapter of this instruction. In successive chapters of this instruction have been also described in detail all project elements and data of these elements. Calculations are performed by the program simultaneously with data edition. Because of the possibility of building description in tabular and graphical way, there are possible two methods of work with program: 1. Program User can create data in graphical editor of Instal-therm program by drawing of storey plan views or loading and interpretation of DWG or DXF files including plan views drawn by an architect. Such data are called graphical data. After loading to Instal-heat&energy program these data are interpreted tabular and possibility of their modification in area of structure and geometry of the building are locked such modification is possible in Instal-therm only. 2. Program User can input tabular data, e.g. describe the building by definition of compartments and partitions separating these compartments directly in data tables. In each case described above the construction of partitions and vertical geometry of building (e.g. heights and ordinates of a storey) will be described in the same way tabular. Graphical data can be completed with tabular data. A typical situation where it should be done this way is lack of cellars and/or attic plan views in graphical data. In this case we can act in two ways: - -these compartments will be added as tabular, together with partitions separating them from heated ones and with their cooling partitions, what enables calculation of temperatures in these compartments by the program (recommended method, necessary in case of seasonal energy demand calculation) to (graphical) heated compartment add tabular cooling partitions to attic and cellars, specifying temperature on the other side of this partition this is faster method, but makes correct calculation of seasonal energy demand impossible. It is also possible to declare the presence of normative heated/non-heated compartments on the other side of partition. These compartments can be selected from the same building/flat or from outside of it. More information to this you can find in chapter 4.5.3.1. Partitions can have described construction of layer. Heat transfer coefficient Uo is then calculated in program. This coefficient can also be directly entered in compartment description or in partition definition. 9

Abbreviated description of typical project creation stages ! Tabular data are entered in adequate definition fields. Some of these fields are marked with colour. Bright yellow colour means, that this field represents result value, which can also be edited. Fields in green colour means result value, but not editable. Fields in bright grey represent edition fields, the content of which can be completed, but this is not a requisite condition. A value entered in this field can be edited. Grey colour of edition field represents result value, not editable. Fields in grey shades can change their accessibility for selected field, for example after the change of partition type.

2.2. Data input introduction

A new project is created by means of command File/ New or by clicking the , located on displayed toolbar. button New Default active window of new project is window General data. This window (as every window in program) is divided into three main parts. Upper left includes project data list, lower left list of General data, on the right side there is a window for edition of General data. Below you can see the error list. For the next positions of project data the program screen has analogous layout, but depending on chosen position of project data the contents of edition window and contents of window containing data of chosen project position will change.

Edition window of the item chosen from the project data list Project data list

The contents of this window changes according to the item chosen from the project data list Error list window

Project data have been divides into four main groups, which are displayed in form of a list in upper left window. The list includes an icon and description for every part of project. That are: 10

Abbreviated description of typical project creation stages General data Partitions definitions Building structure Calculations results

In the window below there is a list (or tree) of project elements belonging to the group shown in upper window. Because calculations are performed automatically, some error messages will appear in error list window informing about errors detected by the program in successive stages of project data input. During data modification the messages will be refreshed as the mouse indicator is moved into error list field. Grey colour of text messages on error list means, that these messages can be temporarily out-of-date. ! Messages concerning calculations will be refreshed as the mouse indicator is moved into error list field. Otherwise the messages are out-of-date and do not concern the current edition. It is also possible to lock automatic calculations by selecting the calculations mode: Manual calculations. It is the possible to perform data edition without project converting at every time. Program will refresh results and messages after switching into automatic mode, or after using the button Convert project for manually performed calculations. Both options are accessible in main toolbar under the bar project F12. Convert

2.3. General data

The list of General data displayed in lower left window includes an icon and description for every successive position. General project data contain many values, which can be modified during project edition or after termination of this edition. Before performing of calculations it is necessary to determine: - catalogues of climatic data and heaters used in project, - scope of calculation and method of creation of program object names master (for example definition of partition, thermal zone), etc. - data concerning building and its localization. Default active position is Project description. Here, on tab Project in field Description the project name should be entered, so that the project during its next loading could be identified. Other data concerning project, investor and designer can also be entered. These data are rather informative (address, telephone number etc.) and are nor necessary for calculations. Using appropriate buttons they can be opened or entered into address book. Using the address book enables automatic completion of mentioned fields with declared data. In the next position Norms and calculation options is displayed an actual set of norms, on which the calculations are based. Normally always calculations of heat losses are performed. As additional functions we can select following: 11

Abbreviated description of typical project creation stages - Calculations of seasonal energy demand, - Calculations of condensation inside the partitions, - Hide graphically non-cooling partitions. Select from other possibilities the method of building heat loss calculation, heat loss by partitions to the ground and method of calculation taking into consideration operation intervals of central heating system. Heat loss calculations are performed in program on the basis of one of two available options: - Detailed method - Simplified method Selection of simplified method of heat loss calculations will automatically determine other options in such way, that the will be not available for the User and the heat loss of a building is calculated according to adequate algorithms and data assumed by default in program. Selection of detailed method of heat loss calculations will enable declaring the heat loss calculations to the ground on the basis of following options: - Detailed method acc. to EN ISO 13370, - Simplified method acc. to EN 12831, Depending on previously selected method of heat loss calculation, some data with various number of details are to be completed. Detailed method requires entering of more amount of data. Differences in calculations algorithm has been described in APPENDIX B. APPLIED NORMS AND CALCULATION METHODS There is also to declare the method of consideration of operation intervals of central heating system by calculations of heat loss, which can be selected from following options: - None - For compartments - For a building Declaring of one of these option will have an effect on the method of calculation of additional heat loss and on the method of data presentation. Selecting the option For compartments requires entering the data in compartment edition window, in which the presence of temporary temperature reduction has been declared. Calculations of additional heat losses occurring during temporary temperature reduction performed on the basis of option For a building are performed on the basis of some average data entered or calculated for a building. Selecting the option Calculation of seasonal energy demand will automatically determine the selection of heat loss calculation method as detailed. This calculation method will guarantee presentation of required amount of data indispensable for calculations of seasonal energy demand.

Catalogue service enables selecting of Button Catalogues climatic data and heaters. In position Building data are entered basic information concerning the construction type, air-tightness, building shielding class, its location as well as climatic data and basic geometrical dimensions determined for plan view of a building. It is also to determine the depth of building in the ground, depth of ground water as well as efficiency of heat recovery system. Depending on the selection of calculations option by assumption of temporary temperature reduction in compartment, some additional 12

Abbreviated description of typical project creation stages edition fields can be available. You can also find here the button Catalogue service enabling selection of climatic data catalogue. In field Location select the place from catalogue of climatic data in which (or close to which) the building is located. The next meteorological station and corresponding climatic zone are selected automatically by the program. If the User will not declare the usage of climatic data catalogues, he must then fill in the fields Location and Outer air temperature. Such method of data input can only be applied in emergency (lack of climatic data catalogues). If the option of seasonal energy demand calculations will be selected, then it is necessary to complete the meteorological and actinometrical data. If the User did not select in field Location its name from climatic data catalogue, it is necessary to select the name of meteorological and actinometrical station by oneself. Fields Meteorological station and Actinometrical station should be then completed with the name of adequate station selected from loaded catalogue of climatic data. For that purpose just use a pop-up list available in each mentioned field and select an adequate location name. If the location name has been selected from catalogue of climatic data, then the meteorological station and actinometrical station will be completed automatically, as complying with this selected location. ! Calculations of seasonal energy demand are possible only after loading of climatic data catalogue by the User. In case of calculations of seasonal energy demand it is necessary to complete additional data concerning internal heat sources, as well as height and distance of elements shading the building. More information you will find in chapter 4.3.3. In position Heaters selection data the User can select a program function enabling preliminary selection of heaters in compartments. After selecting the catalogues of heaters in project position Norms and calculation options and selecting the option Switch on the heaters selection the User is selecting default type of heater. Fields concerning default supply temperature of heater, cooling down of heating agent in heater and addition for thermostat are completed with values predefined in program. For this it is necessary to check in succession or complete these data depending on heating parameter in compartments. Additionally, using the button Heater equipment it is necessary to specify the way of heater connection to installation, type of housing, heater location and requirements concerning heater dimensions: height, length and width are specified by using the button Heater dimensions limitations. The user can also select heaters from heaters available in firm catalogues and in these catalogues from always available that means in the store or on special request. A declaration of such choice is made by selecting the window Select available only in store More information to this you will find in chapter 4.3.4. Pre-selection of heater enables improving of work with the program, because this way in heated compartments a default type of heater is declared and it does not have to be selected in each compartment separately. The User can of course select in specific compartment other type of heater than default declared one, for example bathroom heater in bathroom. 13

Abbreviated description of typical project creation stages If the User did not choose in position Norms and calculations options catalogues of heaters, which he wants to use in project, he can select in this section of program required heaters catalogues using the button Catalogue service. Last position are Expressions variables. Expression variables are used for project parameterization. Parameterization consists in using the variables instead of numbers while specifying the dimensions or other values in program. Possibility of parameterization is particularly useful for auditors, who perform analysis of interdependences of annual energy demand on building parameters and calculate many construction variants of one object. ! It is recommended to declare the variables already at the beginning of work over the project. If you do so, it will not be necessary to perform manual changes of many data in the project. Detailed description of individual fields of position General data" are to be found in chapter 4.3, and the method of heat losses calculation and seasonal energy demand calculation has been described in - APPENDIX B. APPLIED NORMS AND CALCULATION METHODS .

2.4. Description of building partitions

This part of program is used for defining of partitions, edition of partitions and for calculation of their Uo (or R) coefficients. Defined partitions will be then used as construction elements of compartments after declaration of their usage in building structure. After filling in of all fields in General data of the building, just go to the next project data, clicking the mouse button on position Partitions definitions. In lower left window a list of declared partitions will appear for a new project this list will be empty. On the right side appears a partitions table also empty.

To insert a new partition you must click the icon Add partition definition using the button 14

or

Pop-up the Menu select the command Add the partition

Abbreviated description of typical project creation stages definition. This command is also available in pop-up menu, which can be open by clicking the right mouse button. To insert a partition you can also use keys F7 and INS (F7 will insert a new partition at the end of list, INS on cursors position). For every partition appears a table with data to be completed and the window for edition of partition construction is as follows:

Edition window consists of two main parts: general data of partition and partition layers table. General data of partition include: name of partition (short name identifying the partition during inserting it into compartments), comment to the name in field Description, method of partition definition and its type selected from a list, normative addition Uo taking into account corrections to heat transfer coefficient Uo and other data depending on type of partition and calculation option. The program, depending on partition type and calculations option, gives automatically the heat flow direction and resistance values of heat taking over on both internal and external side of partition Rsi and Rse. For internal partitions such as windows and doors, it is necessary to select the heat flow direction up, down or levels, depending on location in a building. For internal ceiling the value of penetration coefficient U0 is automatically calculated for two possibilities of heat flow: down and up. During inserting of internal ceilings in building structure they will have automatically assigned heat flow direction on the basis of temperature difference between compartments, that means also adequate value of U0 coefficient. ! Fields filled with yellow colour means, that they are not available for edition by the User and their content is calculated by the program according to other data.

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Abbreviated description of typical project creation stages Fields indispensable for calculation of seasonal energy demand for individual types of partitions have been described in detail in chapter 4.4. After completion of general data and selection of partition defining method , the thermal features of partition are to be determined. This can be done in following ways: by defining the partition without layers by clicking the mouse button in window Partition with enforced U, defining laminar partitions in partition layers table or declare an inhomogeneous partition. Partitions with enforced U are defined by selection of partition type, entering the value of heat transfer coefficient and completing other data in edition fields. Partition with defined layers can be described by selection of partition type and completing the layers table, declaring this way its construction. Majority of edition fields will be completed on the basis of entered layers of building materials. Inhomogeneous partitions are defined by selection of previously defined partition elements and determining their share in length of repeatable inhomogeneous unit. Elements of inhomogeneous partition are selected from partitions previously defined as laminar or with enforced U coefficient. In external walls layer table the partitions are to be defined from internal to external partition according to heat flow direction. This sequence is also shown on icons in column No. First (inner) layer is designated by icon , last (outer) partition . Proper declaration of layers order has essential layer is designated by icon meaning by defining of partitions being in contact with external environment. The program contains a catalogue of building materials, so it is not necessary to enter manually the thermal features of every partition layer. The User can also input by himself a partition layer not included in catalogue entering its name and features in following columns of partition layers table. To open the list of building materials just click the mouse button on material name field Select material from the list. In this list there is available a mode of quick material search just write some first letters in field Enter first letters of name of searched material, marked with cursor. Selection can be confirmed with key Enter or just by clicking the OK button. Now we are to input the layer thickness column d. It is possible here to select the layer thickness unit (m, cm, mm) using pop-up list under the button . Program will automatically calculate partition thickness in selected units. Default unit is meter. In this way all layers in partition can be completed. After every change of data the program will recalculate the Uo coefficient. If there is an aerial gap in partition, it should also be selected from the list of building materials. In this column d layer thickness the User can also select the program option Partition lagging by means of which he can insulate the partition to receive required Uo coefficient. Correction of thermal parameters of partition can be obtained by at selected layer. change of thickness of selected material layer, using the button Displayed window will then include a field Uo heat transfer coefficient enabling input of required value of heat transfer coefficient. After confirmation of entered Uo value the program will calculate required partition thickness fulfilling the requirement of 16

Abbreviated description of typical project creation stages change of thermal parameter of partition to the required value of Uo. In most cases a thermal insulation layer is selected. In this way all layers in partition are to be completed. After every change the program will calculate from the beginning the Uo coefficient. If there is an aerial gap in the partition, it must be also selected from the list of building materials. Defined partition will be put on the partitions list under a name defined by the user. If the User wants to change the name of defined partition being already used in building structure (is already present in any compartment), a warning message will appear. After this message appears, the program will give the opportunity to confirm or reject the change of partition name. Confirmation means saving of partition definition under new entered name. To define a partition without using the layers, mark the field Partition with enforced U and enter the value of Uo coefficient. In this manner are defined windows and doors in a building. To make the work with program more effective, dimensions of windows and doors can be entered here. During the work these dimensions will be shown automatically after entering the partition name. Height and width of internal partitions are to be given according to dimensions in axes and of doors and windows according to external dimensions. In case of selection of heat loss calculation option, taking into consideration temporary temperature reduction in heated compartments it is necessary to complete additional data of partitions defined as with enforced U coefficient. It is still the 2 partition thickness d and its heat capacity C/A related to 1m of this partitions area to be determined. Heat capacity for windows and doors will not be given. Other data required for calculations should be completed in compartment edition window. More detailed description of data input for calculation of seasonal energy demand you can find in chapters 4.3 and 4.5. If the User has declared the calculation option of seasonal energy demand and if he has declared the interruptions in central heating system operation, it is enough to give only once the data concerning thermal capacity of partition and its thickness. ! Names of partitions and compartments identify them unequivocally, so they have to be unique in entire project. For external walls with declared layer construction an active field has been located in lower right field of edition window of partition designated with icon definition. It is used for presentation of temperature drop diagram. If the User in will select in General data an additional calculations option Calculate condensation inside the partition, on the same diagram will be displayed the diagram of partial pressures and diagram of water vapour saturation in partition. This option does not concern partitions being in contact with the ground. appears, it means, that there is the condensation in partition and If the icon that suggests to the User the necessity of partition redesign. If the icon appears, it means, that the condensation in partition is occurring on the inner side of it.

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Abbreviated description of typical project creation stages After clicking the icon appears a window for edition of air temperature and humidity on inner and outer side of partition as data for condensation control (without connections with real usage of a partition in building project). ! Both on the partition list and in layers table after clicking the right mouse button the pop-up menu will open. This menu contains many functions which are helpful in partitions edition. The User can also omit this stage of data input and define the name and properties of partitions directly in compartments table (see also chapter 2.6.4). Nevertheless for such defined partitions the program will not perform calculations of seasonal energy demand, because it does not contain required information concerning thermal features of partitions.

2.5. Graphical description of building

2.5.1. Creating of plan views and description of storeys
The graphical structure of a building is created in Instal-therm program by drawing or importing of plan views of individual storeys of non-heated part of building. According to graphical data the program Instal-heat&energy will edit them in tabular manner and after completion by the User it will calculate the heat losses in a building. Non-heated storeys can be also described in tabular manner, buy if their plan views are not available, they can be described as so called tabular. More information concerning creation of plan views in Instal-therm program can be found in instruction to this program. Description of storeys, that is data completion concerning heights and ordinates of individual storeys can be performed in tabular editor of any program.

2.5.2. Identification of compartments

To identify, that means specify the features of partitions it is necessary to carry out following operations: 1. Start the Instal-heat&energy program from Package Manager. After running the program you can see the man menu and toolbar. From main menu File select Open located on the toolbar. the command Open or click the button Then find the project file saved previously in Instal-therm, select it and open. The project will be loaded into program and opened in General data. Method of completion of general data will be described in chapter 2.3. 2. Select from the project data list the position Building structure and using the icon in lower part of screen open the view of building structure, so that all compartments of building could be visible. After clicking on chosen compartment on the right side of screen a window for compartment data edition will appear Building structure: Compartment. The project loaded from Instal-therm has in the table completed data concerning partition type, orientation towards cardinal points of the compass and adjacent partitions, dimensions and their assigning to 18

Abbreviated description of typical project creation stages the selected ones as sub-partitions. It can also contain completed values of temperatures outside and inside of compartments. Columns: Uo with the value of heat transfer coefficient with value of corrected heat coefficient Uc for each partition and Name are not completed on this stage, also the partitions are not assigned to compartments.

3. To complete the value of Uo and Uc coefficient it is necessary to define the partitions. Defining of partitions has been described in chapter 2.4. 4. Defined partitions are to be assigned to compartments. Assigning can be performed in tabular editor of Instal-heat&energy or in graphical editor of Instaltherm. To assign partitions to compartments, in edition window Building structure: Compartment, in data table of compartment, in column Name of specified partition, using the button declare the usage in specified place a previously defined partition. It is important to assign properly the partition to its type and location. Because tabular assigning of partitions requires attention of the User, it is recommended to make simultaneously use of storeys plan views of the building to avoid mistakes. For this reason in case of complex projects in order to provide quicker and more secure work the identification of partitions should be performed in graphical editor of Instal-therm program. To do this, after defining of all partitions, save the file a disc and go to Instal-therm program. 5. After opening of file in Instal-therm program, to specified partitions on the drawing their definition should be assigned. In order to do that, go to the layer Construction and select from main menu Edition the command Select all elements of type >> Wall >> External . All external wall on the drawing will be selected. In data table, in field Construction type select adequate name, that is definition of partition. It is possible to assign the constructional type to external

19

Abbreviated description of typical project creation stages partitions in this way only when all external walls are made of partitions of the same definition. When external walls have different definition, click each partition separately and in the table on the right side of plan view in field Construction type select from a pop-up list the partition definition, for example SC-ZEW (external wall).

Proceed similarly for internal partitions, windows and doors in external and internal walls, selecting in data table adequate type of partition construction. Horizontal partitions floors or ceilings are to be selected by clicking the partition description on a storey plan view. If on the storey no horizontal partitions have been entered, it is possible to complete building structure with these partitions using the key for defining of ceiling and

the key for defining of floor. Horizontal partitions can be entered both as internal partitions and external partitions. ! By means of mode BLOCK clicking the field in lower right screen corner you can lock the sheet content, so that during selection of individual walls they would not move. Analogical operation should be performed on each storey. In this way the User will assign partitions defined in Partitions definitions to individual compartments. Because other graphical compartment data, concerning ventilation and temporary temperature reduction in compartment (if such calculation option has been selected) 20

Abbreviated description of typical project creation stages must be still completed, further work with program should be performed in tabular editor of Instal-heat&energy program. The User should save the file on disc and go to Instal-heat&energy program.

2.5.3.

Completion of graphical compartment data

Completion of compartment data is to be performed in project data Building structure after selecting of compartment to be edited by clicking on building structure tree the selected compartments (this tree should be popped-up, if necessary). On the right side of the screen a compartment edition window will appear. The User should define here the type of compartment and complete or correct data concerning inner temperature in and ventilation data. If in General data the calculation option of temporary temperature reduction in compartment will be selected, some additional data should be completed. If the User has declared calculations of seasonal energy demand, the compartment should be assigned to thermal zone. In field Compartment type select from pop-up list a suitable type, depending on the type of compartment (see chapter 2.6). In this way will be simultaneously declared the temperature in compartment, ventilation data and the field Description will be automatically completed. If the compartment name has been entered in Instal-therm, it will then appear in field Number. In the same way data concerning area and height of compartment in light will be completed. In each compartment will be automatically determined the minimal, hygienic stream of ventilation air in field nmin as well as stream of air removed from compartment in field Vexh. This field in such compartments as kitchen, bathroom, consulting room can be completed with some values or can be equal to 0 in other cases. These values can be edited according to really occurring ventilation parameters. The User can also declared the mechanical blow ventilation, determining the air stream in field Vsup. It is also necessary to specify the temperature of blown air in field $mech In edition window can be available a field Temporary temperature reduction. Selecting this field will cause taking into consideration this option in selected compartment. More to this you can find in chapter 4.5.3.1 In table of partitions in room the User can also complete the field !U taking into account the addition due to presence of heat leakage bridges in partition. Field Thermal zone is available for calculations of seasonal energy demand. Compartments are assigned to thermal zones in project data position Thermal zones. Definition of belonging to individual thermal zones has been described in chapter 2.8. In tabular editor Building structures it is possible to complete optionally the project with compartments, which do not occur on plan views (for example non-heated attic, cellar). If the data of storeys and flats has not been completed in Instal-therm program, they also should be completed in Instal-heat&energy program. Completion of building structure and data in tabular manner should be performed according to description in chapter 2.5.4 and 2.5.5.

21

Abbreviated description of typical project creation stages

2.5.4. Completion of storeys and flats data

Graphical storeys data can be completed by the User in Instal-heat&energy program, if they have not been completed in Instal-therm program. Description of storeys and flats can be made by the User analogous to described in chapters 2.6.1 and 2.6.2.

2.5.5. Completion of graphical structure of building with data of storey entered in tabular manner
In this chapter will be presented entering of storey, flat and compartment data in tabular manner. It will be non-heated level of cellars. To do this, please perform following operations: 1. In graphical structure of building select the zero-level of storey clicking the level located on the top of structure tree. After clicking the right mouse button a popup menu will appear, from which we can select a command Add storey in selected area. Calling this command will cause inserting of new storey under selected (in the tree structure it will appear over selected one). This command we can also open by means of Ins key. 2. Clicking the left mouse button on the new entered level of building structure, just select it and go to storey data edition. Program will automatically assigning field Name following number of storey, existing in building structure. It is possible to complete field Description entering here comment to the name, for example Cellar. Changes concerning the name and description are registered in building structure tree. 3. Following fields concerns the type of storey. Here is only available the type Ground floor, which des not correspond with type of selected building level. Because selection of type Ground floor will cause assigning to the storey located below the type Cellar, it is also necessary to go to the higher storey level and here in edition window, in field Type select Ground floor. Such selection causes, that to the storey located below the type Cellar will be assigned. 4. Fields concerning vertical building structure are completed with values predefined in program. That are: floor ordinate, height of storey in axes, floor thickness and windowsill ordinate. We assume, that these data will comply with project assumptions and we leave them without changes. Field drr remains not filled this is a default width of heater recess. Do not select the field Relating storey.

22

Abbreviated description of typical project creation stages

Because the program inserts automatically on each storey a Default flat, we will insert here non heated compartment of cellars. Flat data remains unchanged, field Description will not be filled and the flat name will not be changed. If the option of seasonal energy demand for a building has been selected, it is also necessary to complete fields concerning average number of people in a flat, gains from electric devices, gains from cooking and lighting. If there are children in the flat, please select field Flat with children.

5. Selecting the level of flat we should click the right mouse button and select command Add compartment (Ctrl+F7) The compartment can also be inserted located between project data and building structure by means of button windows. 6. Selecting compartment with number 001 we will open the window for compartment data edition.

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Abbreviated description of typical project creation stages

7. In field for compartment data edition deselect the field Heated compartment, what will mean, that the temperature in non-heated compartment will be calculated on the basis of heat balance. 8. At the beginning it is necessary to complete data in compartment partitions table. In columns of partition table open the names of defined partitions from a pop-up list and complete the partition dimensions. 9. The area of horizontal partition can be completed using the function assigned to key F9. This is very convenient function, switching automatically to Instal-therm program to the function Inserting (area measurement), where you can switch to adequate working sheet and measure the dimensions of area according to normative required dimensions. After clicking the right mouse button we switch automatically to Instal-heat&energy program

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Abbreviated description of typical project creation stages

10.Such partition as internal ceiling, which separates storeys in tabular and graphical manner should be inserted switching to the level of graphical storey, located over storey described in tabular manner. Proper connection of nonheated and heated storey is necessary for correct calculation of temperature in non heated compartments and heat losses in heated compartments. This stage of data input has been described in chapter 2.5.6. 11. After completing of partitions table continue with completing of other compartment data, located in upper part of edition window. The compartment area in light As and the type of compartment ventilation are to be completed. Because in cellar there is a floor on the ground and internal walls, it is necessary to complete in general data of compartment the field Ofg-floor perimeter on the ground, field B characteristic dimension of floor is completed automatically on the basis of entered value of floor perimeter on the ground. Because we have not selected in General data the detailed calculation method of heat loss to the ground, field Ssz external walls thickness will not be displayed. More information concerning method of thermal calculations in program you can find in APPENDIX B. APPLIED NORMS AND CALCULATION METHODS If the calculation option of temporary temperature reduction on the basis of data declared in compartment has been selected, it is necessary to select this field and complete the edition fields. More information to this you can find in chapter 4.5.3.1. Because the non-heated compartment is not ventilated, in field Ventilation type select Others and declare zero stream of ventilation air in field Vexh stream of exhausted air.

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Abbreviated description of typical project creation stages 12.Value of field As can be completed by means of function called with key F9, measuring the area of compartment according to dimensions in light. 13. In case of selecting the option of calculation of seasonal energy demand it is necessary to assign heated compartments to selected thermal zone. Program will automatically assign the compartments to the location Beyond zones. Completion and inserting of thermal zones has been described in chapter 2.8.

2.5.6. Inserting of internal ceilings between heated and non-heated storeys

Inserting of internal ceilings data between heated and non-heated storeys can be performed from the level of graphical storeys, inserting a partition in tabular manner. If the internal ceiling would be declared in Instal-therm, then it would be a graphical partition. For graphical partition there is a possibility of assigning of temperature on the other side in field $os or the type of non-heated/heated compartment in field Ros. In selected compartment on the basis of normative data the temperature will be determined. This compartment can be selected from the same flat/building or from outside of it. ! Graphical partitions loaded from Instal-therm program to Instal-heat&energy have locked possibility of type edition except of external wall, floor on the ground, roof, as well as internal wall, which is not assigned to two compartments. For graphical partition there is a possibility of temperature assigning on the other side or normative compartment type. The compartment can be heated/non-heated, selected from a flat or from outside of it. To enter the data of internal ceilings between tabular and graphical storey: 1. Go to graphical storey located over (in structure tree underneath) the tabular storey Cellar and select here a compartment. In displayed window of data edition, in compartment table, in column Name select a partition definition internal ceiling. Heat flow direction will be determined automatically on the basis of temperature difference between adjacent rooms. Because this is a partition described in Partition definitions, fields concerning the value of heat transfer coefficient Uo is completed with declared value. The area of internal ceiling separating heated compartment from non-heated compartment is to be completed. It can be quickly calculated using the function assigned to the key F9. After completion of measurement, calculated area of ceiling will be inserted.

26

Abbreviated description of typical project creation stages

3. In field Ros it is necessary to select as adjacent a compartment located on nonheated storey. 4. Completing analogically data of internal ceiling in every graphical compartment, the graphical building structure will be connected with tabular storey. There is also a simplified method of project completion with non-heated storeys by declaring the temperature on the other side of graphical horizontal partition or normative compartment type. Then it not necessary to complete the project with tabular storeys and with tabular horizontal partitions. This variant makes impossible correct calculations of seasonal energy demand in a building.

2.6. Tabular description of building

The building structure can be described also in tabular manner by completing the fields and tables with data concerning storeys, flats and compartments. For that purpose after defining of partitions just go to the third position of project data Building structure. To define the building structure, that means the storey, flats and compartments, click the icon the flat. to input the storey, then icon to input

To input the compartment, just click the icon these compartments, click the icon and doors in this partition. and then icon

, and to insert the partitions in if there are any windows 27

Abbreviated description of typical project creation stages

Storeys, flats and compartments can be also inserted by means of function keys, for example F7 for inserting of storey, Ins inserts the storey in selected area, Ctr+F7 inserts a flat. More possibilities of inserting the building structure by means of function keys can be called by right mouse button or by button Open menu .

The program will automatically establish in every storey a conventional area, specified as Default, designated with icon . This is a flat, to which the User can insert compartments separated from house area, for example corridor, vestibule, etc. Here are also inserted compartments after loading of file from Instal-therm program. In a flat Default calculations of ventilation air balance and heat losses are performed as well as all commands characteristic for a flat. When we want to insert in the building a staircase, we can in default flat on every storey set up a compartment, which becomes a staircase. To obtain a staircase as one compartment passing through several storeys, also being an balance and special continuity, the flats should be merged into multi-storeys flat and then within this flat merge compartments creating staircase. In this way it is possible to insert it both in tabular structure and in graphical structure. More information to this contains chapter 4.5.2.2. During inserting the building structure, program will automatically display it as a tree in lower left window. Clicking the icon you can open the structure tree to any required level.

The building structure tree can be opened very easily with help of icons located in lower part of window. In succession: icon to the flats level, icon 28 opens the tree to the storey level, icon opens the tree to the to the compartments level, icon

Abbreviated description of typical project creation stages level of partitions, and the icon to the level of windows and doors. In this way the building can be presented on any required structure level.

2.6.1. Description of storeys

Description of storeys can be performed by the User by clicking on storey level on the building structure tree. On the right side of the screen a widow for storeys edition Building structure: Storey.

Edition fields are used for input of storey name, comment to the name and completion of data concerning its dimensions. That are: floor ordinate, height of storey in axes, floor thickness, window sill ordinate, default width of heater recess. In building structure select a storey, towards which the floor ordinates on each floor will be calculated. For selected storey mark the field Relation storey. A floor ordinate for each storey is calculated by the program automatically on the basis of declared floor ordinate and storey height. Moreover, all storeys locates over related storey will have the ordinate with positive character and all storeys located underneath will have the ordinate with negative character. The program can automatically complete the dimensions described above, because they have been declared in Expression variables. Their value should be controlled so as they could comply with building parameters. Field concerning default heater recess width has to be still completed. Its declaring enables faster data edition of heater selection. More information to this can be found in chapter 4.5.1. In field Type for actual storey are displayed for example Ground floor, First floor, Cellar. Selection can be made in this field or in pop-up menu concerning the storey. The User can make its selection from a pop-up list in field Type. If it is a single-storey building, for the first and only building level it is assigned as Ground floor. If there is more storeys in the building, the User can select their type on the

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Abbreviated description of typical project creation stages selection list. Selection of type Ground floor will cause, that all storeys above will have assigned type Floor and all storeys below type Ceiling. In the building structure tree the possibility of storey type selection is limited to Ground floor only. Such selection will cause assigning of adequate types to all storeys above and below the declared storey.

2.6.2. Description of flats

Description of flats is performed analogous to description of storeys. In flat data edition window enter the name, comment and complete data concerning internal heat gains from cooking, electric devices, lighting and number of persons in the house. If there are any children in the flat, field Flat with children has to be selected. Fields for completion of internal heat gains and number of people as well as presence of children in the flat are visible only in case of calculations of seasonal energy demand. Description of flats is performed analogous to description of storeys. In flat data edition window enter its name and comment

2.6.3. Description of compartments creating of new compartments and their general data
A new tabular flat is created similarly to partition, using the keys F7 or INS (to insert a compartment in selected area). Description of compartment is performed analogous to description of storeys. Method of use of window Building structure: Compartment is very similar to method of use of window for partitions edition. It consists of two parts: general data of compartment and table of partitions in compartment. General data of compartment can be completed by entering them into edition fields or selecting from a pop-up list. In field Number enter an identifying name and - if you want - add a comment to the name in field Description. Compartments are named automatically according to name pattern defined in program with following numbers. The User can give them his own numbers or enter a description. In field Compartment type select an appropriate type compliant with compartments destination. There are over dozen types available and to each type is assigned a temperature value and the value of minimal, hygienic air stream and stream of air exhausted mechanically from compartment. It is possible to change the assigned values for values known to the User, occurring in project. If in project the ventilation air streams should be determined on the basis of ventilation air balance (see calculation method - APPENDIX B. APPLIED NORMS AND CALCULATION METHODS , then it is necessary to declare mechanical exhaust ventilation or/and blow ventilation as well as windows/external doors. Now the streams of air flowing from outside into compartment as a result of exhaust mechanical installation can be calculated. Because the ventilation air balance includes whole building, the balance includes all compartments of this building, both heated and nonheated. For compartments not utilized permanently the ventilation does not have to be declared just enter in field Vexh exhausted air stream the value 0. 30

Abbreviated description of typical project creation stages Because the temperature value is completed automatically on the basis of compartment type, the fields As area of compartment in light and others, depending on the calculations option and type of used external partitions are still to be edited. More information to this you will find in chapter 4.5.3.1. Field Thermal zone is available only for calculation of seasonal energy demand. Compartments are to be assigned to thermal zones in project data position Thermal zones. Definition of belonging to individual thermal zones has been described in chapter 2.8. are calculated by the Fields filled in with yellow colour with attached icon program automatically according to data from other fields. That are: hf height of compartment in light, V cubic capacity of compartment, Ssz external walls thickness for floors on the ground (in case of detailed calculation method of heat loss to the ground), !%RH temperature drop in the stage of reduction in case of declaring of interruptions of central heating system operation and n50 multiplication factor of exchanges at difference of 50 Pa. Availability of individual fields depends on selected calculation option. The User can impose these values clicking the icon . Cubic capacity of building is always calculated automatically by the program on the basis of data. ! Non-heated compartments are determined by deselecting of field Heated compartment. That means, that inner temperature in non-heated compartment will be calculated by the program according to thermal balance.

2.6.4. Description of partitions inserting and identification of partitions

A new created tabular compartment does not have initially any cooling partitions. They can be inserted in any sequence clicking the function key F7 or Ins (in partitions table) or by means of icon Add partition or the pop-up menu (in building structure tree). New partitions should be described (identified). To perform the identification of partitions it is necessary to complete their data in table. That are: name of partition, type and orientation towards cardinal points of the compass, value of heat transfer coefficient Uo, and addition because of presence of thermal bridges in partition, dimensions or area of partition and indication of environment on the other side of internal partition or inserting of temperature. Value of heat transfer coefficient Uo can be completed in two ways, depending on method of partition defining. Partitions can be defined in Partitions definitions or can be also defined directly in partitions table in Building structure. If the User has defined the partition in Partition definitions, he can declare the from pop-up list. Such usage of defined partition in column Name, using the key partition can be also selected using the keys Ctrl+Enter or entering its name.

31

Abbreviated description of typical project creation stages

Because the partition definition is declared under specific name, selecting a name of defined partition its definition is also selected. If a name of partition defined in Partitions definition will be entered (or called), program will find it and complete in partition table of column with value of heat transfer coefficient and partition type. Its area (if not defined previously) and orientation towards cardinal points of the compass are still to be inserted. If the User wants to change here the features of defined partition, he can do this changing its name. It will cause disconnecting from its definition and as a result loss of possibility of seasonal energy demand calculation. For this reason edition of already defined partitions has to be performed in Partition definition without loss of possibility of building seasonal energy demand calculation.

By changing of partition name defined in Partition definition the User can edit it in voluntarily in building structure, but simultaneously he will lose possibility of seasonal energy demand calculation because of lack of sufficient data. If a partition has not been defined previously, it can be immediate declared in compartment partitions table by completion of its name, type, orientation, value of Uo coefficient, addition taking into consideration heat leakage bridges in partition and dimensions. Such defined partition can be edited in any way both in compartment view in compartment table and in window of partition edition Building structure: Partition. To switch between these windows use the keys combination Ctrl+G. Calling of partitions edition window can be done by the User analogous to calling of window for edition of storey, flat and compartment. After selecting a partition in building structure tree a window for partition edition Building structure: Partition will appear.

If partitions have been defined directly in building structure, program will not calculate the seasonal energy demand because of lack of sufficient data concerning partition construction. For internal partitions, the compartment on the other side of partition can be selected from a list opened in Ros column. It is enough to insert an internal partition only once and specify the adjacent compartment only once. Program will automatically assign the internal partition to this compartment and this will be visible for both adjacent compartments. For internal partitions the User can also input the temperature 32

Abbreviated description of typical project creation stages on the other side of partition. Nevertheless declaring of compartments has an important advantage if the temperature in compartment will change, it is not necessary to correct it in all adjacent compartments, because the program will make it automatically. It is also possible to declare on the other side of internal partition the type of heated/non-heated compartment. Types of these compartments are entered on the basis of normative guidelines. Windows and doors in compartment can be entered in two ways. The User can input them as individual partitions, but he has to remember to subtract the area of window/door from area of wall (in column AZobl) or declare the usage of window/door as a sub-partition. It is also possible to specify the number of windows/doors in specific main partition. In such case the User does not have to assign in compartment table the orientation to windows and external doors and to calculate the area of partitions including windows or (and) doors. The program will automatically calculate its area and the result will be given in column AZobl. Orientation of windows/doors towards cardinal points of the compass is analogous to the partition, to which they belong. Window/door can be declared as sub-partition in three ways: - inserting window/door in a building structure tree, that means, going to partition, on which the User wants to insert window or door and clicking the icon

- inserting window/door as a separate partition in compartment table and then clicking the right mouse button and selecting the command Partition Subpartition. Then the program will assign window/door to this partition, which will be placed in table over declared window/door.

33

Abbreviated description of typical project creation stages

- in partitions table in compartment, using the command Add sub-partition in cursors position (Ctrl+F7) available in pop-up menu. The User can then enter the name of sub-partition or select in displayed window from windows and doors defined in Partitions definitions this one, which he wants to insert as a subpartition. Selecting this command will cause assigning of windows/doors to partition located in partitions table over inserted sub-partition. ! There is no possibility to insert a sub-partition to partitions being in contact with the ground. Fields which have to be additionally completed for calculations of seasonal energy demand are described in chapter 4.5.

2.7. Declaration of belonging to flats

Declaration of compartment belonging to flats should be performed by the User gradually, that means, first insert a storey, then insert a flat (one or more) on the storey and finally insert compartments in flats. Compartment will be assigned to a flat in moment of its creation. If we want to change the belonging of compartment to a flat, it is necessary select a command Copy or Move available during dragging of compartment from one flat to another one by means of mouse. Inserting of building structure has been described in detail in chapter 2.6.1. Calculation of ventilation air balance has been described in APPENDIX B. APPLIED NORMS AND CALCULATION METHODS.

2.8. Declaration of belonging to thermal zones

To perform calculations of seasonal energy demand properly it is necessary to declare thermal zones in the building. To a thermal zone can belong entire flat, several compartments in a flat, group of compartments in a building. As a thermal zone is understood a zone, in which values of calculation temperature do not differ from each other more than 4K and it is foreseen, that gain-to-loss ratio differs less than 0,4K (for example between southern and northern zone), doors between zones are open or one zone is so small, that total 34

Abbreviated description of typical project creation stages energy demand will not change more than 5% after its connecting to adjacent bigger zone. In most cases, disregarding different temperature in bathroom, a flat can be regarded as one thermal zone. In this situation program can calculate simultaneously balance of ventilation air and seasonal energy demand for a flat.

2.8.1. Input of thermal zones data

After selecting the calculation option Perform calculations of seasonal energy demand in General data as an additional option of project data an icon Assigning to thermal zones will appear. After clicking this position, in lower window appear thermal zones opened automatically by the program, called Non-heated and Non-assigned. To the zone Non-heated are assigned all compartments, the temperature of which has not been imposed. Thermal zone Non-assigned is used as store room for compartments defined in Building structure with automatically assigned thermal zone From outside of zones. New thermal zone can be entered by means of icon or selecting from pop-up

menu the command Add a thermal zone or Add a thermal zone in selected area. The same command can be called by means of keys F7 and Ins or clicking the right mouse button. Program can assign names to heat zones consecutive letters of alphabet A, B, C and so on. The User can also give them names using the Names pattern in General data more information to this you can find in chapter 4.3.2.

Clicking the inserted thermal zone the User can open the zone edition window.

35

Abbreviated description of typical project creation stages

It is important to define first the compartments in Building structure, because then all fields required for seasonal energy demand calculations will appear in edition window of thermal zones. In field Name the User can enter the name of thermal zone and a comment to this name in field Comment. Field dew External wall thickness If external walls have been declared as laminar, and if they have been used in compartments belonging to thermal zone, then this field will be completed automatically according to these data. If the User will define partition with enforced U coefficient, he has to complete this value by himself. Program gives possibility of switching between calculation modes by means of icons: calculations and for calculations imposed by the User. for automatic

Field Ofg Floor circumference on the ground This value must be defined by the User for each thermal zone. If there are several thermal zones in project and (or) non-heated zone, the floor circumference on the ground should be reduced by length of walls on zones limits or (and) on zones limits and non-heated space. Field B characteristic dimension of floor It is calculated automatically by the program. This field is not editable. Field ninMultiplication factor of external inflowing air exchanges A multiplication factor of external inflowing air exchanges for specific thermal zone is to be entered here. Default minimal value is nmin = 0,5 1/h. In buildings equipped with ventilation regulated according to own demands, in high buildings and in buildings with long utilization breaks the required exchanges multiplication factor can be of lower. This multiplication factor does not take into consideration the air inflowing due to leakages and the User, depending on building air-tightness, can 36

Abbreviated description of typical project creation stages take it into account and add to minimal required multiplication factor. It is then 3 easier to enter the amount of ventilation air in m /h in field Vin. If a part of ventilation air flows into or from another zone, it is necessary to specify in table the air flow direction in column Where to (Where from) and the air stream in column V. On this basis program will automatically calculate the stream of ventilation air flowing out of zone in fields Multiplication factor of external flowing out air and Stream of external flowing out air. If the User will declare the ventilation air stream flowing between zones as multiplication factor n 1/h, then in column Multiplication factor relative to what he can select a thermal zone, relative to which the multiplication factor of flowing air will be calculated. On the lower part of table there are selected data of thermal zone: 3 - Vf cubic capacity of all compartments in zone, m , 0 - mean average temperature in compartments of given zone, C, - Qi/&i total internal heat gains in zone, W. After defining of thermal zones the belonging of compartment to selected thermal zone can be declared. To do this, select and draw (pressing the right mouse button) to required thermal zone compartments, which have been automatically assigned to zone Non-assigned. Operations available in tree-type structure of thermal zones In pop-up menu (opened by means of right mouse button): - Add thermal zone, F7 adds a new thermal zone at the end of list - Add thermal zone in selected area, Ins adds a thermal zone I area selected by the cursor - Delete thermal zone (thermal zones), Ctrl+Del deleting of thermal zone, on which the cursor is located, or all selected zones, - Add assigning of compartment (compartments), Ctrl+F7 calling of window for compartments selection, which have not been assigned to any thermal zone. Such compartments are located in position Not assigned. - Find element in tree, error list clicking this command will cause finding of selected zone in tree / error list. Keyboard: - Shift+<arrows> selecting of following zones, - Ctrl+ <arrows> selecting of chosen zones - Ctrl+ Del deleting of thermal zone or all selected, on which the cursor is located. Mouse: - Clicking the right mouse button on the zone opening of pop-up menu, - Clicking the left mouse button on the zone opening of thermal zone edition window,

37

Abbreviated description of typical project creation stages - Double clicking the left mouse button on thermal zone opening of zone to the compartments list view Operations available in compartments list view In pop-up menu (opened with right mouse button) - Add compartment (compartments) assigning, F7 opens the window for selecting of compartments, which have not been assigned to any thermal zone, - Add compartment (compartments) assigning in selected area, Ins opens the window for selecting of compartments, which have not been selected to any thermal zone. A compartment selected from the list can be assigned to selected thermal zone in place selected with cursor, - Delete compartment (compartments) assigning, Ctrl+Del deletes assigning of compartment to thermal zone and cancels inserting it to the location Not assigned , - Find element in tree, error list clicking this command will cause finding of selected compartment in tree / error list, - Find compartment in Instal-therm selecting of this command will cause switching to Instal-therm and then finding of compartment in building structure. A condition for positive realization of this command is opening of the same file in both applications. Keyboard: - Shift+<arrows> selecting of following compartments - Ctrl+<arrows> selecting of chosen compartments - Ctrl+Del deleting of selected compartment (compartments) Mouse: - Clicking the right mouse button on compartment opening the pop-up menu for compartments located in thermal zone.

2.9. Selection of heaters and distribution of heat losses

Program Instal-heat&energy allows for any division of compartment heat demand into different heating methods with possibility of selection of different types of heaters in one compartment. It is possible to declare a floor heating or other receiver of thermal energy in compartment. Program does not perform floor heating calculations, but enables entering of floor heating loop efficiency calculated by means of Instal-therm or another program. Heat distribution between various heating methods and/or to other compartments is available in project position Building structure in compartment edition window on the tab Heating data. After calculations or input of heat losses in compartment program can match in it heaters. This is a preliminary selection, does not taking into consideration real water cooling in pipe-runs. This cooling are taken into account by the program approximately, using the multiplier depending on number of storeys. For this reason the heaters matched by means of Instal-heat&energy program can differ from heaters, which have 38

Abbreviated description of typical project creation stages been matched by means of program Instal-therm. For this reason it is recommended to perform exact calculations of heating system in Instal-therm program.

In field Qexc./&exc. you can see the required value of heat demand, which should be supplied to compartment by heat receivers. ! Heat losses to be covered by heating Qexc./ exc. are total reduced heat losses in compartment (required value of heat demand) increased or decreased by heat losses distributed to/from adjacent compartment in case of declared distribution of heat losses. The compartment can be heated by unit heaters, radiant heating, elements with imposed resistance or by other type of heating. Depending on type of heating in compartment, the User should complete the table located on the right side of window. Program will assign heat distribution to unit heaters and the radiant heating as Automatic, that means, compartment heat demand will be totally covered by unit heaters. But if the project will be loaded from Instal-therm program and heat distribution between heaters and floor heating will be also Automatic, then after loading of project into Instal-heat&energy the priority will concern the floor heating. That means, that Qexc./&exc. of compartment will be covered by floor heating in the scope calculated by Instal-therm program. If the User anticipates other types of heating in compartment, he can determine their power in table as value in [W] in column Q/& or as % of compartment heat demand in column %Q / %&. As a result required power of unit heaters in compartment will change, because the heat losses will be covered by different types of heating. The sum of individual heating powers of heat receivers will be equal to the value of Qexc./&exc.. After declaring of 100% coverage of heat losses by distribution from adjacent compartment, required heaters power will be equal to 0 [W]. It is to emphasize, that the User can specify the heat division only for compartment being a recipient. It means, that division of heat is specified for heat reception direction Where from and not Where to. 39

Abbreviated description of typical project creation stages For compartment not being a heat donor Qexc./&exc. is automatically increased by declared value of heat stream transmitted to receiver, and field for edition of heat division is not available. ! Heat division can be declared in compartment, which does not receive heat from adjacent compartments. For such compartment Qexc./ exc. will be reduced by value of heat power received from another compartment. After entering of heat stream value in field Qdistr/ &distr Power of heat distribution from other compartments, the User can determine here the method of heat distribution from a pop-up list and then select in table an adjacent compartment (donor) and value of heat stream covering partially or completely declared power of heat distribution from other compartments. Power of heat distribution from other compartment can be given in [W] or as its share in [%] in the value of reduced heat losses Qexc./&exc.. In window Method of heat distribution the User can select following possibilities: - Manual makes possible individual defining of both compartments and percentage of their participation in losses coverage. - Semi-automatic makes possible individual defining of compartments, which will cover the heat losses of selected compartment and percentage of participation of these compartments in heat distribution will be calculated proportionally to value of total reduced heat losses of compartment. - Automatic program defines by itself which compartments and to which extend will cover the heat losses of actual compartment. All heated compartments adjacent to this compartment with declared internal doors in adjacent partitions are selected. All losses are distributed proportionally to the value of total reduced heat losses of specified compartment. Such method of distribution requires defining of all partitions not only cooling partitions, but also noncooling, so the program could automatically select compartments for distribution. Heat distribution will be properly declared, if the sum of distributed thermal power from other compartments displayed in tab table Heat distribution will be equal to the value declared in field Qdistr/distr. On the tab Unit heaters the User will complete the table of heaters selection, defining successive its symbol, power in Watt or adequately in percent of value Qexc./&exc. of compartment and type of heater from a pop-up list of loaded catalogues. In a window located next to the table you can see the heaters data entered in table. Additionally the User can here complete the heaters data with data concerning its localization in compartment, covering and method of connection to installation by means of button .

Using the button it is possible to declare requirements concerning height, width and depth of heater. More information to this contains chapter 4.3.4. Individual heaters can have different availability status saved in catalogue, that means, available in store or on request. For this reason in selection window for each selected type of heater it is necessary to determine an availability option. As a choice we have taking over of option from General data or determination of availability individual for selected type of heater. It is possible to switch between these functions by means of key 40 for loading of data from General data and the key for

Abbreviated description of typical project creation stages declaring of type of availability. For this second case, selecting of field Select only available on store means, that the heater belonging to selected type can be ordered from heaters always available on store in basic variety. Deselecting this field will mean, that the heater of selected type can be available on request. The User can also take advantage of default type of heater defined in Heaters selection data. If the User has completed there data concerning location of heater in compartment, method of connection, method of covering and requirements concerning dimensions he does not have to complete them here. For such defined heaters in table below selection results are displayed. That are: symbol of heater, symbol of compartment, temperature in compartment, required power of heater, flow of heating agent, supply temperature, return temperature and selected type of heater, its dimensions and average adjusting of heating power of selected heater. If the heater will not be matched, in the error list appears a message informing about failed heater matching. In most cases the reason for failed matching is too small capacity of heater towards Qexc./&exc. or declaring of heater dimensions restriction.

Heaters are selected with consideration of coefficients correcting required heating power. These coefficients take into consideration influence of cooling of water in piperuns, location of heater and its shield, montage of thermostatic valve and method of connection more information concerning selection of heaters you will find in APPENDIX B. APPLIED NORMS AND CALCULATION METHODS.

2.10. Review and printing of calculation results

During edition, program will automatically update the calculations. Results for actual edited partition or compartment are displayed in lower part of the screen, under edition table. If the User has selected manual calculations mode, he can calculate the project using the key or by means of function key F12. Summary calculation results are presented in last position of project data Calculations results. After clicking the icon available types of calculation results will be displayed on tree structure, on which we can select required table or setting-up of calculations. Selected table will appear in right side of screen. Calculation results can be printed out or saved in spreadsheet MS Excel. These functions are

41

Abbreviated description of typical project creation stages

available in pop-up menu or can be selected by using of always realized by means of print preview screen. Printing of calculation results

key. Printout is

To go to Print preview window click the button with printer located on toolbar or select from menu File / Print (Ctr+P) or open the command from pop-up menu. Window Print preview is divided into two parts: page view and panel with print setup. In print setup the User can preview selected page, zoom in and zoom out the preview, select the format of print preview among following options: Show whole page, Magnify to page width, Magnify to margins scope. Program makes also possible defining the scope of printed pages, printout scheme (set of printed fields) and printout style. On the tab Style the User can select colour of letters, background, selection of font, height of letters and elements used during printout creation. Selected style can be edited in any form and saved under changed name. Depending on required data on the printout, the User can select the scope of printout. To select the printout scope use the tab Scheme. Before printing out it is recommended to check on print preview if the size of paper is sufficient to print out the tables. If not, it is necessary to adjust margins (on the tab Print) or reduce the font size, selecting the tab Style. Complete printout contains usually many pages. It includes all data and results. Detailed description of window Print preview you can find in chapter 7.

42

Project and its data

3. PROJECT AND ITS DATA

3.1. General information concerning structure of project data
Basic structure, on which the program Instal-heat&energy operates is a project, saved in one file on a disc. Project files have an extension .isb and spare copies of previous versions -~IB. A file can contain only data used by the program for thermal calculations of a building or as well data of system. It is then used also by Instal-therm program. A file can be created in Instal-therm program and it can contain graphically created plan views of storeys and then it can be used in Instal-heat&energy for further work. Project data in most extended case consist of: - descriptive information about a project, - general data of system, - general data of a building, - tabular information concerning definition (layers) of applied partitions, - data concerning graphically entered elements of building, - data concerning tabular entered elements of building, - data concerning graphically entered elements of system, - data concerning tabular entered elements of system (heaters), - calculations options, - results of thermal calculations of a building, - results of system calculations, - messages concerning last performed diagnostic or calculations, for each program, - settings of elements configuration (appearance on drawings), - information about used catalogues. If it is intended to use both applications in one project: Instal-heat&energy and Instal-therm, it is recommended to work on one file, common for both applications. It will guarantee permanent update of data and results entered by the other application. A significant advantage is the possibility of performing of thermal calculations of a building on graphical data, formed from storeys plan views, which have been created in Instal-therm or have been imported from DWG/DXF files. These data can act simultaneously as a base for system plan views.

3.2. Building data and their structure

3.2.1. General information concerning the building data structure
The building as an object being subject in Instal-heat&energy program to thermal calculations consists of following objects: - partitions definitions, determining their appropriation, heat flow direction and number and nature of layers forming a partition, - partitions, as elements limiting compartments, with specified dimensions, orientation and U coefficient (or heat resistance R), by giving the values directly or by assigning to one of partition definition, 43

Project and its data - compartments heated or non-heated spaces, limited by partitions, - flats, grouping compartments with common ventilation system, - thermal zones, grouping compartments, for which the heat gains and losses can be balanced for calculations of seasonal energy demand, - storeys, grouping compartments with the same floor ordinate. It is not necessary to use the partitions definitions for calculations of heat losses only it is enough to determine at each cooling partition (in compartment description) its value U or heat resistance R, nevertheless this method makes difficult performing of calculations for various variants. It is also possible to take advantage of partitions definitions, entering the name and type of partition only as well as its value U or value of heat resistance this method is in praxis the most suitable one for windows. On the other side, for calculations of seasonal energy demand it is necessary to 2 have data concerning heat capacity for 1 m of partition, which can be calculated by the program only according to the knowledge of layers.

3.2.2. Tabular data and graphical data

As tabular data are understood data entered in editor of Instal-heat&energy program, working only on data tables and some data not entered by the drawing in Instal-therm. Graphical data that are data entered as drawings (storey plan views) in graphical editor of Instal-therm program, which are interpreted in form of tables after loading into Instal-heat&energy, nevertheless the possibility of their modification in tables is locked in big extend this can be done only in graphical editor. Above described building data can be qualified as follows: - partitions definitions are entered only in tabular manner. After their defining it is possible to save file, load it into Instal-therm and assign in graphical editor to partitions creating the storeys plan view the definitions determining their constructions and values of U, - partitions can be both graphical and tabular, - compartments can be entered both graphically and tabular. Graphical compartment is created on a plan view by drawing the closed structure of graphical partitions. They can be closed on the top and bottom with partitions floors both graphical and tabular (added in Instal-heat&energy tables). Tabular compartments are defined only by tabular partitions. - flats and thermal zones, as conventional groups of compartments are not subject to this qualification. They can be acknowledged as tabular objects, because the assigning of compartments to flats and thermal zones is performed in editor of Instal-heat&energy. - storeys can be both graphical (they have corresponding sheets of plan views in Instal-therm), and tabular. A graphical storey can contain tabular compartments (added in Instal-heat&energy), but it will cover the data structure and should be applied only in case of lack of other possibilities (for example heat loss to nonheated compartment belonging to adjacent building, non described graphically, the temperature of which is to be determined from the balance). Tabular storey contains of course only tabular compartments. An example is a ceiling, for which we will not create the plan view sheet.

44

Project and its data Apart from the character of a storey, the entire information concerning vertical building structure (ordinates and storey heights, floor thickness) are entered only in tabular, unified manner, which is available in both applications. Moreover, because in Instal-heat&energy program there is a possibility of heaters selection, it is to emphasize, that these heaters have status of tabular heaters. That means, the graphical editor of Instal-therm can not see them and they are not taken for hydraulic calculations of the system. It is anticipated, that this option will be changed and heaters preliminary selected in Instal-heat&energy after loading into Instal-therm program will be used for designing of heating installation in a building. Heaters selection in Instal-heat&energy has rather a pictorial character and is used for creating of graphical heaters layout on plan views.

3.3. Coverage of heat losses in compartments

The heat loss in compartment Q/&, calculated by the program, before being used for heaters selection is a subject to following operations: - if there are partitions in a compartment, which have been declared as heated partitions (heating floors and walls), the heat losses through these partitions are subtracted from heat loss Q creating so called reduced heat loss Qzred/ &zred, - if a compartment participates in heat losses distribution, a part of Qzred/ &zred can be assigned to another compartment, or on the contrary, part of Qzred/ &zred of another compartment can be assigned to specific compartment. In such way the value of required thermal power of all heaters in compartment Qexc./ &exc. can be obtained. Required power of heaters Qexc./ &exc. is covered by: - unit heaters (selected by Instal-heat&energy or Instal-therm), - radiant heaters (selected by Instal-therm, in Instal-heat&energy is possible only the declaration of efficiency), - receivers with imposed hydraulic resistance (for example terminals of air conditioning systems) not selected by any program, but visible in diagram of a system calculated by Instal-therm and shown in final balance of heat, which is supplied by this installation, - other heaters or heating systems (for example existing air conditioning or heating) not belonging to calculated system and not shown in final balance.

45

Project and its data

Subtract loss across heated partitions

Contribution from other rooms

Qred

Contribution rooms

to

other

Qexc.
Q (terminal units with user specified pressure drop)

Q (convectors)

Q (radiant heating)

Room

Components that are not part of system designed

Components that are part of system designed

Covering of heat losses

46

Data edition

4. DATA EDITION
4.1. Introduction
In this chapter have been described basic information concerning tabular editor of Instal-heat&energy program. Following sub-chapters include description of elements of screen, operation modes, edition principles of introduced projects and others. Layout of sub-chapters has rather an encyclopedic nature and is not connected with increasing complexity. Successive chapters concerning edition of project data describe the method of editor application for edition of individual project stages.

4.2. Elements of screen

Instal-heat&energy program is a multi-document program what means, that it enables work with several project files simultaneously. More information to this you can find in chapter 6.1. Regarding edition, the program is compatible with other applications of Windows system. Operation of individual screen elements and valid short keys are the same. After start of program a screen main window appears. It contains following fields: Main menu

Next

Title

Toolbar button Clipboard Hint cloud Main toolbar

Document

Error list window Status line

Info field

47

Data edition Most important fields of screen are: title, main program menu, main toolbar, program clipboard, status line and hint cloud. In title of main window on the left side there is a program name. On the right side you will find standard Windows-buttons (Minimize, Maximize, Close). Hint cloud is very easy variety of help system. After positioning of mouse cursor (without pressing of any key) on required element, a cloud with short information concerning application of this element will appear. Clouds have also another function they display less important or partial calculation results. It is so for example in partitions edition window, where the hint cloud displays pictorial diagram illustrating temperature drop on individual layers of partition. To display this information, just position the mouse cursor on special field: . Sometimes the cloud is not available and then the

colour of field disappears . Such situation can take place, when calculation is performed with error, entered data are incorrect or when the hint field does not concern actual partition or compartment (for example temperature drop diagram is not drawn for a wall at the ground, for partition with imposed U). Main work with the program is performed in document window. There can be more of it, if the User works on many files (projects) simultaneously. The User can enter in document window all project data and select the calculations options. Here are performed thermal calculations for the building presented in project. On the right side of document window standard Windows buttons Minimize, Restore and Close are located. By means of these buttons the windows can be minimized, inserted into working area of main window or closed.

4.2.1. Main program menu

Under the title you can see the main menu. After clicking the mouse button on any menu position the commands of this menu will appear. If there is following record in instruction >> command File/ Save as<< it means that you have to select File from menu bar located above and then select command Save as which appears after opening of this menu. Menu bar contains following elements: - File opening, saving, printing, import, terminating of work with the program, - View showing/hidding of supportive windows such as toolbar, clipboard, status bar in main window, - Tools program options, material edition, - Window this function is used at work with many documents, - Help access to supportive information and to information about program. In names of main menu commands you can see underlined first letters which means, that some commands can be selected by means of key combination Altl+<underlined letter>. Whereas in selected command list they can be called selecting from keyboard the letter corresponding to the underlined letter in command. If there are some shortcut keys displayed next to the command, we can call them using this shortcut.

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Data edition To the most popular commands have been assigned other key combinations, than these resulting from command names, for example Ctrl+P for printing: The most important commands from main menu have been described below. Menu File - New Ctrl+N this command is used for creating of new file. Program enables simultaneous work wirk several data files see chapter 6.1. - Open Ctrl O this command is used for opening of data file, which has been previously saved to disc. - Recently opened the User can select from a pop-up list a file, which has been recently opened and saved, - Save Ctrl+S this command enables saving to disc of current data in file under actual name. If a file is saved first time, a window Save as... will appear. In this window you can save the file to computer disc under any required name. - Save as ... enables saving of selected or new file under any name or in specified location on a disc. Selecting this command enables creating of another version of file, which is already saved under another name. - Import this command enables data import from previous versions of Instalheat&energy program. Description of file import from previous program versions you can find in Polish version of manual see APPENDIX E . - Print Ctrl+P this command is used for printing of calculation results on a printer. Detailed description of this function you can find in chapter 7. - Close by means of this command you can close current file, - Finish by means of this command it is possible to close the program. If entered data do not have been saved, a data saving message with data saving window will appear. It is now possible to save data. Menu View Enables showing/hiding of additional supportive windows by selecting/deselecting of appropriate field at chosen window: - Toolbar window with main toolbar commands, - Clipboards window containing clipboard cells, - Status bar window in which current information concerning operations performed by the User are displayed. Menu Tools - Options after selecting this command a program setup window will open. There are following tabs in this window: Tab Application: - Allow edition of units aliases allows for renaming of any unit to chosen name and for performing of mathematical operations (for example addition) on these units. This is an advanced program option, described in detail in chapter 6.3. - Allow edition of window/door from the partition level allows edition of windows/doors from the partition level. After selecting this command the User 49

Data edition being in Building structure or selecting a partition with window/door will call the table with window/door data in edition window. Compartment selection on a tree selection of this function will cause displaying of compartments as a tree structure in compartment edition fields. Selection of partition definitions on a tree selection of this function will cause displaying of partitions definitions in a tree structure in compartment edition fields. Selection of partitions on a tree selection of this function will cause displaying of partitions as a tree structure in compartment edition fields. Use the file Self reading for new projects selecting a field will cause calling in new opened projects the pre-defined data and calculations options included in file Self reading. Setting saved here have highest priority among declared as default. File Self reading can be also created by oneself, selecting the function New (Ctrl+N) and determining the content of this file by its edition. Then it must be saved under the name Self-reading. Auto save selecting this field will cause selecting of automatic file saving function. It is also possible to declare in field Time of auto save [min.] the time, after which the program will save current project version.

Tab Default values for new projects: - Perform calculations of seasonal energy demand selecting this field will cause selection of this calculation option for every new established project. - Calculate condensation inside partitions selecting this field will cause selection of this calculation option for every new established project. - Norms package in this field the User can select from a pop-up list a norms package, on the basis of which calculations in program will be performed ! Remember, that if the field Use file Self reading for new projects will be selected and on tab Default values for new projects calculations options will be selected and the calculations options declared on this tab will not be compliant with defined ones in file Self reading, then as priority will be selected these defined in this last one. - Materials edition this command will call a window including list of building materials. The User, depending on requirements can enter materials not included in materials base. More information concerning materials edition you can find in chapter 4.6. Menu Window Option window is used at work with many projects. Following functions are available here: - Cascade causes arrangement of all opened project windows one on another, so that the window edge with project name is always visible. - Arrange icons if any windows are minimized and if they are in any position on the screen, thanks to this command it is possible to arrange their icons in bottom part of main window work area. - Next this function causes displaying of window after currently edited, of the next opened project.

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Data edition - Previous this function causes displaying of window of previously opened project. - Minimize all causes minimizing of all project windows and their arrangement in bottom part of main window work area. - Close all causes closing of all opened project windows. If a project has not been saved to disc, the program will ask whether it should be saved. More information concerning work with many documents you can find in chapter 6.1. Menu Help - Contents after selecting this function a help window will open. - Index it displays information according to indexes given, - About... includes general information about program.

4.2.2. Toolbar and clipboard

Toolbar is located under main menu of Instal-heat&energy program. It can be opened from main menu >> command View \ Toolbar<<. Toolbar contains miscellaneous buttons enabling fast work with the program by direct access to most necessary functions: New (Ctrl+N), Open (Ctrl+O), Save (Ctrl+S), Save as, Print (Ctrl+P), Calculates project (F12), End. These commands are represented by following icons of the toolbar.

Functions assigned to buttons located on main toolbar have been described by description of commands of main menu File, except of command Calculates project (F12). Pressing this key will cause calculating of project for current edition and enables selection of calculation mode in program. Mode Calculations refreshed automatically is selected default in each new opened project and causes automatic project calculation after each data edition. Mode Manual calculations will cause locking of refreshing of calculation results during data edition. Selection of this function can be useful for calculations for big projects, because data edition does not slow down the program, for calculations are not performed at every time. After pressing the button or key F12 the project will be calculated.

Clicking selected button activates a function assigned to this button. If the mouse cursor will be positioned on a button (without clicking), program will display a hint cloud with information which function is assigned to this button. A feature of the toolbar is possibility of its location change. It can be moved to any position of main menu, positioning the mouse cursor on the left side on toolbar and then pressing the left mouse button move it to another required position. Under main menu there is a program clipboard containing clipboard cells. To clipboard cells can be copied all layers, defined partitions, storeys, flats, compartments and compartment partitions. Program clipboard is used for storing of mentioned data and for this reason operations of data moving within one project or data moving from 51

Data edition one project to another can be performed easily. It is also possible to store most often applied elements of building structure. Clipboard contents is stored until it will be deleted.

Layer

Storey

Room

Empty clipboard cell Partition

Defined partition

Apartment

Analogous to toolbar it is also possible to change the clipboard location on the screen as well as change its dimension. More information concerning clipboard you will find in chapter 6.1.

4.2.3. Handy menu

This is a menu which appears after clicking the right mouse button. It is always specific for definite location in program. The handy menu will be another for partitions list, another for partition edition and another yet for compartment edition. It contains many useful handy functions. For example the handy menu for partition edition contains following positions:

The User, making use of shortcut keys, can quickly call required commands.

4.2.4. Unit change buttons

It is possible to select units in program, in which the User will define partitions dimensions, material layers thickness, value of ventilation air streams, heat losses. located in The User can change the material layer thickness unit using the key column d of partitions edition table. An unit appropriate for a project can be selected from an unit pop-up list.

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There are following length units available: meters [m], centimetres [cm] and millimetres [mm]. Selection of another unit during work with project will cause automatic recalculation of entered value. Change of partitions dimensions unit can be also performed by the User by located next to edition fields of clicking the dimension unit, for example partition dimensions. If the edition field has an unit, which is marked with black colour, it means the possibility of its change. Grey colour means assigning of unit to the field in permanent way. Calculation results visible in lower part of windows for edition of storeys, flats, compartments and thermal zones can be presented in units selected by the User. For calculated heat losses there are available watt [W] and kilowatt [kW]. Ventilation air 3 3 3 3 3 stream can be given in [m /h], [m /s], [dm /min], [dm /s] or [dm /h]. To switch between

units just click the unit button, for example Moreover it is possible to declare presentation of thermal calculations results for entire building in chosen units. In General data, position Norms and calculations options on the tab Calculations units the calculation results of energy consumptions for a building in MJ, GJ, kWh can be declared. Calculation results of heat losses can be declared in W, MW, kW. The User can also enter by himself the substitute names (aliases) for units used by the program. He can do it entering in edition fields, for example edition field of partitions length, selected unit. More information concerning entering the unit aliases you can find in chapter 6.3.

4.2.5. Status line

In lower part of screen there is a status line. Here are displayed current information concerning operations performed by the User, content of edition fields and allowable range of numerical value of selected field of data edition. To prove its functioning just position the mouse cursor on any command of main menu, toolbar or edition fields. Then in the status line appears immediately abbreviated information about this command or description of data edition field. In main menu View the User can select an option enabling hiding of status line.

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4.2.6. Messages list

In lower part of document window (project) an error list window is located. Here are displayed messages concerning errors, warnings and hints appearing in project. The messages are automatically refreshed after inserting of mouse indicator into window area. Correct completion of project data is a condition for performing of calculations in program, so any error messages should be avoided. Hide error list located in Window can be opened or closed by means of key upper right corner of window or by means of function key F8. Closing the error list enables enlarging the project data edition window and this way achieving of more clear view of edition window. In upper right corner letter symbols are located. If they are highlighted with colour, it means that in project are displayed in succession errors, warnings and hints. The hints cloud selected after clicking the appropriate letter symbol with mouse indicator informs about their appropriation. Depending on declared type of messages which should be displayed in window, individual letters can appear in grey colour. It means, that the list will not contain messages which are indicated with grey letter, for example means, that warnings and hints will not be displayed in project. For very big projects it can happen that in error list window will be not enough space for all messages concerning the project. In such case individual letter symbols will be crossed out. More information concerning error, warning and hint messages contains chapter 5.

4.3. General data

General data are displayed in form of a list of general data in lower left window for every new opened project. General data contains following positions: Project description includes most important information about project, investor, designer and file data. Norms and calculations options in this position are displayed information about norms package, on which are based the calculations of Instal-heat&energy program. The User has also possibility of selection of additional calculations options as well as heaters catalogues and climatic data. Building data depending on calculations option contains among others basic information about building, its location, present shading elements and selected climatic data Heaters selection data selection of default heater type and heater selection parameters, Expression variables in this position the User can declare variables, which will be then used for project parameterization.

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4.3.1. Project description

It is an default active position for every new opened project. The User can enter here data describing project, designer and investor. These data are not indispensable for calculations, they have only an informative function. Their completion enables quick view on content of a project. If the User wants to have them on an printout, they should be completed. Data of project description are presented in four tabs: Project, Investor, Designer, Information about file.

First three tabs contain fields with analogical names concerning in succession: project, investor and designer. In the tab Project in field Description a project description is to be entered. The description should be clear and unequivocal, because it helps the User at opening of project in being familiar with project content. Thanks to this function it is possible to check the project content, even after longer time. To enter an multi-line description, use the keys Ctrl+Enter at the end each description line. The User can also enter the number of project and its version in fields Project number and Project version. Fields concerning the address, such as Street and No. of building, ZIP Code and City, Country, Phone, WWW Site, E-mail are to be completed by the User appropriately for the project, investor and designer. During completion of information data the User can take advantage of address book. If the data are entered for the first Add to address book we can enter the data to the list. time, by means of key The entry will be available for each opened project. If we will use the information data again, we can search required data by means of tab Select from address book.

Field Comment is common for all data concerning project description project, investor, designer and file. Here the User can add a comment to the project. The tab Information about file contains data concerning project file. That are: File name, File version, Created, Modified and others. That are data to be completed by the program.

4.3.2. Norms and calculations options

Edition window contains three tabs: General, Names patters, Results units. Tab General Here in fields: Norms package, Compartments heat calculations Norm, Heat losses Norm, SZE Norm (norm for calculations of seasonal energy demand) is displayed the actual package of norms, on which the calculations of Instal-heat&energy programs are based. The User can here change the norm package.

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Data edition Program performs calculations of heat losses. As additional calculation functions following fields are available for selection: - Perform calculations of seasonal energy demand, - Calculate condensation inside partitions, - Hide graphically non-cooling partitions. From other options it is necessary to select calculation method of building heat loss, hest loss by partitions to the ground as well as calculation method taking into consideration interruption in central heating system operation. Selection of option Calculations of seasonal energy demand will automatically determine the selection of heat loss to detailed. This calculation method guarantees giving of required amount of data indispensable for calculations of seasonal energy demand. Heat loss calculations are performed in program on the basis of one of two available options: - Detailed method - Simplified method Selection of simplified method of heat loss calculations will automatically determine other options in such way, that the will be not available for the User and the heat loss of a building is calculated according to adequate algorithms and data assumed by default in program. Selection of detailed method of heat loss calculations will enable declaring the heat loss calculations to the ground on the basis of following options: - Detailed method acc. to EN ISO 13370, - Simplified method acc. to EN 12831, Depending on previously selected method of heat loss calculation, some data with various number of details are to be completed. Detailed method requires entering of more amount of data. Differences in calculations algorithm has been described in APPENDIX B. APPLIED NORMS AND CALCULATION METHODS There is also to declare the method of consideration of operation intervals of central heating system by calculations of heat loss, which can be selected from following options: - None - For compartments - For a building Declaring of one of these option will have an effect on the method of calculation of additional heat loss and on the method of data presentation. Selecting the option For compartments requires entering the data in compartment edition window, in which the presence of temporary temperature reduction has been declared. Calculations of additional heat losses occurring during temporary temperature reduction performed on the basis of option For a building are performed on the basis of some average data entered or calculated for a building. The calculation option Hide graphically non-cooling partitions enables disregarding in building the graphical non-cooling partitions internal partitions with declared equal temperature in compartments on both sides of partition. Selecting this option enables loading of building structure from Instal-therm program with disregarding these partitions, which does not change the calculations result, but makes the tables more clear.

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Data edition

Button Catalogue service enables selection of catalogues of climatic data and heaters. After clicking the button Catalogue service the User has a possibility of selection of climatic data from the tab Climatic data and heaters from the tab Heaters.

Button for moving one catalogue

Catalogue selected from catalogue base to be used in project

Button for moving all available catalogues Check the box to load selected catalogue permanently Catalogue base

In the left window Other catalogues you can find the catalogues of climatic data that are available in program catalogues database. In the right window Catalogues in project there are catalogues used in project, from which climatic data for calculations will be selected. At the beginning of work with program the right window is empty. The User should select from catalogue base this one, which he will then use in project. Clicking the the User moves it to adjacent chosen one in left window and using the transfer key window. In this way the catalogue will be used in project. If the User wants always make use of chosen catalogue, he should select the field Load always. At the selected catalogue appears the icon Catalogues always loaded. In this way each new opened project in program has automatically loaded catalogue of climatic data. After program closing the catalogue selection will not be deleted. This procedure can be performed for any required number of catalogues. The User can also transfer to window Catalogues in project all catalogues present in catalogue base by means of button Transfer all. Deleting of project catalogues can be done by the User by means of analogical buttons with arrows in opposite direction. On both lists before catalogue name a symbol can appear. It means, that a catalogue is equipped with system of graphical information. This information can be

57

Data edition always called by means of key F1 during selection of catalogue or element from this catalogue. On the list of catalogues used in project will appear also symbols Z and U. These symbols mean: - Z catalogue is always read from a disc (is loaded in each project). It can be achieved by selecting field Load always for selected catalogue (catalogues). At such catalogue appears symbol . - U means, that the catalogue is used in actual project. At such catalogue appears symbol . Recalculate partitions dimensions enables performing of Button recalculation of selected partitions dimensions. This function is particularly useful by calculations of seasonal energy demand or during thermal calculations for files saved in other normative version. The User does not have then to enter and calculate dimensions required by specific version for each partition. Selecting in left window the partitions dimensions used in program and in right window these dimensions, which the User wants to have calculated and completed in partitions table of Building structure and confirming this operation with OK key will cause executing of command. During this operation program calculates partitions dimensions according to numerical values declared in Expression variables. Remember, that this command works only one time and is not a calculations option for all partitions. ! It is important to select only these dimensions, which are really used in project by the User. If partitions dimensions are given in light, then for recalculation should also be selected in light. Otherwise this command will not be performed. Using the button Recalculate partitions dimensions the User can perform for example following operations: - From dimensions in axes to outer dimensions, - From dimensions in light to outer dimensions, - From dimensions in axes to dimensions in light, - From outer dimensions to dimensions in light. ! Possible options of partition dimensions recalculation depend on norm program version.

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Data edition Tab Names patterns This option is used for defining of names patterns for new generated objects, that is partitions definitions, storeys, flats, compartments. The program has default assigned names patterns for some objects. These patterns can be also edited by the User. It is possible to enter the name pattern in empty field. Principles of creating of names patterns: 1. Entering the symbol # in empty field causes defining of name by numerical variables. Every digit of number means one # symbol. For example definition of pattern # means, that the scope of such name will not exceed the scope of numbers from 0 to 9. 2. Entering the symbol $ in empty field causes defining of name by letter variables. Every name of element entered in this way will begin with letter A and it will name the element with successive letters of Latin alphabet. 3. Initial value of numerical data can be declared by the User in fields on the right . For example declaring of 0 value side of edition window: means numbering from digit 0 4. Entering the character > means, that variable part of name can exceed the allowable scope resulting from the presence of characters, for example ># means, that scope of names will exceed the scope of one-digit numbers. 5. Entering of spaces between symbols of variables, such as for example # # will cause incorrect generating of object name. For example definition of pattern such as Partition # # is incorrect. 6. The User can also create a pattern of composite name. It consists of names of several objects. It contains references (relations) to names of other objects. Correctly constructed patterns of composite names include references to names of superior objects. Incorrect constructed names contain references to the level of subordinated objects. Such name will not be generated. Examples of names patterns construction:

Pattern of storey name means, that a new storey will be named with number 1, the next one with number 6 and so on. Scope of names will exceed the scope of one-digit-numbers. Pattern of partition definition name means, that the name of partition definition will begin with digit 0 and the scope of names will exceed the scope of one-digitnumbers

Correctly constructed pattern of a composite name name of compartment refer to the storey name. Correctly constructed name includes relations to higher level that means names of superior objects [FLAT], [STOREY].

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Data edition

Edition window for Names pattern includes following fields:

Pattern of partition definition name At the beginning of work with project the program does not enforce to the User any name the Field remains empty! As a result in position Partitions definition every new partition will have a name no name. The User can enter a name for this partition in an edition window, (see chapter 2.4). In this way each partition will be named by the User separately. It is also possible to enter in field Pattern our own name pattern describing partitions definition. In this way definitions of partitions will be named with successive variables according to defined names patterns. Pattern of storey name The program will automatically enforce the pattern of storey name. Variables ># mean, that every successive entered storey will be named in succession 0, 1, 11 and so on. The User can declare in field Initial value of interchangeable part of pattern naming of partitions starting from required number. Pattern of flat name The program will automatically enforce the pattern, >## what means, that the flat will have a two-digit name and the variable part of name can exceed it allowable scope resulting from the presence of #-marks. 60

Data edition

Pattern of compartment number It is constructed as a composite name, recalling to the storey name. It means, that the compartment name will include the storey name. Pattern of thermal zone name Entered pattern of thermal zones names >$ means that every successive thermal zone will be named with successive letter of alphabet. This field is displayed for calculation option Perform calculations of seasonal energy demand. ! The User can specify the initial value of variable part of pattern only with numerical variables. Tab Results units The User can here select the results units, which can be given as follows: - Unit of energy in: - MJ, GJ, kWh, - Unit of power in: - W, kW, MW.

4.3.3. Building data

In this position there are general data of building, information about its location, occurring shading elements, indexes of internal heat gains in a building and selected climatic data. This is full scope of data required for calculation of seasonal energy demand in a building. After this calculation function will be switched off, there will be fewer data for edition. Scope of displayed edition fields depends on declared calculation options. In this position are entered general building data, information concerning its location and selected climatic data. Scope of displayed edition fields depends on declared calculations options. If the User has selected the calculation method of interruption of central heating system operation, additional edition fields have to be completed. enabling selection of required Here is also a tab Catalogue service catalogues. After clicking a selected button, the User can select climatic data from the tab Climatic data. Data are to be entered in following fields: Location In field Location select the place from catalogue of climatic data in which the building is located. The next meteorological station and corresponding actinometrical station and climatic zone are selected automatically by the program. If the climatic data will not be loaded from catalogue, the User has to complete the fields of location name and climatic zone by himself. Moreover, it is impossible to complete manually data of meteorological and actinometrical station.

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Data edition ! For calculation of seasonal energy demand the User has to select the catalogue of climatic data and use it in project. Otherwise performing of these calculations will be impossible because of lack of sufficient climatic data. Meteorological station In this field is displayed a meteorological station responding to specific city. Actinometrical station In this field is displayed a closest actinometrical station appropriate for a meteorological station selected below. This data specify set of climatic data indispensable for calculations of seasonal energy demand of a building. te/!e (Outer temperature) Depending on selected location the program will give the value of outer temperature, that means this temperature will be assigned to climatic zone. If no catalogue of climatic data has been selected in the project, the User has to enter the temperature value by himself. !me (average annual outer temperature) Depending on selected location the program will give the value of average annual outer temperature. If the climatic data catalogue has not been selected in the project, then the User has to enter its value by himself. n50 multiplication factor of exchanges at difference of 50 Pa Multiplication factor of air exchanges in the building, determined at pressure difference of 50 Pa between building interior and external environment. For the value depends on the type of automatic calculations designated with icon building construction and its air-tightness: - for a one-family building with high grade of air-tightness n50<4; for a building with middle air-tightness class n50 is in range between 4-10; for a building with low class of air-tightness n50>10. - for a multi-family or not inhabited building with high air-tightness grade n50<2; for a building of middle class of air-tightness n50 is in range between 2-5; for a building with low air-tightness class n50>5. The User can also declare the value in this field switching to the icon .

" efficiency of heat recovery system This field is used for determining of heat recovery efficiency from warm air removed from a flat. If the blown air is heated in central heater located in the building, this efficiency has to be specified. In case of lack of heat recovery, its value is equal to zero. After declaring of '-value the thermal load will be properly calculated in the building with mechanical ventilation. P floor perimeter on the ground Floor perimeter on the building ground will be calculated taking into consideration these dimensions, which are in contact with external environment. The perimeter value can be calculated automatically after switching to the icon and after completing of dimensions of plan view of the building in fields bbud building width and abud building length Calculations of P concerns this building, 62

Data edition which has in its block both heated and non-heated compartments. If a non-heated compartment is not included in main block e.g. garage, the dimensions of these compartments should not be taken into consideration for calculations. The calculation method has been presented in example below. B characteristic dimension of building Characteristic dimension of building is always calculated by the program after completing the floor perimeter on the ground of building in field P and the area of floors on the ground in field Abud. The method of calculation of B-value has been presented in APPENDIX B. APPLIED NORMS AND CALCULATION METHODS. T (Depth of underground water) This field specifies the distance between the level of underground water and floors on the ground of a building. It will be completed with a program default value, it can also be edited by the User. It will be displayed for calculation option of heat loss to the ground by means of simplified method according to EN 12831. bbud building width The value completed by the User according to outer dimensions of building plan view. The program can calculate dimensions automatically on the basis of building view loaded from Instal-therm program. Program gives us a possibility of for automatic switching between calculation modes by means of icon calculations this icon is common for both horizontal building dimensions and by means of icon enabling enforcing this value. An example illustrating correct interpretation of this value has been presented below. abud building width The value completed by the User according to outer dimensions of building plan view. The program can calculate dimensions automatically on the basis of building view loaded from Instal-therm program. Program gives us a possibility of switching between calculation modes by means of icon for automatic calculations this icon is common for both horizontal building dimensions and by means of icon enabling enforcing this value. An example illustrating correct interpretation of this value has been presented below. An example illustrating correct calculations of building perimeter and area of floors on the ground Generally there are two possible cases related to the value of length and width of building: 1. First case concerns a free-standing building. In case of calculations of building perimeter on the ground it is necessary to take into consideration the horizontal dimensions of building plan view length and width of plan view, having contact with external environment. The building can contain both heated and non-heated compartments.

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Data edition Building, to which the heat calculations are related

Drawing 1. Plan view of free-standing building ground floor P=2abud+2bbud=36 m 2 Abud=abud*bbud=80m where: P perimeter of floor on the ground Abud area of floors on the ground abud length of building bbud width of building 2. Second case concerns the segment of a row type buildings. In case of calculation of building perimeter on the ground, it is necessary to take into consideration the horizontal dimensions of building plan view length and width of plan view having contact with external environment. The building can contain both heated and non-heated compartments. Segment, to which the heat calculations are related

Drawing 2. Plan view of building segment ground floor 64

Data edition

P=2abud+2bbud=16 m 2 Abud=abud*bbud=80m where: P perimeter of floor on the ground Abud area of floors on the ground abud length of building Abud area of floors on the ground The User can complete by himself according to the sum of floors area on the calculations are performed ground in the building. After selecting the icon automatically on the basis compartments on the ground declared in building structure. z building depression A field informing about the distance between floor on the ground and the ground level. To be filled in by the User on the basis of project data. Edition fields are displayed in case of selecting of calculations of temporary temperature reduction according to data declared for the building: cwirk effective mass of building Index determining the ability of heat accumulation by the building mass. Value of this field can be calculated automatically by the program or can also be enforced by the User. The selection depends on the method of inserting of partitions into compartments. - if the partitions features are directly declared in compartment, then the cwirkvalue can be entered by the User or can be selected from a pop-up list depending on the building from following possibilities: 3 light 15 Wh/ (m K) 3 medium 35 Wh/ (m K) 3 heavy 50 Wh/ (m K) - if partitions in compartment will be declared from definitions, the value of effective mass of building can be calculated automatically on the basis of declared data. The User can also complete the field with a value known for the building or select it from a list among above mentioned possibilities: light, medium, heavy. tabs time of temperature reduction Field completed with the value of temperature reduction time assumed in compartments. For each new opened project a default value assumed in program will be displayed. nAbs multiplication factor of exchanges in the temperature reduction phase Field completed according to project assumptions. For each new opened project a default value assumed in program will be displayed.

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Data edition #HT,$ heat loss by penetration coefficient This field is completed automatically by the program after selecting the icon on the basis of partitions entered in compartments. After selecting the icon the field is to be completed by the User. Vnetto heated cubic capacity This field is completed automatically by the program after selecting the icon on the basis of cubic capacity of heated compartments, in which temporary temperature reduction has been declared.. After selecting the icon be completed by the User. the field is to

%&RH temperature drop after reduction phase Value of this field is calculated according to data completed in program. It is also possible to switch to manual method of value input. To switch between calculation modes use in succession icons and . Explanation of calculation mode application has been described in APPENDIX B. APPLIED NORMS AND CALCULATION METHODS tRH - time of warming-up Field to be completed by the User on the basis of known warming-up time of reduced temperature in compartment to required value. nRH - multiplication factor of exchanges during warming-up Field completed according to project assumptions. For each new opened project a default value assumed in program will be displayed. Building rotation Building rotation the User can determine the Using the button rotation angle defined according to compass pointing all cardinal points of the compass. Orientation of partitions declared in project can be changed by selecting of rotation angle on the compass. The User can do this selecting the direction (cardinal point of the compass). The building will rotate by an absolute angle determined towards initial position. After change of these data all orientations of external partitions will be corrected. By importing of project from version 3.2 it is possible to define here the same rotation angle, which has been declared in previous program version. Type of building construction The User can select from a pop-up list following options: - One-family house - Multi-family house or other. Air- tightness of building The User can select from a pop-up list following options: - Low buildings with single window glass panes, without sealing - Middle buildings with double window glass panes, with normal air-tightness - High buildings with high air- tightness class of windows and doors 66

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Building shielding class The User can select from a pop-up list following options: - No shielding concerns buildings in open space or high buildings in city centres, - Medium shielding concerns buildings shielded by trees or by other buildings and in suburbs, - Big shielding concerns buildings of average height in city centres, buildings in woods. w10 (average wind speed on the height of 10 m) Program will assume the average value of wind speed on the height of 10 m on the basis of climatic data catalogue. 'gr (Ground heat conduction coefficient) Program assigns a pre-defined type of ground, for which the heat conduction is equal to (gr = 1,2 W/mK. While creating a new project it is necessary to check, if default values concerning thermal features of ground apply for the new project. If the User knows the type of ground, then he should complete this field according to project data. If the calculation option of heat loss according to norm EN 12831 simplified method has been selected, then calculations of heat loss by the floor on the ground will assume automatically the value (gr = 2 W/mK and this field will not be displayed. Fields displayed after selecting of option of seasonal energy demand for a building:
L Average daily heat stream generated by a man [W] An average heat stream generated by a man within 24 hours. It depends on mans activity and his weight. The field will be completed automatically according to norms for a resting man.

QL/

Qcw/ cw Average daily heat stream generated by warm consumption water per one occupant [W] An average heat stream generated by warm consumption water, per one occupant within 24 hours. This is a constant value, specified according to norms. Qme/
me Average daily heat stream generated by preparing of food per flat [W] An average heat stream generated by preparing of food per one flat within 24 hours. This is a constant value, specified according to norms.

QeL/

eL Average daily heat stream generated by electric devices per flat [W] An average heat stream generated by electric devices per one flat within 24 hours. Its value depends on number and type of electric devices installed in a flat. This field has been completed with an value recognized as an average value. If a compartment has other gains, the fields is to be completed with actual values.

INW (Obstruction distance from NW direction) In this field the User will enter the distance of shading obstruction from a building. The obstruction is located in north-west direction.

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Data edition hNW (Obstruction heigth from NW direction) In this field the User will enter the height of shading obstruction. The obstruction is located in north-west direction. Data of shading elements from other orientations towards cardinal points of the compass should be completed analogically, determining their distance and height. These fields are used for shading of building caused by unevenness of ground, presence of other buildings, trees or other topographic elements around the considered building.

4.3.4. Heaters selection data

In position Heaters selection data the User can switch on the option of heaters selection in heated compartments clicking the field Switch on the heaters selection. , which enables You can find here also the button Catalogue service selection of required heaters catalogues. After clicking a selected button, the User can select them from a tab Heaters. Heaters selection is of preliminary character, that means cooling of water in piperuns are taking into consideration approximately by increasing of heater size by an addition depending on number of storeys in a building and on current storey. For this reason heaters selected by means of Instal-heat&energy program can vary from heaters which have been selected by means of Instal-therm program. For that it is recommended to perform exact calculations of heating system in Instal-therm program. Other factors which influence the thermal power of heaters such as: heater location in compartment, heater shielding, application of thermostatic valve and method of its connection to the installation are also taken into account by means of adequate multipliers. These multipliers are defined automatically on the basis of declared features of heaters determined by means of appropriate buttons Heater data and Limitation of heater dimensions.

In successive fields the User will select a default type of heater and can make the correction of pre-defined data such as: supply temperature of heater, cooling down of heating agent in heater and addition for thermostat and number of storey, on which the heat source is located. Clicking the window Insulated pipes the User declares insulation application on central heating system pipes. In such case the reduction of addition value taking into consideration cooling down of water in pipe-runs by the half in comparison with noninsulated pipes will take place. ! The User can declare in Heaters selection data parameters of a heater, which can be then used as a default type in heated compartments.

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Window edition fields Heaters selection data: Switch on the heaters selection Selecting this field enables selection of heaters in heated compartments. Default type of heater Selection field of default type of heater, which can be used in project. Selected from declared catalogues of heaters. Insulated pipes Selecting this field will cause declaring of insulation on central heating system pipes, so that an addition taking into account influence of cooling down of water in pipe-runs is 50% smaller. Available only on store Because individual heaters sizes can have various availability status saved in catalogue available in store or on request, it is necessary to select in selection options the availability status to be taken into account. Selecting of this field will cause declaring of heater selection among heaters which are available in basic range on store. s temperature on heaters supply [ C] A field completed by the program with an default value. The User can declare other heaters supply temperature.
0

t/% cooling down on heater[K] Program will automatically complete this field with an default value 20 K. Value of cooling down on heater is a difference between temperature on supply and return of heating agent. The User can also declare its other value t Addition to the heaters size This field takes into consideration increased heat losses resulting from divergences between data entered to the project and reality. Program will assign default value of multiplier equal to 15%. If divergences will not be taken into account, a value equal to 0 should be entered.

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Data edition Noshs Number of storey with source This field takes into consideration special location of heat source in heating system in building. Selection of storey on which the source is located enables evaluation of cooling down in system. ! Field Number of storey with source declares presence of heat source on adequate storey in a building. It is important, that the number of storeys means its real number counted from the number 0. First inserted storey regardless of its type and entered name has always number 0. It is recommended to use the when selecting the location of source in the building. It enables button selecting of correct number of storey.

Heater data information concerning location of Additionally, using the key heaters, method of their connection to heating system and heaters shield data can be entered here.

The User can select in a pop-up window Connection method a configuration of connection of system to a heater, which will be suitable for a project. Red colour means supply of heater with heating agent, blue colour means return to the system.

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Similarly, in field Housing type it is possible to select from a pop-up list a geometrical parameters of a housing and on the right side of list the User declares characteristic dimensions of selected housing.

Selecting the field Location not under a window the User determines location of heater as: - at internal wall, away from external walls, balcony door and windows, or - under the compartment ceiling. Requirements concerning heaters dimensions such as height, length and depth Limitation of heater dimensions. The should be determined by means of button window gives possibility of heaters dimensions edition, determining simultaneously method of its selection. - Heaters dimensions can be determined by means of option Enforced, which enables selection of heater according to enforced given dimension. - Selection option Smallest from range enables the selection of heater, dimension of which will be selected as the smallest from determined range, specified by minimal Min [mm] and maximal Max [mm] dimension. If to all three dimensions this selection option will be declared, heaters will be selected according to following dimension priority: depth, height and length. It means, that the heater with smallest depth from the range will be selected, then the height will be considered and the length of heater at the end.

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Data edition - Option (Fit) to recess enables fitting of heater to its recess by entering the heater recess and dimension for assembly, (resulting from difference between recess and heater dimensions). This option enables the selection of heater, dimensions of which are selected as best fit to recess dimension and is available for dimensions Height and Length. If both dimensions will be selected, priority has always the height and then the length. Depth can be declared as the smallest from the range or can be enforced

For defining of heater height following fields are available: Enforced selecting this field the User can define enforced height of heater in displayed field Dimension (mm), Smallest from range enables declaring of minimal height dimension in field Min. (mm) and maximal in field Max. (mm) Pre-defined range of selection is enforced as default; this range can be edited. To recess (fit) enables defining of recess dimensions in field Fit to recess and dimension for assembly in field Min. for assembly. The dimension for assembly is a difference between recess and heater height. This field is completed on the basis of value determined in storey edition window (see chapter 4.5.1). For defining of heater length following fields are available: Enforced selecting this field the User can define enforced length of heater in displayed field Dimension (mm),

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Data edition Smallest from range enables declaring of minimal length dimension in field Min. (mm) and maximal in field Max. (mm). Pre-defined range of selection is enforced as default; this range can be edited. To recess (fit) enables defining of recess dimensions in field Fit to recess and dimension for assembly in field Min. for assembly. The dimension for assembly is a difference between recess and heater height. This field is completed on the basis of value determined in storey edition window (see chapter 4.5.1). For defining of heater depth following fields are available: Enforced selecting this field the User can enforce depth of heater in displayed field Dimension (mm), Smallest from range enables selection on of smallest depth dimension in field Min. (mm) and maximal in field Max. (mm) Pre-defined range of selection is enforced as default; this range can be edited.

4.3.5. Expression variables

Expression variables are used for project parameterization. The parameterization consists in using of variables instead of numbers during determining of dimensions or other data in project. Possibility of parameterization is particularly useful for auditors, who perform analysis of interdependences of annual energy demand on building parameters. It enables also quick performing of many variants of object, which differ from each other by some numerical parameters described in tables and in edition fields of project data by means of these variables. In table of Expression variables the User can enter unlimited number of variables determining for example heater depth, dimension of windows in light.

Each variable is identified in project by its name, which is entered in column Name. Name of a variable must begin with a letter or underlined characters and can consists of letters, digits and underlined characters. It can not contain spaces. Big and small letters are not discriminated. In column Expression the User should enter an expression defining the variable value directly as numerical value (in this example for instance hst = 3.0, tc = 0.5) or as an arithmetic expression, for instance 0.5*0.5.

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Data edition ! It is not allowed to use other declared variables in expressions describing variables. A variable can be described by means of short description In field Comment, what enables quick overview, which quantity is represented by specific variable. There are some default expression variables in the program, such as Default storeys height, Default ceiling thickness, Proportion of dimension in axes to dimension in light for horizontal partitions and Proportion of outer dimension to dimension in axes for vertical partitions. Expressions describing proportion of dimension in axes to dimension in light and outer dimension to dimension in axes are used as multipliers by selection of program function Recalculate partitions dimensions. Graphical partitions have completed data concerning all dimensions of partitions, so the function Recalculate partitions dimensions is not useful for project loaded from Instal-therm program. Using variables it is very easy to parameterize all calculations, replacing with them for example dimensions of designed windows, thickness and heat transfer coefficients for applied insulations. For example during edition of compartments instead of entering the numerical value of surface for windows it is possible to use names of variables. It will enable in future calculating of building for various windows dimensions. In this way it is very easy to perform analysis of heat losses or/and annual energy demand depending on individual building parameters. Very useful can be also declaring of variables, by means of which it can be possible to declare minimal and maximal heater depth, what would enable quick selection of one-plate or two-plate radiators or only two-plate radiators. ! Variables which are defined this way concern current project and for this reason they are called local variables. They are invisible in other projects. Expression variables can be also entered in any edition window of project data by means of key combination Ctrl+Alt+Insert. The User can find more information to this in chapter 6.

4.4. Partitions definitions

After filling in of all fields in General data of a building the User should go to next project data clicking the mouse button on position Partitions definitions. After that in lower left window a list of declared partitions will appear in form of a tree for a new project it will be empty. On the right side appears a table with data of all declared partitions also empty. After defining of partitions, the list and tables will be completed with entered data.

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Partitions data are presented in following columns: Name name of declared partition, Description comment to partition name, Type of partition exact type of partition called in partition definition window, 2 U0 heat transfer coefficient of partition [W/(m K)], The User on this stage of data input disposes of commands concerning defined partitions. Some of them are available in partitions table and others in partitions tree. Available operations in data table: The User in data table can add the partitions definitions, delete them and go to edition window of selected compartment. These commands are available in following locations: In handy menu (selected by clicking the right mouse button): - Add partition definition (F7) adds next (new) partition definition at the end of partitions list. - Add partition definition in selected area (Ins) adds definitions in selected area in partitions table. - Delete partition (Ctrl+Del) deleting of partition selected by cursor or all selected partitions. Keyboard: - Shift+<arrows> selection of following partitions, - Ctrl+<arrows> selection of chosen partitions, - Ctrl+Del deleting of partition or all partitions selected by cursor. Mouse: - Double clicking the right mouse cursor on partition moving to partition edition. - Double clicking the left mouse button opening of pop-up menu,

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Data edition - Clicking the partition column with ordinal number and No. and dragging it to another place of table moving of selected partition to another place of partition table. - Clicking the partition column with ordinal number and No. + Ctrl and dragging it within the table or to clipboard copying of partition to another place of table or to clipboard. Operations available in tree of defined partitions: Handy menu: - Add partition definition (F7) adds next new partition definition at the end of partitions list. - Create copy of partition definition creates a copy of partition. This command is very helpful when the User wants to define a partition with another name, but of the same thermal features as the copied one. - Add definition in selected area, (Ins) enables adding of partition definition in selected area on the tree of defined partitions. - Delete partition definition (partitions definition), (Ctr+Del) enables deleting a selected partition or partitions. - Find element in tree/error list clicking this command will cause finding a selected partition in tree/error list. - Copy (Ctrl+C) enables copying of selected definition of partition (partitions) in area of currently edited partitions list to a partitions list in another project. - Cut (Ctrl+X) enables cutting of selected definition of partition (partitions). - Paste (Ctrl+V) enables pasting of copied or cut partition in selected place of partitions list of the same or another project. Described commands can be also opened using the key Mouse: - Clicking a selected partition and dragging it into clipboard or to another project copying of selected partition into clipboard or to another project. - Clicking a selected partition +Shift and dragging it into clipboard or to another project moving the selected partition into clipboard or to another project. Using the clipboard the User can create a database of partitions definitions. He can then take advantage of these definitions within the same project or many other projects. Open menu.

4.4.1. General data of partition

In this place a partition will be edited, that means data of this partition are entered and/or changed. Moving to window of partition edition can be realized: - in tree of defined partitions. In case of defining of a new partition by clicking the icon Add a partition definition or selecting this command in handy menu

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Data edition or by using the key Open menu or by means of key F7. For already defined partitions by their selection clicking the left mouse button on selected one. - in partitions table by double clicking the left mouse button or using the key Enter on selected partition.

In general data the User can select the method of partition defining. On this selection depends the type and amount of fields to be completed by the User. To define a partition with enforced heat transfer coefficient U it is necessary to select the field Partition with enforced U and enter the value of U (or R) coefficient in field Uo. For such defined partitions the User should complete by himself individual fields listed below. This way will also be defined windows and doors of a building. To make the work with program more effective, it is recommended to enter here also dimensions of windows and doors, because these dimensions are automatically called by entering of partition name. Height and width of windows and doors should be entered according to outer dimensions of frames (according to norms). To define a homogeneous partition with known construction it is necessary to select in field Partition defining method an option Partition with defined layers. For such partition select a type and complete the table of building materials layers. To define an inhomogeneous partition just define the repeatable homogeneous elements. These elements can be declared as laminar or with enforced U coefficient. Using these repeatable homogeneous elements define an inhomogeneous partition. Select option Inhomogeneous partition and in table elements of inhomogeneous partition. It is now necessary to determine a percentage share of length of homogeneous element in inhomogeneous and repeatable partition unit. The edition window is divided into two principal parts: - upper part containing general data of partition, - lower part containing table of partition layers.

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Data edition General data of partition includes: Compartment name to be completed by the User, if the names pattern of partition definition names has not been declared. It is recommended to enter names as short symbolic description, for example "RO" for Roof and detailed description of compartment can be placed in field Description. Description the User can complete the name with a comment, for example wooden Internal floor. Method of partition defining selection field of following possibilities of partition defining: - partition with enforced U, - partition with defined layers, - inhomogeneous partition, Partition type to be selected from a pop-up list: EW external wall, IW internal wall, EF floor over carport, RO roof, IF internal floor, FL floor on ground, WG wall near ground, EWi external window, IWi internal window, ED external door, ID internal door. Heat flow direction Completed automatically by the program for partitions with constant heat flow, for example for external walls, floor on the ground. For internal partition, such as windows, doors, for which the heat flow direction depends on their usage in building structure, the User will declare it by himself depending on their presence in the building. For internal ceiling will be calculated the value of heat transfer coefficient U for heat flow upwards and downwards. The User does not have to double declare the internal ceiling for opposite senses of heat flow. Rsi heat transfer resistance on the surface of internal partition Completed automatically by the program according to norms on the basis of selected partition type and according to heat flow direction. Rse heat transfer resistance on the surface of external partition Completed automatically by the program according to norms on the basis of selected partition type and according to heat flow direction. Uo heat transfer coefficient For a laminar partition this field is calculated by the program. For partition with enforced U coefficient it should be completed by the User. U0 a normative addition to heat transfer coefficient Uo This field is used for entering of corrections to heat transfer coefficient Uo. Corrections should be applied according to normative data because of: - leakages in insulation layer, - mechanical connectors piercing the insulation layer, - precipitations on the roof with reverse layers layout.

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Data edition d partition thickness For a laminar partition the value is calculated by the program. For a partition with enforced U coefficient it must be completed by the User. Fields visible for all partitions. 2 C/A heat capacity of partition related to 1m of partition surface This quantity defines amount of heat camouflaged in partition by change of internal temperature in sinusoidal function in range of 1K, in given time interval. Its calculation or entering by the User enables calculation of time constant of building/compartment and as a result calculations of additional thermal power. Additional thermal power results from the need of supplying of additional heat amount in case of not stationary heating. Calculation method of effective partition layer thickness, for which the C/A value is calculated, has been described in APPENDIX B. APPLIED NORMS AND CALCULATION METHODS If the calculation option of seasonal energy demand and temporary temperature reduction in compartments has been selected, it is only necessary to complete data concerning partition thickness and thermal capacity C/A only once. hx external height (length) of partition Field to be completed individually by the User (optionally), wx external width of partition Field to be completed individually by the User, (optionally), Ax external partition surface Fields calculated automatically by the Program on the basis of completed partition dimensions or for edition by the User, if the horizontal (vertical) dimensions of partition surface have not been defined, (optionally) ! After completion of partition dimensions in this place of program, the User does not have to declare dimensions in compartment edition window. Nevertheless such defined partitions can be edited only in project position Partitions definitions. For this reason it is recommended to define here dimensions of these partitions, the length and width of which are constant within the precincts of entire building. Depending on the selection of calculation option of heat loss to the ground detailed or simplified method for partitions type: floor on the ground and wall at the ground, additional fields are still to be completed. Selecting the method of heat loss calculation to the ground by means of detailed method it is necessary to complete bigger amount of data which have been described below. Following types of floors on the ground can appear in a project, which can be then defined by the User by means of types of additional insulation in field Type of additional floor insulation. Such types are: - plate on the ground a floor of type plate on the ground refers to each floor being in direct contact with the ground on its entire surface, independent on the fact, whether it is founded upon the ground on its entire surface. Such floor can be: non-insulated type of additional insulation None; in layers table not entered any insulation layer, uniformly insulated on entire surface type of additional information None; in layers table the insulation layer entered above, underneath or inside of plate,

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Data edition additionally insulated on edges type of additional insulation Horizontally/Vertically independent on the fact, whether the floor is uniformly insulated on entire surface or is not insulated at all. - elevated floor this is a construction of floor, where the floor is located in a certain distance from the ground, and as a result between this floor and the ground there is an air gap. Type of additional insulation Elevated, - underground concerns floors located underneath the ground level. Type of additional insulation None, completed field concerning floor pit underneath the ground level. For walls at the ground SG Heat resistance of underground walls Rsp Value completed automatically by the program on the basis of data from partitions data table for laminar partition. For partitions with enforced heat resistance it must be completed by the User. For floors on the ground PG (generally) Floor resistance Rf Value completed automatically by the program on the basis of data from partitions table for a laminar partition. For partitions with enforced heat resistance it must be completed by the User. Type of additional floor insulation type of additional floor insulation selected from a pop-up list: - None refers to a case, in which the floor surface is not additionally insulated on edges. This floor can be insulated on its entire surface or can be non-insulated. If the User will complete the field concerning the floor pit, it will mean that he has declared in this way an underground. - Elevated refers to such floor construction, where the floor is located in some distance to the ground. Such created space under the floor can be ventilated or on-ventilated. This concerns for example a wooden floor or closely-ribbed ceiling. - Horizontal refers to floors of type plate on the ground, having an edge insulation located horizontal on the circumference of the floor. - Vertical refers to floors of type plate on the ground, having an edge insulation located vertical on the circumference of the floor. For floors on the ground If the User wants to enter a floor on the ground without additional edge insulation, he should just select from a pop-up list the type of additional insulation None. The User can define it in partitions table as uniformly insulated or as noninsulated on its entire surface by entering (or adequately non-entering) of insulation layer from a materials list.

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Data edition For floors on the ground sunk under the ground level If the User wants to enter a floor, which is sunk under the ground level, he should select a type of additional insulation None and complete the value of field z: z Depth of lower floor Concerns these buildings, in which a part of operational space is located under the ground level. The User can enter here depth of underground floor under the ground level. If z changes on circumference of the building, the average value should be taken for calculations. The underground floor can be non-insulated or insulated and the User will enter the floor insulation layer during defining of material layers in partitions table located below. If the User will enter in field z the value 0 it means, that this is a floor of type plate on the ground. For floors on the ground with additional horizontal/vertical insulation If the User wants to enter a floor of type plate on the ground additionally insulated, he should select from a pop-up list in field Type of additional floor insulation horizontal/vertical. BI Width (height) of additional insulation The User will complete it always by himself depending on the height (width) of used insulation, Rinsl Resistance of additional insulation Value completed automatically by the Program according to data from the partitions table for laminar partition. For partitions with enforced heat resistance is to be completed by the User. dinsl Thickness of additional insulation Value completed automatically by the Program according to data from the partitions table for laminar partition. For partitions with enforced heat resistance is to be completed by the User. For floors on the ground with elevated floor construction If the User wants to define the floor with elevated construction as a laminar partition, he must separate in partition table the layers of elevated floor from layers of sub-floor by means of aerial layer selected from material list. The aerial layer is an under-floor space. Declaring of this space as a ventilated one can be done by filling in of field A Surface of openings per floor circumference unit. The User can also enforce this construction filling in by himself the fields listed below. Rf Floor resistance Heat resistance of elevated part of floor. For laminar partition this field is calculated by the program. For partitions with enforced heat resistance it must be entered by the User. Rsf Sub-floor insulation resistance Heat resistance of all sub-floor layers located under elevated part of floor, not including the aerial space. The program treats all layers of sub-floor as its insulation from the ground. 81

Data edition A Surface of openings per floor circumference unit Field completed by the User according to construction of elevated floor. If the sub-floor space is not ventilated, its value is equal to 0. dpp sub-floor thickness Thickness of floor layers located underneath the sub-floor space. Value completed by the program automatically on the basis of data from partitions table for a laminar partition. For partitions with enforced heat resistance it is to be completed by the User. h Height of upper edge of floor surface over external ground level Determines height of floor location over external ground level. The User should complete it by himself depending on building location. For calculations of heat losses by means of simplified method, there are less data to be completed. For floors on the ground of elevated construction it is only necessary to select the field Elevated floor. For external windows/doors gw Coefficient of energy permeability through window pane Program takes into consideration the permeability of total solar radiation determined for case of solar radiation perpendicular to glazing. Typical total permeability of solar energy for mostly used types of glazing is: for a standard window pane, single glazing gw = 0,85, double glazing gw = 0,75. For other glazing types the certified values should be applied. Usz Participation of window pane surface in window/door surface To be completed by the User depending on partition type window/door and their construction.

4.4.2. Partition layers table

After completing of general data of defined layer partition it is necessary to declare partition layers in layers table. After every data change the program recalculates from the beginning the Uo coefficient. If there is an aerial gap in partition, an aerial layers should be selected from the list of building materials. ! Layers of internal walls are to be declared from the inside to external partition according to heat flow direction. This direction is also shown on icons in No. column. First internal layer is designated with icon , last partition layer with . This is particularly important by edition of external partitions, for icon example external walls.

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Data edition Designations of columns in table: Type determines graphically the material type, for example aerial layer, foamed polystyrene. Material selected by the User from catalogue of building materials or entered by himself. To open the list of building materials just click the mouse button in material name field Select material from list In this list there is available a mode for quick material searching just type some first letters of required material name in field Type first letters of required material. Selection can be accepted by means of key Enter or clicking OK. d layer thickness Design dimension of layer thickness. In this field it is also possible to select the layer thickness unit (m, cm, mm) from a pop-up list under the key . Program will automatically recalculate the partition thickness in selected units. Default unit is meter. In this column the User can also select the program option Partition lagging, by means of which he can insulate the partition to receive required Uo coefficient. This function can be opened by means of button for selected partition layer. Thermal conductivity coefficient Value given for a homogenous layer, depending on type of material and grade of its humidity. For a material selected from list the value is entered automatically. For a material entered manually it must be completed manually. Cp Specific heat Determines properties of material in dry condition. For a material selected from a list the value is completed automatically. For a material entered manually it must be completed manually. Material density in dry condition For a material selected from a list the value is completed automatically. For a material entered manually it must be completed manually. R Heat resistance of layer Value calculated by the program on the basis of data. Vapour diffusion resistance coefficient for building material A column visible only when the User has selected the calculation option Calculate condensation inside the partition in General data of program. It determines vapour permeability of partition material layer. To declare an vapour insulating layer it is necessary to enter the symbol INF as a value of vapour diffusion resistance, which means infinite bit value of vapour diffusion resistance. Program includes a catalogue of building materials, so it is not necessary to enter manually the thermal properties of successive partition layers in columns , Cp, , R, . The User can also enter the partition layer by himself which is not included in catalogue, entering its name and property in following columns of partition layers table. Partition lagging description Partition lagging, also Change of thermal parameters of partition can be obtained in column by increasing of thickness of selected material layer, clicking the button d. Displayed window will then include a field Uo heat transfer coefficient enabling input of required value of heat transfer coefficient. After confirmation of entered Uo value the program will calculate required partition thickness fulfilling the requirement of

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Data edition thermal parameter change to the required value of Uo. In most cases a thermal insulation layer is selected.

4.4.3. Control of water vapour condensation in partition

In lower part of edition window following fields can appear. They are active for external partitions being in contact with air. These partitions have declared laminar construction. Field designated with icon is used for displaying of temperature diagrams. If the User General data will select additional calculations option Calculate condensation within the partition, on the same diagram will be displayed diagram of partial pressure and diagram of water vapour saturation in partition. If the icon appears, it means that there is condensation in partition and this is a suggestion for the User that this partition must be redesigned. If the icon appears, it means that the condensation in partition is occurring on the inner surface of it. Clicking the icon will cause displaying the window for edition of temperature and humidity of air on inner and outer side of partition as data for condensation control (without connection with real application of partition in a building design). These fields are empty, if they dont concern a specific partition (for example internal partition, partitions being in contact with the ground) or filled with grey colour, if program is not able to calculate temperature drops or condensation in partition, for . example for partition with enforced U coefficient On diagram of water vapour temperature and pressure drops in partition the User can check values of temperatures and pressures on layers borders, moving the mouse cursor on individual layers.

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Diagram of temperature drops is represented by fractured line, the colour and line type of which is defined in legend. Similarly has been presented the layout of partial pressures and water vapour saturation in partition. If the diagrams intersect each other and the apparent pressure of water vapour exceeds the saturation pressure, then the condensation takes place in partition. You can see it on diagram as a hatched field. On the diagram has been presented graphically the condensation of water vapour on inner surface of partition in form of water drops.

4.4.4. Operations available in partition edition window

Operations available in partition layers table: Handy menu (available by clicking the right mouse button) : - Add layer (layers), F7 this command causes adding new partition layer at the end of layers table, - Add layer in cursors location, Ins causes adding of new layer in layers table, in location shown by cursor. - Delete layer, Ctrl+Del deleting of selected partition (partitions). Keyboard: Ins inserts a layer in cursors location, Tab switching between fields in general data, Shift+Tab return switching between fields in general data, Shift+<arrows> selection of following partition layers, Ctrl+<arrows> selection of chosen partition layers 85

Data edition - <arrows> switching between layers and between columns in partitions table, - Ctrl+Enter go to window of building materials catalogue, - Ctrl+Del deleting of partition layer, Mouse: - Clicking the right mouse button displaying of handy menu for partition, - Positioning over the field with cloud displaying of diagram of temperatures drops or/and partial pressures drops of water vapour in partition, - Clicking the column with ordinal number and dragging it to the clipboard or to another project copying of selected layers (layer) to the clipboard or to another project. - Clicking the column with ordinal number +Shift and dragging it to the clipboard or to another project transfer of selected layers (layer) to the clipboard or to another project. - Clicking the column with ordinal number +Ctrl and dragging it within a table or to the clipboard copying of selected layers (layer) to the clipboard or to another project. - Clicking the column with ordinal number and dragging to another place in table transfer of selected layers to another place in partitions table. Using the clipboard the User can create a database of partitions definitions. He can then take advantage of these definitions within the same or other project.

4.4.5. Building material selection window

During edition of partition the User can open the list of building materials using the Select material from list located in material name field. A window for button selection of building materials will appear, which includes list of materials, which can be used by the User during defining of partition.

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Data edition Description of columns in table: Name of material or material group d partition layer thickness At specific building material the field can be completed with a value, which has been declared by the User in building materials edition window (see chapter 4.6), otherwise declared in program values of d for building materials will remain not completed. building material thickness Defines material thickness in dry condition thermal conductivity coefficient of building material For specific material, depending on grade of humidity. Specified automatically by the program for a building material selected from the list. Cp specific heat of building material Defines specific heat of material in dry condition. Vapour diffusion resistance coefficient of building material Value completed automatically depending on building material properties. R thermal resistance of partition layer Field not completed. Value given by the User or calculated in partition table. The User can change the content of list selecting following fields: - Show aerial layers first selecting this field will cause displaying of aerial layers groups as first on the list of building materials, - Enter initial letters of searched material a field for tipping of initial letters or complete name of building material searched on the material list. - Alphabetical view selection of this field will cause displaying of building materials as a list arranged in alphabetical order, - Group view selection of this field will cause displaying of building materials in groups, - Sort by fields for sorting of building materials according to following features: name, thickness, density, lambda coefficient, specific heat, vapour conductivity, transmission resistance. Thermal properties of all building materials are determined for semi-humid conditions. In the list as first group is displayed a group containing recently used materials. There is available a mode for quick material searching. Entering of complete name or initial letters of name of searched materials in displayed field marked with cursor Enter initial letters of searched material name will cause its searching. Selection can be accepted by means of key Enter or by clicking OK button. or key F3 for entered letter sequence the After pressing of button next building material complying with this entered name will be searched. In the status line you can see displayed full name of actual selected material. This name is invisible on the list.

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Data edition

Operations available in material selection window: Keyboard: - Enter selection of material, on which the cursor is positioned, - Entering the initial letters of searched material name will cause its finding on the list of building materials. For example, entering the letters st will cause finding of material, the name of which begins with these letters, for example stone. Moving to next material beginning with entered letters will take place after pressing F3. - F3 moving to next material, the name of which begins with entered letter sequence Mouse: - Double clicking the left mouse button on material group opening of selected material group to the list view, - Single clicking the icon at the group name opening of selected material group to the list view - Double clicking the left mouse button on material selection of material to edited partition. List is not available for edition by the User. The edition is possible in options of main menu >> command Tools/Materials edition Ctrl+F <<

4.5. Building structure

Description of building structure complying with real plan views enables performing of correct thermal calculation. Compartment is the basic object of building structure, for which heat loss calculations are performed. Declaration of compartment belonging to flats should be performed by the User gradually, that means, first insert a storey, then insert a flat on 88

Data edition the storey and finally insert compartments in flats. It is also possible to change the belonging of compartment to a flat copying or moving it to another flat. Division of building into flats is required for calculations of ventilation air balance and automatic division of heat losses. Division of building into thermal zones enables performing of calculations of seasonal energy demand in a building. To a thermal zone can belong entire flat, several compartments in a flat or group of compartments in a building. In most cases, disregarding different temperature in bathroom, a flat can be regarded as one thermal zone. In this situation program can calculate simultaneously balance of ventilation air and seasonal energy demand for a flat. As already mentioned above, because of possibility of description of building in tabular and graphical manner there are available two methods of work with program: 1. Program User can enter the graphical data loading the file from Instal-therm program. After loading to Instal-heat&energy program these data are interpreted tabular and possibility of their modification in area of structure and geometry of the building are locked. Compartments have loaded partition dimensions, type, orientation towards cardinal points of the compass and towards each others as well as assigning of sub-partitions to partitions. Edition of graphical data consists in their completion with tabular data. In this way will be determined the value of value of heat transfer coefficient of partitions, temperature in compartments, vertical geometry of building, e.g. height and ordinate of storeys, data concerning heater recess and others. Completion of graphical data is performed analogous to completion of tabular data see chapter 2.5. 2. The User can enter data only in tabular manner, e.g. describe the building by definition of partitions, compartments, flats and storeys directly in data tables. Such entered data can be edited in any way. Such method of data input in tabular manner is described in this chapter. 3. There is also a mixed method. The heated building structure is introduced mostly in graphical manner and non-heated storeys are declared in tabular way. Such method has been described in chapter 2.5.5. The building structure is described by the User in tabular manner by filling in of fields and tables with data concerning storeys, flats and compartments. To do this, after defining of partitions go to third position of project Building structure. To define the building structure, e.g. declare the building division into storeys, flats and compartments it is necessary to click in succession icon insert a storey and then icon to

to insert a flat. To insert a compartment click icon

, and to insert partitions into these compartments click icon and icon , if there are any doors and windows in partition. This is very comfortable method of defining of building structure. Storeys, flats and compartments can be also inserted by means of function keys, for example F7 for inserting of storey, Ins inserts the storey in selected area, Ctr+F7 inserts a flat. 89

Data edition More possibilities of inserting the building structure by means of function keys can . Available commands be called by right mouse button or by button Open menu have been described in detail in chapters 4.5.1, 4.5.2 and 4.5.4. The program will automatically establish in every storey a conventional area, specified as Default, designated with icon . Here the User can insert a compartment, which does not belong to any flat, for example corridor, vestibule, garage etc. During inserting the building structure, program will automatically display it as a tree in lower left window. Clicking the icon you can open the structure tree to any required level.

The building structure tree can be opened very easily with help of icons located in lower part of window. In succession: icon to the flats level, icon opens the tree to the storey level, icon opens the tree to the to the compartments level, icon

level of partitions, and the icon to the level of windows and doors. In this way the building can be presented on any required structure level.

4.5.1. Description of storeys

After inserting of storey the User can complete its data. Clicking the left mouse button in structure tree of a building on storey level the User will open a storey edition window Building structure: Storey on the right side of screen.

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Edition fields are used for selection of storey, relation, entering of name, comment to the name and completion of data concerning its dimensions. That are: floor ordinate, height of storey in axes, floor thickness, window sill ordinate, default width of heater recess. Following fields are to be completed: Relation storey It is necessary to select a storey in the building and select the field Relation storey, towards which the ordinates of other levels will be calculated. These calculations will be performed on the basis of relation storey ordinate and the height of each of them. Name name of storey The User can change the storey name resulting from its defining in names pattern in General data for any required. It is recommended to enter short names symbols or numbers. Description comment to storey name A storey name can be completed by explanatory comment. Type type of storey In this field is displayed a type for actual storey, for example Ground floor, First floor, Ceiling. Selection can be made in this field or in handy menu concerning the storey. The User can make its selection from a pop-up list in field Type. If it is a single-storey building, for the first and only building level it is assigned type Ground floor. If there is more storeys in the building, the User can select their type on the list. Selection of type Ground floor will cause, that all storeys above will have assigned type Floor and all storeys below type Ceiling. In the building structure tree the possibility of storey type selection is limited to Ground floor only. Such selection will cause assigning of adequate types to all storeys above and below the declared storey.

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Data edition Hs floor ordinate Program will automatically assign a floor ordinate hp = 0 for the first storey. The first and only storey in the building is always a relation storey After inserting of next level an edition field Relation storey becomes available. Selecting them on required level in the building we select the relation level. Ordinates of other storeys will be calculated automatically according to the value of relation ordinate and the height of each storey. The User can edit them by himself switching to the icon .

ha height of storey in axes This field is completed according to declared value in Expressions variables. Field content can be changed for one complying with the project, by declaration of value in expression edition window or entering it in this field. dflo ceiling thickness Field completed according to declared value in Expressions variables. Field content can be changed for one complying with the project, by declaration of value in expression edition window or entering it in this field. Hs window sill ordinate Field completed according to default value declared in program. The value assigned here is displayed in field of heater height selection to window sill recess, in Heater selection data, see also chapter 4.3.4. drr default width of heater recess Field to be completed by the User. The value assigned here is displayed in field of heater width selection to window sill recess, in Heater selection data, see also chapter 4.3.4. Fields concerning dimensions are automatically completed by the program. It results from their declaring as pre-defined values entered to the program. To change their value, go to Expressions variables and correct there the variable value. For individual fields some values are set directly in program as default values, for example window sill ordinate. Such values can be changed by the User directly in field. In case of loading of file from Instal-therm program, in which vertical building structure and data concerning dimensions of heater recess have been described in tabular manner, fields concerning these dimensions will be completed automatically in Instal-heat&energy program. So, there can be completed vertical dimensions of building height of storey, ceiling thickness, floor ordinate and fields concerning heater recess dimensions. If they dont have been completed in tabular manner in Instal-therm program, the User has to complete these data by himself in Instal-heat&energy program. Operations available in building structure tree storey level: For a storey there are available following commands called from handy menu or by using of button Open menu:

- Add storey, F7 adds new storey, 92

Data edition - Add storey in selected area, Ins adds new storey in area selected by the User. Enables inserting of new one in selected place of building structure. Such inserted storey will be located under selected point. A command for first entered in filled with grey colour not active. - Delete storey (storeys), Ctrl+Del deleting of selected storey, - Set storeys as ground floor selection of this command causes setting of chosen storey as ground floor. Program will assign to each inserted one the type Floor. Because of that setting of selected storey as Ground floor will cause, that all storeys above will have assigned type Floor and all storeys below type Ceiling. - Add flat, Ctr+F7 adds in selected storey a new (next) flat, - Find element in tree/error list clicking this command will cause finding of selected element, for example storey, flat in displayed error list. In this way the User knows which data have not been completed or have been completed incorrectly. More information concerning error list, warnings and hints you can find in chapter 2. If the element data have been completed correctly, this command remains inactive. - Copy (Ctrl+C) copying of selected storey within the building structure of actual edited project or to another project. - Cut (Ctrl+X) cutting of selected storey. - Paste (Ctrl+V) pasting of copied or cut storey to selected area of building structure of the same or other project.

4.5.2. Description of flats

After inserting of storey in building structure and completion of storey data the User can insert flats. Selecting the command Add flat on storey level from handy menu or using shortcut Ctr+F7 or button Open menu the User inserts a flat in building structure. Declaring of flat is also possible in building structure tree by means of icon .

4.5.2.1.

Data and results for a flat

In building structure there is a location called as Default, to which are to be entered all compartments not included in flats. This concerns such compartments as corridor, staircase, for which ventilation air balance is calculated separately.

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Flat description is opened analogous to storey description, e.g. clicking selected flat in building structure tree. In window for data edition of a flat can be entered the name of this flat, comment to name in field Description and for calculations of seasonal energy demand it is necessary to complete data concerning internal heat gains from cooking, electric devices, lighting and presence of occupants in the flat by entering their number. Program will assume default number of flat occupants equal to 3. If there are any children in the flat, select window Flat with children. Fields concerning internal heat gains: Qel/ el- gains from electric devices per one flat Default value taken from General data, available for modification for each flat separately. Qlc/ lc gains from cooking per one flat Value of index is copied from General data. The User can edit this value depending on real heat gains. Qintlite/ intlite heat gains from lighting per one flat Value of this index is completed automatically by the program on the basis of entered area of flat. It is possible to enforce this value by the User. For switching between calculation modes use: icon calculations enforced by the User. for automatic calculations or icon for

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Data edition Np. average number of occupants in flat Entering the number of people makes possible calculation of internal heat gain from occupants of this flat, by utilizing of heat gain from a person, defined in General data. Fields for completion of internal heat gains are visible only in case of calculations of seasonal energy demand. In lower part of flat edition window there are calculation results for flats: - A flat surface, - Ah heated flat surface, - V cubic capacity of flat, - Vh heated cubic capacity of flat, - th/$h average temperature of heated compartments of a flat,

4.5.2.2.

Operations on flats

Operations available in building structure tree flats level: Selecting a flat in building structure tree it is possible to call following commands from handy menu (clicking the right mouse button): - Add flat, F7 adds new flat on currently selected storey. A flat is inserted on specific storey at the end of list. - Add flat in selected area, Ins adds a new flat next to selected one. This command is helpful for the User, which inserts flats in selected order or wants to add a flat in selected place in building structure, - Delete flat (flats), Ctrl+Del causes deleting of selected flat (flats) with compartments entered here - Connect flat this command connects flats which should create a multi-storey flat. To connect flats located on different storeys it is necessary to select them simultaneously pressing the Ctrl key. For such selected flats this command is active and its selection will cause connecting of selected flats and possibility of selection of main flat from displayed selection window Select main window. Command Connect flat is used for presentation of three-dimensional building structure constructional and balanced, mapping their special continuity exceeding one storey. - Disconnect flats causes disconnection of multi-storey flat into individual components. This command is actual for the flat, which is connected to it. - Go to main flat causes switching to main flat, which is selected by the User from selected flats on various storeys. Entering data concerning internal heat gains in main flat will cause, that these data concerns entire flat. Main menu is . This command is specified in building structure tree designated with icon active for flats being part of multi-storey flat, not main flat. - Find all connected flats causes displaying of all connected flats. This command is active for selected area of main flat. - Add compartment, Ctrl+F7 adds new compartment in currently selected flat,

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Data edition - Find element in error list/tree finding of selected element, for example storey, flat in displayed error list. In this way the User knows, which data have not been completed or have been completed incorrectly. - Copy (Ctrl+C) enables copying of selected flat within building structure of actual edited project or to another project. - Cut (Ctrl+X) enables cutting of selected flat. - Paste (Ctrl+V) enables pasting of copied or cut flat to selected place of building structure of the same or another project. Description of command Connect flats If the User wants to present complex calculation results of for example heat losses, ventilation air balance for flats on several adjacent storeys, this can be done by means of command Connect flats. This command will cause declaring of multi-storey flat. Command Connect flats is available after selecting of chosen flats with simultaneous pressing the key Ctrl. Connection of flats can map the building structure (if one flat includes several storeys) or can be a mapping of balance flats connection (for example when the User wants to know which heat losses will be given in total for group of flats). In selected group of flats one flat has been distinguished this is main flat. This flat is representative, that means for this flat are displayed calculations including all compartments and only here the User can edit the flat data. So, here are presented all calculations for group of flats being part of a multi-storey flat. As a summary, the command Connect flats can map three-dimensional structure of a building or can be a mapping of balance system. This expression depends on Users demands and on his interpretation of building structure. Within connected flats there is available a command Connect compartments. This command is used for inserting of compartments, the height of which exceeds one storey, for example heated, high hall in a family house or staircase in multi-family house. This enables mapping of three-dimensional continuity of building and calculation of common balance of heat and ventilation air for connected flats. As a summary, it is also possible to connect compartments within connected flats, inserting compartments, the height of which exceeds one storey. ! Command Connect compartments is available only for a multi-storey flat.

4.5.3. Description of compartments creating of new compartments and their general data
After inserting of flat into the building structure and completing of its data the User can insert a compartment. He can do this by means of command Add compartment in handy menu or by means of button Open menu or key shortcut Ctr+F7. Of course, inserting of flat is also possible in building structure tree by means of icon .

Description of flat is opened analogous to storey description, clicking selected compartment in building structure tree. Compartment edition window is opened on the tab General data and partitions. Second tab Heating data concerns division of heat into various heating methods and/or distribution to other compartments of flat. Here the User can preliminary select heaters in compartment more information to this you can find in chapter 4.5.5. 96

Data edition

4.5.3.1.

General data of compartment

Using of window General data and partitions is very similar to using of window for edition of partition definitions. This window consists of two parts: general data of compartment and partition table in flat. Type of fields in General data depends on selected type of compartment ventilation and calculation options declared in General data.

In upper part of compartment edition window you can see the field: Compartment with enforced heat demand. The User will select it, when the heat losses in compartment are known. General data of a flat are completed by entering them into edition fields or selecting them from a pop-up list: Number In this field the User can enter an ID number of a compartment. It is also possible to use letters. Default names of compartments are conforming with names pattern defined in program they will receive successive numbers. The User can also give them numbers by himself. Compartment type In this field we should assign to each entered compartment its type, adequate to its appropriation. There is over one dozen of choices, for example: living room, bedroom, bathroom, corridor, theatre room, concert hall, lecture hall, consulting room and others. Each compartment has assigned internal temperature, minimal multiplication factor of hygienic air exchanges in compartment as well as stream of air removed from compartment on the way of mechanical ventilation. These values comply with normative requirements. After selecting the compartment type, fields concerning described parameters are automatically completed with normative values. Field Description is completed with a comment. Description In this field a comment to the compartment name, compliant with selected compartment type is displayed. The User can also modify it by himself.

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Data edition Heated compartment Each new inserted compartment has this field selected as default. Deselecting this field we declare a non-heated compartment, in which the temperature is calculated on the basis of heat and ventilation air balance. ti/!i Temperature in compartment The value of temperature in compartment is displayed on the basis of selected compartment type. Temperature value can also be edited by the User in compliance with compartment appropriation. If a compartment is not heated, just deselect the field Heated compartment. In this way the temperature in non-heated compartment is calculated on the basis of heat balance. lf length of compartment in light Value entered by the User according to compartment dimensions, wf width of compartment in light. Value entered by the User according to compartment dimensions. Af surface of compartments in light Can be calculated automatically by the program on the basis of completed value of width and length of compartment in light. If horizontal dimensions have not been completed, this field is to be completed according to compartment dimensions. hf height of compartment in light Value entered by the User according to vertical dimension of compartment. V cubic capacity of compartment Value calculated automatically on the basis of previously declared surface of compartment and its height in light. nmin minimal multiplication factor of ventilation air exchanges Field completed by the program with normative value depending on the type of compartment or with value given by the User. Vexh stream of exhausted air Field completed by the program with normative value depending on the type of compartment or to be edited by the User. Vsup stream of blown air Field completed in case of blowing of air into compartment on the way of mechanical ventilation $mech temperature of air blown mechanically Value given by the User for air blown mechanically n50 multiplication factor of exchanges at difference 50 Pa Value of multiplication factor of air exchanges between a compartment and external environment results from air-tightness of building block. This field is displayed in compartments, in which there are declared windows/external doors. For automatic calculations indicated with icon Building data. the value n50 is read from

Edition fields displayed in case of selecting of temporary temperature reduction calculations on the basis of data declared for compartment: compartment mass A quantity determining the heat accumulation ability by the compartment mass. The value of field can be calculated automatically by the program or can be enforced by the User. Selection depends on the method of partition inserting into compartments. 98

Data edition - f partitions properties are declared directly in compartment, then the compartment mass can be determined by the User on the basis of following options: light medium heavy - if partitions in compartment will be declared from definitions, the value of effective mass of building can be calculated automatically on the basis of declared data. The User can also complete the field with a value known for the building or select it from a list among above mentioned possibilities: light, medium, heavy. tabs time of temperature reduction Field completed with the value of temperature reduction time assumed in compartments. For each new opened project a default value assumed in program will be displayed. nAbs multiplication factor of exchanges in the temperature reduction phase Field completed according to project assumptions. For each new opened project a default value assumed in program will be displayed. #HT,$ heat loss by penetration coefficient This field is completed automatically by the program after selecting the icon on the basis of partitions entered in compartments. After selecting the icon the field is to be completed by the User. Vnetto heated cubic capacity This field is completed automatically by the program after selecting the icon on the basis of cubic capacity of heated compartments, in which temporary temperature reduction has been declared.. After selecting the icon be completed by the User. the field is to

%&RH temperature drop after reduction phase Value of this field is calculated according to data completed in program. It is also possible to switch to manual method of value input. To switch between calculation modes use in succession icons User. and . for values enforced by the

tRH heating time Field completed by the User on the basis of known heating time of reduced temperature in compartment to required value. nRH multiplication factor of exchanges during heating Field completed according to project assumptions. For each new opened project there is displayed a default value, assumed in program. If the building height exceeds 5m, then a field Building heating methods will be displayed. Declaring of this field will influence the increasing of net heat losses of 99

Data edition heated compartment by a multiplier depending on the compartment heating method. It is possible to select following types of heating: - heating floor - heating ceiling (temperature <40)C), - average radiation and high temperature from big height downwards, - natural convection - aerial heating horizontal on low height - aerial heating downwards from big height, - aerial heating with low or medium temperature horizontal on medium height, 2 Multiplier value is valid for compartments with net heat loss " 60 W/m of floor surface. Definition of ventilation type for compartments Each new entered compartment has a declared compartment type Living room, with required minimal air exchange equal to 0,5 exchanges per hour. Ventilation heat losses in compartment are determined on the basis of following air streams: - infiltration air stream Vinf determined on the basis of building construction airtightness in compartments with windows/external doors. - minimal ventilation air stream Vmin resulting from hygienic requirements in compartment, calculated on the basis of compartment ventilation declared in field nmin. - air stream Vmech,inf,i flowing into compartment as a result of operation of mechanical exhaust ventilation. The value of this stream results from air ventilation balance in the flat. - air stream Vsup blown into compartment as a result of operation of mechanical blow ventilation The applied algorithm assumes, that the ventilation air is removed from compartments as a result of operation of mechanical ventilation and this air is supply to the building from outside through leaks in construction of building or/and is blown mechanically to compartments. Ventilation air balance includes only streams of air resulting from declaring of streams and blown outside and into compartments on the way of mechanical ventilation. The balance does not include hygienic and infiltration air stream. The air can be blown into compartment mechanically or can flow into compartment from outside or from other compartments as a result of operation of mechanical ventilation. More information to this you can find in APPENDIX B. APPLIED NORMS AND CALCULATION METHODS the program calculates In fields filled with yellow colour and attached icon required values on the basis of data. That are: height of compartment in light, cubic capacity of compartment and the value of exchanges multiplication factor at pressure difference between interior and external environment of 50 Pa . The User can also, clicking the icon ! enforce these values by himself.

Non-heated compartments are determined by deselecting of field Heated compartment

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4.5.3.2.

Table of partitions in compartments

New created tabular compartment does not have initially any cooling partitions. They can be inserted in any sequence by pressing in partitions table the function key F7 or Ins (inserts partition in cursors position) or in building structure tree by means of icon Add partition or in handy menu by means of keys Ctrl+F7. Inserting of new partition causes simultaneously its displaying in building structure tree and in partitions table in compartment.

The User can here declare using of previously defined partitions or define partitions directly in partitions table in compartment. If partitions have been already defined, filling in of columns in table is partially performed, because data from Partitions definitions are read in adequate columns. Program will automatically complete in partitions table the columns concerning Uo coefficient, type of partition and its dimensions, if they have been also defined. If the User wants to change properties of defined partition, he can do this only by its edition in Partitions definitions. If the User wants to edit a defined partition on the level of building structure, he can change its name here. However, it will cause disconnection of partition from its definition and the possibility of calculations of seasonal heat demand on the basis of data of this partition will be lost. If the User wants to define partitions directly in partition table, he should complete their data here. That are principally: partition name, type and orientation towards cardinal points of the compass, value of Uo coefficient, dimensions or surface of partitions and indication of environment on the other side of internal partition. Such defined partition can be edited in any way both in compartment view in compartment table and in partition edition window Building structure: Partition. To switch between these windows use key shortcut Ctrl+G.

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Data edition ! Program can not calculate seasonal energy demand for partitions, which have been defined in building structure because of insufficient amount of required data. In partitions table following columns are to be completed: Name name of partition used in compartment If the User has defined partition in Partitions definitions, he can in column Name using the key from a pop-up list of partitions declare using of defined partition. Such partition can be also called by using the keys Ctrl+Enter or entering its name.

It is possible to enter the name of partition in this column. Here is it also possible to declare using of partitions of type window/door. If the User will enter the name of partitions defined in Partitions definitions, then the program will act as for every other partition it will complete entered data and for window/door not previously defined the User has to complete next columns by himself and he also has to save window/door under entered name. n amount Edition field only in case of declaring of windows/doors. In enables declaring the total amount of windows and doors having the same heat transfer coefficient and dimensions and occurring in a specific partition. Type type of partition The User can select three types of partitions from a pop-up list. They have been described in chapter 4.4.1. If the User has declared using of previously defined partition, then the type will be automatically assigned to partition. If the User defines a partition directly in partitions table, then he has to select an adequate type of partition by himself. Orien. the User can select from a pop-up list following cardinal points of the compass, according to which the external vertical partition, not being in contact with the ground, is oriented: N North, NE North-East, E East, S South, 102

Data edition SE South-East, SW South-West, W West, NW North-West Orientation of such partitions as roof, floor on the ground or wall at the ground is not defined. H heated partition Selecting this field at chosen partition will cause its defining as a heated partition (radiant heating), for example wall or floor heating. For a compartment, in which a radiant heating has been selected, total heat losses are reduced by heat losses through this partition that are reduced heat losses. Uo heat transfer coefficient Value of Uo coefficient can be completed in two ways, depending on method of partition defining. For partitions defined previously its value is displayed automatically by the program. For new partitions, which are defined directly in partitions table in Building structure the User has to enter here its value by himself. Uc/equiv corrected heat transfer coefficient Value of heat transfer coefficient of partition corrected by the value of normative addition to the Uo value and addition because of presence of thermal bridges in partition. %U addition because of presence of heat leakage bridges in partition Fields completed with a value selected from two options: 2 - without taking into consideration of heat leakage bridges 0,1 W/m K 2 - with taking into consideration of heat leakage bridges 0,05 W/m K A possible automatic dimensions Selecting this window will cause automatic assigning of vertical dimensions, which are taken from previously declared superior dimensions. A dimension superior to the height of partition and to the height of compartment is the height of storey. Selecting this field enables refreshing of vertical dimensions of partitions in table in case of change of declared superior value. wx external width of partition Value to be completed by the User or called automatically for previously defined partition width. In most cases dimensions are assigned to definition for windows and doors. Field can be calculated by the program on the basis of other dimensions, if the User will apply option Recalculate partitions dimensions in General data. hx internal height (length) of partition Value to be completed by the User or called automatically for previously defined partition height (length). In most cases dimensions are assigned to definition for windows and doors. Field can be calculated by the program on the basis of other dimensions, if the User will apply option Recalculate partitions dimensions in General data.

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Data edition Ax external surface Its value is calculated by the program according to completed external values of width and height/length of partition. Field to be completed in case of not declared external horizontal dimensions of partition. Axdes external calculation surface For partition without declared sub-partition the surface Ax = Axobl. If there is a sub-partition assigned to partition, its surface is reduced by the surface of subpartition. Ros compartment on the other side Adjacent compartment can be declared by the User from compartments appearing in building structure or from normative determined compartment types. These last mentioned are heated or non-heated compartments. In normative heated compartments the temperature can be declared. To described types belongs among others heated compartment from the same flat or from outside of it, non-heated compartment with one, two or three external walls. Types of normative compartments depend as well on partition type, for which the adjacent environment is specified and on heat loss calculation option. Adjacent compartments are selected from a list, which can be opened by means of button located in this column. If the compartment will be selected from the building structure, it is enough to specify the adjacent room only once. The program will automatically assign the internal partition to this compartment and this assigning will be visible for both compartments. Declaring of adjacent compartments is advantageous, because after temperature change in compartment this change will be automatically read in compartment table and heat loss in compartment will be calculated. Moreover, if the compartment temperature will be changed, it does not have to be corrected in all adjacent compartments, because this will be done by the program. !os temperature on the other side Field indicating the temperature value on the other side of partition. For external partitions will be displayed the value of outer air temperature. To internal partitions having declared compartment from the building structure has been assigned a declared value. Temperature value can be enforced after selecting the heated compartment type Heated comp. with temp. change. HFD heat flow direction Field containing graphical information concerning heat flow direction. For external partitions and for such internal partitions, the location of which in building is specified (for examples internal walls) the direction is displayed automatically and it can not be edited. To internal partitions such as windows/doors has been assigned the direction compliant with declared one in partitions definitions. If to defined partitions any heat flow direction has been declared, then it is possible to use in building structure in specific compartment this defined partition and select appropriate heat flow direction from options: up, down, horizontally. For such partitions as internal ceiling the heat flow direction is determined on the basis of temperature differences between adjacent rooms.

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Data edition HT heat loss coefficient A coefficient determining the volume of heat losses through partition. Calculated by the program on the basis of heat transfer coefficient and partition area. heat loss through partition Value calculated by the program automatically according to entered data. If the program will not calculate the heat losses for selected partition, this could be caused by not completed or wrong entered data. Finding an element in error list the User can find out, which data are to be completed. Q/

4.5.3.3.

Sub-partitions

Windows and doors in partitions table can be inserted in two ways. The User can enter them as individual partitions (remember to subtract the surface of window/door from the surface of wall (in column Axdes)) or declaring using of window/door as a sub-partition. The User does not have then to assign the orientation to windows and external doors in compartment table and to calculate the surface of partitions containing windows or (and) doors. Program will automatically calculate their surface and the result will be displayed in column Axdes. Orientation of windows/doors towards cardinal points of the compass is the same as orientation of partition, to which they belong. Window/door can be declared as a sub-partition in three ways: - entering a window/door in building structure tree, e.g. selecting the partition, to which the window or door should be inserted and clicking the icon

- entering a window/door as an individual partition in compartment table and then - clicking the right mouse button and selecting command Partition Subpartition. The program will assign a window/door to this partition, which will be in line over declared window/door.

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- in partitions table using the command available in handy menu Add subpartition in cursors position. The User can then enter the name of sub-partition or select it in displayed window from windows and doors defined in Partitions definitions this one, which he wants to insert as a sub-partition. Selecting this command will cause assigning of window/door to partition located in partitions table over inserted sub-partition. ! It is impossible to insert a sub-partition to partitions having contact with the ground.

4.5.3.4.

Calculations results for compartments

In lower part of partitions table you can see calculations results for a compartment: - HT heat loss by penetration coefficient - &T heat loss by penetration - HV heat loss for ventilation coefficient - &V heat loss for ventilation - &Netto total heat loss net - &zred total heat loss reduced - Vmin minimal ventilation air stream - Vinf infiltration air stream - Vsu*fr stream of air blown mechanically - Vmech,inf stream of air flowing as a result of removed air excess - V stream of ventilation air - Qred/&red total heat loss reduced total heat loss of a compartment reduced by heat loss through partitions, which have been declared by the User as heated. As a heated partition in program is understood a partition including in its construction the radiant heating, for example floor heating, wall heating. The User can select the unit of heat loss and ventilation air loss calculations results, switching to selected one by clicking the unit window, for example:

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4.5.3.5.

Operations available in compartments edition window

Operations available in building structure tree compartments level: Selecting a compartment in building structure tree it is possible to open from handy menu (clicking the right mouse button) following commands: - Add compartment F7 adds new compartment in flat selected by the User in building structure tree. This compartment will displayed at the end of compartments list in a pop-up building structure tree. - Add compartment in selected area Ins adds new compartment next to selected compartment in a flat chosen by the User in building structure tree. - Delete compartment (compartments) Ctrl+Del deletes selected compartment (compartments), - Connect compartments this command concerns compartments which should create a multi-storey compartments. To connect compartments located on different storeys it is necessary to select them simultaneously pressing the Ctrl key. For such selected compartments this command is active and its selection will cause connecting of selected compartments. In displayed window Select main compartment the User can declare the main compartment selecting it in pop-up compartments tree. A condition for opening this command is previous connection of flats. - Disconnect compartments - causes disconnection of multi-storey compartment into individual compartments. This command is actual for the compartments, which are connected to it. - Go to main compartment causes switching to main compartment, which is selected by the User from selected compartments on various storeys. Main compartment is specified in building structure tree designated with icon This command is active for compartments being part of multi-storey compartment, not main compartment Select all connected compartments causes displaying of all connected compartments. This command is active for selected main compartment. Add partition Ctr+F7 adds partition is selected compartment. Add partition from adjacent compartment enables adding of partition from adjacent compartment, which has not been yet assigned to any other compartment. The User can select an adequate internal partition wall, ceiling, window or internal door from a pop-up tree. Find element in tree/error list clicking this command will cause finding of selected element, for example storey, flat in displayed error list. In this way the User knows which data have not been completed or have been completed incorrectly. Find compartment in Instal-therm causes finding of selected compartment in Instal-therm. To make this command active, both programs must be simultaneously opened on the same project. This command enables fast cooperation and communication between programs. Copy (Ctrl+C) copying of selected compartment within building structure of currently edited project to another project. Cut (Ctrl+X) cutting of selected compartment. Paste (Ctrl+V) pasting of copied or cut compartment to selected area of building structure of the same or another project. 107

Data edition

Mouse: - Clicking the right mouse button displaying of handy menu, - Clicking a partition and dragging it into clipboard or to another project copying of selected partition into clipboard or to another project. - Clicking a partition and dragging it into clipboard or to another project with pressed Shift key - moving the selected partitions into clipboard or to another project. - Clicking partition and dragging it to another building structures moving or copying the selected partition to another part of building structure (to be selected in displayed window). Operations available in partitions table of compartment: Handy menu (opened with right mouse button): - Add partition F7 adds new partition at the end of partition table, - Add partition in cursors position Ins inserts new (next) partition in partitions table in cursors position, - Add sub-partition in cursors position enables inserting of window/door as a nested partition assigned to external or internal partition located above in partitions table. Exceptions are floors on the ground and walls at the ground, in which windows and doors can not be inserted. - Delete partition (partitions) Ctrl+Del causes deleting of selected partition (partitions). - Sub-partition Partition causes conversion of selected sub-partition to partition not assigned to any partition. - Select partition (partitions) in tree Ctrl + G this command causes selection of chosen partition in building structure tree and displaying of edition window of selected partition. - Go to partition definition this command is active for partitions defined in Partitions definitions. Selecting of chosen partition and selecting this command will cause switching to edition fields of selected partition in Partitions definitions. - Find partition (window/door) in Instal-therm causes finding of selected partition in Instal-therm. To make this command active, both programs must be simultaneously opened on the same project. This command enables fast cooperation and communication between programs. Keyboard: Ins inserts partition in cursors position in partitions table, Tab switching between fields in general data of compartment, Shift+Tab switching back between fields in general data of compartment, Shift+<arrows> selecting of partitions in partitions table in compartment, Ctrl+<arrows> - selecting chosen partitions in partitions table of compartment, Ctrl+Enter in columns of partitions table, which have a selection pop-up list of defined partitions, orientation, will cause opening of this list, - Ctrl+Del deletes selected partition (partitions) from partitions table in compartment,

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Data edition - Ctrl+space calling in field containing numerical data the declared expressions variables and functions, by means of which the User can describe edited data. Mouse: - Clicking the right mouse button displaying of handy menu in partitions table, - Clicking a column with an ordinal number and dragging it into clipboard or to another project copying of selected partition into clipboard or to another project. - Clicking a column with an ordinal number + Shift and dragging it into clipboard or to another project moving the selected partition into clipboard or to another project. - Clicking a column with an ordinal number and dragging it to another area of table moving the selected partition to another part of partition definitions tree. - Clicking a column with an ordinal number +Ctrl and dragging it within table area or into clipboard copying the partitions to another part of partition definitions tree. Copying partitions into the clipboard the User can create a database of partitions. He can then take advantage of these partitions within the same project or many other projects.

4.5.4. Window of partition edition

Partitions data can be completed in window of compartment edition in partitions table or in partition edition window. To switch between these windows just use the key combination Ctrl+G. The window of partitions edition can be opened by the User analogous to window of edition of storey, flat and compartment. So, after selecting of chosen partition in building structure tree a window of partition edition Building structure: Partition will appear on the right side.

Edition fields contain all partition data required for calculations of heat losses and seasonal energy demand (if such calculations option has been selected). 109

Data edition These fields can be partially completed for partitions defined in Partitions definitions, not completed for new entered partitions in compartment or completed according to data entered in partitions table in window of compartment edition. Window of partition edition contains the same fields concerning partitions data as compartment edition window. The User can switch between these windows by means of keys Ctrl+G Edit partition in compartment view. For this reason completion of partitions data in selected edition window will cause their completion in corresponding fields. Partitions data can be completed by the User in fields, the description and meaning of which have been already described in chapter 4.5.3.2. Type of fields present in window of partition edition depends on the type of declared partitions. Operations available in building structure tree level of partitions: Handy menu: - Add partition F7 inserts partition as last on the list of partitions of compartment in building structure tree, - Add partition in cursors position Ins inserts new (next) partition in partitions table in cursors position, - Delete partition (partitions) Ctrl+Del deletes selected partition (partitions). - Assign compartment on the other side for internal partitions causes calling of tree of compartments, which can be adjacent to selected internal partition. Such declared partition is assigned and visible for two adjacent compartments. - Add partition from adjacent compartment enables adding of internal, not assigned partition to adjacent compartment. The User can select an adequate internal partition wall, ceiling, window or internal door from a pop-up tree. Such declared partition is assigned and visible for two adjacent compartments. - Add partition from adjacent compartment in selected area enables adding of internal, not assigned partition to adjacent compartment in selected place of building structure tree. . The User can select an adequate internal partition wall, ceiling, window or internal door from a pop-up tree. Such declared partition is assigned and visible for two adjacent compartments. - Add window/door Ctrl+F7 inserts window/door as a nested partition assigned to external or internal partition. Assigning concerns a nested partition, which shows the icon at this partition. - Find element in tree/error list clicking this command will cause finding of selected element, for example storey, flat in displayed error list. In this way the User knows which data have not been completed or have been completed incorrectly. - Go to partition definition a command available for partitions defined in Partitions definitions. Selecting a chosen partition and selecting this command will cause switching to edition fields in Partitions definitions. - Find compartment in Instal-therm causes finding of selected compartment in Instal-therm. To make this command active, both programs must be simultaneously opened on the same project. This command enables fast cooperation and communication between programs. - Copy (Ctrl+C) - copying of selected compartment within building structure of currently edited project to another project. - Cut (Ctrl+X) cutting of selected compartment. 110

Data edition - Paste (Ctrl+V) pasting of copied or cut compartment to selected area of building structure of the same or another project.

4.5.5. Heating data

Program Instal-heat&energy enables free division of compartment heat demand between various heating methods with possibility of selection of heaters of miscellaneous types in one compartment. It is also possible to declare in compartment the floor heating and/or other methods of heating, not included in design of installation. After loading the project from Instal-therm program to the Instal-heat&energy program the calorific effect of floor heating and/or heaters loop, calculated in Instal-therm program is completed automatically. The User can also enter the heating power of radiant heating, which has been calculated by another program. Selection of radiators is available in window of compartment edition on the tab Heating data.

In field Qexc./&exc. is displayed required value of heat demand, which should be delivered to compartment by heat receivers. ! Heat losses to be covered by heating Qexc./ exc. that are totally reduced heat losses of a compartment (required value of heat demand) increased or reduced by heat losses to/from adjacent compartment in case of declaring of its distribution. A compartment can be heated by unit heaters, radiant heating, by elements with enforced resistance or by other methods of heating, see chapter 3.3. Depending on the fact, how the heating should be realized in compartment, the User will complete a table located on the right side of window. Program will assign default the heat distribution between unit heaters and radiant heating as Automatic, that means, compartment heat demand will be completely covered by unit heaters. If the project will be loaded from Instal-therm program and the 111

Data edition heat distribution between heaters and floor heating will be there also Automatic, then after loading of project into Instal-heat&energy the priority will concern the floor heating. It means, that Qexc./ &exc. of compartment will be covered by floor heating in the scope calculated in Instal-therm program. If the User predicts presence of other types of heating in compartment, he can determine their power in table as a value in [W] in column Q/& or as % of compartment heat demand in column %Q / %&. In result the required power of unit heaters in compartment will change, because the heat losses will be covered by various methods of heating. The sum of individual heating powers of heat receivers should correspond to Qexc./&exc.. In case of declaring of heat losses coverage in 100% by heat distribution from adjacent compartment, required power of heaters will be equal to 0 [W]. It is to emphasize, that the User can determine the heat distribution only for compartment being a recipient. It means, that the heat distribution is determined for direction of heat receiving Where from and not Where to. For a compartment, which is not a heat donor Qexc. /&exc. is automatically increased by declared, passed to the recipient value of heat stream and the field for edition of heat distribution is not available. ! Heat distribution can be declared in compartment, which is not recipient of heat from adjacent compartments. For such compartment Qexc./ exc. will be reduced by value of thermal power received from another compartment. After entering the value of heat stream in field Qdistr / &distr Power of heat distribution from other compartments a tab Heat distribution will be displayed. The User can determine here the method of heat distribution from a pop-up list and in table select an adjacent compartment (donor) and the value of heat stream covering partially or completely the declared power of heat distribution from other compartments. Power of heat distribution from other compartment can be given in [W] or as its share in [%] in value of reduced heat losses Qexc./ &exc.. In window Method of heat distribution the User can select following options: - Manual enables defining of both compartments and the percentage of its share in losses coverage. - Semi-automatic enables defining of compartments, which will cover the heat losses of selected compartment and the percentage of share of these compartments in heat distribution will be calculated proportionally to the value of total reduced heat losses of compartment. - Automatic the program makes decision, which compartments and to which extend will cover the heat losses of actual compartment. Selected are all heated compartments adjacent to specified compartment with declared internal doors in adjacent partitions. Losses are divided proportionally to the value of total reduced heat losses of specific compartment. Nevertheless such method of distribution requires defining of all partitions not only cooling partitions, but as well non-cooling partitions, so the program could automatically select compartments for distribution. Heat distribution will be correctly declared, if the sum of distributed thermal power from other compartments, displayed in table of tab Heat distribution will be equal to value declared in field Qdistr / &distr

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Data edition On the tab Unit heaters the User will complete the heater selection table defining in succession its symbol, power in watts or adequately in percent of value Qexc. / &exc. and type of heater from a pop-up list of loaded catalogues. In window opened are displayed heaters data, entered in table. Here, next to the table behind icon additionally the User can complete the heaters data with data concerning its location in compartment, shielding and method of connection to heating system by means of button Heater data. Using the button Heat dimensions limitation it is possible to declare the height, depth and length of heater required in project. The User can also enforce one or more dimensions of heater. The program, depending on selected set of limitations (see chapter 4.3.4) will select an adequate heater. Individual heaters can have various availability status saved in catalogue available in store or on request. Because of this, it is necessary to determine the availability option for each selected type of heater in selection window. We can select taking over of options from General data or determine the availability individually for selected type of heater. It is possible to switch between these options by means of key for taking over of data from General data and the key for direct declaring of availability type. For this second case, selecting of field Select only available on store means, that the heater belonging to selected type can be ordered from heaters always available in basic range on the stock. Deselecting this field will mean, that the heater of selected type can be available on request. The User can also use a default type of heater defined in Heaters selection data. If the User has completed concerning location of heater in compartment, method of its connection to the heating system, method of shielding and requirements concerning dimensions in Heaters selection data, then he does not have to complete them here. For such defined heaters the selection results will be displayed in table below. That are: symbol of heater, symbol of compartment, temperature in compartment, required power of heater, flow of heating agent, supply temperature, temperature on return, selected type of heater, its dimensions and average matching of heating power of selected heater. If the heater will not be matched, in the error list appears a message informing about failed heater matching. In most cases the cause of this is insufficient heater capacity towards Qexc. / &exc. or declaring of heater dimensions limitation.

Heaters are selected taking into consideration coefficients correcting required thermal power, which has been described in APPENDIX B. APPLIED NORMS AND CALCULATION METHODS . 113

Data edition

4.6. Edition of building materials

The User has a possibility of adding of new materials, selecting from main menu >> command Tools/Materials edition (Ctrl + F) <<. A window for materials edition will appear, containing in the left part a list of building materials declared in program and in the right part fields concerning name of material, comment to the name, material group and fields determining thermal properties of materials. It is possible to shift on list by means of mouse and cursor keys. The User does not have possibility of editing the materials declared in program. He can only, selecting required material in displayed list, read data concerning thermal properties and name, comment and affiliated material group displayed in fields on the right side of material edition window. It is possible here to add own (new) materials. The User can display a list of materials in normal or group view, using tabs normal view or group view. In normal view the building materials are displayed according to selected sorting feature, for example by alphabetical order in case of sorting by names. Selecting the material properties as a sorting feature the User will obtain their arrangement by increasing value, for example increasing material density. After clicking the tab group view the material list will be grouped by material features and will be displayed in form of a tree, which can be opened to lower level by clicking the icon .

The User enters new material selecting from handy menu the command Add material or using the function key F7.

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Data edition After clicking the inserted partition New material 1 its edition fields will open. In these fields can be completed in succession data concerning material. These fields are: Material name The User inserts the name of entered building material, Comment A comment to the name of building material is entered here, Group For entered new material is assigned default group under the name New group 1. The User can change it switching to tab group view and entering the name in field Group, 3 material density in dry condition, kg/m , Cp specific heat of material in dry condition, J/kgK, Vapour diffusion resistance coefficient for building material, m*s*Pa/kg It determines vapour permeability of partition material layer. Value completed according to building materials data. To declare an vapour insulating layer it is necessary to enter the symbol INF as a value of vapour diffusion resistance. This variable means infinite big value of vapour diffusion resistance of material. The User can also select the set of physical parameters, which will characterize the material. Following possibilities can be selected: - heat conduction coefficient, - heat conduction coefficient and thickness, - heat conduction resistances, - heat conduction resistances and thickness. Building materials declared in program are characterized by entering of heat conduction coefficient. For this reason the User, entering new building material should also complete fields concerning heat conduction coefficient of new material. Following fields are then to be completed: - s calculation value of heat conduction coefficient for semi-humid material, W/mK, - w calculation value of heat conduction coefficient for humid material, W/mK. For such option the material thickness will be completed for each layer individually in partition layers table in Partitions definitions and the heat resistance will be also calculated there on the basis of entered data. By selection of physical parameters of building material such as heat transfer coefficient and thickness, the User can declare the thickness of selected material and then he can use it as material layer for defining of layer partitions. In this way it is possible to create a material group, which we can use then defining typical partitions occurring in project. Thermal features of building materials are determined for features of materials defined as semi-humid. Under edition fields there are fields characterising in graphical way the surface quality of material. These fields are only active for materials entered by the User. Selection of any of these fields for new entered material will cause displaying the surface quality of material on a chart the temperatures drop and water vapour pressures drop in partition. 115

Data edition

For edition fields there are available commands facilitating their edition. They can be called by means of right mouse button: - Back retreat from last made change, - Cut cutting of selected data, - Copy copying of selected data, - Paste pasting of selected data - Select all this command is active for data containing longer characters sequence. Operations available in window of materials edition: Handy menu: - Add material F7 adding of new material entered by the User. It is located default at the end of materials list under the name New material 1. To input all data of new material, the User has to select it on the list clicking on chosen one or select it by means of arrows keys. He can then enter all its data in fields located on the right side of materials edition window. New material is assigned to new material group, which is created automatically by the program. - Add new group F8 this command generates new material group, which is visible only in group view under the name New group 1. The User can enter its name in field Group. This command is active only in group view. - Copy materials to Users group by means of this command the User can copy selected materials into previously created material group. This is particularly useful, if the User wants to insert a material group. He can make use of its content during defining of partitions. He can enter here for example most often used building materials. - Delete Ctrl+Del deleting of material or material group, on which the cursor has been positioned. - Sort by density causes arranging of materials by increasing density. - Sort by names causes arranging of materials by alphabetical order. - Sort by specific heat causes arranging of materials by increasing value of specific heat. - Display Users materials at the end causes displaying of materials entered by the User at the end of list, - Cancel causes cancellation of intentional changes and closing of handy menu. Keyboard: - F7 Add material adding of new material entered by the User, - F8 Add new group this command generates new material group entered by the User, - Ctrl+Del Delete selected material or material group, Mouse: - Clicking the right mouse button displaying of handy menu, - Clicking the left mouse button on entered material switching to edition fields of this material.

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5. DIAGNOSTIC AND CALCULATIONS RESULTS

5.1. Calling of data diagnostic
First level of data diagnostic is the calling of message Error directly in data edition window after entering of value, which is neither a number, variable nor correct expression. Such data diagnostic is active for these data, which can be determined by numerical expression more information concerning numerical data contains chapter 6.2. If the User in data edition field of a project will enter a numerical value exceeding required scope, then it will be marked with red colour and in window of error list will appear an error message. Second level of data diagnostic is performed in window of error list.

5.2. Data diagnostic in error list window

Because calculations are performed automatically for current data edition, in error list window are displayed messages concerning incorrect or suspicious situations detected by the program on following stages of project data input. During data modification the messages refreshed as the mouse indicator is moved to error list field. Grey colour of text means, that messages can be temporary not up-to-date. If errors will not be corrected, the program will not perform required calculations and will not make preliminary selection of heaters in compartments. ! Messages concerning calculations are refreshed as the mouse indicator is moved to error list field. Otherwise the messages are not up-to-date and do not concern current edition. Message No errors informs about correct completion of all data. If the message No errors, but currently not displayed warnings or hints appear is displayed, it means that data have been completed correctly, but there appear some warnings or/and hints. Lack of errors is a condition for performing of all calculations in program. Results of second level of data diagnostic are displayed in error list window, (see chapter 4.2). Error list window is used for location and then correction in selected place of program of all data, which have been incorrectly entered in program. Here are displayed messages concerning errors precluding calculations, warnings informing about suspicious situations and hints concerning calculations of individual values.

5.2.1. Types and syntax of messages applied in the program

Messages are unified in respect of syntax and method of searching of connected elements.

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Diagnostic and calculations results Message syntax is as follows: [Type of message] Element, which concerns the message: Message content There are following types of messages in program: Errors That are most important messages, displayed in red colour. All errors appearing during designing of project must be removed, because presence of errors makes impossible acquiring of complete results for a project. Warnings That are less important messages than errors, displayed in green colour and not causing locking of further calculations or displaying of results. Warnings are in most cases connected to data or results, the value of which evokes suspicions. For this reason it is necessary to control always the content of appearing warnings. Hints These messages remind or focus the Users attention to specific data, results or calculation methods. Of course, similarly to warnings, they do not cause stopping of further calculations or displaying of results. They are displayed in black colour.

5.2.2. Error list window

All messages in error list window can be presented in form of a tree or a list. These commands can be called from handy menu (clicking the right mouse button). Message view in form of a tree shows them as assigned to appropriate project position. That are messages concerning general data and results, partitions definitions, storeys and compartments definitions. Messages view in form of a list shows them as a list, sorted by occurring project data. In specific view as first are displayed errors, then warnings and at the end hints. Error messages concern following situations: leaving of empty field of project data, entering an incorrect expression, mathematical formula or inconsistent formula on variables in data edition fields. Warning messages are displayed for data, which are not indispensable for calculations, but lack of these data make the project edition difficult, or for data with suspicious content. Hint messages inform about not determining of some building parameters because of occurred errors or are an explanation of determining method of some values. Diagnostic in error list window is realized in two stages. First stage includes checking of entered general data and defining of partitions, so until entering of building structure. Second stage concerns whole building including all stages of data input. It starts with entering of first element of building structure. inform, which messages will be presented in error list Letter symbols window, where the letter B represents errors, O warnings and P hints. To declare showing of selected messages, just use the handy menu. If each type of messages is declared as shown in error list, then it will be marked with specified colour. More information to this you can find in chapter 4.2.6. Removing of error consists in finding it in project and proper completion or correction. As a result the message will be cancelled. Properly completed project does 118

Diagnostic and calculations results not contain errors. More information concerning messages content includes chapter APPENDIX C. ERROR MESSAGES.

5.2.3. Searching of element or field connected with a message

In window, in which messages are displayed it is possible to call information concerning error location. To do this, just double click the left mouse button on the error. Then the cursor appears in this data edition field, which concerns the message content. Incorrectly completed data are displayed in edition fields in red colour. It is also possible in program to find an element (for example partition) in error tree/list by selecting of chosen element and calling from handy menu the message Find element in error list. This command is available in windows of partitions definition and building structure containing tree data structure.

5.2.4. Commands available in error list window

In error list window available are following commands, called from handy menu (clicking the right mouse button): - List enables showing of messages in form of a list, - Tree enables showing of messages in form of a tree data structure, - Open tree enables opening of message tree to the lowest level, - Close tree enables showing of message tree in form of following project positions, - Errors displaying of errors only, - Errors, warnings displaying of messages concerning errors and warnings, - Errors, warnings, hints displaying of messages concerning errors, warnings and hints.

5.3. Calculations results

After entering of all data to the project and their completion or correction according to displayed messages in error list, the program will perform calculations. If the User will not correct errors, individual results will be not available. . To view the results, select the last project position Calculations results Individual groups of calculations results are displayed in lower left window of main screen in form of a pop-up tree. Double clicking the left mouse button on selected project position will cause displaying in right window the individual results: - General data (building data), - Results for a building, - Compartments parameters, - Setting-up of compartments loss, - Data and results for compartments, - Data and results for partitions, - SZE - Heaters setting-up. - Legend

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5.3.1. General data

General data of building include information data concerning project and building. Because they have been entered and described in General data see chapter 4.3.1), they will not be described in this part of instruction. In Calculation results they have been displayed in form of a list for each data group.

5.3.2. Results for building

Results for building include following information: Project name Results setting-up for a building Heat loss coefficient Coefficient of heat loss by penetration *HT,bud [ -] [-] [W/K] index of volume of heat loss by penetration, depending on the value of partition heat transmission coefficient, its area as well as on corrective coefficients depending on the type of partition. Value calculated for whole building index of volume of heat loss for ventilation, resulting from the amount of ventilation air and its density and specific heat. Value calculated for whole building sum of coefficient value of heat loss by penetration and for ventilation [W/K]

Determination of results setting-up object and data of object creation

Coefficient of heat losses for ventilation *HV,bud Total heat loss coefficient *H,bud Building heat losses Total heat loss by penetration &T Heat loss for minimal ventilation &Vmin Heat loss by infiltration 0,5 &V,inf Heat loss by mechanical, blow ventilation (1-'V) *HV,su Heat loss as a result of operation of exhaust ventilation &mech,inf Total heat loss for ventilation &V Building heat demand Total heat loss net &Netto 120

[W/K]

[W/K]

sum of heat loss by penetration, calculated for all heated compartments in a building sum of heat loss for minimal ventilation calculated for all heated compartments in building heat loss for infiltration calculated for all compartments in a building heat loss by mechanical ventilation, calculated for all heated compartments in the building

[W] [W] [W] [W]

heat loss resulting from external air flowing into building as a result of operation of exhaust ventilation total heat loss for ventilation calculated as max value from loss for minimal ventilation and the sum of infiltration and mechanical ventilation

[W]

[W]

sum of heat loss by penetration and for ventilation for the building

[W]

Diagnostic and calculations results Total heat demand (by temporary temperature reduction) &RH Total heat loss of a building &bud Building properties Heat demand /heating of building area &HL,bud/AN,bud Heat demand/heated cub. capac. of building &HL,bud/VN,bud Surface giving up the heat A Specific coefficient of heat loss by penetration HT. sum of additional heat losses calculated for heated compartments, in which temporary temperature reduction has been declared heat demand in a building is a sum of net heat loss of a building and the sum of additional losses total heat loss of a building &bud related to heated area of building total heat loss of a building &bud related to heated cubic capacity of building surface building including all partitions having contact with external environment coefficient of heat loss by penetration related to heated surface of building [W]

[W]

[W/m ]
3

[W/m ]
2

[m ] [W/m ]
2

Temperatures diagram presented only for partitions defined as laminar partitions. Additionally on the diagram can be shown diagram of partial pressures of water vapour in partition, if the User has selected such calculation option in General data. Diagram of temperature drops is represented by fractured line, the colour and line type of which is defined in legend. Similarly have been presented the layout of partial pressures and water vapour saturation in partition. If the diagrams intersect each other and the apparent pressure of water vapour exceeds the saturation pressure, then the condensation takes place in partition. You can see it on diagram as a hatched field. On the diagram has been presented graphically the condensation of water vapour on inner surface of partition in form of water drops.

5.3.3. Compartments parameters

For each results group there is an information concerning project name, theme of displayed results and project data. Compartments data have been presented in tabular form. Number of compartment Compartment temperature Min exchanges multiplication factor Time of warming up number of compartment and its description declared temperature of heated compartment minimal multiplication factor of ventilation air exchanges in compartment declared time of warming up for compartments with temporary temperature reduction [-] [C] [1/h] [h]

121

Diagnostic and calculations results

5.3.4. Setting up of compartment losses

For each group of results there is an information concerning project name, theme of displayed results and project data. Compartments data have been presented in tabular form. No. Number of compartment &T,e &T &V,min &V,inf &V,su &V,mech,inf &Netto &RH &i

number of compartment and its description. This column also contains the value of temperature in compartment, area and cubic capacity heat loss by penetration heat loss for minimal ventilation heat loss for infiltration heat loss resulting from mechanical air blow with lower temperature than the temperature in compartment heat loss as a result of excess of air exhausted mechanically from compartment sum of heat losses by penetration and ventilation additional heat loss resulting from temporary temperature reduction in compartment compartment heat demand [W] [W] [W] [W]

[W] [W] [W] [W]

5.3.5. Compartments data and results

For each group of results there is an information concerning project name, theme of displayed results and project data. Compartments data have been presented in tabular form. Results are divided for individual rooms both heated and non-heated, for each of them there is determined a belonging to a flat and number and description of flat. Compartment temperature $i Dimensions Width of compartment in light wf Length of compartment in light lf Compartment area in light Af Height of storey in axes ho Ceiling thickness dflo Height in light hf Cubic capacity of 122 temperature in compartment [C]

width of partition measured in light

[m]

length of partition measured in light

[m]
2

area of compartment measured in light height of storey measured in axes ceiling thickness height of compartment in light cubic capacity of compartment measured in

[m ] [m] [m] [m] 3 [m ]

Diagnostic and calculations results compartment Ground Depression below ground z Floor perimeter on the ground Compartment floor characteristic dimensions B Ventilation Min multiplication factor of vent. air exchanges nmin Multiplication factor of air exchanges at difference of 50 Pa n50 Shielding coefficient e Height above ground h Height correction coefficient + Stream of blown air Vsup Temperature of blown air $mech Temperature reduction factor fV light depression of floor on the ground under the floor level floor perimeter on the ground in compartment characteristic dimension of floor on the ground calculated for a compartment [m] [m] [m]

min multiplication factor of ventilation air exchanges in compartment multiplication factor of air exchanges between compartment interior and external environment at pressure difference of 50 Pa depending on building construction and its airtightness shielding coefficient of a building depending on grade of shielding height of compartment over the ground calculated in the half of compartment height height correction coefficient depending on the height of compartments middle over the ground level stream of air blown into compartment on the way of declared mechanical ventilation temperature of air blown mechanically temperature reduction factor taking into consideration the difference between temperature in compartment and temperature of blown air declared stream of air exhausted on the way of mechanical ventilation temperature of air drawn-in from outside into compartment temperature reduction factor taking into consideration the difference between temperature in compartment and temperature of air flowing from other compartments

[1/h]

[1/h]

[-] [m] [-]

3

[m /h] [C] [-]

Stream of exhausted air Vexh Temperature of drawn-in air $mech,inf Temperature reduction factor

[m /h] [C] [-]

Additional thermal power Vertical warming-up coefficient fRH Effective building mass cwirk Temperature drop !%RH

coefficient of repeated warming-up is a function of several compartment parameters during warming-up a value determining the heat accumulation ability of building partitions temperature drop in compartment after temperature reduction phase

[W/m ]
3

[Wh/m K] [K]

123

Diagnostic and calculations results Temperature reduction time tAbs Exchanges multiplication factor in temperature reduction phase nAbs Warming-up time tRH time of temperature reduction in compartment declared multiplication factor of air in compartment in temperature reduction phase [h] [1/h]

Multiplication factor of exchanges in warming-up phase nRH

time of warming-up in compartment to the value of level before its reduction, determined on the basis of regulatory capabilities of heating system declared multiplication factor of air exchanges in compartment in warming-up phase

[h]

[1/h]

Data of partitions used in compartment Orient. Type n b h/l A AAbzu A Zw/Gr $os ek/bu Uo !U Uc orientation of used partition towards cardinal points of the compass type of use partition pre-defined in program number of partitions partition width measured according to dimensions in axes height/length of partition measured according to dimensions in axes area of partition measured according to dimensions in axes area of sub-partition external analytical area (net) determines the heat loss to... temperature on the other side of partition correction index depending on partition type heat transfer coefficient addition because of the presence of heat leakage bridges corrected heat transfer coefficient taking into consideration a normative addition to Uo coefficient and addition for thermal bridges in partition coefficient of heat loss by penetration heat loss through partition [-] [-] [pc] [m] [m] [m ] [m ] 2 [m ] [-] [C] [-] 2 [W/m K] 2 [W/m K] [W/m K]
2 2 2

HT &

[W/K] [W]

Heat losses for ventilation in compartment Min. ventilation air stream Vmin Infiltration air stream Vinf Stream of air blown mechanically Vsu fv,su 124 minimal ventilation air stream stream of air infiltrating into compartment from outside through leaks in windows/doors stream of air blown mechanically, corrected by temperature coefficient [m /h] [m /h] [m /h]
3 3 3

Diagnostic and calculations results Excess of removed air Vmech,inf fv,mech Stream of ventilation air V Heat loss for ventilation HV/&V Total heat loss net &Netto Additional heat demand &RH Total heat loss, reduced &Zred stream of air blown into compartment as a result of operation of exhaust ventilation, corrected by temperature coefficient stream of ventilation air flowing into compartment, used for calculations of compartment heat losses heat loss for ventilation in compartment sum of heat losses in compartment by penetration and for ventilation heat demand resulting from declaring of temporary temperature reduction in compartment total heat loss in compartment reduced by heat loss through heated partitions [m /h]
3 3

[m /h]

[W] [W] [W]

[W]

5.3.6. Data and results for partitions

Data and results for partitions concern all partitions with construction defined in Partitions definitions. They have been presented as: - partition data list, - partition layers table presented only for partitions defined as laminar, - temperature drop diagram presented only for partitions defined as laminar. Additionally on the diagram can be presented the layout of water vapour partial pressures in partition, if the User has selected such option in General data. List of partition data contains following information: Name of partition definition Heat transfer coefficient Description Heat flow direction Partition type Heat transfer resistance (ext.) Heat transfer resistance (int.) name of defined partition heat transfer coefficient of partition comment to the partition name heat flow direction depending on partition type type of partition selected from a group of partitions pre-defined in program heat transfer resistance on external part of partition heat transfer resistance on internal part of partition [-] [W/m K] [-] [-] [-] [m K/W] [m K/W]
2 2 2

Partition layers table includes following columns: Layer material d ( Cp , R name of partition layer partition layer thickness partition layer heat transfer coefficient specific heat of partition layer partition layer thickness heat resistance of partition layer [-] [m] [W/m*K] [J/kgK] 3 [kg/m ] 2 [m K/W] 125

Diagnostic and calculations results water vapour diffusion coefficient resistance for layer material [m*s*Pa/kg]

Temperatures diagram presented only for partitions defined as laminar. Additionally on the diagram can be presented the layout of water vapour partial pressures in partition, if the User has selected such option in General data. Temperature diagram has been presented in form of broken line with colour and type of line specified in legend. In similar way have been presented layout of water vapour partial pressures and water vapour saturation in partition. If these lines intersect each other and apparent water vapour partial pressure exceeds the saturation pressure, then the water vapour condensation occurs in partition. On the chart you can see it as a shading area. Condensation on internal surface of partition has been presented as drops.

5.3.7. Calculations results of seasonal energy demand

Calculations results of seasonal energy demand for a building include: - Setting-up of thermal zones data, - Setting-up of individual positions of energy balance. Setting-up of thermal zones data includes following data Name of thermal zone Compartments Number Vs t/r/$/r Qi/&i Opis [-] [-] [m ] [ C] [W] 0 [ C]
0 3

sum of compartments assigned to specific thermal zone and their names cubic capacity of all compartments in thermal zone average temperature of compartments in thermal zone total internal heat gains in thermal zone comment to a name of thermal zone

Seasonal energy demand includes cumulative table setting up the calculations results of losses and gains of building energy for individual months and individual positions of energy balance. Seasonal energy demand is calculated for heating season. Month Qsz name of following month in calendar year sum of loss of building energy through all external partitions, except of ground during specific month sum of loss of building energy through nonheated compartments during specific month sum of loss of building energy through partitions on the ground during specific month sum of energy loss for warming-up of ventilation air flowing through building sum of internal heat gains in building generated by people, lighting, electric devices, [-] [MJ]

Qprz.n. Qg Qsw Qint

[MJ] [MJ] [MJ] [MJ]

126

Diagnostic and calculations results cooking, warm water sum of internal heat gains in building generated by insolation sum of gains and losses of building energy for specific month, calculated for all positions of energy balance

Qs Qh

[MJ] [MJ]

5.3.8. Setting-up of heaters

Setting-up of heaters includes table with set up data of selected heaters in compartment: Symbol of receiver Number of compartment t Qspec/&spec G tz tp Type of heater L H D A/A symbol of heater number of compartment, in which the heater is located temperature in compartment given power of heater heating agent flow heater supply temperature heater return temperature selected type of heater heater length heater height heater depth matching of heater selected surface of heater related to the surface of perfectly selected heater [-] [-] [ C] [W] [kg/h] 0 [ C] 0 [ C] [-] [m] [m] [m] [-]
0

5.3.9. Legend
In this position of results there are presented all symbols and their verbal descriptions, which have been presented in Calculations results. Symbols descriptions have been arranged according to sequence of their appearance in successive positions of calculations results.

5.3.10. Printout of tabular results or export to a sheet

If the calculations results are complete, they can be printed out on printer or exported to speadsheet of MS Excel program. More information to this have been described in detail in chapter 7. These functions are available after clicking the button handy menu opened by means of right mouse button: - Export to MS Excel: Actual position, - Export to MS Excel: All, - Print current position and in

127

Diagnostic and calculations results Switching to printout window is also possible from main menu >>command File/Print Ctrl+P << or by means of icon Print (Ctrl+P) from main toolbar.

128

Advanced functions of program

6. ADVANCED FUNCTIONS OF PROGRAM

6.1. Work on many documents and using of clipboard
Program Instal-heat&energy is a multi-document program, but it is only possible to run only one copy of program. Work with many project consists in the fact, that more than one project can be opened at the moment and there is also a possibility of quick switching between opened projects and moving of data between them. Nevertheless there are system limitations of computer. Systems Windows 98 and Millenium allows opening of two documents simultaneously. The program offers many facilities in copying and moving of program elements, such as layers, partitions definitions, partitions already used in compartment and entire compartments. It is impossible to copy and move elements concerning heating of compartments such as heaters. Program clipboard enables easy copying and moving of elements between projects. It is also possible to copy or move elements directly from one project to another. Quick switching between projects can be performed by using the key combination Ctrl+Tab in any moment of edition. Selecting from main menu position Window it is possible to improve and put in order work with many projects by means of following commands: - Cascade causes arrangement of all opened project windows one on another, so that the window edge with project name is always visible. - Arrange icons if any windows are minimized and if they are in any position on the screen, thanks to this command it is possible to arrange their icons in bottom part of main window work area. - Next this function causes displaying of window of the next opened project. - Previous - this function causes displaying of window of previously opened project. - Minimize all causes minimizing of all project windows and their arrangement in bottom part of main window work area. - Close all causes closing of all opened project windows. If a project has not been saved to disc, the program will ask whether it should be saved. Main facilitation in work with many projects is the program clipboard containing clipboard cells. To clipboard cells can be copied all layers, defined partitions, storeys, flats, compartments and compartment partitions. Program clipboard is used for storing of mentioned data and for this reason operations of data moving within one project or data moving from one project to another can be performed easily. It is also possible to store here most often applied elements. It is possible to make use of these elements by creating of new or modification of already saved project. Clipboard content is stored until it will be deleted. It will be saved even after termination of work with program and switching off the computer. The User can recognize the type of stored elements by distinguishing icons, different for each of elements type.

129

Advanced functions of program

Layer

Storey

Room

Empty clipboard cell Partition

Defined partition

Apartment

Each successive clipboard cell gets the successive number, starting from number one to number one hundred. So it is possible to enter maximal 100 elements into the clipboard. Switching to cells not presented in displayed screen area is possible by using the key Previous or key Next located in terminal locations of clipboard.

Copying of elements from a project to clipboard can be done by selecting a single element or a group of elements and dragging it (right mouse button pressed) to selected cell of clipboard. Small symbol at element icon informs about copying process. Moving of elements from a project to clipboard is performed by selecting a single element or a group of elements with pressed Shift key and dragging it (right mouse button pressed) to selected cell of clipboard. Small symbol at element icon informs about moving process. Commands described above can also be performed in reverse direction from clipboard to the same or another opened project. In such case, in displayed handy menu the operation of copying or moving of an element can be confirmed. After moving the mouse indicator on selected clipboard cell its content will be displayed number of elements, description of type of element (or elements) and other data, depending on its type, collected in a table. After clicking a selected clipboard cell, the number of copied or moved elements will be displayed. Analogous to the toolbar, it is possible to change the clipboard location on the screen as well as change its size. Following operations, activated with right mouse button from pop-up menu are available for the clipboard: - Delete deleting of selected clipboard cell, - Arrange arranging of cells content in sequence, - Hide closing of clipboard. The clipboard can be opened in menu >> command View/Clipboards<<, - Delete all deleting of entire clipboard content.

130

Advanced functions of program

6.2. Using of expressions and variables

In edition fields, project data described by numerical values can be completed with pre-defined values, values of declared expressions variables or values entered directly by the User. Values of all numerical fields entered by the User can be given by entering of a number, variable or arithmetical expression. Values pre-defined in program can be declared directly in edition fields. Then their value is displayed in some fields as default accepted for calculations for each new opened project. Such value is for example heat conduction coefficient for the ground. These data should be checked and corrected by the User, depending on project data. There are also pre-defined values, which are declared in variables editor. Also these values , if need be, should be corrected by the User switching to Expressions variables Values declared in Expressions variables can be entered as default variables, pre-defined in program or as variables entered by the User. Variables entered by the User are declared by entering the name of variable and ist value in variables editor according to principles described in chapter 4.3.5. Expressions variables entered as pre-defined are assigned to selected fields and are displayed for each new opened project. A variable declared by the User is available only in currently edited project. It is not assigned to other projects. Expressions variables can be used by entering their name in selected data fields. To change the name of value, go back to Expressions variables and modify the expression. Change of expression value directly in data edition field will cause disconnecting of declared variable and assigning of entered value. To use this variable once again, just enter its name. Values entered in edition fields of numerical data can be entered as: 1. Numbers determining directly the data value, 2. Numerical expression created by means of mathematical operators on numbers, such as addition +, subtraction -, multiplication * and division / . 3. Expressions variables declared in project position Expressions variables, called in adequate field by entering the name of selected variable. After using the key combination Ctrl + space a list of declared expressions variables will appear. 4. Arithmetical operations on variables and constant numerical values. 5. Functions called by using the keys combination Ctrl + space. It is also possible to perform mathematical operations on functions. By means of keys combination Ctrl+space the User can open a list of declared variables and functions. As first will be displayed expressions variables, the unit of which complies with the unit of selected field. Functions are displayed in alphabetical order in a format, which is required to be entered by the User. By means of function the User can determine the area of compartment field, if he knows for example its sector or if he wants the function to adopt its value according to entered function. 131

Advanced functions of program

Operations on variables must also be contained in required range of values and conformity of variables units being present in expression. A message Error will appear in field, if the User adds variables with different units, for example if he adds m (meter) to a undimensional value. During multiplication or division of variables a condition for correctness of their input is obtaining of correct unit conforming to the units system. To enable operations on variables, where one variable is for example undimensional, so called units aliases have been created the method of their application has been described in chapter 6.3.. It is also possible to declare in program a new variable in any numerical field. This numerical variable can be then used directly by means of keys combination Alt+Ctrl+Insert. In displayed window of variable edition it is necessary to declare its name, value of expression, unit. It is also possible to declare the name setting as a value of variable. That means assigning of numerical value in edition field, entering the declared name of variable.

6.3. Using the units aliases

Units aliases are used for enforcing of units to variables. In this way it will be possible to perform mathematical operations on variables with different units, entered in data edition field. Using of aliases is particularly advantageous during advanced parameterization of project. It enables for example the evaluation of thermomodernization operations depending on increasing thickness of insulation layer. For that purpose the User can enter in Expressions variables a constant value of insulation, which can be then called in edition field of insulation thickness. If the unit alias has been declared, the User can add to declared insulation thickness a specific thickness value and in this way he can evaluate the influence of increasing of insulation thickness on thermomodernization effect of a building. Such operation can be performed many times with low time expenditure for miscellaneous thickness values of partition insulation. To enter the units aliases, select in program main menu the command >>Tools / Options / Editing of units aliases<<. Then in General data in position the position Names of expressions units becomes available. Here in columns they are presented in succession: groups of physical units, physical units, units symbols. In empty column Name next to selected unit of physical data a defined alias of this unit is to be entered, for example for unit of length - meter [m] an alias m can be assigned. To

132

Advanced functions of program more complicated units, for example for [J/kgK] can be assigned for example alias Jkg In data edition fields, to variable defined in Expressions variables can be added a number with an alias of unit compatible with unit of edited data, for example . Such record of an expression means, that the value of data (determined by this mathematical operation) is increased by 3. To make the work with units aliases more easy, there is a possibility of calling of an default alias by entering a square bracket [ ] next to the number. It means, that at the numerical value there is an unit complying with the unit of edited field.

6.4. Using the option of selection of several elements multiselect mode.

Many operations on elements can be performed not only individual for each element, but also in groups, simultaneously for many elements. To perform any operation on many elements it is necessary to select them. ! A condition for using the multiselect mode is selection of elements of the same type, for example defined partitions, storeys, flats, compartments, etc. Selecting of several elements and their simultaneous edition enables considerable speed up of work. These possibilities have essential meaning at data completion. In tabular editor of Instal-heat&energy program, one of selection methods for many elements simultaneously using the multiselect mode is selection of chosen elements on the tree or on the list by means of Shift key. It enables selection of group of elements occurring in succession (one after another). If the User wants to select chosen elements, he should take advantage of Ctrl key. Clicking chosen elements with pressed Ctrl key the User can select any required number of chosen elements. A condition for group selection is choosing the elements of the same type, for example compartments. To select several chosen elements, it is necessary to: 1. Position the mouse cursor on the first chosen element and click the left mouse button to select it, 2. Press the Shift or Ctrl key, 3. Pressing the Shift (Ctrl) key click the second and next elements. The program will select these elements without deselecting previous ones, 4. When using the Shift key it is necessary to choose such group of elements, in which the elements occur in succession, because it is impossible to deselect a wrong element, 5. When using the Ctrl key it is possible to choose any required set of elements, because only chosen ones will be selected, 6. Release the Shift or Ctrl key 7. All indicated elements will be selected. Selected elements will be displayed as bold.

133

Advanced functions of program For such selected elements the common edition fields will appear. In these fields can be entered common data for selected group of elements. Common data completion has been described in chapter 6.4.1.

6.4.1. Entering of repeating data

It often happens, that elements in project have repeating data. In such cases, to speed up the edition it is possible to use one of methods facilitating data duplication. These methods are: - Group completion of data, - Copying of individual values, These methods have been described in detail in following sub-items. Group completion of data for many elements It is one of methods of quick data completion for many elements. After selecting of several elements of the same type, common fields of all selected elements will appear. These fields values, which are identical in all selected elements are displayed in fields, whereas other fields are empty. Entering the value to any of these fields it will be changed for all selected elements. It does not matter here, if before entering of data the values of fields were equal or different for selected elements. Fields, which will not be edited, will remain unchanged for each of selected elements. If in selected group there are differently declared values of the same data that means, completed by enforcing the value by means of icon or calculated by means

of icon , then it will be designated by means of icon with a question Calculate..... or enforce? Transient value. The User, selecting specified calculation mode (using adequate icons) Enforced or Calculated will declare it to all others. He can also leave in selected group differently declared and not completed data. To change the data value for many elements simultaneously, it is necessary to: 1. Select elements. The User can here take advantage of techniques described in chapter 6.4. 2. Enter data into displayed fields in edition window of selected project position. Copying of individual values This is the easiest method of elements data duplication. After entering the value of specified field for one element it is possible to copy it. To enter data by copying, it is necessary to: 1. Select one element, 2. Select from handy menu the command Copy, 3. Go to adequate field, 4. Select command Paste called by right mouse button from handy menu

134

Printing and export of results tables

7. PRINTING AND EXPORT OF RESULTS TABLES

7.1. Printing and print options
You can print tables with the fields of your choice. To print out the results: 1. Click the Print button. The print preview and print options window is displayed. 2. Determine the layout (page orientation, components to be included in the printout) and the style of the printout in the Layout and Style tabs on the right side of the window. 3. Set margins for the printout page on the Print tab. 4. Make sure that all the above settings are correct and in accordance with your intentions. 5. Determine general settings on the Print tab, such as printer type, range of pages to be printed, number of copies, page numbering, etc. 6. Click the Print button in the main configuration window to start printing. Print preview and print options window After clicking Print the print preview and print options window is displayed:

The print preview and print options window consists of two parts and enables printout configuration in a broad scope. The left side of the window is the print preview part. The displayed print preview reflects the current settings of print style and layout. 135

Printing and export of results tables If only part of the page is displayed in the print preview, you can display other portions of the page by moving it using sliders. Alternatively, you can move the displayed part of the page with the grabber hand when you position the mouse pointer in the print preview part of the window, it takes on the appearance of the grabber hand with which you can drag the displayed page of the printout. The bar on the right side is used for setting print options. The bar has three tabs: Layout, Style and Print. The components of this bar are described below. Change page displayed and preview scale At the top of the print configuration tab there is a set of buttons and fields for changing the print preview scale:

The field Preview pages ... of ... enables previewing the next / previous page of printout and informs about the current total number of pages. The buttons below this field, from left to right, are used to: increase preview scale (zoom in), decrease preview scale (zoom out), specify scale enabling preview of entire page, specify scale to fit the width of the page, including margins, to the width of preview area, specify scale to fit the width of the page, excluding margins, to the width of preview area. Printing The Print button below is used to start printing. Using this button effects in printing of the results in a previously declared scope and print style. Revert to calculations The Exit button below is used to complete the print settings and go back to the display of the results tables and calculation options: The lower part of the print settings bar includes three tabs: Layout, Style and Print.

136

Printing and export of results tables

7.1.1. General printout settings:

After opening the print preview and print settings window, the Print tab is selected, where you can change the general printout settings. The details button opens and closes additional fields for configuring page numbering. These additional fields are displayed in the figure below:

Change margins The fields in the lower part of the Print tab are used to set the widths of margins: left, upper, right and lower, respectively:

137

Printing and export of results tables

7.1.2. Printout layouts specify the range of results printed:

In the Layout tab you can specify exactly which calculation results tables and fields you want to print:

In the upper part of the tab is a field where you can select one of the predefined printout layouts. In the list in the lower part you can review or modify the selected layout. The changes made are introduced in real time in the left part of the screen. After modifying any of the layouts you can save it under a new name to use not only for the current printout, but also in future. To do this click on the Save layout button and enter the name of the new layout. Existing layouts may be deleted by clicking on the Delete layout button. Standard layouts cannot be deleted. In the middle of the tab is a field for changing the orientation of the printout (page). ! The landscape orientation often produces good results when printing result tables. The rows of the table fit into the printed page. Another way of avoiding the splitting of table rows in the printout is to specify narrower margins, provided that the printer allows you to do that.

138

Printing and export of results tables

7.1.3. Printout styles specify colours, fonts, etc.:

In the Style tab you can specify the size and type of font used and the colour of background and letters, separately for individual types of fields in the result tables:

As was the case with printout layouts (see above), there is also a set of predefined printout styles, and new styles created by the user may also be saved. Predefined styles cannot be deleted. To improve legibility of the results, every second line is grayish. It is possible to declare the grayness ratio for the odd lines in per cents.

7.2. Export of results tables into Worksheets of MS Excel

To export the calculations results to a spreadsheet, it is necessary to: 1. Call the export option using the key or from handy menu, which is available in Calculations results window. - Export into MS Excel: Actual position, - Export into MS Excel: All, 2. For selected export option the program will display a window for entering the name of file in .xls format. 3. Click the button Save located in this window. The file will be saved to disc in location selected by the User under specified name. To check the correctness the User can open the created file in MS Excel program. To perform the results export to Excel program it has to be closed first (if it has been opened by the User first). Otherwise some errors during exporting can occur or export can be impossible. That is a result of Excel properties, not the result of errors in Instal-heat&energy program.

139

APPENDIX A.

APPENDIX A. STANDARD OPERATIONS ASSIGNED TO KEYBOARD AND MOUSE

A.1. KEYBOARD
Keys combination: F1 F3 F4 Operation called in tabular editor: opens the graphical catalogue of heaters opens the program help searching of building material according to entered name. opens a pop-up list, for example of defined partitions, partitions orientation etc. in columns of partition table having the same pop-up list enables adding of new building material in materials edition window. depending on location of project edition, enables adding of new elements of building structure, for example adding of definition of partition, compartment, partition, storey, etc. automatic switching to Instal-therm program, function Area measurement this command generates in window of building materials edition a new material group. This command is only active in a group view of building materials. opening/closing of error list window calculates the project enables adding of a subordinate element of building structure towards the superior, currently selected one, for example adding of new compartment in currently selected flat, partition in selected compartment, etc. enables adding and assigning of window/door to partition. That are partitions nested in selected partition. in position Assigning to thermal zones enables assigning of selected compartment to inserted thermal zone enables copying of selected element (elements) of building structure. enables cutting of selected element (elements) of building structure. enables pasting of copied or cut element of building structure to selected place of the same or another project. switching to window of building materials edition. switching between windows of partition edition and compartment edition. this command causes selecting in building structure tree a partition, which have been chosen from compartment table and displaying its edition window. this command is used for creating of new file 141

F7

F9 F8

F12 Ctrl+F7

Ctrl+C Ctrl+X Ctrl+V Ctrl+F Ctrl+G

Ctrl+N

APPENDIX A. Ctrl+O Ctrl+P Ctrl+S Ctrl+Del Ctrl+Enter this command is used for opening of project file, which has been previously saved to disc this command is used for printing of calculations results on a printer. this command causes saving to disc current data in file with current name. causes deleting of selected element of program data, such as partitions definitions, compartment, flat, etc. causes opening of window containing library of building materials. causes opening of selection list, for example of defined partitions, partitions orientation, etc. in columns of partitions table, which have such pop-up list. enables moving to the next description line, which can be entered in fields concerning project, designer and investor calling in edition field the numerical data, functions list and expressions variables, which have been pre-defined in program or by the User. selecting of several flats with simultaneously pressed Ctrl key allows activation of command enabling connection of flats in one multi-storey flat. selecting of chosen elements of program clicking with pressed Ctrl key will open the multiselect mode. enables entering of expressions variables in any window of project data edition. calling of specified command from main menu of the program. confirmation and selection of marked field adds program elements, for examples layers, partition definitions in area selected by the cursor, both in edition tables and in tree structure of project data. selecting of elements of the same type, both in edition tables and in tree structure of project data. selecting of chosen elements with Shift key will open the multiselect mode. switching between layers and between columns in partitions table. opening the data structure tree to any level switching between fields in windows of data edition. switching back between fields in windows of data edition.

Ctrl+Space

pressed key Ctrl

Ctrl+Alt+Insert Ctrl+<underlined letter> Enter Ins

Shift+<arrows>

<arrows>

Tab Tab+Shift

A.2. Mouse:
Left button: single clicking on element selecting of an element and deselecting the others single clicking on element with selecting of an element without deselecting the 142

APPENDIX A. pressed Shift key others. Possibility of group data selection. single clicking on element with selecting of an element with possibility of nonpressed Ctrl key selecting the others. Possibility of group data selection. double clicking on element opening of edition window of selected element confirmation of selection of a building material, defining the partition layer. double clicking on group of opening of selected group of elements to the list elements view Clicking and dragging it into copying of selected elements, for example clipboard or to another project layers (layer) into clipboard or to another project. Clicking an element + Shift moving of selected elements, for example layers and dragging it into clipboard (layer) into clipboard or to another project. or to another project Clicking an element + Ctrl and copying of selected elements, for example dragging it within the same layers (layer) within the same window of data window of data edition edition Clicking an element and moving of selected elements, for example layers dragging it within the same (layer) within the same window of data edition. window of data edition Right button: single clicking opening of a pop-up menu in window of project data edition.

143

APPENDIX B

B. APPENDIX B. APPLIED NORMS AND CALCULATION METHODS

B.1. Calculations of U coefficient of partitions
In Instal-heat&energy program for thermal calculations it is possible to define partitions with homogeneous and inhomogeneous construction. As a thermal homogeneous partition is understood a partition consisting in layers of constant thickness and homogeneous thermal properties or of such properties, which can be acknowledged as homogeneous. As inhomogeneous partition is understood a partition including in its construction in plane perpendicular to heat flow direction some building elements with various thermal features. Calculations of U coefficient of homogeneous partition are based on the norm PN EN ISO 6946. The User has possibility of performing of following operations in program: - calculations of heat transfer coefficients for partitions, floors on the ground and walls at the ground according to normative assumptions, - using in partition definition the aerial layers (ventilated, non-ventilated), - taking into account the corrections Uo related to heat transfer coefficient according to Appendix D of norm, - taking into consideration the linear heat leakage bridges U according to domestic appendix NA of norm, - control of water vapour condensation on inner surface of partition. Temperature of inner surface of partition on a heat leakage bridge can be determined on the basis of experiments or calculated by means of numerical programs, - entering of non-homogeneous partition by declaring of repeatable homogeneous elements of partition. Calculations of heat transfer coefficients take into consideration the heat resistance of penetration from the inside and outside of partition and heat resistance of partition layers. Heat transmission resistance depends on direction of heat flow. Heat resistance of partition layers depends on layer thickness and its heat conduction coefficient. There are three characteristic aerial layers non-ventilated, poor ventilated and good ventilated aerial layers. Depending on this criterion the program will select appropriate heat resistance of aerial layer. Corrections UO to heat transfer coefficient take into consideration following situations: - leakages in insulation layer, - mechanical connectors piercing the insulation layer, - precipitations on the roof with reverse layers layout. These corrections should be completed according to normative values.

145

APPENDIX B Linear heat leakage bridges in program are taken into account in simplified way by additions to the value of heat transfer coefficient. The value of addition determining influence of heat leakage bridges on the value of heat transfer coefficient depends on the type of partition. Values of additions taking into consideration this criterion have been put together in appropriate table, in domestic appendix to norms. Temperature of inner surface of partition is calculated according to the law of temperature drops. Its calculation and comparison with dew point temperature of considered surface (determined for the surface temperature and relative humidity of air) enables the control of condensation on inner surfaces of partitions. This method does not enable the calculation of water vapour condensation in heat leakage bridges. An inhomogeneous partition is determined by selection of previously defined homogeneous elements of partition and determination of their share in repeatable length of inhomogeneous unit. Elements of inhomogeneous partition are selected from partitions previously defined as partitions with enforced U-coefficient or partitions with laminar construction. Program does not check automatically the scope of values of U coefficients.

B.2. Calculations of heat losses in compartments - heat demand of compartments

Calculations of building heat demand and compartments heat demand (total heat loses) are based on provisions of norm EN 12831. Total heat losses can also be calculated according to detailed or simplified method (option can be selected). There are following calculation rules: - air temperature in compartment is equal to declared value, - heat losses are calculated in stabilized conditions, constant features of e.g. temperature or thermal parameters of building are assumed. Calculation methods included in this norm concern mainly buildings, in which: - compartments are heated to the value of defined constant temperature, - value of air temperature and operative temperature is the same. As operative temperature it is to understood an arithmetical average value of inner air temperature value and average radiation temperature. To calculate heat losses in heated compartments, following components should be taken into account: - heat losses by penetration, which are the heat losses to external environment as a result of heat conduction by outer building surfaces as well as heat conduction between heated areas due to the fact, that it can be another temperature in adjacent heated compartment. - heat losses for ventilation resulting from heat losses for warming-up of external air on the way of ventilation and infiltration and from ventilation heat losses to other heated and non heated compartments in building. In calculations of heat losses on the basis of the norm the detailed calculation methods are applied. That are calculations of air temperature in non-heated compartments resulting from heat balance and ventilation air in the building. 146

APPENDIX B The norm enables also in simplified form solving of problem of taking into consideration for heat loss calculations the heat loss for non-heated and heated spaces belonging to other flat or building. Depending on selected type of adjacent room the heat losses are corrected by specific coefficient prcised in appendix to the norm. DETAILED METHOD OF CALCULATION 12831 OF HEAT LOSS OF BUILDING EN

Total normative heat loss by penetration of compartment detailed method Heat losses by penetration are calculated as a product of sum of heat loss coefficients by penetration and the temperature difference between temperature in compartment and external air temperature. Sum of heat loss coefficients includes: - coefficient of heat loss by penetration between heated compartment and external environment HT,ie, - coefficient of heat loss by penetration from heated compartment to external environment through non-heated compartments HT,iue. - stationary coefficient of heat loss by penetration from heated compartment to the ground HT,ig. - coefficient of heat loss by penetration from heated compartment to other heated compartment with distinctly different temperature value HT,ij. Heat loss coefficient HT,ie is a product of partition area and heat transfer coefficient of partition. Its value is corrected by factors ek and el taking into consideration weather conditions. Values of these factors are given in domestic annexes. Calculations of heat loss coefficients of partition U include a normative addition !uo and addition taking into consideration the presence of heat leakage bridges in partition. Heat loss coefficient HT,iue is a product of partition area dividing the heated and non-heated compartment and the heat transfer coefficient U of partition. In the formula there is a temperature reduction coefficient taking into consideration the temperature difference between temperature of non-heated compartment and outer temperature. Temperature in non-heated compartment is calculated on the basis of heat balance and ventilation air balance. Instead of inserting a non-heated compartment we can also declare the type of non-heated compartment on the other side of internal partition. Then the heat losses will be calculated with correction coefficient, depending on selected type of compartment. Coefficient of heat transfer HT,ig from heated compartment to the ground can be calculated on the basis of detailed guidelines included in norm EN ISO 13370 or of simplified guidelines included in norm 12831. In above mentioned norms have been described following types of partitions having contact with the ground: - floor plate on the ground: not depressed, depressed under the ground level, - wall at the ground, - elevated construction of floor, - floors on the ground with edge insulation, - non-heated, underground. Difference between simplified and detailed method is, that the detailed method is based on precise and complex analytical formulas and in the case of simplified method the formulas are simplified to the product of partition area having contact with the 147

APPENDIX B ground, equivalent heat transfer coefficient Uequiv,k and reduction factors. Reduction factors take into consideration annual fluctuations of outer temperature, temperature difference between normative outer temperature and average annual outer temperature as well as influence of underground water if the distance between floor on the ground and water level is smaller than 3m. Value of Uequiv,k is the function of U coefficient of partition, characteristic dimension of partition B and depression under the ground level. Characteristic dimension of floor B is a product of area of floor on the ground and the half of value of floor perimeter on the ground in specific building. For calculations of floor perimeter on the ground we will take into consideration this section of floor perimeter which has contact with the external environment. Calculations of Ag and P concern the building, which can include non-heated compartments on the ground. Dimensions of non-heated compartments are also included in calculations providing, they are included in main building block and dimensions of non-heated, added garage are not taken for calculations. After calculating the characteristic dimension for a building its value can be adapted for compartments. We have here three cases: - in compartments without external walls separating considered compartment from external environment the value B calculated for a building will be taken. 2 - in compartments with well insulated floors (U<0,5 W/m K) the value B calculated for a building will be taken. - for all other compartments cases the value B is calculated by the program individually on the basis of floor perimeter on the ground and the area of floor on the ground of considered compartment. Heat loss coefficient HT,ij is a product of area of partition separating heated compartments to various value of inner temperature and heat transfer coefficient U of partition. In formula there is a temperature reduction factor taking into consideration the temperature difference between adjacent room and external environment. The influence of heat leakage bridges will be omitted in calculations. Heat loss for ventilation calculations for building and for compartment In each heated compartment in flat a heat loss for ventilation is calculated. Heat losses for ventilation are proportional to the product of coefficient of heat loss for ventilation HV,i and temperature difference between temperature in compartment $int,I and temperature of external air $e. Coefficient of heat loss for ventilation Hv,i is proportional to the product of volume of ventilation air stream Vi flowing through heated space and its density and specific heat. Constant value of physical features of air is assumed in calculations. There are following types of ventilation air: - minimal stream of air Vmin required because of hygienic needs, defined as multiplication factor of air exchanges in compartment nmin - infiltration stream of ventilation air Vinf resulting from tightness of building block and presence of windows/ external doors in compartment, - ventilation air streams flowing into compartment as a result of operation of blow and/or exhaust ventilation. That is the stream of air exhausted mechanically from compartment Vexh, stream of air blown mechanically Vsup and stream of air 148

APPENDIX B flowing into compartment from outside and/or other compartments in a building Vmech,inf,i. It is a stream of air flowing as a result of operation of exhaust mechanical ventilation. It occurs, when declared exhaust stream Vexh is greater than the blown stream Vsup Then, to keep the air balance, through leaks in building construction and/or from other compartments flows external air into compartments. The values of heat loss for ventilation in compartment depend on declaring of mechanical ventilation in compartment (see annex describing ventilation air balance in compartment). If a system of mechanical blow ventilation has been declared, then the blown air can have other parameters, than external air, for example when: - a heat recovery system has been installed - external air is preliminary warmed up. As a result, blown air can have temperature $mech lower or higher, than temperature in compartment. Additional heat loss in compartments.
RH

resulting from temporary temperature reduction

Additional heat loss &RH resulting from temporary temperature reduction in compartment results from ability of heat accumulation in building elements of compartment. During temperature reduction in compartment the thermal energy accumulated in building mass is given up to the air in compartment. After specific time the temperature of air and partitions is reduced. To warm-up again the compartment to required temperature, additional heat is required to increase the inner air temperature and cooled partitions to previous temperature value. The bigger ability of heat accumulation in partitions, the smaller temperature reduction and smaller heat amount required for warming-up the temperature in compartment to previous level. The norm states an analytical algorithm of additional heat losses &RH for compartments, in which temporary temperature reduction is applied. Compartments with temporary temperature reduction require giving of following data: - effective heat capacity of building elements creating a compartment, - time of temperature reduction, - temperature drop in compartment during reduction. This value can be calculated or given. If the User can obtain specific temperature in compartment during reduction due to control features of heating system. If the temperature reduction occurs after cutting off of heat flow (e.g. closing of heater valve), then this value should be declared as calculated by the program. Temporary temperature reduction in housing buildings that is in most cases night temperature reduction for ca. 8 hours. Such buildings should not have light construction. In not inhabited buildings there can be a 48 hours weekend temperature reduction or 8 h temp. reduction during the day. On the basis of entered data a correction coefficient fRH is determined, depending on ventilation parameters during warming-up of compartment, effective mass of compartment, temperature drop in compartment and time of reheating.

149

APPENDIX B Heat loss &RH is proportional to the floor area of heated compartment Ai and correction coefficient fRH. Heat demand of compartment Heat demand of heated compartment is a sum of losses by penetration &T,i, for ventilation &V,i and additional heat loss &RH,i because of temporary temperature reduction. Heat demand of building Total heat demand of a building is calculated as a sum of heat losses by penetration &T,i, for ventilation &V,i and additional heat loss &RH,I for all heated compartments in a building. Dimensions used for calculations Area of all external building partitions is calculated according to outer dimensions. Area of internal partitions is calculated according to dimensions in axes. SIMPLIFIED METHOD OF CALCULATION OF HEAT LOSS IN BUILDING EN 12831 Scope of application of simplified method is given in domestic annexes to the norm. The simplified method can be applied for housing buildings, in which the multiplication factor of air exchanges determined on the basis of pressure difference 50 Pa between building interior and external environment does not exceed n50 " 3 1/h and in which there are more than 3 flats. Heat loss calculations according to norm are as follows: 1.Total heat loss of heated space is the sum of losses by penetration and for ventilation. This value is corrected by temperature factor in heated compartments to the temperature which is distinctly higher, than temperature in adjacent rooms, for example in bathroom. Required temperature difference is 2t 3 4K. 2. Heat losses by penetration for compartment are proportional to the area of partition, heat transfer coefficient U, temperature difference between compartment interior and external environment. This product is corrected by temperature factor fk depending on selected type of adjacent room, through which occurs the heat flow to external environment. We can select an unknown compartment heated from other building/flat, non-heated compartment and compartment heated to specific temperature. 3. Ventilation heat losses result from declared air streams required by hygienic needs. 4. If in heated compartments is a temporary temperature reduction, then additional heat losses &RH are calculated as a product of floor area and correction factor depending on ventilation parameters during warming up of compartment, effective compartment mass, temperature drop in compartment and time of warming up. Data for temporary temperature reduction are given only for complete building.

150

APPENDIX B

B.3. Calculations of seasonal energy demand

Program Instal-heat&energy can perform for one data set the calculations of heat losses and seasonal energy demand. Such connection of two calculation methods in one program will reduce the work expenditure required for project execution, on the other side the data must be prepared very carefully. As well the data taken over default by the program must be reviewed and controlled. It is also necessary to determine internal heat gains, if they are present in the building, which are required for correct performing of heat balance. Calculations of seasonal energy demand are performed on the basis of norm EN 832:1998. These calculations are optional in program they can be switched off. - Evaluation of heat consumption of a building is based on assumption of constant temperature during heating season in heated compartments (stationary heating). In program calculations the losses and efficiencies of heating system are not taken into consideration, for this reason such calculated seasonal energy demand is indeed a seasonal building heat demand. Seasonal heat demand does not take into account the primary energy, which is required in the heat source for covering of all heat losses of heating system, resulting from distribution, transfer, regulation of heating system and others. For this reason, as the energy demand, in meaning of this instruction, is understood the seasonal heat demand. In a building there can be several thermal zones, which can have various values of analytical temperature or intensity of internal or external heat gains. Thermal balance components Energetic balance is determined with assumption of following components: - heat losses by penetration and ventilation between internal and external environment, - heat losses or gains by penetration and ventilation between adjacent zones in a building, - useful internal heat gains from internal heat sources, - useful gains from insolation, Calculation procedure of seasonal building heat demand includes: - declaring of climatic data, - defining of compartments as heated or non-heated ones, - defining of analytical temperature, - assigning of compartments to thermal zones, - calculation of heat losses in a building in specified time, - calculation of internal heat gains, - calculation of heat gains from insolation, - calculation of coefficient of total heat gains utilization, - calculation of heat demand in specified time. Determining of limits and zones of heated space Limits of heated space that are walls, lowest floor and ceilings or roofs separating heated space from external environment or from adjacent heated zones or non-heated spaces. 151

APPENDIX B Heated space can be divided into thermal zones. If the heated is heated on its entire heating area to the same temperature value and occurring internal and external gains are relatively small or uniformly distributed in entire area of building, calculations will be performed in relation to one thermal zone. If there are some divergences from these assumptions in the building, then the compartments should be assigned to several thermal zones. This is one of conditions for obtaining of proper calculations results of seasonal heat demand. It is important, that in one group are compartments with similar intensity of internal and external heat gains. That should be compartments with the same temperature. A small departure from this rule is treating the flat with bathroom as one temperature zone. In effect, such declaration of belonging to a thermal zone does not have significant influence on calculations result, but we will obtain following benefits - calculation of seasonal energy demand for a flat, - performing by the program of ventilation air balance for a flat. Heated compartments (with given internal temperature) and non-heated compartments (with internal temperature calculated by the program) should not be connected in one thermal zone. Calculation of heat losses in a building in specified time by use of total heat gains utilization coefficient. The User takes in program advantages of monthly calculations method, which enables calculation of heat demand for every month of heating season. Applied calculations algorithm assumes a determined heat exchange within one month and neglects the accumulated heat or heat given up to compartment as a result of daily quick temperature changes. The coefficient is taken into account in calculations, representing the utilization of total heat gains. Heat loss in one-zone building or in one thermal zone (of a flat) during analytical season includes heat loss for ventilation and by penetration to external environment, their thermal zones or/and to non-heated spaces. In the program, for calculation of heat loss for ventilation a minimal air exchange is assumed, which is required because of hygienic and comfort requirements. Its default value is equal to 0,5 exchanges per hour for a thermal zone. Calculations of total heat gains from insolation and external heat gains In calculations algorithm, the heat gains from insolation by transparent partitions are omitted. As surfaces receiving solar radiation, only windows are considered in the program. An effectively collecting surface of glazed element, such as windows depends on collecting surface, corrective coefficient because of shading, covering coefficient, frame coefficient and total permeability of solar energy. A corrective coefficient because of shading takes into consideration reduction of solar radiation in case of presence of such factors as: - shading by other buildings, - shading because of topographic reasons, (for examples hills, trees), - standing out elements,

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APPENDIX B - shading by other elements of the same building.

Angle K 4 t od from elem entu protruding wy s taj 4 c ego horizontal poz iom ego element
P rz ek rj Vertical pionowy section

K 4 t od elem entu vertical element w ys taj 4 cego pionow ego

Angle from protruding

Horizontal Przekrjsection poziom y

Values of coefficients depend on shading angle of shading element. Value of covering coefficient is given for windows. It depends on type of curtains and their location on inner or outer side of a window. Physical dimensions of building construction Physical dimensions of building construction should be conforming with calculations. It is possible to apply inner dimensions, outer dimensions or totally inner dimensions, but the method of dimensioning should be kept during all calculations. More information to this contains APPENDIX D. DIMENSIONS OF PARTITIONS APPLIED IN CALCULATIONS.

Floors on the ground Calculations of seasonal heat demand require calculations of characteristic dimension of floor. It is defined as quotient of floor area to the half of floor perimeter: B = A/(0,5 P) As a floor perimeter should be understood here a part of building perimeter, measured in the outline of external walls, per specified thermal zone. The perimeter of floor on the ground should be determined by the User for every thermal zone. If there are several thermal zones or (and) a non-heated zone, then the perimeter of floor on the ground should be reduced by the length of walls on the zone limits or (and) on the limits of zones and non-heated space.

B.4. Heaters selection

A basis for heater selection is the reduced heat loss taking into account the heat loss division from other compartments and into various methods of heating. After taking into consideration of all multipliers declared in data, increasing the heaters surface, the program selects a heater from indicated catalogue. Multipliers increasing the surface of heater are taken into account on the basis of declared type of housing and heater location. The multiplier taking into consideration divergences between designed system and its real execution will be taken into account 153

APPENDIX B by the program, if in Heaters selection data its application will be declared. The multiplier taking into consideration the cooling down of water in pipes is accepted on the basis of declared storey, on which a heater is located and the storey, on which the heat source is located, that means on the basis of number of storeys dividing them.

B.5. Calculations of ventilation air balance

Ventilation air balance in program is used in area of building. It includes all compartments in building, both heated and non-heated. Program performs the air balance for whole building to calculate the ventilation air balance for compartment. Applied algorithm assumes, that ventilation air is removed from flat as a result of operation of mechanical ventilation and is supplied to the building through leaks in building construction from outside as a result of subatmospheric pressure caused by operation of exhaust ventilation or/and is blown mechanically into compartments. The balance of ventilation air includes only streams of air resulting from declaring of streams exhausted from and blown into the compartment on the way of mechanical ventilation. The balance does not include hygienic and infiltration stream of air. Balance of ventilation air in compartment includes following air streams: - stream of air exhausted mechanically from compartment Vexh, - stream of air blown mechanically Vsup, - stream of air flowing into compartment from outside and/or from other compartments in building Vmech,inf,i. It is a stream of air flowing as a result of operation of mechanical installation. It occurs, when declared exhausted steam Vexh is bigger than blown stream Vsup. Then, to keep the air balance, into compartment flows an external air through leaks in building construction and/or from other compartments. Ventilation air balance in compartment does not include following streams of air: - stream of infiltrating air Vinf, - minimal stream of ventilation air Vmin resulting from hygienic requirements in compartment. These air streams are used for calculations of ventilation heat losses. Ventilation air balance is calculated according to following guidelines: 1. For whole building is determined a total stream of air Vmech,inf, flowing through leaks in building construction (through windows and doors) as a result of operation of mechanical exhaust installation. It is calculated on the basis of difference between the sum of streams exhausted and blown mechanically. If the difference between exhaust and intake in building is equal to 0, then into building does not flow any additional external air. If the difference is > 0, then the stream Vmech,inf is divided into individual compartments of building with windows and external doors, on the basis of volume share of compartment in the sum of volumes of all compartments in the building. In this way for individual compartments is calculated the stream Vmech,inf,i. 2. In compartment are calculated other streams of ventilation air. 3. Hygienic stream of ventilation air results from normative requirements depending on the type of compartment and its cubic capacity. It can also be declared

154

APPENDIX B manually in order to adapt it to individual needs. Its volume participates in ventilation heat losses. It is not included in ventilation air balance. Infiltrating stream of air flowing into compartment through leaks in windows and doors. Its value depends on air-tightness of building block, multiplication factor of exchanges at difference of 50 Pa between building interior and external environment and correction coefficients taking into account the grade of building shielding and height of compartments over ground level. Its volume participates in ventilation heat losses. It is not included in ventilation air balance. Value of exhausted and mechanically blown stream of air is declared in program by the User on the basis of ventilation parameters. Within compartment is calculated a stream of air, which can flow in/out to/from other compartments in the building. Additional stream of air flowing within compartments in the building depends on balancing of exhausted stream Vexh and blown streams Vsup + Vmech,inf,i. Temperature of inflowing air results from mixing of streams of air coming from individual compartments. Stream of air flowing from the building is corrected in calculations of ventilation heat losses by temperature correction coefficient including mixing of air streams having different temperature values, flowing from various compartments.

4.

5. 6.

7.

Streams of ventilation air (Vi) calculated on the basis of the balance are used for calculations of ventilation heat losses . Its value depends on the presence of ventilation installation in the building. If the mechanical ventilation has not been declared in compartment, then the stream of air Vi used in heat loss calculations is calculated as a max value from declared minimal stream of hygienic air Vmin and air infiltrating into compartment. If the mechanical ventilation has been declared in compartment, then the stream of air Vi used in heat loss calculations is calculated as a max value from declared minimal stream of hygienic air Vmin and sum of infiltrating air streams Vinf and stream of air blown mechanically Vsup into compartment and flowing Vmech,inf,i as a result of air excess exhausted from compartment. Calculation of ventilation heat loss for a building: Lack of mechanical ventilation For a building are summed maximal values Vi of hygienic and infiltrating air streams appearing in compartment. Summing is performed for all compartments in a building. Declared mechanical ventilation in a building For a building are summed maximal values Vi of air streams appearing in compartment. Summing is performed for all compartments in a building. For calculations is taken hygienic, infiltrating, blown mechanically and flowing as a result of excess of air removed from compartment stream of air. If the algorithm of calculation of ventilation air balance can not be applied in calculated building for some reasons, it is necessary to declare to all compartments only minimal multiplication factor of air exchanges.

155

APPENDIX B

B.6. Calculations of water vapour condensation in partition

Process of heat penetration through building partitions is connected with the process of water vapour penetration and: - building materials are porous and to some extend they allow the water vapour penetration. This feature is characterized by coefficient of water vapour diffusion resistance. - during winter season (heating season) as a result of humidity precipitation in compartments (in various processes of mans activity) the partial pressure of water vapour in the air is higher than the partial pressure of water vapour in the air outside the buildings. For this reason the penetration of water vapour through building partitions is realized always in direction from compartment to the outside and its amount depends on thickness and vapour conductivity coefficients of partition layers as well as the difference of partial pressures of water vapour inside and outside the compartment. In multi-layer partitions can occur a phenomenon of water vapour condensation in this partition. Because of disadvantageous results of condensation (intensification of stream of heat permeating through this partition, its destruction) it is necessary to apply such partition construction, in which the condensation humidity could evaporate in summer season and the partition could be dried.

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APPENDIX C.

C. APPENDIX C. ERROR MESSAGES

In this appendix have been described all error, warning and hint messages appearing in Instal-heat&energy program. Messages have been divided into groups concerning individual project positions. Errors, which can appear for each numerical field in project, after entering an incorrect value: Error: ...Non-defined expression This message is displayed, when not any value has been declared in numerical fields of edited data. Special cases: - partition, see Reference marks Error messages, Reference Error Not defined expression Error: Floating point excess This message appears after exceeding the value of number, which is not operated by the computer. Such situation is occurring very rare. Error: Unknown identifier This message is displayed during entering in edition fields of such expression, which is neither properly declared, nor it is a function. Error: Invalid unit operation A message displayed during entering in edition fields of mathematical operations having various types of units. Error...Result out of range too low This error appears, when in numerical fields will be entered values from beyond the lower limit. Special cases: - for general data, see Reference: Error Value too small - for partitions, see Reference: Error Value too small - for compartments, see Reference: Error Value too small - for storeys, see Reference: Error Value too small - for thermal zones, see Reference: Error Value too small Error Result out of range too high This error appears, when the value from beyond the upper limit will be entered. Special cases: - for general data, see Reference: Error: Value to big - for partitions, see Reference: Error: Value to big - for compartments, see Reference: Error: Value to big - for storeys, see Reference: Error: Value to big - for thermal zones, see Reference: Error: Value to big Error: Incompatible unit This message concerns entering in data edition field of expression, the unit of which is not compatible with required one, assigned to specified edition field.

157

APPENDIX C Error: Error in variable This message appears after using of not properly defined variable in data edition field. Go to variable editor to delete the incorrect declaration. Error: Expression calculation error This message concerns a situation, when in expressions entered in edition fields any incorrect mathematical operations will be entered. Error: Error in expression This message is displayed during entering of incorrect expression syntax. Hint: ...(Determining of value impossible) This message appears as a secondary message, concerning non-determining of building parameters value because of not completed or incorrectly completed data, according to which the building parameters are determined. Special cases: - for general data, see Reference: Hint Determining of value impossible - for partitions, see Reference: Hint Determining of value impossible - for compartments, see Reference: Hint Determining of value impossible - for storeys, see Reference: Hint Determining of value impossible - for thermal zones, see Reference: Hint Determining of value impossible Hint: ...(Value too small) This message appears as a secondary message, concerning the value calculated on the basis of data given before. It is displayed, when the result value determined according to basic data is under the lower limit or after their incorrect completion or in case of missing value declaration. Hint: ...(Value too big) - This message appears as a secondary message, concerning the value calculated on the basis of data given before. It is displayed, when the result value determined according to basic data is over the upper limit. Warning: ...(Value too small) Message informing about probability of too small value of a building parameter. Special cases: - for partitions, see Reference: Warning Value too small

C.1. General data and results

Error: Exceeded maximal number of storeys (max=3) for simplified method of heat losses calculation Error is displayed in simplified method of heat loss calculation in case of inserting into the building structure the number of storeys exceeding 3.

158

APPENDIX C. Error: Impossible to determine automatically the heat capacity, because the partitions from outside the partition definition on the level of construction has been used Error informing about lack of possibility of calculation of heat capacity by the program because of lack of data. Appears after declaring of partition directly in building structure. Error: Lack of data in catalogue required for calculations of seasonal energy demand Message informing about lack of data in catalogue, required for calculations of seasonal energy demand in the building. Selected climatic data can be not completed with values required for these calculations. Error: Lack of relation storey in project Error displaying in case of not declaring the relation storey in building structure Error: Building depression too big Message displayed in case of declaring of building depression over the value resulting from diagram Warning: Internal graphical partitions have been hidden , which must be included in calculations of %s. Switch on the option %s. Message displayed in case of selecting of option Hide non-cooling partitions and data of which concerning heat capacity are required for calculations of temporary temperature reduction in compartments. Error: Too low temperature on heaters supply This error will appear, when the value of heaters supply temperature from beyond the lower limit will be given. Warning: Given external temperature differs from the temperature from climatic data Message appearing after entering the value of external air temperature and then after connecting of calculation of seasonal energy demand and selecting the meteorological and actinometrical station from the catalogue of climatic data. Warning: Average given annual outer temperature is different than temperature from climatic data Message appearing, if the User will give the value of average annual outer temperature different than the value of this temperature included in climatic data. Error: Meteorological station not completed Error appearing, when the meteorological station will not be selected from the catalogue of climatic data. It is necessary to select a location from the catalogue of climatic data, the meteorological station will be assigned automatically. Error: Actinometrical station not completed Error appearing, when the actinometrical station will not be selected from the catalogue of climatic data. It is necessary to select a location from the catalogue of climatic data, the actinometrical station will be assigned automatically.

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APPENDIX C Error: Default type of heater not completed Error informing about lack of declaration of default type of heater among heaters available in heaters catalogue, after declaring of heaters selection in compartment in Heaters selection data. Error: Too low number of storey with heat source Error appearing after declaring of too low number of storeys with heat source in relation to the number of storeys in building. Such message appears extremely rare, because storeys are numbered from 0 up. Only after declaring in field a function, which would give an negative number, this message will appear. Error: Too high number of storey with heat source Error appearing after declaring of too high number of storeys with heat source in relation to the number of storeys in building.

C.2. Partitions definitions

Warning: Incorrect name Message appearing, when the User has not entered the name of defined partition. Error: Duplicated name Error occurring after entering of the same name for several partitions.

Error: Partition being part of inhomogeneous partition does not exist Message appearing, if an element of inhomogeneous partition which has been declared in Partition definitions has been removed. Error: Inhomogeneous partition can not be an element of inhomogeneous partition Message concerns a situation, where an element of inhomogeneous partition is an inhomogeneous partition Error: Share of inhomogeneous partition element from outside the scope (0100%) Message appearing, if the declared share of component element in area of inhomogeneous partition is not included in determined scope (0-100%), e.g. if an letter will be entered. Error: Sum of shares of inhomogeneous compartment elements should be equal to 100% Message appearing, if the sum of shares of individual component elements in area of inhomogeneous partition is > or < 100%. Error: Name of share of inhomogeneous partition is incorrect Error: Type of partition being an element of inhomogeneous partition is incorrect Message concerns situation, in which there is no compatibility between types of elements of inhomogeneous partition and the type of inhomogeneous partition.

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APPENDIX C. Error: Inhomogeneous partition can not contain itself as the share Message appearing after declaring of component element with the same name as inhomogeneous partition. Entering the name a partition will be selected. Hint: Partition appears as an element of inhomogeneous partition more than once Program hint informing the User about multiple using of the same partition as an element of inhomogeneous partition. Hint: Elevated floor has been used in compartment with depression greater than 0 Message informing about using of elevated floor in compartment which is depressed under the ground level. Error: Not elevated floor has an aerial layer Message concerns the case when in floor not declared as Elevated an aerial layer has been declared in layers table.

C.3. Partition layers

Error: Missing element of type: Partition layer Error occurring in case of non-declaring of any layer in a laminar partition.

C.4. Partitions with enforced heat transfer coefficient

Error: Elevated floor does not have an aerial layer Error occurring, when the aerial layer has not been declared for elevated floor. Error: Unacceptable presence of element of type: Partition layer Error concerning entering of aerial layer as first from internal side or as last from external side of layer. Warning: Condensation occurring inside the partition or on its internal side Message informing about occurring of water vapour condensation inside the defined partition or on its internal surface.

C.5. Storeys
Error: Floor depression too big (value up to 3m) Message concerning the simplified method, after declaring the building floor depression under 3m below ground level. Error: Characteristic dimension of floor is too big (check values P, Abud) Message appearing after declaring of incorrect values of perimeter and floor area on the ground in building or in compartments.

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APPENDIX C Warning: Characteristic dimension of floor is too big (check values P, Abud) Message appearing after declaring of incorrect values of perimeter and floor area on the ground in building or in compartments, so that the value of characteristic dimension is >20.

C.6. Flat
Error: Lack of window in compartment from ventilation group (impossible to determine the ventilation air stream) This error will appear, when in group of compartments included in balance system of ventilation air there are no declared windows and external doors. Error: Lack of compartment with air extractor in ventilation group This error will appear, if in group of flats included in balance system there is no declared compartment with air extractor.

C.7. Compartments
Error: Insufficient stream of exhausted air Message appearing, if the simplified method of heat loss calculations has not been selected and the compartment has not been declared as with enforced heat demand. In other cases it concerns the situation, when in bathroom, toilet no external window appears and the stream of exhausted air is equal to 0 and in bathroom the 3 3 value of exhausted air < 40 m /h or in toilet the value of exhausted air < 20m /h. Error: Calculated outer temperature drop during reduction is too big (check values tabs, cwirk, HT, V, n) Message appearing if calculated or assumed temperature drop in temperature reduction phase exceeds allowable value from the range [0,7] K. Error: Heated compartment must be located in thermal zone Error informing about non-assigning of specified compartment to a thermal zone. Warning: Compartment depressed under the ground level does not have partition type wall at the ground Warning informing about inserting of compartment under the ground level, which does not have a partition of type wall at the ground. Such example is cellar surrounded by adjacent compartments. Error: Compartment with enforced heat demand can not be located in a thermal zone Error appearing, when a compartment with enforced heat demand will be assigned to a thermal zone. Error: Calculations of sed require partition definition on the level of construction Error appearing, when for calculations of seasonal energy demand a partition will be entered directly in Building structure by giving the name and U coefficient or heat resistance R in partitions table of compartment.

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APPENDIX C. Warning: Compartment with enforced heat loss is not taken into account in calculations of seasonal energy demand Message informing, that a compartment with enforced heat loss is not taken into account in calculations of seasonal energy demand. Calculations of seasonal energy demand require more data. i Hint: Missing element of type partition Message appearing, if none partition has been used in compartment. Warning: Non-heated compartment has internal heat gains This message concerns non-heated compartments, for which internal heat gains have been declared. Warning: Heat loss in compartment < 0 temp. in compartment can be higher, than declared one This message concerns compartments, the heat loss of which is less than zero (heat gain) and for this reason the temperature in compartment will be higher, than declared.

C.8. Partitions
Error: Partition can not be assigned to two compartments Error occurring during assigning of internal partition to two compartments. Warning: Errors in partition definition This warning is generated, when in compartment will be declared partition, which has been declared with errors. Go to Partitions definition and correct there errors occurring in partition. Warning: Internal partition used between compartments on various storeys Message concerns situation, where internal wall has been assigned to compartment located on another storey. Internal ceiling used between compartments on the same storey Message displayed in case of using of internal ceiling between compartments belonging to the same storey Heat flow direction differs from declared one in partition construction Message concerns a situation, where there is a difference between heat flow direction declared for specific partition in Partition definitions and resulting from their application in building structure. Message concerns such partitions as e.g. windows, internal doors. Warning: Internal ceiling used between not adjacent storeys Message concerns a situation, where the internal ceiling has been used between not adjacent storeys.

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APPENDIX C

C.9. Heaters and heat distribution

Warning: No heater selected Message informing, that not any heater has been selected in compartment. It can be more reasons for such situation, for example lack of heater of selected type, with required thermal power. Error: Power of enforced heaters exceeds required power of heaters in compartment Message concerns a situation, in which the power of heaters exceeding the required heat loss to be covered by heating Qexc. has been declared in heaters selection table. Error: Power of enforced heaters does not ensure required power of heaters in compartment This message concerns a situation, in which the power of heaters not ensuring required power of heaters to be covered by heating Qexc./&exc. has been declared in heaters selection table. Error: Incorrect manual distribution Q Error occurring, when in table of heat distribution into various types of heating the sum of shares of various types of heating will exceed the value of heat losses to be covered by heating Qexc./ &exc.. Error: Summary distribution Q different from declared one Message informing about discrepancy of value of summary heat distribution, which will be described on the tab Heat distribution with the value of declared heat distribution in field Qdistr (%Qdistr) / &distr (%&distr). Error: Errors in element inserted in graphical editor check warnings Message informing about errors occurring in an element, which has been loaded from Instal-therm program. Check the displayed warnings and correct the element in Instal-therm program.

C.10.Import
Error: Errors in partition definition Message displayed, if in there are errors in imported partition or if some data are not completed. It is necessary to complete missing data. Warning: After importing the sub-partition '%s has been deleted from partition This message concerns a situation, where during importing of file from the previous program version a sub-partition will be deleted from partition, because it was incorrectly inserted. For example internal wall was a sub-partition in external wall. Deleting of sub-partition is connected with its incorrect assigning. Warning: After importing the sub-partition (from partition '%s') has been saved as a partition This message concerns a situation, where during importing of file from the previous program version a sub-partition has been saved as a partition, for example a 164

APPENDIX C. window inserted to the floor on the ground in previous program version will be saved as a sub-partition in version 4.0. Disconnection of sub-partition is connected with its incorrect assigning.

C.11.Reference Error Not defined expression

Error: Heat transfer coefficient (Non-defined expression) Error occurring for partition with enforced heat transfer coefficient, if its value has not been declared.

C.12.

Reference: Error Value too small

Error: ...(Value too small) Message displayed in case of completion of such partition layers, as: thickness, heat conductivity coefficient, material density, specific heat, with the value from beyond the lower limit.

C.13.

Reference: Error: Value to big

Error: ...( Value too big) Message displayed for such partition layer data as thickness, heat conductivity coefficient, material density, specific heat, in case of entering their values from beyond the upper limit. Error: Share of windowpane in the area of window (Value too big) Message displayed for windows, external doors, after declaring of value exceeding the upper limit resulting from their dimensions.

C.14.

Reference: Hint Determining of value impossible

Hint: Average temperature of heated compartments (Determining of value impossible) Message displayed, when it is impossible to determine the average temperature of heated compartments, because the temperatures in compartment have not been declared in building structure. Hint: ... (Determining of value impossible) Message concerning non-determining of such flat parameters as: average temperature of compartments, ventilation air flow, average temperature of heated compartments because of incorrect completing or not completing of basic data.

C.15.Reference: Warning Value too small

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APPENDIX D. DIMENSIONS OF PARTITIONS APPLIED IN CALCULATIONS

D. APPENDIX D. DIMENSIONS OF PARTITIONS APPLIED IN CALCULATIONS

Heated space of considered building should be clearly defined before performing of calculation of seasonal heat demand. It will enable receiving of correct calculation results. Building elements, which will be considered in calculations are the limits of heated space. If calculations are performed for a part of a building, the limits of these parts should be also clearly defined, so the sum of coefficients of heat losses by penetration of all parts will be equal to the coefficient for entire building. To perform the calculations it is necessary to divide the building housing into elements. Dimensions of a building element are usually measured according to one of three systems: - internal dimension length measured from wall to wall and from the floor to the ceiling inside of each compartment in the building, - total internal dimension length measured inside of the building, without taking into consideration the internal divisions, - external dimension length measured on external side of the building. These systems differ from each other in the method of incorporating of flat surfaces of joints between elements in the area of these elements. The product of the partition area and its heat transfer coefficient is bigger with application of external dimensions, than with application of internal dimensions. As a result, the values of linear heat transfer coefficient of a heat leakage bridge are principally smaller for internal dimensions and in some cases they can have even a negative value for example for external corners. If the fundamental insulation layer is continuous, linear heat transfer coefficients of some joints can be small, particularly when internal dimensions or total internal dimensions are applied. In such cases they are often omitted. As a result, in calculated values of coefficient of heat losses by penetration small differences between dimensions systems can appear, when some heat leakage bridges are neglected in one system, and not neglected in the other. These differences between systems should be taken into account by selection of addition because of occurring linear heat leakage bridges. Point-type heat leakage bridges can be taken into account by adequate increasing of mentioned addition to the heat transfer coefficient.

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