SF3 Answers

Answers to Science Focus 4 second edition Student Book questions
3.1 Answers
Remembering
1 2 3 4 heredity (potential height), environment (nutrition) characteristics inherited from parents plants that consistently produce offspring the same as the parents a recessive b dominant c dominant d dominant e recessive deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) a 46 (2 pairs) b 2 c 46
5 6
7 P1 P2 R W RR WR RW WW R W
Understanding
8 a A gene that is not !mas"ed#, it appears in the $% generation& 't is the gene that mas"s a recessive gene& b (hen both alleles are the same) for example, gg or **& c +he form different genes come in& d +he physical appearance produced by the genotype& e +he first ne, cell formed ,hen sperm and ova -oin during fertilisation& 9 A gene is a hereditary unit that controls a particular characteristic& *enes determine the physical features of an organism& 10 .perm and ova contain only one of each type of chromosome (only half of the necessary chromosomes)) therefore, they cannot ma"e a ne, organism by themselves& 11 (hen a dominant allele is present in a genotype (GG homo/ygous and *g hetero/ygous) it ,ill al,ays be displayed in the phenotype&
Copyright Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty td! "#$% &'( 1 ))2* 1*)1 +

12 a (hen the hetero/ygous genotype displays a patch,or" of the homo/ygous parents& (hen a red (RR) co, mates ,ith a ,hite (WW) co, it produces a hetero/ygous (RW) roan (patches of red and ,hite) co,& b (hen hetero/ygous genes in an offspring blend to produce a different colour to the parents& 'n the case of snap dragons, a red and ,hite parent ,ill produce a pin" offspring&
Applying
13 a b c d 14 a b c d e 15 haploid diploid diploid haploid meiosis mitosis mitosis mitosis meiosis
Symbol gg green pods G Gg g
Description 0omo/ygous genotype 1henotype Dominant allele 0etero/ygous genotype 2ecessive allele
16 a b c d 17 a b c d e
blac" bro,n blac" blac" red ,hite parent 2 345 345

18 a b c d 19 a b c Hh HH, Hh, hH, hh long hair, short hair 635 long hair, 235 short hair incomplete dominance complete dominance complete dominance
Analysing
20 eight
,valuating
21 a

c
Creating
22 a P1 P2 w w Ww Ww ww ww W w
b i
Ww (hetero/ygous), ww (homo/ygous recessive) ii 345 hetero/ygous, 345 homo/ygous recessive iii 345

23 a P1 P2 l l Ll Ll Ll Ll L L
b P1 P2 L l LL Ll Ll ll L l
c 7% d 8es, because there is one homo/ygous dominant (LL) and t,o hetero/ygous dominant (Ll, Ll) to give offspring ,ith the long9stem phenotype, and one homo/ygous recessive (ll) to give offspring ,ith the short9stem phenotype& +his means there are three chances out of four of producing an offspring ,ith the long9stem phenotype& 24 a blac" (BB), ,hite (WW), blue (BW) b P1 P2 B W BB BW BW WW B W
c 235 blac", 345 blue, 235 ,hite d +he blue Andalusian fo,l carries the alleles for both the ,hite and the blac", so ,henever it is crossed ,ith another blue fo,l it has a 345 chance of producing a colour other than blue&
3.1 Practical activities

Pra- 1. /bserving mitosis
Common mistakes 'ncorrect focusing techni:ues may result in bro"en cover slips and slides& 'nstruct students on the use and care of microscopes and slides& A videoflex or a digital microscope camera ,ould be useful for this activity& Possible results ;sing prepared slides and images of mitosis, students observe the se:uence changes in the nucleus of an onion root tip cell undergoing mitosis& Suggested answers 1 Results will vary, but should be similar to Figure 3.1.6. 2 The se o!d stage o" ell divisio! i! mitosis does !ot i!volve hromosomes li!i!g u# i! homologous #airs.
Pra- 2. 0odelling meiosis

Common mistakes .oft malleable plasticine ,ill assist this exercise& 'f the plasticine is too hard, place on paper to,el and micro,ave for a very brief time (too long and it melts)& Possible results .tudents construct models to demonstrate the process of meiosis& Suggested answers 1 $eiosis #rodu es "our gametes i! males a!d o!e i! "emales. %ight ombi!atio!s o" hromosomes are #ossible. 2 Whe! li!i!g u# i! homologous #airs, the hromosomes "rom the mother do !ot gather together. Li&ewise, the hromosomes "rom the "ather do !ot gather together. This mea!s that whe! the hromosomes se#arate a!d move to the e!ds o" the ell, there is !o way o" #redi ti!g whi h hromosomes e!d u# with whi h gamete' it is o!ly ertai! that ea h hromosome will be re#rese!ted. 3 $eiosis e""e tively #rodu es ells with hal" the !umber o" hromosomes. 4 The rossi!g over o" homologous hromosomes was !ot demo!strated i! this model.
Pra- +. 0odelling inheritan-e

Common mistakes <nsure that the paper bag is large enough to avoid possible ripping ,hen students place their hands inside& Possible results .tudents use beads, counters and -elly beans to model simple inheritance to sho, that it is a random process& +he three genotypes that should be seen are 345 RG, 235 RR and 235 GG&

Suggested answers 1 (Hetero)ygous* mea!s that the ge!oty#e is made u# o" two di""ere!t alleles. 2 The three ge!oty#es that should be see! are +,- RG, .+- RR a!d .+- GG. 3 /tatisti al #atter!s be ome more obvious whe! the sam#le is large, so may !ot be see! a"ter ., sele tio!s. 4 /tatisti al #atter!s be ome more obvious whe! the sam#le is large, so should be see! a"ter 1,, sele tio!s. 5 a homo)ygous 0 homo)ygous 1 RR 0 GG b homo)ygous 0 hetero)ygous 1 RR 0 RG or GG 0 RG
3.2 Answers
Remembering
1 2 Male Female XH Xh 2H 2H 2H 2h 2H 3 2h 3 XH Y tongue rolling, right9 or left9 handed, hairline, ear lobe attached or free, albinism, cleft chin, colour blindness
3 4 5
a b a b a b
RR or Rr rr green and grey ha/el and blac" height, eye, hair or s"in colour albinism, ear lobe attachment or left=right handed

6
a 23 b 22
Understanding
8 +,o 2 chromosomes are responsible for female characteristics& >ales have the genotype ?8& +he 2 chromosome carries more genetic coding than the 3 chromosome& .ex9lin"ed diseases occur because the 3 chromosome doesn#t have a matching gene on the 2 chromosome& e Diseases such as haemophilia are inherited through females in a family& 9 @oth parents carry a !mas"ed# gene, ,hich is then passed onto their child& 10 Due to the presence of the dominant allele, a carrier !hides# or mas"s the recessive gene, ,hich re:uires t,o copies to cause the disorder& 11 >ales have only one 2 chromosome, so it solely determines ,hether or not the disorder is present, unli"e females ,ho can mas" a recessive gene causing a disorder ,ith its dominant allele on the other 2 chromosome& a b c d
Applying
12 a b c d e A A A@ @ @ A

13 'f @@ B AA, children are all A@& 'f @A B AA, children are A@ and AA& 'f @A B AA, children are A@, @A, AA, AA& 'f @@ B AA, children are A@, @A& 14 a @A, @@, A@ b @ or A@ 15 a 235 b 635 c 'n each of the three affected children, the male gamete (sperm) carried the recessive trait and fertilised an ovum that also carried the recessive trait& <ven though there is a 635 chance of having an unaffected offspring, fertilisation is random&
Analysing
16 !ontin"o"s 0eight, ,eight, s"in colour, intelligence, baldness Discontin"o"s Ability to roll tongue, sex or gender, albinism, blood group
17 .ee ans,ers in C%D belo,& 18 a Rr b Rr c Rr
,valuating
19 a >ales have one only 2 chromosome& +his chromosome either doesn#t have the gene or it does& 'n the case of ,hen the gene is present, although the chromosome !carries# the gene, the gene can never be !mas"ed# because there is no other 2 chromosome present to mas" the gene ,ith a dominant allele& +he 3 chromosome doesn#t carry information about sex9lin"ed disorders& b .perm are male& +his statement is a bit of both& A sperm cell is haploid and may carry either a 3 chromosome or an 2 chromosome& c A person ,ith 223 is a hermaphrodite ,ho ,ill display characteristics of both genders&
Answers to Science Focus 4 second edition Student Book questions Creating

20 Donor #ecipient $% $% $& '% '& $'% $'& (% (& $& '% '& $'% $'& (% (&
21 a 2 E tongue roller) r E non9tongue roller P1 P2 r r rr rr rr rr r r
b none

22 a P1 P2 a a %445 b P1 P2 A a 345 23 4a aa 4a aa a a aa aa aa aa a a

Pra- 1. 1ominant or re-essive2
Common mistakes .tudents may mista"enly believe that -ust because a characteristic is more fre:uent in a population that it is the dominant characteristic&

Possible results Dominant characteristics are usually free ear lobes, no bump on the outer rim of the ear, no gap bet,een the front teeth and little finger bent in,ards& Suggested answers 1 4!swers will vary de#e!di!g o! whether the stude!ts themselves have these hara teristi s. 2 4!swers will vary.
Pra- 2. Continuous variation

Common mistakes >easurement errors& Possible results 2esults sho, that height is a continuous variation& Suggested answers 1 The results obtai!ed should show o!ti!uous variatio! withi! the heights !ormal "or this age grou#. 2 The results obtai!ed are !ot re#rese!tative o" the e!tire #o#ulatio! be ause they sam#le o!ly a !arrow ba!d o" ages. 5e#e!di!g o! the s hool, they may also be re#rese!tative o" o!e #arti ular ge!der or eth!i ity o!ly. 3 The average height o" boys i! 3ear 6 will ge!erally be greater tha! that o" girls. 7! 3ear 8, however, the results may be o##osite, as girls te!d to go through #uberty be"ore boys.
Pra- +. 3egetable babies

Common mistakes +he vegetables in this activity ,ill ma"e better appendages if the vegetables are crisp& Fut the vegetables -ust before starting the activity& Possible results .tudents construct different phenotype vegetable babies based on dominant and recessive alleles& Suggested answers 1 Feet f f F F" F" f "" "" $rms A A a 4a 4a a 4a 4a )yes e e E %e %e e ee ee
"eet9 +,- arrot, +,- #ars!i#' arms9 1,,- short elery sti &' eyes9 +,- #eas, +,- sulta!as

3 4 5 6 +,Results will vary. Results will vary. Results will vary.
3.3 Answers
Remembering
1 a double helix b sugar, phosphate c nitrogen bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine) A7 adenine, +7 thymine, F7 cytosine, *7 guanine a cytosine b adenine (atson and Fric" (Games (atson and $rancis Fric") and they shared the Nobel 1ri/e ,ith >aurice (il"ins& HD&35 (hen it produces a change in the gene or chromosome that leads to a ne, species, such as the *ranny .mith apple& a sic"le9cell anaemia b Do,n syndrome
2 3 4 5 6 7
Understanding
8 a A set of three bases is called a codon& b A mutation is a spontaneous change in a gene or chromosome that may alter a characteristic for ,hich it codes& c A mutation9causing agent& 9 A codon is a set of three bases that contains the instructions to form an amino acid& +hese amino acids -oin to form chains that ma"e proteins& +hese proteins, in turn, determine the characteristics of individuals& 10 nitrogen base, codon, DNA strand, cell 11 (hen genes become active and are expressed) that is, the characteristic they code for appears, it is referred to as gene expression& 12 +he mutation must be present in the sex cells (gametes7 ova and sperm) to be inherited by the next generation&

13
14 >utations allo, for genetic variation, ,hich means that individuals may possess desirable traits that are advantageous& +his increases their chances of survival&
Applying
15 ;I radiation, ben/ene, asbestos 16 a *FF+A++F*A+ b .tudent responses ,ill vary& An example is7 *FFAA++F*A+ c 't changes the amino acid produced and, in turn, the protein and the gene it codes for&
Analysing
17 244 B E 644 bases 18 a 2% b girl
,valuating
19 ;I radiation is a mutagen& (hen cells, such as s"in cells, are exposed to mutagens they cause a mutation (alteration) in the genetic ma"e9up of an individual& 20 DNA needs to undergo replication so that it is able to ma"e copies of cells undergoing mitosis during gro,th and repair& 'f DNA cannot replicate, the organism dies&
Answers to Science Focus 4 second edition Student Book questions Creating

21

Pra- 1. 0odelling 1%A
Common mistakes .tudent9designed experiments should be assessed by the teacher for feasibility before they are carried out& Possible results .tudents construct a model of DNA& Suggested answers /tude!t desig!.
Pra- 2. ,4tra-ting 1%A

Common mistakes +o achieve impressive strands of DNA it is essential to stir very gently& Possible results +hin strands of DNA are extracted from a sample of ,heatgerm& Suggested answers 1 4!swers will vary, but the 5:4 should a##ear as thi! threads. 2 a 5eterge!t brea&s dow! ell walls a!d !u lear membra!es to e;#ose the 5:4. b %tha!ol #re i#itates the 5:4, ma&i!g it visible. 3 $ai!tai!i!g the tem#erature betwee! +, a!d 6,<= a!d ge!tle stirri!g.
3.4 Answers
Remembering
1 2 3 4 5 6 "eeping the seeds from only the best plants for next year#s crop) crossing ,ith a related plant genus to produce a ne, plant that possesses desirable traits from both parent plants +he protein "ills the ma-or pest of cotton (Heliothis caterpillar) ,hen the caterpillar eats the leaves& en/ymes sic"le9cell anaemia, cystic fibrosis DNA fingerprinting to solve criminal cases) therapeutic cloning to gro, cells for repair of damaged cells a HH&H5 b 2 444 genes c 26 444 proteins
Understanding
7 a >anipulating DNA to change the genes ,ithin an organism& $or example, insulin for use by diabetics is produced in large :uantities by bacteria& +he DNA se:uence of insulin is inserted into plasmids that have been removed from bacteria& +he altered plasmids are then put bac" into the bacteria& An reproduction, these bacteria :uic"ly produce multiple copies of the !foreign# DNA that ,as spliced into them, in this case, insulin& b +he altering of a plant#s gene se:uence& $or example, genetically modified cotton has the bacteria @acillus thuringiensis inserted to help the cotton produce a protein that "ills its ma-or pest, 0eliothis caterpillar& c 'nsertion of modified genes directly into animal cells& $or example, insertion of the -elly fish gene into mice to code for *$1 (green fluorescent protein)& a 1lasmids are circular pieces of DNA that occur naturally in bacterial cells& b <n/ymes are used to cut open a plasmid, foreign DNA is inserted into the plasmid and the plasmid is then re-oined to form recombinant DNA& +he altered plasmids are then put bac" into bacteria& +he bacteria :uic"ly reproduce multiple copies of the !foreign# DNA that ,as inserted& +he bacteria act according to the ne, instructions of the inserted DNA and manufacture the proteins it codes for& a A gene probe is a small piece of DNA ,ith a base se:uence identical to part of a gene& b 1renatal testing to identify defects or diseases7 1renatal testing is carried out using gene probes containing a small piece of DNA ,ith a base se:uence identical to that of a gene associated ,ith a genetic disorder& +he probe stic"s to the abnormal gene, allo,ing embryos to be tested for disorders, such as sic"le9cell anaemia or cystic fibrosis& DNA fingerprinting7 DNA fingerprinting relies on the fact that everyone has a uni:ue se:uence of bases in their DNA found in every cell of their body& A suspect#s DNA fingerprint can be compared to the DNA obtained from body fluids, fragments of s"in or strands of hair found at a crime scene& DNA fingerprints can then be used in court to prove innocence (no DNA match) or guilt (DNA match)&

10 DNA fingerprinting relies on the fact that everyone has a uni:ue se:uence of bases in their DNA found in every cell of their body&
Applying
11 2ice that produces more seeds) dairy cattle that produce more mil"& 12 .tudents# responses ,ill vary&
Analysing
13 Floning is the process in ,hich a single cell is gro,n to produce a ne, individual, ,hereas therapeutic cloning is the insertion of an individual#s DNA into eggs to produce stem cells& +hese stem cells are then manipulated to produce any type of cell re:uired by the patient to repair damaged tissue&
,valuating
14 .tem cells have the same DNA as the rest of the cells in the body, so the heart ,ill not be re-ected and the patient may have a faster and easier recovery& 15 a plan a healthier lifestyle (food and exercise) b 'f you are prone to illness, a prospective employer might not hire you or may not promote you& 8our medical bills and insurance premiums could be higher or you could be refused medical insurance because you could become costly to the insurer& c .tudents# responses ,ill vary& 16 a *ene cell therapy involves removing the genetic material from some body cells, manipulating it and reinserting it into the same person& b +o overcome diseases, such as cancer, and to prevent the inheritance of diseases such as haemophilia& 17 +he protein may "ill other insects that feed on the cotton& 1redators of the caterpillar may also be affected&

18
Creating
19 .tudents# responses ,ill vary& 20 a .tudents# responses ,ill vary& b .tudents# responses ,ill vary&
Chapter answers
Remembering
1 *erm >eiosis Description Fell division producing gametes
>itosis
Fell division producing daughter cells identical to the parent cell
Diploid
A cell having t,o of each type of chromosome
0aploid
A cell having one of each type of chromosome
*ene
A hereditary unit
DNA
+he chemical that carries the genetic code&
2 3
double helix uprights7 alternating sugar and phosphate units rungs7 nitrogen bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine)

4 *erm Fodon *enetic map 1lasmid *ene probe 2ecombinant DNA +ransgenic organism >utagen Description A se:uence of three bases that codes for an amino acid .ho,s positions of genes on chromosomes A circular piece of DNA A small piece of DNA that recognises a gene A molecule containing DNA from t,o organisms An organism ,ith a ne, gene Fauses a spontaneous change in a gene or chromosome
Understanding
5 6 7 8 0eredity7 the set of characteristics inherited from your parents) the environment7 a diverse set of factors that act on the organism throughout its life, such as pollutants and :uality of food& A gene is a hereditary unit that controls a particular characteristic& *enes are made of a chemical called DNA& *enes are located on chromosomes& DNA un/ips and ma"es an exact copy of each strand by matching each base ,ith its complementary base& a >utations can cause cells to mutate, forming cancerous tumours in an individual, but have no effect on the species, unless they occur in the sex cells (sperm or egg cells) or in the /ygote that forms on fertilisation& b A change in the base se:uence of DNA ,ithin sex cells (sperm or ova) ,ill not affect the individual& 0o,ever, if this change is passed onto their offspring, the ne, base se:uence could code for a dysfunctional=harmful gene that could lead to a disease or a non9desirable trait& c .ometimes, mutations can lead to the creation of a different species) e&g& *ranny smith apples& a *ene technology is the manipulation of DNA to change the genes ,ithin an organism& b Floning is the process in ,hich a single cell is gro,n to produce a ne, individual ,ithout the need for fertilisation& c *ene cell therapy involves removing the genetic material from some body cells, manipulating it and reinserting it into the same person&
Applying
10 .tudents# responses ,ill vary&

11 a *enes come in different forms& 'n this example, there are t,o alleles for stem lengthJone allele codes for long stem (L) and the other codes for short stem (l)& b +he possible combinations of t,o alleles together determine a genotype) e&g& t,o long stem alleles (LL), t,o short stem alleles (ll) or one of each allele (Ll)& c +he appearance produced by the genotype is the phenotype) e&g& the plant ,ill have long (Ll or LL) or short (ll) stems& d 0omo/ygous is ,hen both alleles are the same) e&g& LL or ll& e 0etero/ygous is ,hen both alleles are different) e&g& (Ll)&
Analysing
12 a b c d e 13 a b both mitosis meiosis meiosis mitosis Rr B rr
R r r Rr Rr
r rr rr
c 345 hetero/ygous, 345 homo/ygous recessive d red eyes, ,hite eyes e 345 red eyes, 345 ,hite eyes 14 Fharacteristics that are clearly defined, such as ear lobe attachment and albinism, are discontinuous& Fontinuous variation refers to characteristics that have a range of possible outcomes, such as eye colour and height& 15 a 't is not possible for t,o non9tasters to have three children ,ho are tasters, because both parents must each have a recessive gene& b @oth parents must be hetero/ygous (Tt) tasters for them to produce one non9taster and three taster children& 16 $ ( AA ' @A

( AA @A
+he child ,ill either be blood group A or @& 17 a i 2$3 ii 2m2m iii 2m3 b recessive c XM XM Y 2$ 2$ 2$ 3 Xm 2m 2$ 2m 3
+here is a 345 chance of the boy having the disease&
,valuating
18 a HH&H 5 b 8es, identical t,ins come from the same fertilised egg and so ,ill have the same total DNA base se:uence& 19 a *> foods may be more nutritious and "eep better than conventional foods, may be pest resistant and tolerate harsher environmental conditions& b *> foods that contain pesticide9resistant genes don#t necessarily solve the ,orld#s food shortage problems, they may pass on the resistant gene to other plants creating !super,eeds#, and insects that are not pests may be "illed&
Creating
20 a R R R RR RR W RW RW
2 red7 4 ,hite7 2 pin" b
R R W RR RW
W RW WW
% red7 % ,hite7 2 pin" 21 a Rr B rr b R r r Rr Rr r rr rr
c Rr, rr d 345 Rr, 345 rr e tongue rolling and non9tongue rolling 345 tongue rolling and 345 non9tongue rolling 22 a No, they are not albino& b A A a 44 4a a 4a aa
c K 23 a Xn XN 2: 2! Xn 2: 2!

Y 2! 3 2! 3
b +he husband carries the dominant gene because he isn#t colour blind, therefore !mas"ing# the colour9blind gene in the daughters ,ho are carriers& c All their sons ,ill be affected&

SF3 Answers

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

SF3 Answers

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Answers to Science Focus 4 second edition Student Book questions

Answers to Science Focus 4 second edition Student Book questions

Symbol gg green pods G Gg g

blac" bro,n blac" blac" red ,hite parent 2 345 345

Answers to Science Focus 4 second edition Student Book questions

Answers to Science Focus 4 second edition Student Book questions

Answers to Science Focus 4 second edition Student Book questions

Answers to Science Focus 4 second edition Student Book questions

3.1 Practical activities

Pra- 2. 0odelling meiosis

Pra- +. 0odelling inheritan-e

Answers to Science Focus 4 second edition Student Book questions

Answers to Science Focus 4 second edition Student Book questions

Answers to Science Focus 4 second edition Student Book questions

17 .ee ans,ers in C%D belo,& 18 a Rr b Rr c Rr

Answers to Science Focus 4 second edition Student Book questions Creating

21 a 2 E tongue roller) r E non9tongue roller P1 P2 r r rr rr rr rr r r

Answers to Science Focus 4 second edition Student Book questions

3.2 Practical activities

Answers to Science Focus 4 second edition Student Book questions

Pra- 2. Continuous variation

Pra- +. 3egetable babies

Answers to Science Focus 4 second edition Student Book questions

Answers to Science Focus 4 second edition Student Book questions

Answers to Science Focus 4 second edition Student Book questions Creating

3.3 Practical activities

Pra- 2. ,4tra-ting 1%A

Answers to Science Focus 4 second edition Student Book questions

Answers to Science Focus 4 second edition Student Book questions

Answers to Science Focus 4 second edition Student Book questions

Answers to Science Focus 4 second edition Student Book questions

Fell division producing daughter cells identical to the parent cell

A cell having t,o of each type of chromosome

A cell having one of each type of chromosome

+he chemical that carries the genetic code&

Answers to Science Focus 4 second edition Student Book questions

Answers to Science Focus 4 second edition Student Book questions

Answers to Science Focus 4 second edition Student Book questions

+here is a 345 chance of the boy having the disease&

2 red7 4 ,hite7 2 pin" b

Answers to Science Focus 4 second edition Student Book questions

% red7 % ,hite7 2 pin" 21 a Rr B rr b R r r Rr Rr r rr rr

Answers to Science Focus 4 second edition Student Book questions

Potrebbero piacerti anche