Marxism and the Revision of Argentine History in the 1960s

MICHAEL GOEBEL, University College London

thomasmichaelgoebel@yahoo.co.uk

Introduction It is a commonly held o inion that !he"eas in Eu"o e the Le#t has "e#"ained #"om emb"acing the u"suit o# a g"and $national% destiny among its "inci al ob&ecti'es, the o osite is t"ue #o" most o# the de'elo ing !o"ld. (his also goes #o" Latin Ame"ica. As )o"ge Casta*eda has a"gued in his !idely "ead book about the Latin Ame"ican Le#t, south o# the +,o G"ande the o'e"!helming hegemony o# the no"the"n neighbou" encou"aged the Le#t to ado t a nationalist stance, aimed at gene"ating a national consciousness that !ould lead to libe"ation #"om the im e"ialist yoke. Acco"ding to Casta*eda, the Le#t $has #i"st no"mati'ely identi#ied the - eo le. and the -nation.. /01 It has then bemoaned the #act that the -nation. has not belonged to the eo le.2"d3uo 4 5hilst, a"guably, such a t"end can be most easily diagnosed in Cent"al Ame"ica and the Ca"ibbean 6that is in a"eas !he"e 78 hegemony !as most tangible6 it !as #o"ce#ully "esent in A"gentina, too. Es ecially in the !ake o# the Cuban +e'olution, many A"gentine le#t9!ing intellectuals es oused anti9im e"ialism and national libe"ation as "inci al tenets and o"t"ayed A"gentina as yet anothe" o "essed semi9colonial nation: a state o# a##ai"s !hich in thei" 'ie! should be o'e"come by Latin Ame"ican and !ide" (hi"d 5o"ld solida"ity. At #i"st glance, the A"gentine 'e"sion o# !hat Alain (ou"aine has called the $national9"e'olutiona"y myth%, acco"ding to !hich $class and nation /01 a ea"ed as nothing but the t!o #aces o# the same "otagonist o# the st"uggles #o" national libe"ation%, di##e"ed ha"dly #"om its counte" a"ts in othe" Latin Ame"ican count"ies. ; A"gentine le#t9!ing nationalists, as thei" counte" a"ts else!he"e, st"essed anti9im e"ialism and a distincti'e Latin Ame"ican identity, do'etailing !ith some o# the "emises o# de endency theo"y. Many o# the "e#e""ed "eadings o# the Latin Ame"ican Le#t o# the 4<=>s, such as ?"ant@ ?anon, had cu""ency in A"gentina, too. On the su"#ace, A"gentine le#t9!ing nationalism thus di##e"ed less #"om othe" contem o"a"y eAam les than one might eA ect, bea"ing in mind that the count"y.s olitical situation !as #a" #"om analogous to Cuba.s o" Alge"ia.s. Ho!e'e", the discou"se o# !hat has been called A"gentina.s $ne! intellectual Le#t% also had its o!n distincti'e t"aits.B (he A"gentine nationalist Le#t, !hen it came to asse"t its claim to "e "esent the authentic 'alues and goals o# the nation, #ound itsel# con#"onted !ith the dubious legacy o# a st"and o# nationalism that had eme"ged du"ing the c"isis o# libe"alism o# the 4<B>s, !hich "aised autho"ita"ian and hie"a"chical 3ualities. (his !as not an eAclusi'ely A"gentine "oblem eithe" CB"a@il !ould be a a"allelD, E but he"e it !as e"ha s mo"e accentuated than else!he"e. In othe" "es ects, the A"gentine case di##e"ed, too. ?i"stly 6and he"e the cont"ast to B"a@il is st"iking6, A"gentine intellectuals maintained a mo"e tensional "elationshi !ith olitical o!e" and !e"e less integ"ated into the state.s cultu"al and olitical institutions, both in the thi"ties and, !ith the sho"t9li'ed eAce tion o# the beginning o# A"tu"o ?"ondi@i.s "esidency C4<FG9=;D, in the e"iod a#te" 4<FF.F As 8il'ia 8igal has con'incingly a"gued, this led to a eculia" situation in !hich intellectuals !e"e in sea"ch o# olitical legitimacy and !hich le#t them in a state o# $a'ailability% in "elation to social and olitical acto"s. = (his tendency, in tu"n, lent an eno"mous !eight to the contem o"a"y olitical situation, !hich e3ually su##e"ed #"om a "o#ound c"isis o# legitimacy a#te" )uan He"In had been ousted in a milita"y cou and his mo'ement "ohibited in 4<FF. 8econdly, the"e#o"e, as one might eA ect, the debates o# the A"gentine nationalist Le#t in the 4<=>s "e'ol'ed incessantly a"ound the henomenon o# He"onism, in "elation to !hich 'i"tually all intellectuals #elt u"ged to osition themsel'es. J (his "oblem only g"e! o'e" time, as it became inc"easingly e'ident that neithe" milita"y C4<FF9FG and 4<==9JBD no" ci'ilian go'e"nments C4<FG9=; and 4<=B9==D succeeded in thei" aim to e"adicate the !o"king class. adhe"ence to the de osed leade".

7ltimately 6and at least in a"t as a "esult o# this c"isis o# legitimacy6 olitical and intellectual debates had a st"ong inclination to "ecu" to histo"y as a "o'ide" #o" the &usti#ication o# contem o"a"y olitical goals. (his a"ticle analyses the ca"ee"s and the discou"se o# a numbe" o# intellectuals, in !hose !"itings these "oblems con'e"ged into a le#t9!ing nationalist and "o9He"onist stance a#te" 4<FF. (he autho"s in 3uestion !e"e ty ical o# the a#o"ementioned cha"acte"istics o# A"gentina.s Ke! Le#t. In the enti"e e"iod bet!een 4<FF and 4<JB they la"gely "emained outside the state.s cultu"al and olitical institutions. (hey a"tici ated in debates about He"onism and conside"ed the #act that this mo'ement !as not disa ea"ing a#te" the "emo'al o# its leade" #"om o!e" as "oo# o# He"onism.s ancho"ing in national t"aditions. (hey conse3uently bemoaned !hat they sa! as the inability o# the t"aditional Le#t 6s eci#ically the Communist and 8ocialist Ha"ties, !hich had seen He"onism as me"ely a de"i'ati'e o# Eu"o ean #ascism6 to come to g"i s !ith these t"aditions. Ma"Aist !"ite"s, such as +odol#o Huigg"Is o" )o"ge Abela"do +amos, "eacted to this !ith "a "ochement to!a"ds He"onism, so that thei" s he"es o# olitical sociability became 'i"tually indistinguishable #"om that o# le#t9!ing He"onists. Mo"eo'e", they !"ote histo"ical essays and books, e'en though none o# them !as a "o#essional histo"ian Cthey mostly u"sued a ca"ee" o# olitical acti'ismD. (hei" essayism about A"gentina.s social and olitical li#e !as cha"acte"istically moulded into a global 'e"sion o# the count"y.s histo"y, !hich st"essed u" o"tedly authentic national 'alues, embodied in nineteenth9centu"y caudillos. In this, they d"e! on the legacy o# histo"ical "e'isionism, an anti9libe"al and nationalist histo"iog"a hical cu""ent that had eme"ged in the 4<B>s. (he"e !e"e, to be su"e, di##e"ences bet!een the e"st!hile autho"ita"ian 'a"iants o# this histo"iog"a hy and the Ma"Aist and o ulist neo9"e'isionists !ho a"e the "otagonists o# this a"ticle. Es ecially th"ough thei" main institution 6the Instituto de In'estigaciones HistI"icas $)uan Manuel de +osas% Che"ea#te" Instituto +osasD6 the "ight9!ing nationalists o# the 4<B>s, had concent"ated on the glo"i#ication o# the His anic, Catholic and autho"ita"ian t"aits o# the nineteenth9centu"y caudillo +osas, !ho !as su osed to "e lace those !ho !e"e seen as the $cosmo olitan% and $libe"al% #igu"es in A"gentina.s national antheon Csuch as Be"na"dino +i'ada'ia, Lomingo ?austino 8a"miento o" Ba"tolomM Mit"eD. In cont"ast, unde" the inc"easing in#luence o# Ma"Aist nationalism in the siAties the "e#e"entially eAtolled #igu"es o# histo"ical "e'isionism encom assed a !ide" s ect"um, !ith a a"ticula" insistence on the caudillos #"om the inte"io", !ho !e"e seen as mo"e o ula" and less oliga"chic than +osas. (he"e !e"e also con'e"gences, ho!e'e". 5ith "ega"d to thei" gene"al ideological outlook, both the "ightist 'a"iants o# nationalism o# the 4<B>s and the ost94<FF Ma"Aists and o ulists !e"e #e"'ent anti9libe"als. ?u"the"mo"e, as I !ill t"y to sho! by #ocusing on the neo9"e'isionism o# the 4<=>s, the le#t9!ing nationalist intellectuals a"ticula"ly echoed the belie#s o# thei" "eactiona"y #o"e"unne"s in the notion that libe"alism had !il#ully #alsi#ied "edominant unde"standings o# A"gentina.s ast and this had to be "ecti#ied th"ough the im lementation o# the 'e"sion o# anti9libe"al "e'isionism, !hich su $authentic% 'alues o# the nation. (he neo9"e'isionism o# Ma"Aist and o ulist nationalist autho"s not only do'etailed !ith the "edominant climate o# olitical cultu"e in the 4<=>s, but by the end o# that decade, the sales successes o# thei" books had in #act cont"ibuted a g"eat deal to thei" 'e"sion becoming something like common sense among A"gentines. It gained a"ticula" cu""ency among the so9called "e'olutiona"y tendency o# He"onism, as the 'e"y name o# the gue""illa g"ou Montone"os indicates.G Gi'en these !ide "e e"cussions, it is st"iking that, although a numbe" o# schola"ly !o"ks ha'e been ublished on histo"ical "e'isionism as a !hole, the lite"atu"e on this neo9"e'isionism 6be it Ma"Aist o" o ulist6 is still sca"ce.< Although this a"ticle cannot #ill this ga satis#acto"ily, it aims at cla"i#ying a numbe" o# as ects that can hel an o'e"all unde"standing o# the discu"si'e negotiations o# 'a"ying st"ands o# nationalism that !e"e layed out in the te""ain o# histo"y. (he "inci al sou"ces on !hich this a"ticle "elies #o" this u" ose a"e the books and essays o# the autho"s in 3uestion, but occasionally these !ill be com lemented by in#o"mation #"om e"iodicals that !e"e usually tied to olitical g"ou s that su o"ted He"onism. (he a"ticle !ill, osedly unco'e"ed the

#i"stly, outline the ideological t"a&ecto"ies and the social backg"ound o# the most "ominent le#t9!ing nationalist and o ulist intellectuals o# the 4<=>s: secondly, identi#y the notions !hich &usti#ied the #"e3uent "ecu""ence to histo"y: thi"dly, delineate the cent"al tenets o# the le#t9!ing nationalist discou"se !ith "ega"d to histo"y: and ultimately, assess the im lications o# histo"iog"a hical dis utes that eme"ged #"om the inte"section !ith the olde" ma"kedly autho"ita"ian 'e"sions o# histo"iog"a hical nationalism. The heterogeneous backgrounds of nationa !"o"u ist inte ectua s (he a "aisal o# He"onism among the A"gentine Le#t !as not enti"ely ne! by 4<FF. ?"om the 'e"y moment o#

He"In.s ascent to o!e", the"e had been g"ou s that did not ag"ee !ith the Communist and 8ocialist Ha"ties. b"anding o# He"onism as #ascism. (h"oughout the decade o# He"In.s go'e"nment, this had led to the eme"gence o# t!o "inci al dissident nuclei that b"oke a!ay #"om the t"aditional Le#t in o"de" to ado t a mo"e o ulist stance.4> (he #i"st g"ou , guided by +odol#o Huigg"Is, s "ang #"om a communist cell o# "ail!ay !o"ke"s in the ?ede"al Ca ital, !hich s lit #"om the Communist Ha"ty in 4<EGNE< to #o"m the Mo'imiento Ob"e"o Comunista CMOCD. As Huigg"Is laid out in the g"ou .s o"gan Clase Obrera, $the Codo'illa tendency, o# !hich !e !e"e a a"t, stands in o en cont"adiction to the histo"ical de'elo ment !hich leads the A"gentine eo le to!a"ds thei" libe"ation.% In cont"ast, the MOC o"t"ayed itsel# as $a child o# 4J Octobe" 4<EF%, 44 !hich also im lied an inc"easing a "o "iation o# the t"aditionalist t"aits o# He"onism and its em hasis on the essential 'alues o# the nation and the "elationshi bet!een an une3ui'ocal leade" and the masses. In the eyes o# the MOC9ideologues, these t"aits had to be inco" o"ated as a"t and a"cel o# a mo'ement !hich could e'entually lead to an emanci ato"y national "e'olution and !hich the"e#o"e dese"'ed to be included in a united anti9im e"ialist #"ont. (he second im o"tant nucleus #"om !hich Ma"Aist o ulists eme"ged !as the Ha"tido 8ocialista de la +e'oluciIn Kacional CH8+KD, a #action that had b"oken !ith the 8ocialist Ha"ty in 4<FB. Kot too dissimila" #"om the osition o# the MOC, in Lecembe" 4<FF, Esteban +ey maintained in the H8+K9o"gan Lucha Obrera that the last $ten yea"s o# tough national st"uggle !aged by the !o"king class and o ula" mo'ement, !hich o"iginates on 4J Octobe" 4<EF%, could be the "ologue o# an anti9im e"ialist coalition. 4; Intellectuals o# the MOC and the H8+K late" #o"med the co"e o# !hat came to be called the izquierda nacional. (he "olonged c"isis o# olitical legitimacy that !as inaugu"ated by the cou o# 4<FF "o'ided the necessa"y stimulus to agglome"ate 'a"ious le#t9!ing tendencies unde" the anti9libe"al signs o# a mo"e 'igo"ous st"ess o# nationalist t"aditions. In 4<FJ, in the #i"st issue o# a #o"tnightly &ou"nal !hich bo"e the telling title Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional, the Catholic Kationalist ?e"m,n ChO'e@ cla"i#ied his consent to cont"ibute to a e"iodical that !as eA licitly Ma"AistP ?i'e o" siA yea"s ago, /01 it !ould ha'e been easy to deny them /the Ma"Aists1 any kind o# collabo"ation /01. (oday, in tu"n, this dialogue has become ossible, mo"e than anything due to the e'ents !hich ha'e occu""ed in A"gentina in the last t!o yea"s. ChO'e@ !ent on to "ema"k that the "inci al im act o# these e'ents meant that, "athe" than the"e being a dialogue that im lied the modi#ication o# Kationalist ositions, it had been Ma"Aists !ho had o ened themsel'es to $national "eality%.4B (he"eby he alluded to the t"a&ecto"y u on !hich some Ma"Aist thinke"s had emba"ked a #e! yea"s ea"lie" Qamong them Edua"do Astesano, an im o"tant MOC9#igu"e #"om the "o'ince o# 8anta ?e and no! di"ecto" o# the Columnas. In a 'ein that e3ually em hasised the de'elo ment #"om Ma"Aism to!a"ds a nationalist osition, Astesano "et"os ecti'ely summed u this de'elo ment in 4<J; by commentating on his o!n bibliog"a hy. (he"e, he 3uali#ied the book !ith !hich he had initiated his histo"iog"a hical ca"ee" in 4<E4, Contenido social de la Revolucin de Mayo, as a $class9based analysis%. In 4<E<, he had #inished !hat he no! conside"ed a $#i"st a "oach to economic nationalism%, #inally a""i'ing at the $synthesis o# the national 'ision o#

the "ocess%, !hich he att"ibuted to his 4<=J9book, La lucha de clases en la historia argentina.4E (his mo'ement #"om Ma"Aism to an emb"acement o# nationalist ideas as !ell as He"onism !as #ollo!ed by se'e"al intellectuals. (!o mo"e eAam les that could be mentioned !e"e +odol#o O"tega He*a Cstill a membe" o# the Communist Ha"ty in 4<FFD, and Edua"do Luhalde, t!o la!ye"s !ho had only "ecently Le#t the ?aculty o# La! o# the 7ni'e"sidad de Buenos Ai"es and in the ea"ly 4<=>s began !o"k as legal ad'ise"s #o" He"onist union o# metal!o"ke"s C7OMD. (he"e !as, ho!e'e", no single linea" tendency #"om Ma"Aism to nationalism and the "eshu##ling o# the olitical and cultu"al #ields a#te" 4<FF in #act entailed a mo"e com leA inte"mingling o# di##e"ent olitical t"aditions. (he ensemble o# "e'isionist !"ite"s a#te" 4<FF !as highly hete"ogeneous in te"ms o# thei" ideological backg"ounds. (he"e !e"e othe" Ma"Aists, such as )uan )osM He"nOnde@ A""egui and )ohn 5illiam Cooke, but, in cont"ast to +amos and Huigg"Is, they o"iginally came #"om a o ulist backg"ound and had al"eady de#ined themsel'es as He"onists and nationalists be#o"e 4<FF. Cooke, !hose t"a&ecto"y had also been linked to the anti9im e"ialist cu""ents o# +adicalism, had been a He"onist cong"essman bet!een 4<E= and 4<FF, although he only gained olitical signi#icance !hen He"In a ointed him as his e"sonal delegate to A"gentina du"ing the $He"onist "esistance% o# 4<FF9FG. 8ubse3uently, Cooke.s blending o# nationalism and Ma"Aism began to #o"m the "eading matte" o# the subse3uent gene"ation o# the "adicalised le#t9!ing He"onist Routh C)HD and the gue""illa g"ou Montone"os.4F On the othe" hand, the"e !e"e also non9Ma"Aists in this !ide" le#t9!ing o ulist cu""ent, es ecially se'e"al #o"me" membe"s o# ?O+)A, an anti9im e"ialist g"ou that had b"oken a!ay #"om the +adical Ha"ty in 4<BF. (he best9kno!n among them !as the "oli#ic essayist A"tu"o )au"etche, !ho, simila"ly to Cooke and He"nOnde@ A""egui, did not signi#icantly modi#y his ideological stance a#te" 4<FF. 7ltimately, the "oli#ic "e'isionist histo"ian )osM Ma",a +osa can also be counted to this g"ou , but although in the 4<=>s he decla"ed his su #o" the Cuban +e'olution, he o"iginally came #"om the autho"ita"ian eAt"eme +ight. Lea'ing aside ideological 3uestions, it is e3ually di##icult to #ind distincti'e common t"aits in othe" as ects o# the biog"a hical backg"ounds o# these !"ite"s. In cont"ast to othe" intellectuals o# the ne! Le#t, such as the cont"ibuto"s to the &ou"nal Contorno, !ho can be called a $gene"ation%,4= the national9 o ulist !"ite"s did not belong to a a"ticula" age g"ou . Although many o# the a#o"ementioned !e"e bo"n bet!een 4<4> and 4<B>, )au"etche Cbo"n in 4<>4D, +osa and Huigg"Is Cboth bo"n in 4<>=D !e"e olde", !he"eas Luhalde !as bo"n only in 4<E4. Geog"a hically, they came #"om di##e"ent a"ts o# the count"y, both "u"al and u"ban a"eas. Although thei" acti'ities in the siAties !e"e usually based in the ?ede"al Ca ital, the"e !as no o'e"9"e "esentation o# eo le !ho had been bo"n the"e, in cont"ast to the ma&o"ity o# A"gentine intellectuals at the time. Ko" !e"e thei" socio9 economic backg"ounds simila" in any signi#icant !ay. 5hilst He"nOnde@ A""egui came #"om a lo!e" middle9class backg"ound o# the "o'ince o# Buenos Ai"es, othe"s had 3uite a##luent and e'en olitically in#luential a"ents. Both Cooke and +osa came #"om u e"9class #amilies and thei" #athe"s had been ministe"s at some oint unde" e" middle9class #amily and
4J

o"t

the milita"y go'e"nments bet!een 4<EB and 4<E=, !hilst )au"etche came #"om an u

had studied at the "estigious Colegio Kacional de Buenos Ai"es. 7ltimately, the #act that many had "ecei'ed an education in la! is less a sign o# the homogeneity o# thei" backg"ounds than an indication that this ca"ee" !as still 'e"y common among A"gentine intellectuals in gene"al at that time. Keithe" thei" ideological no" thei" social o"igins constitute a cohe"ent "edis osition #o" them de'elo ing neo9 "e'isionist ideas in matte"s o# histo"y. +athe", it !as the olitical situation a#te" the cou o# 4<FF that d"e! this hete"ogeneous g"ou o# !"ite"s togethe" in o osition to the anti9He"onist milita"y "egime o# 4<FF9FG. In some cases, the e##ect o# the "egime change on them !as 3uite immediate. Cooke, #o" eAam le, !ho in this e"iod !as kno!n as a He"onist agitato" "athe" than as an intellectual, !as sought by the milita"y autho"ities #o" his olitical acti'ities. He sought "e#uge in +osa.s house, !he"e both !e"e a""ested in Octobe" 4<FF. 5hilst Cooke !as b"ought to a "ison in +,o Gallegos, #"om !hich he s ectacula"ly esca ed to Chile, +osa !as "eleased a#te" 3uestioning, a a"ently about his histo"iog"a hical acti'ities as a "e'isionist. 4G ?u"the"mo"e, +osa lost his

uni'e"sity lectu"eshi in 4<FF, as did He"nOnde@ A""egui and Cooke, in the cou"se o# the mode"nisation and de9 He"onisation o# uni'e"sities that ushe"ed in a#te" the cou . As a "esult, none o# the mentioned "e'isionist !"ite"s held a ost o# any signi#icance at a ublic uni'e"sity bet!een 4<FF and 4<JB and most o# them conse3uently !ent on to !o"k inde endently as autho"s o# books, &ou"nalists and ad'ise"s o" ins i"e"s o# ce"tain olitical g"ou s 6usually in the !ide o"bit o# He"onism. Les ite the sales successes o# thei" !"itten "oducts, 4< they thus "emained outside o" at best at the #"inges o# the state.s cultu"al a a"atus, !hich they attacked in symbolically 'iolent anti9intellectualist diat"ibes as the bastion o# the $o##icial% intelligentsia. All o# them u"sued thei" o!n sea"ch #o" legitimacy th"ough la"gely olitical a"guments, !hich they bolste"ed by histo"ical "e#e"ences that eAtolled the t"adition that they identi#ied as the "ecu"so" o# the olitical osition !hich they su cumulati'e e##ect o# this ma"ginalisation !as that they gained ublic noto"iety as o o"ted. (he ositional essayists and

cont"ibuted to "e'isionism gaining cu""ency among the Ke! Le#t. In this sense, as 8il'ia 8igal has a"gued, the im o"tance o# histo"y in the !"itings o# national9 o ulist intellectuals !as connected to the #"agility o# the cultu"al #ield,;> "athe" than to common ideological backg"ounds. The notion of an o igarchic deformation of nationa va ues It has been a"gued that the"e had been a le#t9leaning and o ulist cu""ent o# histo"ical "e'isionism much be#o"e 4<FF.;4 (he"e a"e eAam les to su o"t this a"gument, such as Cooke.s 'ice9 "esidency in the Instituto +osas in 4<FE9FF and some o# the o ulist intellectuals close to ?O+)A, most notably +aSl 8calab"ini O"ti@, !ho also !"ote "e'isionist essays. Ho!e'e", it is not so clea" !hethe" this !as a b"oade" cu""ent o" a numbe" o# indi'idual eAam les. Cooke.s "ole in the Instituto +osas had been "athe" ma"ginal and he had ne'e" succeeded in e"suading the He"onist "egime to #ully ado t "e'isionist moti#s in its "o agandistic e##o"ts o" its educational olicy. (he othe" main ins i"e" o# ?O+)A, )au"etche, had sho!n little inte"est in histo"y be#o"e 4<FF. (he"e#o"e, although the"e !e"e antecedents, both the He"onist a "o "iation and the Ma"Aist "e#o"mulation o# histo"ical "e'isionism thus #ully de'elo ed only in the !ake o# He"In.s o'e"th"o!. Ho ulist "e'isionism, i# unde"stood as a !idely in#luential a""ay o# many !"ite"s, came #ull ci"cle only a#te" 4<FF. Besides the ma"ginalisation o# its "o onents mentioned abo'e, the immediate olitical situation o# these yea"s !as decisi'e in t!o othe" !aysP #i"stly, the anti9 o ulist and un o ula" milita"y "egime o# Hed"o Eugenio A"ambu"u "elentlessly sought to stigmatise He"onism as a "ecu""ence o# caudillismo, in a"ticula" o# +osas. $ty"anny%, !hich led the He"onist unde"g"ound to acce t this analogy, de#iantly in'e"ting its o"iginally e&o"ati'e 'alo"isation. 8econdly, the #utility o# the go'e"nmental olicy o# $de9He"onisation% and the !o"king class. continuing adhe"ence to the eAiled leade" no! a #ail to a ea"ed to con#i"m that the conce tions o# the t"aditional Le#t !e"e enti"ely mistaken, as they continued to eal to the masses.

(his second e"ce tion !as es ecially im o"tant #o" e"st!hile Ma"Aists, as can be seen in the t"a&ecto"y o# Huigg"Is, Astesano o" +amos. (hey a"gued that the t"aditional Le#t mis"ead He"onism, because it !as ancho"ed in the libe"al t"adition, gene"ally unde"stood as diamet"ically o osed to "e'isionism. (his con'iction o# the izquierda nacional !as "e eatedly nu"tu"ed by the statements o# the leading #igu"es o# o"thodoA 8ocialism. ?o" eAam le, the leade" o# the 8ocialist Ha"ty, AmM"ico Ghioldi asse"ted in 4<F= that He"onism consisted o# $histo"ical denig"ation%, since He"In had slande"ed the $builde"s o# nationality%, !hilst glo"i#ying $the ty"anny o# +osas.%;; Although Ghioldi did not single out !hom he meant by $builde"s o# nationality%, the antheon o# he"oes habitually e'oked by the leade"s o# the 8ocialist Ha"ty, such as Eche'e"",a, +i'ada'ia o" 8a"miento, !as so une3ui'ocal that he ha"dly needed to s eci#y his statement. (hese #igu"es !e"e "ecisely those incessantly 'ili#ied by "e'isionists Calthough Eche'e"",a gene"ally att"acted less attentionD. (hat the cong"ess o# the 8ocialist Ha"ty ado ted a decla"ation against histo"ical "e'isionism in 4<F= seemed to #u"the" con#i"m the a"ty.s g"ounding in libe"al t"aditions.;B Although it !as mo"e di##icult to accuse the Communist Ha"ty o# libe"alism, in matte"s o# histo"y, the !"itings o# !ho !as something like the a"ty.s o##icial histo"ian, Leona"do Haso, also

maintained a neat se a"ation #"om nationalist t"aditions.;E (he oint that the ne! "e'isionists icked u #"om thei" autho"ita"ian #o"e"unne"s !as the notion that libe"alism had caused the ob#uscation o# the authentic and "o#ound essences o# national identity. (he"e !as gene"al ag"eement on this oint bet!een both the "ight9!ing nationalists o# the 4<B>s and the ost94<FF o ulists. Both claimed to "escue #"om obli'ion a "eal o" authentic A"gentina, !hich had "emained in'isible unde" the su"#ace o# gene"al e"ce tion. Although !hat the Catholic hispanista E"nesto Halacio had sim ly called $the #alsi#ied histo"y% in 4<B< !as e"ha s not eAactly the same as !hat )au"etche late" labelled $the edagogic colonisation%, both conce ts !e"e based on the belie# that the"e had been a systematic disto"tion, !hich had led to an $o##icial histo"y% and !hich !as the "esult o# libe"alism.;F In both cases the disto"tion !as att"ibuted to the olitics o# a local oliga"chy and an intelligentsia that su osedly !e"e embedded in ideals alien to A"gentina.s national "eality, a leitmoti' incessantly "eite"ated by the o ulist intellectuals o# the siAties. (o counte" this e"ilous de'iation, they a"gued, it !as necessa"y to "etu"n to the $authentic nation%, as )au"etche demanded in an essay ublished in 4<F<, !hich eA licitly linked the necessity o# histo"ical "e'ision to the eAigencies o# the national9 o ulist mo'ement.;= (he conce t o# an o##icial histo"y, allegedly disto"ted by the $o##icial% intelligentsia, !hich in the 4<B>s had o"iginally taken the sha e o# an anti9intellectual "esentment by Kationalist intellectuals !ho had seen thei" olitical ambitions th!a"ted, !as no! "e#o"mulated acco"ding to Ma"Aist catego"ies. Its im act can be seen by the #act that e'en a non9Ma"Aist autho" like )au"etche em loyed Ma"Aist te"minology in this oint. He eA lained that his notion o# $ edagogic colonisation% should be unde"stood as a $cultu"al su e"st"uctu"e%, a conce t that he had lea"ned #"om +amos.;J H"ecise de#initions !e"e not seen as 'e"y im o"tant, so that the conce t o# su e"st"uctu"e !as not easy to distinguish #"om the notions o# #alse consciousness, alienation o" that Ma"Aist unde"standing o# ideology !hich +aymond 5illiams has de#ined as the idea o# $a system o# illuso"y belie#s%. ;G In mperialismo y cultura, e"ha s the best Ma"Aist eAam le o# an attack against a su osedly o##icial ideology, He"nOnde@ A""egui a'o!ed that $the oint o# de a"tu"e is the conside"ation o# cultu"al acti'ity as ideology%. ?"om the"e, the aim is to "o'e ho! this gene"ation /#"om the 4<B> milita"y cou on!a"ds1 !as the inst"ument o# im e"ialism, !hich used it to "ein#o"ce a #alse consciousness o# the nation.s o!n essence and to disa"m the de#ensi'e s i"itual #o"ces that st"uggle #o" national libe"ation /01.;< In his eyes, the dominant ideology "es onded di"ectly to the semi9colonial ci"cumstances o# A"gentina o", in othe" !o"ds, to im e"ialism. He"nOnde@ A""egui thus a##i"med that the im e"ialist o##ensi'e goes hand in hand !ith ideological in'asion. (he enti"e ublic o inion o# the count"y is in#ected to the co"e by this ublicity that dissol'es the national consciousness o# a eo le. Institutions do not esca e this "o aganda. I am "e#e""ing he"e to im e"ialist in#ilt"ation o# the t"ade unions, the a"med #o"ces and uni'e"sities.B> Acco"ding to this 'ie!, im e"ialist enet"ation Q!hich "an a"allel to the "omotion o# dominant ideas and !as the"e#o"e inse a"able #"om the co""u tion o# national consciousnessQ could be #elt in "actically all domains o# ublic li#e, no distinction being made bet!een the holde"s o# cultu"al and economic ca ital. On mo"e detailed 3uestions, #o" eAam le !hethe" #o"eign domination !as the "esult o# a conscious o e"ation by identi#iable "otagonists o" "athe" o# a gene"al system !hich histo"ical #igu"es had only "e "oduced o inions could 'a"y conside"ably, sometimes e'en !ithin the !"itings o# one and the same autho". 8uch 'a"iations !e"e eA "essed th"ough di##e"ent styles and methodologies, "anging #"om the +ankean o timism o# )osM Ma",a +osa Qcon'inced that the accumulation o# documents su##iced to demonst"ate !hat his "otagonists had actually been li!eQ to the economist "igidity o# Huigg"Is !ho t"ied to e"suade !ithout too much documenta"y ballast, but instead on the basis o# his mo"e tho"ough #o"mation in Ma"Aism. As a gene"al tendency, domestic st"uctu"al

#acto"s "ecei'ed little attention in o"de" to account #o" !hat !as seen as the ideological enet"ation o# im e"ialism and the disto"tion o# histo"y. 5hen domestic #acto"s !e"e mentioned, they o#ten took the #o"m o# laments that A"gentine society lacked su##icient "ooting in t"adition. In the eyes o# +amos, the absence o# g"and a"ents among immig"ants ...makes it com letely im ossible #o" the gene"ations a#te" 4GG> to e"cei'e the #undamental cou"se o# the A"gentine histo"ical "ocess, gi'en that the o##s "ing o# these successi'e st"eams o# immig"ants, !ho lacked an o"al t"adition, could unde"stand histo"y only th"ough the teAtbooks !"itten by the oliga"chy. (hese su e"st"uctu"al elements ha'e huge im o"tance in t!entieth9centu"y A"gentine olitics and in the histo"ical im ostu"e that still "ules.B4 In gene"al, ho!e'e", analysis o# the constellations that had #acilitated o" #oste"ed im e"ialist inte"#e"ence amounted to the me"e a##i"mation that the"e eAisted abominable ockets o# $#athe"land9selle"s% C vendepatriaD. 8ome autho"s, notably He"nOnde@ A""egui, o enly unde"sco"ed the His anic "oots o# A"gentina in o osition to

the loss o# t"adition. In his 'ie!, one #undamental "oblem o# the A"gentine c"isis "esided in the economic and olitical "e lacement o# 8 ain by B"itain as a "inci al oint o# "e#e"ence #o" the "uling class. A#te" assu"ing the "eade" o# the #a"9"eaching His anic in#luences in 8hakes ea"e Qdesigned to im licitly "o'e the cultu"al su e"io"ity o# 8 ain o'e" B"itainQ, He"nOnde@ A""egui obse"'ed that the masses $"emained His anic, a##iliated to the ast.%B; He"nOnde@ A""egui.s notion o# hispanidad as being constituti'e o# A"gentine national identity !as not only com atible !ith the "e e"toi"e o# some "eactiona"y thinke"s o# nacionalismo and "e'isionists o# the thi"ties, such as Ca"los Iba"gu"en, Manuel GOl'e@ o" E"nesto Halacio.BB Behind such assages also lu"ked a simila" kind o# cultu"al conse"'atism, !hich sus ected mode"nisation o# inducing societal degene"ation. ?u"the"mo"e, this mo"alistic a'e"sion to!a"ds the latest cultu"al t"ends #"om o'e"seas !as also !ides "ead among the le#t9!ing He"onist Routh C)HD. )ust as "rinchera de#ined $the He"onist li#estyle% in o osition to consuming alcohol and 'isiting b"othels, the scenes that Octa'io Getino and ?e"nando 8olanas. 4<=G #ilm La hora de los hornos sho!ed #"om the a"ts b"anch o# the Instituto Li (ella 6at the time the cutting edge o# a"tistic inno'ation, kno!n as the manzana loca Cthe c"a@y blockD6 ictu"ed its students as the 3uintessence o# #"i'olity, emulation o# Ko"th Ame"ican chic and indi##e"ence to!a"ds the mise"y o# the mass o# the eo le. BE ?o" He"nOnde@ A""egui, too, the Instituto di (ella !as $mode"n a"t !ithout national "oots and an em ty imitation /01 o# #o"eign #ashion.% BF In sum, the "eason #o" the disto"tion o# A"gentine "eality and histo"y !as seen in a ci"cula" "elationshi bet!een im e"ialism, oliga"chy and domestic cultu"ally "i'ileged g"ou s. Huigg"Is dete"mined that /t1he ideological in#ection int"oduced th"ough im e"ialist "o aganda "o'okes, in the colonial mentality o# the libe"al intellectuals and oliticians, /01 a de#o"med 'ision o# social "eality /01. Acco"ding to him, since the oliga"chy cont"olled the means o# communication, it !as only logical that $the con3uest o# o!e" cannot be lea"ned in books.%B= In the eyes o# the izquierda nacional, the"e !as an ine'itable link bet!een the cont"ol o# the domestic cultu"al ma"ket, im e"ialism and the oliga"chy, so that "eading books and othe" intellectual acti'ity ultimately amounted to an instance o# $alienation% #"om the authentic A"gentine cultu"e, a conce t o# !hich He"nOnde@ A""egui "ided himsel# to ha'e int"oduced it into the debate. BJ Inso#a" as at the "oots o# this alienation lay the "o&ect o# #o"eign economic domination, im e"ialism in its economic dimension "emained the c"ucial eA lanato"y d"i'ing #o"ce. Ret the a"guments about the mate"ial basis o# the anti9national cha"acte" o# oliga"chic lite"atu"e in books such as mperialismo y cultura ha"dly !ent beyond me"e a##i"mation. +athe" than economic statistics o" social issues, they discussed lite"a"y "oducts, #o" !hich the mate"ial bases only #o"med an in'a"iable backg"ound. Es ecially He"nOnde@ A""egui.s teAts !e"e a denunciation o# the cultu"al "o e"ties o# the libe"al oliga"chy, al!ays a a"asitic "athe" than an eA loitati'e class. In this oint, too, the neo9"e'isionists.

histo"iog"a hy had much in common !ith the autho"ita"ian st"and o# the thi"ties, both o# !hich had little inte"est in economic analyses.BG #ation and c ass in Marxist revisionism (he idea o# a "e'iously #alsi#ied libe"al $o##icial histo"y% !as !hat came closest to constitute a cohesi'e ideological denominato" o# histo"ical "e'isionism. It "o'ided some st"ategies and models !hich allo!ed #o" the essentialisation o# a discu"si'e ad'e"sa"y !hose mentality had allegedly disto"ted histo"iog"a hy and the"e#o"e "e3ui"ed "ecti#ication. In othe" !o"ds, the sta"ting oint o# the discou"se o# the izquierda nacional eAt"acted #"om "e'isionism the "ocedu"e to legitimise itsel# by via negativa, di##e"entiating itsel# #"om an anti9national antagonist !ho !as embedded in a $system o# illuso"y belie#s%. In othe" "es ects, ho!e'e", the izquierda nacional di##e"ed #"om its "eactiona"y "ecu"so"s. (he most c"ucial di##e"ence "esided in the claim to "escue the histo"y o# the o ula" classes. He"nOnde@ A""egui, #o" eAam le, called #o" a $"e ly to the o##icial histo"y o# the oliga"chy !ith the "e'olutiona"y "e'ision that eA oses the class content o# this canonised #able o# ou" ast.% B< Although the autho".s !o"ds made it a ea" as i# the st"ess on class !as an ine'itable outcome o# any "e'ision o#

$o##icial histo"y%, the ma&o"ity o# rosista "e'isionists o# the 4<B>s had sho!n little sym athy #o" the o ula" classes and many o# them Qmost notably )ulio I"a@ustaQ #i"mly "esisted !hat they sa! as a le#tist de'iation that had led to an agg"andisement o# the masses. Histo"ical "e'isionism per se ha"dly led to the disco'e"y o# class st"uggle as a "inci al d"i'ing #o"ce o# histo"y. Ret also in the books o# the izquierda nacional, the sco e conceded to the o ula" classes !as not as b"oad as usually "omised in thei" int"oductions. (he title o# +amos. best9kno!n book, Revolution and Counterrevolution , e itomised its dichotomous am hletic content much mo"e accu"ately than the subtitle o# the o"iginal 4<F= edition Qd"o ed #o" the 4<=F editionQ !hich had "aised the misleading eA ectation that the "eade" held in his hands a study about "he Masses in Our #istory. It !ould ha'e been e3ually ossible to take one o# Huigg"Is. titles, such as $eople and Oligarchy o" "he Le%t and the National $roblem, since +amos. most "ecu""ing in'ecti'es !e"e di"ected against those !hom he sa! as the a"chety es o# the oliga"chy, Ba"tolomM Mit"e, and o# the anti9national libe"al Le#t, )uan B. )usto. E> Les ite habitually "o osing to "escue those !ho had su about the o ula" classes. (he #act that neithe" the t"aditionalist rosista cu""ents o# the thi"ties no" thei" Ma"Aist successo"s "oduced social histo"ies does not mean, ho!e'e", that class as a catego"y did not lay a cent"al "ole in the o ulist na""ati'es. He"e !as in #act the most al able di##e"ence 'is9T9'is classical rosismo, as the !"ite"s o# the izquierda nacional "eite"ated. ?i"stly, they de icted the nineteenth9centu"y masses Qnot yet the "oleta"iat o# the #ollo!ing centu"y Q as a naturally national class. ?o" He"nOnde@ A""egui, on the one hand, $the nationalism o# the masses stems #"om the immediate, not theo"etical, #act o# colonisation. Kot #"om books, but #"om the dest"ucti'e e"adication that comes u on us #"om outside.% 5he"eas he"e his inte" "etation "e#e""ed to im e"ialism, the nationalism o# the masses a ea"ed, on the othe" hand, as something that had eAisted a priori. 8ince they !e"e masses, $they do not think o# the there o# the !o"ld. (hey think o# the here. O# the #athe"land.% It thus tu"ned out that $the masses a"e al!ays national, although they do not kno! the de#inition o# nation% and that $the "oleta"iat /he"e, the contem o"a"y1 is, by de#inition, a national and "e'olutiona"y class.%E4 8imila"ly, Cooke maintained in his &puntes para la militancia that a#te" the o'e"th"o! o# +osas $the o ula" masses !e"e le#t o'e" /01 as the only t"ustees o# the mo"al and cultu"al 'alues o# nationality.%E; At the same time, the condensation o# cha"acte"istics o# class and nation allo!ed #o" in'esting the agency in national libe"ation into a single o"ganic sub&ect. (he #act that this entity !as not only based on national 'alues, osedly been bu"ied by $o##icial histo"y%, the "oducts o# othe" gen"es, such as the histo"y o# ideas o# He"nOnde@ A""egui o" the olitical and di lomatic histo"ies o# +osa, "a"ely included assages

but also on the 'alues o# the proletariat, !ould Qat least i# it became conscious o# its o!n destinyQ ensu"e the ultimately socialist outcome o# national libe"ation. In "inci le, this body could be a class as !ell as a histo"ical #igu"e. It !as only a sho"t ste , then, #"om the con'iction that $e'e"y histo"ical indi'iduality e"soni#ies social o!e"s% to the disco'e"y o# #igu"es that u" o"tedly embodied the 'alues o# both nation and o ula" class. EB Ma"Aist "e'isionists sa! these 'alues abo'e all in the #ede"al caudillos !ho had "esisted Mit"e.s porte'o cent"alism, such as Ungel Vicente $El Chacho% He*alo@a o" ?eli e Va"ela, i.e. in the inte"io". Hast and "esent !e"e the same in this "es ect. He"nOnde@ A""egui asked ...#"om !he"e did the #ocal oints o# national emanci ation eme"ge in the last yea"s6 ?"om the "o'inces, CI"doba, (ucumOn, +osa"io /sic1, Co""ientes, 8an )uan, Catama"ca /01. (he count"y, c"ushed du"ing the nineteenth centu"y !ith the eAte"mination o# the last montoneras o# ?eli e Va"ela, is in the inte"io". EE Acco"ding to O"tega He*a and Luhalde, $Mit"e /01 is the symbol o# the di"ecting cattle9b"eeding class !hich o"ganised the count"y acco"ding to the dictates o# English #inancial ca ital%, !he"eas $?eli e Va"ela /01 is the o"ganisation o# the eo le, o# the "o'incial !o"king classes.%EF ?o" them, Va"ela did not only do !hat the nation o" the eo le !anted, but he (as the o"ganisation o# the eo le, at the same time synonymous !ith the $ "o'incial !o"king classes%. (he identity bet!een caudillo and eo le had al"eady been established th"ough a homology in the titleNsubtitle o# the bookP )elipe *arela &gainst the +ritish ,mpire- "he Masses o% the Unin &mericana Con%ront the ,uropean $o(ers . As this eAam le indicates, the unde"standing o# histo"y o# Ma"Aist o ulists !as usually dichotomous. Cooke, #o" eAam le, identi#ied $t!o cu""ents, !hich ha'e clashed since the days o# the May +e'olutionP that o# the o"t o# Buenos Ai"es, cosmo olitan, #"ee9t"ade, 'ehicle o# ideas and inte"ests that suited Eu"o e /01: and anothe" one, nationalist o ula", !hich sa! the count"y as a !hole and as a a"t o# Latin Ame"ican unity.% E= Ret the most eAt"eme adhe"ence to bina"y o ositions can be #ound in +amos. !o"ks. At the beginning o# the second 'olume o# Revolucin y contrarrevolucin, he decla"ed that the social, cultu"al and olitical changes o# the t!entieth centu"y $only #ind themsel'es con#"onted !ith one in'a"iable #acto"P the cattle9b"eeding and comme"cial oliga"chy.% On the last ages o# the same 'olume, the "eade" !as toldP Ho!e'e" su" "ising it might seem, and in s ite o# the t"ans#o"mati'e o!e" o# histo"y, the"e is one thing that a centu"y and a hal# o# 'icissitudes has not changed in ou" count"yP the all9emb"acing o!e" o# the cattle9b"eeding oliga"chy, built #"om the Latin Ame"ican balkanisation and the ecli se o# A"tigas. (he oliga"chic nucleus, a t"uly a"asitic and a"alysing co"e, co""u te" o# A"gentine economics, olitics and cultu"e bases itsel# on the same inte"ests, the same sychology and the same myths, !ith !hich it con#"onted the caudillos, sustained the eAclusi'ism o# one o"t against the Kation, ele'ated +i'ada'ia, admitted +osas, acclaimed Mit"e, eAte"minated Ha"aguay, o osed +oca, o'e"th"e! R"igoyen and eAiled He"In. (he enti"e li#e o# the A"gentine eo le has tu"ned on the #ight against that same o!e", unde" the most 'a"ying emblems: and the eo le ha'e been de#eated until the "esent day.EJ (h"oughout the t!entieth centu"y, the st"uggles o# libe"ation had "ecei'ed thei" &usti#ication th"ough thei" negati'e o osite.

Anothe" common st"ategy o# the o ulist "e'isionist !"itings !as to establish a system o# oints o# "e#e"ence !hich mutually eA lained themsel'esP the histo"ical disto"tions o# libe"alism led to im e"ialist enet"ation. (his enet"ation !as mani#est in economic and cultu"al "actices, !hich led to the eAclusion o# those !ho "esisted these disto"tions. In this !ay, the im e"ialist enet"ation !as in tu"n held to ha'e caused a #alse histo"ical consciousness. It !as ossible to inse"t mo"e elements into such chains, but in any case the #act that they

eA lained themsel'es eo ipso #o"e'e" "elegated to a subo"dinate le'el 3uestions about dete"minants o" about the "elationshi bet!een base and su e"st"uctu"e. It !ould be #utile to sea"ch #o" discussions o# Ma"A.s "e#ace o# the Contribution to a Critique o% $olitical ,conomy o" to any othe" se"ious methodological debate o# Ma"Aism in the o ulist o" Ma"Aist "e'isionist !"itings. 8omething simila" occu""ed !ith the intimate "elationshi bet!een histo"y and olitics in thei" !"itings, !hich mutually legitimised and eA lained each othe", too. Acco"ding to )au"etche, #o" eAam le, a national olicy !as conduci'e to the "e'ision o# histo"y &ust as much as histo"ical "e'isionism !ould entail a national olicy. EG 8uch bina"y o ositions and sel#9sustained chains, in !hich the a"guments con#i"med each othe", sha ed a

discou"se that attem ted to be at once closed and all9encom assing. It asc"ibed an immobile signi#icance to e'e"y histo"ical "otagonist and e'ent !ithin a global model o# inte" "etation, in !hich e'e"y element "e#e""ed to anothe". Ret, it !as not al!ays easy to dist"ibute the "oles in this game and the"e needed to be some ossibility o# histo"ical change. Va"ela o" He"In, let alone +osas, could not sim ly be seen as the "e "esentation o# a "ecisely de#ined !o"king9class constituency. (he c"ucial "oblems o# A"gentine histo"y thus assumed an ethical "athe" than a socio9economic cha"acte". (he enemy !as identi#ied as the enemy o# the #athe"land "athe" than the "e "esentation o# inte"ests o# s eci#iable social g"ou s. (his eA lains !hy the tone o# these !"itings !as al!ays mo"alist and $bet"ayal% became a decisi'e conce t that allo!ed to account #o" histo"ical change. 7"3ui@a.s u "ising against +osas !as not eA lained by changes in the count"y.s socio9economic st"uctu"e o" by di##e"ences in thei" inte"ests. Instead, he had sim ly $bet"ayed% +osas. E< (he seeming st"ength and sel#9su##iciency o# a"gumentati'e cohe"ence the"e#o"e #"e3uently necessitated the "ecu""ing to mo"alist catego"ies. The "rob em of Rosas (he collocation o# histo"y at the cent"e o# the discou"se o# the izquierda nacional could not conceal that debates about histo"iog"a hical inte" "etation "emained subo"dinated to olitical conside"ations. (his is not to say that the o ulist Le#t did not 'oice 'a"ying o inions on the "ole o# histo"y o" did not engage in inte" "etati'e debates. 5he"eas in +amos. eyes it !as legitimate to mo"e o" less #"eely mani ulate histo"y so that it could se"'e as a "o #o" contem o"a"y olitical goals, O"tega He*a and Luhalde "e&ected such a 'ie!. F> ?o" this "eason, the stance o# the latte" t!o con#o"med to the ideas o# the Instituto +osas, !hich "elentlessly "o agated the disco'e"y o# histo"ical $t"uth% as the #i"st and #o"emost aim. F4 (hey thus associated themsel'es to the institute, !he"e they engaged in inte"nal debates !ith its mo"e "ight9!ing histo"ians about the co""ect "eading o# the 5a" o# the ("i le Alliance. In thei" 'ie!, this had to be unde"stood as an im e"ialist agg"ession against the auta"kic Ha"aguay o# ?"ancisco 8olano LI e@ that Mit"e sought to #o"ce into an integ"ation into the !o"ld ma"ket, !he"eas thei" o onent, )uan Hablo Oli'e" 6!ho !as not so su"e anymo"e !hethe" Mit"e dese"'ed his e"st!hile 'ili#ication by "e'isionists6 condemned $a communist tactic o# in#ilt"ation% among the "anks o# "e'isionism, o# !hich, acco"ding to Oli'e", O"tega He*a and Luhalde !e"e "inci al "omote"s. F; As this eAam le sho!s, the inte"t!inement o# autho"ita"ian and Catholic st"ands o# thought that had o"iginated in the thi"ties !ith the Ma"Aists. claim to histo"ical "e'isionism gene"ated a numbe" o# di##iculties. FB +ega"ding histo"iog"a hical discussions, the most "oblematic as ect !as one %ait accompli o# classical "e'isionismP its eAtolment o# +osas. He could be de icted as a o ula" at"iot and e'en, i# one liked, as an embodiment o# national ca italism !ho "otected the manu#actu"ing indust"ies o# the inte"io", but !ithout doubt he had also been the o!ne" o# 'ast lands !ho had acted in the name o# the cattle9b"eede"s o# Buenos Ai"es. I#, u to this oint, it had not been necessa"y to come to an unmistakable decision to a ly either class or nation in histo"ical analysis, the #igu"e o# +osas seemed to dis"u t the com lementa"ity o# the t!o catego"ies. )au"etche.s discussion o# class and nation e'ol'ed a"ound the 3uestion o# $Lon )uan Manuel and timid "e'isionism%, ublished in a book that had the clea"9cut title )or Rosas or &gainst Rosas. Acco"ding to him, the socialists !ho

had a"gued that +osas !as "inci ally a membe" o# the land9o!ning elite !e"e guilty o# $c"ude mate"ialism%. (hose !ho, #"om a le#t9!ing e"s ecti'e, &uAta osed +osas to the #ede"al caudillos !e"e #u"the"mo"e cha"acte"ised as $Mit"o9Ma"Aists%. Vis9T9'is such tendencies, )au"etche thought it a "ea##i"ming that the national 3uestion $!as al!ays the aAis and this "emains so.%
FE

"o "iate to "escue +osas by

In cont"ast, most Ma"Aists Cand es ecially Huigg"IsD could not b"ing themsel'es a"ound to the glo"i#ication o# +osas. He"nOnde@ A""egui t"ied to ci"cumsc"ibe a "o#ile beyond $the nationalist tendency g"ou ed a"ound the #igu"e o# )uan Manuel de +osas and the libe"al one a"ound Mayo and Case"os%, since $du"ing +osas. go'e"nment the porte'o mono oly maintained all its 'igou"% and $+osas. a"guments !e"e the same as those ut #o"!a"d by +i'ada'ia%.FF 8imila"ly, !hen Cooke e'oked histo"ical #igu"es as antecedents o# the o ula" national "e'olution he en'isaged in a s eech deli'e"ed in Ha'ana in 4<=; !ith the title $Kational consciousness is also histo"ical consciousness%, +osas !as not his "e#e"ential choice, but instead the "athe" uncont"o'e"sial #igu"es o# 8an Ma"t,n and GWemes, accom anied by Ma"iano Mo"eno, !ho !as #"e3uently used as an icon by the Le#t. F= Ho!e'e", it !as not so easy to eAclude +osas #"om the debate. (he decision o# the Instituto +osas Q!hich des ite the a""i'al o# some Ma"Aists such as O"tega He*a and Luhalde continued to be a nucleus o# "ight9!ing rosistasQ to "e9launch its bulletin in 4<=G !as an attem t to "egain g"ound, o'e" !hich it had inc"easingly lost cont"ol in "e'ious yea"s. (he symbol o# the #o"me" go'e"no" o# the "o'ince o# Buenos Ai"es "ende"ed al able the disc"e ancies !hich se a"ated the izquierda nacional #"om rosismo.s hie"a"chical autho"ita"ianism, Catholicism and nostalgia #o" a lost golden age, tending to stylise +osas as the $"esto"e" o# la!% "athe" than the o ula" caudillo. Ret the"e !e"e also Ma"Aists, !ho a""i'ed at ositi'e conclusions about +osas. Astesano !as e"ha s the most c"eati'e in this. A#te" ha'ing abandoned the osition he had de#ended in 4<F4 Qnamely that +osas had not been a cham ion o# economic inde endenceQ, in 4<FJ, he inte" "eted +osas $acco"ding to the bou"geois "e'olution%. Gi'en that this "e'olution, on a olitical le'el, gi'es "ise to nationalist mo'ements /and gi'en that01 in some cases it counted on the acti'e collabo"ation o# the o ula" masses, /01 the bou"geois "e'olution assumes in this case the cha"acte" o# a o ula"9bou"geois, o" democ"atic9bou"geois, "e'olution. E'en though Astesano, too, detected the most st"enuous anti9im e"ialism in the inte"io" "o'inces, he nonetheless cu"tailed the distance that se a"ated +osas #"om the #ede"al caudillos o# the hinte"land by asse"ting that both #o"ms o# #ede"alism $eA "essed the "eaction against a de endent, colonising and #o"eign ca italist de'elo ment.% Astesano thus a'ed the !ay #o" his inte" "etation o# +osas as a o ula" leade" and the #ounde" o# A"gentine inde endent ca italism.FJ (he othe" t!o "inci al Ma"Aist de#ende"s o# +osas, O"tega He*a and Luhalde, !e"e less sc"u ulous about making thei" accounts com atible !ith thei" Ma"Aist a "oach. In #act they sus ected that the Ma"Aist o"igins o# the izquierda nacional led to an o'e"9em hasis on histo"ical stages and "og"ession, !hich o'e"looked the cent"ality o# the montoneras as an emblem #o" the contem o"a"y olitical st"uggle. (hey conse3uently chose to highlight the deeds o# the #ede"al caudillos a#te" +osas. do!n#all in 4GF; and to a'e" $the continuity bet!een the olicies o# +osas and the montonera /01 on the le'el o# the histo"ical needs o# nationality% !ithout #ocusing too much on the "oblems that su""ounded the #o"me" go'e"no" o# Buenos Ai"es.FG Ke'e"theless, such histo"iog"a hical discussions "emained subo"dinated to the logic o# contem o"a"y olitics. (he cont"ibutions o# the ideologically #leAible +osa !e"e illust"ati'e both o# the distu"bances caused by histo"iog"a hical a"guments !ithin histo"ical "e'isionism and o# thei" "elati'e insigni#icance. In a lette" #"om 4<FG, +osa c"iticised Huigg"Is #o" not ha'ing su##iciently "e'ised his inte" "etation o# +osas, ublished in 4<EE in a book called Rosas el peque'o. ("ying to e"suade Huigg"Is that $+osas !as a socialist avant la lettre% Qbased

on a document in !hich +osas had eA "essed his sym athy #o" the Eu"o ean "e'olutions o# 4GEGQ, he #elt that he had to insist that $the "oblem o# +osas is c"ucial in ou" histo"y and it has not been -o'e"come by time., as you say.%F< On anothe" occasion, ho!e'e", +osa insisted that $!e must establish the #ollo!ingP the essential problem is not the %igure o% Rosas but the di%%erent criterion that (e apply to .udge him .%=> In the same lette" to Huigg"Is, +osa !"ote that $!hen communism and nationalism coincide /0,1 the !o"ld9!ide national libe"ation o# the eo les and social emanci ation o# the "oleta"iat /01 is ine'itable.% =4 On the othe" hand, he had no di##iculties to osit class and nation as analytical catego"ies in a st"ict dichotomy. In an inte"'ie! in 4<=G, he eA lained that histo"y sometimes sho!s us the inte"nal con#"ontation o# a national mentality and a class mentality /01. (he bou"geoisie has a class mentality, but I cannot #ind this in the so9called !o"king class. Look !hat ha count"yP those abo'e ha'e -class consciousness.: those belo! national consciousness. Although the"e !as little in this statement that !ould ha'e made it incom atible !ith the Ma"Aist analyses o# othe" autho"s, his obse"'ations led +osa to "emind the "eade"s o# $the g"eat mistake o# Ma"Aism%. =; Beyond the a ea"ance o# ideological @ig@agging, !e can identi#y the di##iculty that +osa had in integ"ating a ens in ou"

numbe" o# di'e"gent olitical o" ideological ositions !hich eAe"ted thei" cent"i#ugal e##ects on the Instituto +osas and on "e'isionism as a !hole. At the same time, ho!e'e", they "e'eal that the inte" "etation o# ce"tain histo"ical #igu"es as !ell as ideological "ecisions !e"e o# seconda"y signi#icance. E'en those, !ho as +osa o" O"tega He*a and Luhalde, insisted on the a ea"ance o# $ob&ecti'e% histo"ical schola"shi !e"e !ithout much hesitation "e a"ed to d"o the task o# histo"ical "esea"ch #o" the olitical unde"takings that seemed mo"e u"gent. =B (his olitical acti'ism led to the a"adoAical situation that the g"eat success o# national9 o ulist "e'isionism in sales #igu"es and in moulding the histo"ical imagina"y o# the young u"ban middle class in its "a "ochement !ith He"onism simultaneously led to the "elegation o# histo"iog"a hy to a seconda"y lace. (he e"st!hile "o onents o# "e'isionism, !ith thei" insistence on social hie"a"chies and unea"thing a t"uth#ul golden age th"ough the Instituto +osas, !e"e less and less im o"tant #o" the !hole cu""ent o# "e'isionism. At a time !hen He"nOnde@ A""egui held discussions !ith the "oto9Montone"os 6also #e"'ent "eade"s o# Cooke.s !"itings, des ite his 'i"tual olitical insigni#icance !ithin He"onism by the time o# his death in 4<=G6, the c"iticism o# +amos. Ma"Aism by the "eactiona"y Catholic "iest Leona"do Castellani #"om the ages o# the bulletin o# the Instituto +osas !ent la"gely unnoticed.=E 5hilst the histo"iog"a hical discussion !as taken u bet!een the ideologically di##e"ent secto"s o# histo"ical "e'isionism, the oliticisation o# the intellectuals o# the izquierda nacional had a #a" mo"e ambitious goalP to cont"ibute to a "e'olutiona"y t"ans#o"mation o# A"gentine society, #o" !hich histo"iog"a hy !as a subo"dinated "oAy. $onc usion Although the g"o!ing emb"acing o# nationalism by le#t9!ing A"gentine intellectuals had undeniable a"allels in othe" Latin Ame"ican count"ies, it !as closely tied to the domestic olitical situation in the !ake o# He"In.s o'e"th"o!. 5he"eas be%ore 4<FF the eA e"ience that He"In.s a ea"ance had "educed the t"aditional Le#t Qi.e. the 8ocialist and Communist Ha"tiesQ to an u"ban middle class clientele could still be eA lained by "e#e""ing to the "o aganda o# an autho"ita"ian "egime, the continuing adhe"ence o# the o ula" secto"s to He"onism a#te" 4<FF seemed to "e3ui"e a mo"e #undamental "e'ision o# the hithe"to "e'ailing inte" "etations o# He"onism among the Le#t. Inte"!o'en !ith Ma"Aist a "oaches to the so9called national 3uestion, this climate o# "e'ision e"meated !ide secto"s o# the Le#t, including g"ou s such as the young cont"ibuto"s o# Contorno. In the case o# the izquierda nacional, the "e&ection o# the t"aditional Le#t !as a"ticula"ly #a"9"eaching, a"ticulated in symbolically 'iolent in'ecti'es against its su osed libe"alism, as !ell as a "adical "e9"eading o# the henomenon o# He"onism. 5ithout launching much discussion about Ma"Aist catego"ies, the izquierda nacional endea'ou"ed to blend these catego"ies !ith nationalist tenets. A numbe" o# le#t9!ing o ulist intellectuals identi#ied thei"

eAclusion #"om the cultu"al a

a"atus o# the state and !ith the illegalisation o# the He"onist mo'ement. By

e3uating thei" ma"ginal status in te"ms o# cultu"al ca ital !ith thei" eAclusion #"om olitical o!e" they a""i'ed at the conclusion that cultu"al, olitical and economic o!e" !e"e concent"ated in the same hands. (hei" eAclusion #"om ublic cultu"al institutions set A"gentine nationalist intellectuals o# the 4<=>s a a"t #"om thei" B"a@ilian counte" a"ts.=F (he #act that in B"a@ilian nationalism, histo"ical na""ati'es layed a com a"ably less signi#icant "ole, as 8and"a McGee Leutsch has obse"'ed,== suggests that the o ositional discou"se o# histo"ical "e'isionism might in a"t ha'e been an outlet o# its "o onents. e"cei'ed ma"ginalisation. On the one hand, the essayistic na""ati'es o# the izquierda nacional a "o "iated the leitmotiv o# histo"ical

"e'isionism 6an anti9libe"al, nationalist and combati'ely oliticised st"and o# histo"ical !"iting that had eme"ged in the 4<B>s6, !hich maintained that A"gentine histo"y had been #alsi#ied by an anti9national oliga"chy in o"de" to im ede the #ul#ilment o# the count"y.s g"and destiny. Histo"y the"e#o"e had to be "ecast acco"ding to the needs o# a $national "o&ect%. On the othe" hand, as ?e"nando Le'oto has "ecently a"gued, it is di##icult to #ind common ideological denominato"s among the many intellectuals !ho a"e usually named !hen it comes to identi#y the "oduce"s o# histo"ical "e'isionism in the 4<=>s.=J (he autho"ita"ian Catholicism o# the "e'isionists o# the thi"ties met !ith some "ese"'ations #"om the late" Ma"Aists. (he s eci#icities o# "e'isionism, the"e#o"e, lay not so much in a cohe"ent ideology that eA "essed ce"tain g"ou inte"ests, but "athe" in the communication o# a numbe" o# "edicaments, #o" !hich "e'isionism "omised a solution. ?i"stly, i# the t"aditional Le#t.s sho"tcomings in its inte" "etations o# He"onism had been the "esult o# its nineteenth9centu"y libe"al ins i"ations, then an a unde"standing o# He"onism also had to "adically challenge these ins i"ations. 8econdly, in o "o "iate osition to that, the

"e'ision o# A"gentina.s histo"y !ould b"ing to the su"#ace the authentic nation as !ell as indicating the #utu"e "e'olutiona"y aths #o" national libe"ation and, ultimately, socialismo nacional. (he o ulist Le#t thus const"ucted histo"ical accounts, in !hich ast and "esent "eci "ocally legitimised each othe". (his "elationshi cha"acte"ised the st"ong bond bet!een histo"y and olitics in this discou"se. But in this "elationshi , histo"ical "e'isionism "emained subo"dinated to the needs o# olitical legitimation. An outlook onto late" de'elo ments can su o"t this a"gument, as "e'isionist discou"se declined to the deg"ee that it !as co9o ted. A#te" He"In.s "etu"n to o!e" in 4<JB, !ith the eAce tion o# He"nOnde@ A""egui, most o# the intellectuals !hose !"itings ha'e been analysed in this a"ticle !e"e d"a#ted into mino" ositions in the cultu"al a a"atus o# the state. 5ith this, thei" intellectual out ut began to d"o . Many yea"s late", again in the conteAt o# building legitimacy, the He"onist "esidential candidate Ca"los 8aSl Menem d"e! once mo"e on the o ulist "e'isionist image"y by stylising himsel# as a "einca"nation o# the #ede"al caudillo ?acundo Xui"oga. Once elected, he hu""ied to "e at"iate +osas. "emains in an o##icial ce"emony, only to decla"e the cha te" o# "e'isionism as #inally closed. (he meaning o# +osas. "e at"iation, acco"ding to him, !as $an authentic aci#ication o# "o#ound national "econciliation% and the #a"e!ell to $an old, !asted, anach"onistic, absu"d count"y.% =G Kot too long the"ea#te", e'en Menem.s caudillo9style sidebu"ns disa ea"ed. Consubstantial to the "o#ound c"isis o# legitimacy a#te" 4<FF, "e'isionism had al!ays been ma"ginal in academic te"ms, but a#te" the "eint"oduction o# democ"acy in 4<GB it also inc"easingly lost its im o"tance as a legitimising "o #o" olitical "o&ects.

#%T&'
I !ould like to thank Edua"do Hou"cade #o" his comments on my a e" $Clase y naciIn en las na""ati'as histI"icas del nacional9 o ulismo, 4<FF94<JB%, deli'e"ed at the III )o"nadas Kacionales Es acio, Memo"ia e Identidad at the 7ni'e"sidad Kacional de +osa"io, ;;9;E 8e tembe", ;>>E, on !hich this a"ticle is based, and the

anonymous "e'ie!e"s o# , &L. 4. )o"ge Casta*eda, Utopia Unarmed/ the Latin &merican Le%t a%ter the Cold 0ar CKe! Ro"kP Vintage Books, 4<<ED, . ;JB. Alain (ou"aine, La parole et le sang/ politique et soci1t1 en &m1rique latine CHa"isP Odile )acob, 4<GGD, . 4E4. 7nless othe"!ise indicated, all t"anslations a"e mine. Osca" (e"On, Nuestros a'os sesentas/ la %ormacin de la nueva izquierda intelectual en la &rgentina 234562355, B"d ed. CBuenos Ai"esP El Cielo o" Asalto, 4<<BD. On B"a@ilian intellectuals in the 4<B>s, see Laniel HMcaut, ,ntre le peuple et la nation/ les intellectuels et la politique au +r1sil CHa"isP Maison des 8ciences de l.Homme, 4<G<D, . <9G;. E'en in Cuba, a seemingly clea"9cut case o# le#t9!ing nationalism, the"e had been st"ongly autho"ita"ian 'a"iants at an ea"lie" stage Csee )ules +. Ben&amin, $(he Machadato and Cuban nationalism, 4<;G94<B;,%#ispanic &merican #istorical Revie(, 'ol. FF, no. 4 /4<JF1, . ==9<4D. (he cont"ast !ith B"a@il, in this "ega"d, is st"onge" than !ith most 8 anish Ame"ican count"iesP see Kicola Mille", n the shado( o% the state/ intellectuals and the quest %or national identity in 7panish &merica CLondonP Ve"so, 4<<<D, es . . ;EF9;F<. 8il'ia 8igal, ntelectuales y poder en &rgentina/ la d1cada del sesenta CBuenos Ai"esP 8iglo YYI, ;>>;D. 8uch is one o# the "inci al a"guments o# ?ede"ico Keibu"g, Os intelectuais e a inven89o do peronismo/ estudos da antropologia social e cultural C8Zo HauloP Edito"a da 78H, 4<<JD. (he a"med ho"des o# #ollo!e"s o# the nineteenth9centu"y #ede"al caudillos !e"e called montoneras. (he #i"st ublic statement o# the Montone"os in 4<J> clea"ly sho!ed the g"ou .s a "o "iation o# "e'isionism in o"de" to &usti#y thei" 'iolence. 8ee $Hablan los Montone"os%, inP Cristianismo y Revolucin, no. ;=, Ko'embe"NLecembe" 4<J>, . 4494E. Gene"ally on "e'isionism see (ulio Hal e",n Longhi, ,l revisionismo histrico argentino CBuenos Ai"es and MeAico CityP 8iglo YYI, 4<J4D: Liana Xuatt"occhi95oisson, Un nationalisme de d1racin1s/ l:&rgentine; pays malade de sa m1moire CHa"is and (oulouseP CK+8, 4<<;D: Ale&and"o Catta"u@@a, $El "e'isionismoP itine"a"ios de cuat"o dMcadas,% in Ale&and"o Catta"u@@a and Ale&and"o Eu&anian, $ol<ticas de la historia/ &rgentina 2=5>6235> CBuenos Ai"esP Alian@a, ;>>BD, . 4EB94G;: the s ecial section de'oted to "e'isionism in $rohistoria, no. G C;>>ED, . 4=F9;=F: and the co""es onding a"ticles in ?e"nando ). Le'oto and Ko"a Hagano Ceds.D, La historiogra%<a acad1mica y la historiogra%<a militante en &rgentina y Uruguay CBuenos Ai"esP Biblos, ;>>ED. Both (e"On, Nuestros a'os sesentas, and 8igal, ntelectuales y poder, contain 'aluable "ema"ks, too, but thei" books a"e only tangentially de'oted to "e'isionism. (he same is t"ue #o" Ma"istella 8'am a, ,l dilema argentino/ civilizacin o barbarie; de 7armiento al revisionismo peronista CBuenos Ai"esP El Cielo o" Asalto, 4<<ED, !hose sections on

;.

B.

E.

F.

=. J.

G.

<.

"e'isionism C . ;=<9;G4D deal !ith the sub&ect #"om the e"s ecti'e o# teAt analysis. 4>. Ca"los Altami"ano, $eronismo y cultura de izquierda CBuenos Ai"esP (emas G"u o Edito"ial, ;>>4D,

4B9;F, "o'ides a gene"al o'e"'ie! o# these di'isions be#o"e 4<FF. 44. Clase Obrera, no. F>, A "il 4<F>, . B and E. Vitto"io Codo'illa !as leade" o# the A"gentine Communist Ha"ty. On 4J Octobe" 4<EF, a la"ge demonst"ation in Buenos Ai"es. cent"al Hla@a de Mayo had demanded He"In.s "elease #"om "ison. (he He"onist "egime subse3uently "itualised 4J Octobe" as $Loyalty Lay% in yea"ly commemo"ations, so that it became closely associated !ith the He"onist litu"gy. 4;. On B"a@ilian intellectuals in the 4<B>s, see Laniel HMcaut, ,ntre le peuple et la nation/ les intellectuels et la politique au +r1sil CHa"isP Maison des 8ciences de l.Homme, 4<G<D, . <9G;. E'en in Cuba, a seemingly clea"9cut case o# le#t9!ing nationalism, the"e had been st"ongly autho"ita"ian 'a"iants at an ea"lie" stage Csee )ules +. Ben&amin, $(he Machadato and Cuban nationalism, 4<;G94<B;,%#ispanic &merican #istorical Revie(, 'ol. FF, no. 4 /4<JF1, . ==9<4D. 4B. (he cont"ast !ith B"a@il, in this "ega"d, is st"onge" than !ith most 8 anish Ame"ican count"iesP see Kicola Mille", n the shado( o% the state/ intellectuals and the quest %or national identity in 7panish

&merica CLondonP Ve"so, 4<<<D, es . . ;EF9;F<. 4E. 8il'ia 8igal, ntelectuales y poder en &rgentina/ la d1cada del sesenta CBuenos Ai"esP 8iglo YYI, ;>>;D. 4F. 8uch is one o# the "inci al a"guments o# ?ede"ico Keibu"g, Os intelectuais e a inven89o do peronismo/ estudos da antropologia social e cultural C8Zo HauloP Edito"a da 78H, 4<<JD. 4=. (he a"med ho"des o# #ollo!e"s o# the nineteenth9centu"y #ede"al caudillos !e"e called montoneras. (he #i"st ublic statement o# the Montone"os in 4<J> clea"ly sho!ed the g"ou .s a "o "iation o# "e'isionism in o"de" to &usti#y thei" 'iolence. 8ee $Hablan los Montone"os%, inP Cristianismo y Revolucin, no. ;=, Ko'embe"NLecembe" 4<J>, . 4494E. 4J. Gene"ally on "e'isionism see (ulio Hal e",n Longhi, ,l revisionismo histrico argentino CBuenos Ai"es and MeAico CityP 8iglo YYI, 4<J4D: Liana Xuatt"occhi95oisson, Un nationalisme de d1racin1s/ l:&rgentine; pays malade de sa m1moire CHa"is and (oulouseP CK+8, 4<<;D: Ale&and"o Catta"u@@a, $El "e'isionismoP itine"a"ios de cuat"o dMcadas,% in Ale&and"o Catta"u@@a and Ale&and"o Eu&anian, $ol<ticas de la historia/ &rgentina 2=5>6235> CBuenos Ai"esP Alian@a, ;>>BD, . 4EB94G;: the s ecial section de'oted to "e'isionism in $rohistoria, no. G C;>>ED, . 4=F9;=F: and the co""es onding a"ticles in ?e"nando ). Le'oto and Ko"a Hagano Ceds.D, La historiogra%<a acad1mica y la historiogra%<a militante en &rgentina y Uruguay CBuenos Ai"esP Biblos, ;>>ED. Both (e"On, Nuestros a'os sesentas, and 8igal, ntelectuales y poder, contain 'aluable "ema"ks, too, but thei" books a"e only tangentially de'oted to "e'isionism. (he same is t"ue #o" Ma"istella 8'am a, ,l dilema argentino/ civilizacin o barbarie; de 7armiento al revisionismo peronista CBuenos Ai"esP El Cielo o" Asalto, 4<<ED, !hose sections on "e'isionism C . ;=<9;G4D deal !ith the sub&ect #"om the e"s ecti'e o# teAt analysis. 4G. Ca"los Altami"ano, $eronismo y cultura de izquierda CBuenos Ai"esP (emas G"u o Edito"ial, ;>>4D,

4B9;F, "o'ides a gene"al o'e"'ie! o# these di'isions be#o"e 4<FF. 4<. Clase Obrera, no. F>, A "il 4<F>, . B and E. Vitto"io Codo'illa !as leade" o# the A"gentine Communist Ha"ty. On 4J Octobe" 4<EF, a la"ge demonst"ation in Buenos Ai"es. cent"al Hla@a de Mayo had demanded He"In.s "elease #"om "ison. (he He"onist "egime subse3uently "itualised 4J Octobe" as $Loyalty Lay% in yea"ly commemo"ations, so that it became closely associated !ith the He"onist litu"gy. ;>. On B"a@ilian intellectuals in the 4<B>s, see Laniel HMcaut, ,ntre le peuple et la nation/ les intellectuels et la politique au +r1sil CHa"isP Maison des 8ciences de l.Homme, 4<G<D, . <9G;. E'en in Cuba, a seemingly clea"9cut case o# le#t9!ing nationalism, the"e had been st"ongly autho"ita"ian 'a"iants at an ea"lie" stage Csee )ules +. Ben&amin, $(he Machadato and Cuban nationalism, 4<;G94<B;,%#ispanic &merican #istorical Revie(, 'ol. FF, no. 4 /4<JF1, . ==9<4D. ;4. (he cont"ast !ith B"a@il, in this "ega"d, is st"onge" than !ith most 8 anish Ame"ican count"iesP see Kicola Mille", n the shado( o% the state/ intellectuals and the quest %or national identity in 7panish &merica CLondonP Ve"so, 4<<<D, es . . ;EF9;F<. ;;. 8il'ia 8igal, ntelectuales y poder en &rgentina/ la d1cada del sesenta CBuenos Ai"esP 8iglo YYI, ;>>;D. ;B. 8uch is one o# the "inci al a"guments o# ?ede"ico Keibu"g, Os intelectuais e a inven89o do peronismo/ estudos da antropologia social e cultural C8Zo HauloP Edito"a da 78H, 4<<JD. ;E. (he a"med ho"des o# #ollo!e"s o# the nineteenth9centu"y #ede"al caudillos !e"e called montoneras. (he #i"st ublic statement o# the Montone"os in 4<J> clea"ly sho!ed the g"ou .s a "o "iation o# "e'isionism in o"de" to &usti#y thei" 'iolence. 8ee $Hablan los Montone"os%, inP Cristianismo y Revolucin, no. ;=, Ko'embe"NLecembe" 4<J>, . 4494E. ;F. Gene"ally on "e'isionism see (ulio Hal e",n Longhi, ,l revisionismo histrico argentino CBuenos Ai"es and MeAico CityP 8iglo YYI, 4<J4D: Liana Xuatt"occhi95oisson, Un nationalisme de d1racin1s/ l:&rgentine; pays malade de sa m1moire CHa"is and (oulouseP CK+8, 4<<;D: Ale&and"o Catta"u@@a, $El "e'isionismoP itine"a"ios de cuat"o dMcadas,% in Ale&and"o Catta"u@@a and Ale&and"o Eu&anian, $ol<ticas de la historia/ &rgentina 2=5>6235> CBuenos Ai"esP Alian@a, ;>>BD, . 4EB94G;: the s ecial section de'oted to "e'isionism in $rohistoria, no. G C;>>ED, . 4=F9;=F: and the co""es onding a"ticles in ?e"nando ). Le'oto and Ko"a Hagano Ceds.D, La historiogra%<a acad1mica y la historiogra%<a militante en &rgentina y Uruguay CBuenos Ai"esP Biblos, ;>>ED. Both (e"On, Nuestros a'os sesentas, and 8igal, ntelectuales y poder, contain 'aluable "ema"ks, too, but thei" books a"e only tangentially de'oted to

"e'isionism. (he same is t"ue #o" Ma"istella 8'am a, ,l dilema argentino/ civilizacin o barbarie; de 7armiento al revisionismo peronista CBuenos Ai"esP El Cielo o" Asalto, 4<<ED, !hose sections on "e'isionism C . ;=<9;G4D deal !ith the sub&ect #"om the e"s ecti'e o# teAt analysis. ;=. Ca"los Altami"ano, $eronismo y cultura de izquierda CBuenos Ai"esP (emas G"u o Edito"ial, ;>>4D,

4B9;F, "o'ides a gene"al o'e"'ie! o# these di'isions be#o"e 4<FF. ;J. Clase Obrera, no. F>, A "il 4<F>, . B and E. Vitto"io Codo'illa !as leade" o# the A"gentine Communist Ha"ty. On 4J Octobe" 4<EF, a la"ge demonst"ation in Buenos Ai"es. cent"al Hla@a de Mayo had demanded He"In.s "elease #"om "ison. (he He"onist "egime subse3uently "itualised 4J Octobe" as $Loyalty Lay% in yea"ly commemo"ations, so that it became closely associated !ith the He"onist litu"gy.

;G. Lucha Obrera, no. F, ;; Lecembe" 4<FF. ;<. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. 4, 4E )uly 4<FJ, . 49B. B>. Edua"do B. Astesano, Nacionalismo histrico o materialismo histrico CBuenos Ai"esP Hleama", 4<J;D, . ;>J9;>G. B4. (he lite"atu"e on Cooke is 3uite abundantP see es ecially Miguel Ma@@eo Ced.D, Coo!e; de vuelta/ el gran descartado de la historia argentina CBuenos Ai"esP La +osa Blindada, ;>>>D, but also Ko"be"to Galasso, Coo!e/ de $ern al Che; una biogra%<a pol<tica CBuenos Ai"esP Homo 8a iens, 4<<JD and E"nesto Golda", ?ohn 0illiam Coo!e y el peronismo revolucionario CBuenos Ai"esP CEAL, 4<GFD. A good im "ession o# him as an unde"g"ound olitician can be gained #"om his co""es ondence !ith He"In in the yea"s 4<FF9FJ, !hen Cooke o"ganised the so9called $He"onist "esistance% C)uan Lomingo He"In and )ohn 5illiam Cooke, Correspondencia /Buenos Ai"esP G"Onica, 4<JB1, ; 'ols.D and, #o" his ideas, #"om his !idely "ead &puntes para la militancia/ peronismo cr<tico CBuenos Ai"esP 8cha i"e, 4<JBD. B;. 8ee Altami"ano, $eronismo y cultura de izquierda, . F=9=4. BB. On )au"etche see Ko"be"to Galasso, ?auretche/ biogra%<a de un argentino CBuenos Ai"esP Homo 8a iens, 4<<JD. +ega"ding Cooke[s and +osa[s #athe"s, it should be added that thei" olitical o"ientations clea"ly di##e"ed, as did thei" "es ecti'e sons.P )uan Isaac Cooke, a #o"me" +adical cong"essman !ho !as a ointed ministe" o# #o"eign a##ai"s in August, 4<EF, had al!ays disliked #ascism, !hilst )osM Ma",a +osa Csenio"D, !ho !as a ointed #inance ministe" in 4<EB, !as a #e"'ent sym athise". 8ee Alain +ou3uiM, $ouvoir militaire et soci1t1 politique en &rgentine CHa"isP ?ondation Kationale des 8ciences Holiti3ues and CK+8, 4<JGD, . B=< CCookeD, 4J> and B;4 C+osaD. BE. 8ee the Revista del nstituto de nvestigaciones #istricas ?uan Manuel de Rosas , no. 4J C4<FGD, . 4>G and Hablo )osM He"nOnde@, Conversaciones con ?os1 Mar<a Rosa CBuenos Ai"esP Colihue, 4<JGD, . 4B>94B4. BF. )au"etche.s book ,l medio pelo en la sociedad argentina/ apuntes para una sociolog<a nacional, !hich !as #i"st ublished in 4<==, !as one o# the biggest sales successes o# the siAties. 8ee the bestselle" lists in $rimera $lana, bet!een no. ;>E, ;; Ko'embe" 4<==, and no. ;E<, B Octobe" 4<=J. B=. 8igal, ntelectuales y poder, . 4JF. BJ. Xuatt"occhi95oisson, Un nationalisme. BG. AmM"ico Ghioldi, @e la tiran<a a la democracia social CBuenos Ai"esP Gu"e, 4<F=D, . <49<=. B<. Laniel Oma" Le Luc,a, $Libe"alismo e i@3uie"daP una "elaciIn oco estudiada%, Ha e" "esented at the H"ime"as )o"nadas de Histo"ia de las I@3uie"das, Buenos Ai"es, G9< Lecembe" ;>>> CCent"o de LocumentaciIn e In'estigaciIn de la Cultu"a de I@3uie"das en la A"gentinaD, . B. (he"e !as little to su o"t Ghioldi.s &udgment. As stated abo'e, He"onist cultu"al olicy and "o aganda essentially #ollo!ed a simila" line o# histo"ical inte" "etation as its "edecesso"s. E>. 8ee #o" eAam le Leona"do Haso et. al., Corrientes historiogrA%icas CBuenos Ai"esP Cent"o de Estudios Ma"Aistas, 4<JED, es . . EJ9=B and Leona"do Haso, Los caudillos y la organizacin nacional CBuenos Ai"esP 8,laba, 4<=FD. E4. Both eA "essions !e"e book titlesP E"nesto Halacio, La historia %alsi%icada CBuenos Ai"esP Li#usiIn, 4<B<D: A"tu"o )au"etche, Los pro%etas del odio y la yapa/ la colonizacin pedaggica, =th ed. CBuenos

Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<JBD. E;. )au"etche, $ol<tica nacional y revisionismo histrico CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<F<D, . F4. EB. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel y el "e'isionismo t,mido,% in ?ede"ico Ba"ba"O et. al. Ceds.D, Con Rosas o contra Rosas/ BC escritores e historiadores emiten su opinin sobre @- ?uan Manuel de Rosas CBuenos Ai"esP ?"eeland, 4<=GD, . 4F9B;, . 4J. EE. +aymond 5illiams, Marxism and literature COA#o"dP OA#o"d 7ni'e"sity H"ess, 4<JJD, . FF. (his conce t o# ideology coeAisted "elati'ely eace#ully !ith othe" uses. (ulio Hal e",n Longhi, ,nsayos de historiogra%<a CBuenos Ai"esP El Cielo o" Asalto, 4<<=D, . 444, has obse"'ed that many "e'isionists o# the thi"ties sa! democ"acy as an ideology o" a #alse consciousness. It must be added that this !as di##e"ent in the !"itings o# the izquierda nacional. Huigg"Is. c"iticism o# $constitutional #etishism,% #o" eAam le C+odol#o Huigg"Is, Las izquierdas y el problema nacional, ;nd ed. /Buenos Ai"esP Ce e, 4<JB1, . 4FD, does not amount to an antidemoc"atic stance. EF. )uan )osM He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, ;nd ed. CBuenos Ai"esP Hachea, 4<=ED, . 4F.

E=. He"nOnde@ A""egui, $eronismo y socialismo CBuenos Ai"esP Hachea, 4<J;D, . ==. EJ. )o"ge Abela"do +amos, Revolucin y contrarrevolucin en la &rgentina, B"d ed., ; 'ols. CBuenos Ai"esP Hlus 7lt"a, 4<=FD, 'ol. ;, . 4==. EG. He"nOnde@ A""egui, DEu1 es el ser nacionalF La conciencia histrica hispanoamericana CBuenos Ai"esP Hachea, 4<=BD, . ;<. E<. In #act, the hispanismo o# 4<B>s nacionalismo !as eA licitly c"iticised by the izquierda nacional. 8ee #o" eAam le Huigg"Is. $ueblo y oligarqu<a CBuenos Ai"esP )o"ge Ul'a"e@, 4<=<D, . 4J. F>. "rinchera, no. B, Octobe" 4<=>. (he #ilm by Getino and 8olanas ado ted many moti#s #"om "e'isionism. One o# the #i"st 3uotes in the #i"st a"t is by 8calab"ini, statingP $(he histo"y they taught us is !"ong.%

F4. He"nOnde@ A""egui, $eronismo y socialismo, . F4. F;. Huigg"Is, $ueblo y oligarqu<a, . 4B and his Las izquierdas, . 4GJ. FB. He"nOnde@ A""egui, DEu1 es el ser nacionalF, . 4;. FE. On the eAclusion o# mate"ial conside"ations #o" the cha"acte"isation o# the oliga"chy in 4<B>s "e'isionism, he"e in the in#luential "e'isionist book by the I"a@usta b"othe"s, La &rgentina y el imperialismo britAnico, see (ulio Hal e",n Longhi, $A"gentines onde" the bu"den o# the ast,% inP )e"emy Adelman Ced.D, Colonial legacies/ the problem o% persistence in Latin &merican history CKe! Ro"k and LondonP +outledge, 4<<<D, . 4F494JB, . 4=F.

FF. He"nOnde@ A""egui, Nacionalismo y liberacin CBuenos Ai"esP Hachea, 4<=<D, . 4<. F=. (he "es ecti'e 8 anish titles !e"eP Revolucin y contrarrevolucin en la &rgentina/ las masas en nuestra historia C+amos, 4<F=D, $ueblo y oligarqu<a CHuigg"Is, 4<=<D, Las izquierdas y el problema nacional CHuigg"Is, 4<=JD. FJ. He"nOnde@ A""egui, $eronismo y socialismo, . 4=, . J> and . =J. FG. Cooke, &puntes, . EJ. F<. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . ;4. =>. He"nOnde@ A""egui, $eronismo y socialismo, . J>. =4. +odol#o O"tega He*a and Edua"do Luis Luhalde, )elipe *arela contra el mperio britAnico- Las masas de la Unin &mericana en%rentan a las potencias europeas CBuenos Ai"esP 8udestada, 4<==D, . 4=F9 4==. =;. Cooke, &puntes, . E4. (his assage bo"e "ema"kable simila"ities to the histo"ical &usti#ications that the le#t9He"onist gue""illa g"ou Montone"os ublished in 4<J> C$Hablan los Montone"os,% Cristianismo y Revolucin, no. ;=, Ko'embe"NLecembe" 4<J>, . 44D.

=B. +amos, Revolucin y contrarrevolucin, 'ol. ;,

. J and =<G.

=E. )au"etche, $ol<tica nacional C4<F<D, . ;B9;F. =F. 8ee #o" eAam le )osM Ma",a +osa to +odol#o Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG CI !ould like to thank Oma" Acha #o" d"a!ing my attention to this lette"D. (he list o# usages o# bet"ayal as the eA lanati'e #acto" in histo"ical e'ents is otentially endless. ==. 8ee the inte"'ie! !ith them in "odo es #istoria, no. BG, )une 4<J>. =J. (he edito"ial o# the institute.s bulletin called #o" accom lishing $ou" mission to consolidate the t"uth u to its most eAt"eme limits%, #o" eAam le C+olet<n del nstituto ?uan Manuel de Rosas de nvestigaciones #istricas, no. E, second se"ies, A "il 4<=<, . BD. =G. +olet<n del nstituto Rosas, nos. E and F Csecond e"iodD, A "il and May 4<=<. =<. La"ge a"ts o# He"nOnde@ A""egui.s best9selle" La %ormacin de la conciencia nacional; 23B>6235> CBuenos Ai"esP Hachea, 4<=>D !e"e de'oted to di##e"entiating "eactiona"y #"om "og"essi'e nationalism. 8ee also Huigg"Is, ,l proletariado en la revolucin nacional, ;nd ed. CBuenos Ai"esP 8udestada, 4<=GD, . EJ9==. J>. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. J4. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. J;. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. JB. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. JE. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. JF. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. J=. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. JJ. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. JG. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. J<. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. G>. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. G4. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. G;. O"tega He*a and Luhalde, )elipe *arela, . 4==. ?o" thei" c"iticism o# the izquierda nacional see +olet<n del nstituto Rosas, no. F Csecond e"iodD, May 4<=<, . ;E. GB. )osM Ma",a +osa to +odol#o Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG. GE. Mundo Nacionalista, no. B, F 8e tembe" 4<=<. GF. +osa to Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG. G=. )osM Ma",a +osa, #istoria del revisionismo y otros ensayos CBuenos Ai"esP Me"l,n, 4<=GD,

. 4>944.

(he eA "ession $inte"nal con#"ontation% su osedly "e#e""ed to a con#"ontation !ithin one count"y. GJ. On the eAclusion o# mate"ial conside"ations #o" the cha"acte"isation o# the oliga"chy in 4<B>s "e'isionism, he"e in the in#luential "e'isionist book by the I"a@usta b"othe"s, La &rgentina y el imperialismo britAnico, see (ulio Hal e",n Longhi, $A"gentines onde" the bu"den o# the ast,% inP )e"emy Adelman Ced.D, Colonial legacies/ the problem o% persistence in Latin &merican history CKe!

Ro"k and LondonP +outledge, 4<<<D,

. 4F494JB, . 4=F.

GG. He"nOnde@ A""egui, Nacionalismo y liberacin CBuenos Ai"esP Hachea, 4<=<D, . 4<. G<. (he "es ecti'e 8 anish titles !e"eP Revolucin y contrarrevolucin en la &rgentina/ las masas en nuestra historia C+amos, 4<F=D, $ueblo y oligarqu<a CHuigg"Is, 4<=<D, Las izquierdas y el problema nacional CHuigg"Is, 4<=JD. <>. He"nOnde@ A""egui, $eronismo y socialismo, . 4=, . J> and . =J. <4. Cooke, &puntes, . EJ. <;. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . ;4. <B. He"nOnde@ A""egui, $eronismo y socialismo, . J>. <E. +odol#o O"tega He*a and Edua"do Luis Luhalde, )elipe *arela contra el mperio britAnico- Las masas de la Unin &mericana en%rentan a las potencias europeas CBuenos Ai"esP 8udestada, 4<==D, . 4=F9 4==. <F. Cooke, &puntes, . E4. (his assage bo"e "ema"kable simila"ities to the histo"ical &usti#ications that the le#t9He"onist gue""illa g"ou Montone"os ublished in 4<J> C$Hablan los Montone"os,% Cristianismo y Revolucin, no. ;=, Ko'embe"NLecembe" 4<J>, . 44D. <=. +amos, Revolucin y contrarrevolucin, 'ol. ;, . J and =<G.

<J. )au"etche, $ol<tica nacional C4<F<D, . ;B9;F. <G. 8ee #o" eAam le )osM Ma",a +osa to +odol#o Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG CI !ould like to thank Oma" Acha #o" d"a!ing my attention to this lette"D. (he list o# usages o# bet"ayal as the eA lanati'e #acto" in histo"ical e'ents is otentially endless. <<. 8ee the inte"'ie! !ith them in "odo es #istoria, no. BG, )une 4<J>. 4>>. (he edito"ial o# the institute.s bulletin called #o" accom lishing $ou" mission to consolidate the t"uth u to its most eAt"eme limits%, #o" eAam le C+olet<n del nstituto ?uan Manuel de Rosas de nvestigaciones #istricas, no. E, second se"ies, A "il 4<=<, . BD. 4>4. +olet<n del nstituto Rosas, nos. E and F Csecond e"iodD, A "il and May 4<=<. 4>;. La"ge a"ts o# He"nOnde@ A""egui.s best9selle" La %ormacin de la conciencia nacional; 23B>6235> CBuenos Ai"esP Hachea, 4<=>D !e"e de'oted to di##e"entiating "eactiona"y #"om "og"essi'e nationalism. 8ee also Huigg"Is, ,l proletariado en la revolucin nacional, ;nd ed. CBuenos Ai"esP 8udestada, 4<=GD, . EJ9==. 4>B. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. 4>E. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. 4>F. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. 4>=. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. 4>J. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. 4>G. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. 4><. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. 44>. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. 444. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4.

44;. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. 44B. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. 44E. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. 44F. O"tega He*a and Luhalde, )elipe *arela, . 4==. ?o" thei" c"iticism o# the izquierda nacional see +olet<n del nstituto Rosas, no. F Csecond e"iodD, May 4<=<, . ;E. 44=. )osM Ma",a +osa to +odol#o Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG. 44J. Mundo Nacionalista, no. B, F 8e tembe" 4<=<. 44G. +osa to Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG. 44<. )osM Ma",a +osa, #istoria del revisionismo y otros ensayos CBuenos Ai"esP Me"l,n, 4<=GD, (he eA "ession $inte"nal con#"ontation% su

. 4>944.

osedly "e#e""ed to a con#"ontation !ithin one count"y.

4;>. He"nOnde@ A""egui, DEu1 es el ser nacionalF, . 4;. 4;4. On the eAclusion o# mate"ial conside"ations #o" the cha"acte"isation o# the oliga"chy in 4<B>s "e'isionism, he"e in the in#luential "e'isionist book by the I"a@usta b"othe"s, La &rgentina y el imperialismo britAnico, see (ulio Hal e",n Longhi, $A"gentines onde" the bu"den o# the ast,% inP )e"emy Adelman Ced.D, Colonial legacies/ the problem o% persistence in Latin &merican history CKe! Ro"k and LondonP +outledge, 4<<<D, . 4F494JB, . 4=F.

4;;. He"nOnde@ A""egui, Nacionalismo y liberacin CBuenos Ai"esP Hachea, 4<=<D, . 4<. 4;B. (he "es ecti'e 8 anish titles !e"eP Revolucin y contrarrevolucin en la &rgentina/ las masas en nuestra historia C+amos, 4<F=D, $ueblo y oligarqu<a CHuigg"Is, 4<=<D, Las izquierdas y el problema nacional CHuigg"Is, 4<=JD. 4;E. He"nOnde@ A""egui, $eronismo y socialismo, . 4=, . J> and . =J. 4;F. Cooke, &puntes, . EJ. 4;=. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . ;4. 4;J. He"nOnde@ A""egui, $eronismo y socialismo, . J>. 4;G. +odol#o O"tega He*a and Edua"do Luis Luhalde, )elipe *arela contra el mperio britAnico- Las masas de la Unin &mericana en%rentan a las potencias europeas CBuenos Ai"esP 8udestada, 4<==D, . 4=F9 4==. 4;<. Cooke, &puntes, . E4. (his assage bo"e "ema"kable simila"ities to the histo"ical &usti#ications that the le#t9He"onist gue""illa g"ou Montone"os ublished in 4<J> C$Hablan los Montone"os,% Cristianismo y Revolucin, no. ;=, Ko'embe"NLecembe" 4<J>, . 44D. 4B>. +amos, Revolucin y contrarrevolucin, 'ol. ;, . J and =<G.

4B4. )au"etche, $ol<tica nacional C4<F<D, . ;B9;F. 4B;. 8ee #o" eAam le )osM Ma",a +osa to +odol#o Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG CI !ould like to thank Oma" Acha #o" d"a!ing my attention to this lette"D. (he list o# usages o# bet"ayal as the eA lanati'e #acto" in histo"ical e'ents is otentially endless. 4BB. 8ee the inte"'ie! !ith them in "odo es #istoria, no. BG, )une 4<J>. 4BE. (he edito"ial o# the institute.s bulletin called #o" accom lishing $ou" mission to consolidate the t"uth u to its most eAt"eme limits%, #o" eAam le C+olet<n del nstituto ?uan Manuel de Rosas de nvestigaciones #istricas, no. E, second se"ies, A "il 4<=<, . BD. 4BF. +olet<n del nstituto Rosas, nos. E and F Csecond e"iodD, A "il and May 4<=<. 4B=. La"ge a"ts o# He"nOnde@ A""egui.s best9selle" La %ormacin de la conciencia nacional; 23B>6235> CBuenos Ai"esP Hachea, 4<=>D !e"e de'oted to di##e"entiating "eactiona"y #"om "og"essi'e nationalism.

8ee also Huigg"Is, ,l proletariado en la revolucin nacional, ;nd ed. CBuenos Ai"esP 8udestada, 4<=GD, . EJ9==. 4BJ. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. 4BG. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. 4B<. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. 4E>. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. 4E4. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. 4E;. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. 4EB. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. 4EE. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. 4EF. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. 4E=. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. 4EJ. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. 4EG. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. 4E<. O"tega He*a and Luhalde, )elipe *arela, . 4==. ?o" thei" c"iticism o# the izquierda nacional see +olet<n del nstituto Rosas, no. F Csecond e"iodD, May 4<=<, . ;E. 4F>. )osM Ma",a +osa to +odol#o Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG. 4F4. Mundo Nacionalista, no. B, F 8e tembe" 4<=<. 4F;. +osa to Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG. 4FB. )osM Ma",a +osa, #istoria del revisionismo y otros ensayos CBuenos Ai"esP Me"l,n, 4<=GD,

. 4>944.

(he eA "ession $inte"nal con#"ontation% su osedly "e#e""ed to a con#"ontation !ithin one count"y. 4FE. On the eAclusion o# mate"ial conside"ations #o" the cha"acte"isation o# the oliga"chy in 4<B>s "e'isionism, he"e in the in#luential "e'isionist book by the I"a@usta b"othe"s, La &rgentina y el imperialismo britAnico, see (ulio Hal e",n Longhi, $A"gentines onde" the bu"den o# the ast,% inP )e"emy Adelman Ced.D, Colonial legacies/ the problem o% persistence in Latin &merican history CKe! Ro"k and LondonP +outledge, 4<<<D, . 4F494JB, . 4=F.

4FF. He"nOnde@ A""egui, Nacionalismo y liberacin CBuenos Ai"esP Hachea, 4<=<D, . 4<. 4F=. (he "es ecti'e 8 anish titles !e"eP Revolucin y contrarrevolucin en la &rgentina/ las masas en nuestra historia C+amos, 4<F=D, $ueblo y oligarqu<a CHuigg"Is, 4<=<D, Las izquierdas y el problema nacional CHuigg"Is, 4<=JD. 4FJ. He"nOnde@ A""egui, $eronismo y socialismo, . 4=, . J> and . =J. 4FG. Cooke, &puntes, . EJ. 4F<. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . ;4. 4=>. He"nOnde@ A""egui, $eronismo y socialismo, . J>. 4=4. +odol#o O"tega He*a and Edua"do Luis Luhalde, )elipe *arela contra el mperio britAnico- Las masas de la Unin &mericana en%rentan a las potencias europeas CBuenos Ai"esP 8udestada, 4<==D, . 4=F9

4==. 4=;. Cooke, &puntes, . E4. (his assage bo"e "ema"kable simila"ities to the histo"ical &usti#ications that the le#t9He"onist gue""illa g"ou Montone"os ublished in 4<J> C$Hablan los Montone"os,% Cristianismo y Revolucin, no. ;=, Ko'embe"NLecembe" 4<J>, . 44D. 4=B. +amos, Revolucin y contrarrevolucin, 'ol. ;, . J and =<G.

4=E. )au"etche, $ol<tica nacional C4<F<D, . ;B9;F. 4=F. 8ee #o" eAam le )osM Ma",a +osa to +odol#o Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG CI !ould like to thank Oma" Acha #o" d"a!ing my attention to this lette"D. (he list o# usages o# bet"ayal as the eA lanati'e #acto" in histo"ical e'ents is otentially endless. 4==. 8ee the inte"'ie! !ith them in "odo es #istoria, no. BG, )une 4<J>. 4=J. (he edito"ial o# the institute.s bulletin called #o" accom lishing $ou" mission to consolidate the t"uth u to its most eAt"eme limits%, #o" eAam le C+olet<n del nstituto ?uan Manuel de Rosas de nvestigaciones #istricas, no. E, second se"ies, A "il 4<=<, . BD. 4=G. +olet<n del nstituto Rosas, nos. E and F Csecond e"iodD, A "il and May 4<=<. 4=<. La"ge a"ts o# He"nOnde@ A""egui.s best9selle" La %ormacin de la conciencia nacional; 23B>6235> CBuenos Ai"esP Hachea, 4<=>D !e"e de'oted to di##e"entiating "eactiona"y #"om "og"essi'e nationalism. 8ee also Huigg"Is, ,l proletariado en la revolucin nacional, ;nd ed. CBuenos Ai"esP 8udestada, 4<=GD, . EJ9==. 4J>. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. 4J4. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. 4J;. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. 4JB. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. 4JE. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. 4JF. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. 4J=. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. 4JJ. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. 4JG. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. 4J<. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. 4G>. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. 4G4. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. 4G;. O"tega He*a and Luhalde, )elipe *arela, . 4==. ?o" thei" c"iticism o# the izquierda nacional see +olet<n del nstituto Rosas, no. F Csecond e"iodD, May 4<=<, . ;E. 4GB. )osM Ma",a +osa to +odol#o Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG. 4GE. Mundo Nacionalista, no. B, F 8e tembe" 4<=<. 4GF. +osa to Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG. 4G=. )osM Ma",a +osa, #istoria del revisionismo y otros ensayos CBuenos Ai"esP Me"l,n, 4<=GD,

. 4>944.

(he eA "ession $inte"nal con#"ontation% su osedly "e#e""ed to a con#"ontation !ithin one count"y. 4GJ. "rinchera, no. B, Octobe" 4<=>. (he #ilm by Getino and 8olanas ado ted many moti#s #"om "e'isionism. One o# the #i"st 3uotes in the #i"st a"t is by 8calab"ini, statingP $(he histo"y they taught us is !"ong.%

4GG. He"nOnde@ A""egui, $eronismo y socialismo, . F4. 4G<. Huigg"Is, $ueblo y oligarqu<a, . 4B and his Las izquierdas, . 4GJ. 4<>. He"nOnde@ A""egui, DEu1 es el ser nacionalF, . 4;. 4<4. On the eAclusion o# mate"ial conside"ations #o" the cha"acte"isation o# the oliga"chy in 4<B>s "e'isionism, he"e in the in#luential "e'isionist book by the I"a@usta b"othe"s, La &rgentina y el imperialismo britAnico, see (ulio Hal e",n Longhi, $A"gentines onde" the bu"den o# the ast,% inP )e"emy Adelman Ced.D, Colonial legacies/ the problem o% persistence in Latin &merican history CKe! Ro"k and LondonP +outledge, 4<<<D, . 4F494JB, . 4=F.

4<;. He"nOnde@ A""egui, Nacionalismo y liberacin CBuenos Ai"esP Hachea, 4<=<D, . 4<. 4<B. (he "es ecti'e 8 anish titles !e"eP Revolucin y contrarrevolucin en la &rgentina/ las masas en nuestra historia C+amos, 4<F=D, $ueblo y oligarqu<a CHuigg"Is, 4<=<D, Las izquierdas y el problema nacional CHuigg"Is, 4<=JD. 4<E. He"nOnde@ A""egui, $eronismo y socialismo, . 4=, . J> and . =J. 4<F. Cooke, &puntes, . EJ. 4<=. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . ;4. 4<J. He"nOnde@ A""egui, $eronismo y socialismo, . J>. 4<G. +odol#o O"tega He*a and Edua"do Luis Luhalde, )elipe *arela contra el mperio britAnico- Las masas de la Unin &mericana en%rentan a las potencias europeas CBuenos Ai"esP 8udestada, 4<==D, . 4=F9 4==. 4<<. Cooke, &puntes, . E4. (his assage bo"e "ema"kable simila"ities to the histo"ical &usti#ications that the le#t9He"onist gue""illa g"ou Montone"os ublished in 4<J> C$Hablan los Montone"os,% Cristianismo y Revolucin, no. ;=, Ko'embe"NLecembe" 4<J>, . 44D. ;>>. +amos, Revolucin y contrarrevolucin, 'ol. ;, . J and =<G.

;>4. )au"etche, $ol<tica nacional C4<F<D, . ;B9;F. ;>;. 8ee #o" eAam le )osM Ma",a +osa to +odol#o Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG CI !ould like to thank Oma" Acha #o" d"a!ing my attention to this lette"D. (he list o# usages o# bet"ayal as the eA lanati'e #acto" in histo"ical e'ents is otentially endless. ;>B. 8ee the inte"'ie! !ith them in "odo es #istoria, no. BG, )une 4<J>. ;>E. (he edito"ial o# the institute.s bulletin called #o" accom lishing $ou" mission to consolidate the t"uth u to its most eAt"eme limits%, #o" eAam le C+olet<n del nstituto ?uan Manuel de Rosas de nvestigaciones #istricas, no. E, second se"ies, A "il 4<=<, . BD. ;>F. +olet<n del nstituto Rosas, nos. E and F Csecond e"iodD, A "il and May 4<=<. ;>=. La"ge a"ts o# He"nOnde@ A""egui.s best9selle" La %ormacin de la conciencia nacional; 23B>6235> CBuenos Ai"esP Hachea, 4<=>D !e"e de'oted to di##e"entiating "eactiona"y #"om "og"essi'e nationalism. 8ee also Huigg"Is, ,l proletariado en la revolucin nacional, ;nd ed. CBuenos Ai"esP 8udestada, 4<=GD, . EJ9==. ;>J. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. ;>G. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. ;><. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. ;4>. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ,

. 49B. He

#ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. ;44. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. ;4;. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. ;4B. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. ;4E. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. ;4F. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. ;4=. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. ;4J. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. ;4G. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. ;4<. O"tega He*a and Luhalde, )elipe *arela, . 4==. ?o" thei" c"iticism o# the izquierda nacional see +olet<n del nstituto Rosas, no. F Csecond e"iodD, May 4<=<, . ;E. ;;>. )osM Ma",a +osa to +odol#o Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG. ;;4. Mundo Nacionalista, no. B, F 8e tembe" 4<=<. ;;;. +osa to Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG. ;;B. )osM Ma",a +osa, #istoria del revisionismo y otros ensayos CBuenos Ai"esP Me"l,n, 4<=GD,

. 4>944.

(he eA "ession $inte"nal con#"ontation% su osedly "e#e""ed to a con#"ontation !ithin one count"y. ;;E. On the eAclusion o# mate"ial conside"ations #o" the cha"acte"isation o# the oliga"chy in 4<B>s "e'isionism, he"e in the in#luential "e'isionist book by the I"a@usta b"othe"s, La &rgentina y el imperialismo britAnico, see (ulio Hal e",n Longhi, $A"gentines onde" the bu"den o# the ast,% inP )e"emy Adelman Ced.D, Colonial legacies/ the problem o% persistence in Latin &merican history CKe! Ro"k and LondonP +outledge, 4<<<D, . 4F494JB, . 4=F.

;;F. He"nOnde@ A""egui, Nacionalismo y liberacin CBuenos Ai"esP Hachea, 4<=<D, . 4<. ;;=. (he "es ecti'e 8 anish titles !e"eP Revolucin y contrarrevolucin en la &rgentina/ las masas en nuestra historia C+amos, 4<F=D, $ueblo y oligarqu<a CHuigg"Is, 4<=<D, Las izquierdas y el problema nacional CHuigg"Is, 4<=JD. ;;J. He"nOnde@ A""egui, $eronismo y socialismo, . 4=, . J> and . =J. ;;G. Cooke, &puntes, . EJ. ;;<. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . ;4. ;B>. He"nOnde@ A""egui, $eronismo y socialismo, . J>. ;B4. +odol#o O"tega He*a and Edua"do Luis Luhalde, )elipe *arela contra el mperio britAnico- Las masas de la Unin &mericana en%rentan a las potencias europeas CBuenos Ai"esP 8udestada, 4<==D, . 4=F9 4==. ;B;. Cooke, &puntes, . E4. (his assage bo"e "ema"kable simila"ities to the histo"ical &usti#ications that the le#t9He"onist gue""illa g"ou Montone"os ublished in 4<J> C$Hablan los Montone"os,% Cristianismo y Revolucin, no. ;=, Ko'embe"NLecembe" 4<J>, . 44D. ;BB. +amos, Revolucin y contrarrevolucin, 'ol. ;, . J and =<G.

;BE. )au"etche, $ol<tica nacional C4<F<D, . ;B9;F. ;BF. 8ee #o" eAam le )osM Ma",a +osa to +odol#o Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG CI !ould like to thank

Oma" Acha #o" d"a!ing my attention to this lette"D. (he list o# usages o# bet"ayal as the eA lanati'e #acto" in histo"ical e'ents is otentially endless. ;B=. 8ee the inte"'ie! !ith them in "odo es #istoria, no. BG, )une 4<J>. ;BJ. (he edito"ial o# the institute.s bulletin called #o" accom lishing $ou" mission to consolidate the t"uth u to its most eAt"eme limits%, #o" eAam le C+olet<n del nstituto ?uan Manuel de Rosas de nvestigaciones #istricas, no. E, second se"ies, A "il 4<=<, . BD. ;BG. +olet<n del nstituto Rosas, nos. E and F Csecond e"iodD, A "il and May 4<=<. ;B<. La"ge a"ts o# He"nOnde@ A""egui.s best9selle" La %ormacin de la conciencia nacional; 23B>6235> CBuenos Ai"esP Hachea, 4<=>D !e"e de'oted to di##e"entiating "eactiona"y #"om "og"essi'e nationalism. 8ee also Huigg"Is, ,l proletariado en la revolucin nacional, ;nd ed. CBuenos Ai"esP 8udestada, 4<=GD, . EJ9==. ;E>. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. ;E4. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. ;E;. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. ;EB. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. ;EE. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. ;EF. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. ;E=. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. ;EJ. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. ;EG. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. ;E<. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. ;F>. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. ;F4. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. ;F;. O"tega He*a and Luhalde, )elipe *arela, . 4==. ?o" thei" c"iticism o# the izquierda nacional see +olet<n del nstituto Rosas, no. F Csecond e"iodD, May 4<=<, . ;E. ;FB. )osM Ma",a +osa to +odol#o Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG. ;FE. Mundo Nacionalista, no. B, F 8e tembe" 4<=<. ;FF. +osa to Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG. ;F=. )osM Ma",a +osa, #istoria del revisionismo y otros ensayos CBuenos Ai"esP Me"l,n, 4<=GD, (he eA "ession $inte"nal con#"ontation% su

. 4>944.

osedly "e#e""ed to a con#"ontation !ithin one count"y.

;FJ. He"nOnde@ A""egui, DEu1 es el ser nacionalF, . 4;. ;FG. On the eAclusion o# mate"ial conside"ations #o" the cha"acte"isation o# the oliga"chy in 4<B>s "e'isionism, he"e in the in#luential "e'isionist book by the I"a@usta b"othe"s, La &rgentina y el imperialismo britAnico, see (ulio Hal e",n Longhi, $A"gentines onde" the bu"den o# the ast,% inP )e"emy Adelman Ced.D, Colonial legacies/ the problem o% persistence in Latin &merican history CKe! Ro"k and LondonP +outledge, 4<<<D, . 4F494JB, . 4=F.

;F<. He"nOnde@ A""egui, Nacionalismo y liberacin CBuenos Ai"esP Hachea, 4<=<D, . 4<.

;=>. (he "es ecti'e 8 anish titles !e"eP Revolucin y contrarrevolucin en la &rgentina/ las masas en nuestra historia C+amos, 4<F=D, $ueblo y oligarqu<a CHuigg"Is, 4<=<D, Las izquierdas y el problema nacional CHuigg"Is, 4<=JD. ;=4. He"nOnde@ A""egui, $eronismo y socialismo, . 4=, . J> and . =J. ;=;. Cooke, &puntes, . EJ. ;=B. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . ;4. ;=E. He"nOnde@ A""egui, $eronismo y socialismo, . J>. ;=F. +odol#o O"tega He*a and Edua"do Luis Luhalde, )elipe *arela contra el mperio britAnico- Las masas de la Unin &mericana en%rentan a las potencias europeas CBuenos Ai"esP 8udestada, 4<==D, . 4=F9 4==. ;==. Cooke, &puntes, . E4. (his assage bo"e "ema"kable simila"ities to the histo"ical &usti#ications that the le#t9He"onist gue""illa g"ou Montone"os ublished in 4<J> C$Hablan los Montone"os,% Cristianismo y Revolucin, no. ;=, Ko'embe"NLecembe" 4<J>, . 44D. ;=J. +amos, Revolucin y contrarrevolucin, 'ol. ;, . J and =<G.

;=G. )au"etche, $ol<tica nacional C4<F<D, . ;B9;F. ;=<. 8ee #o" eAam le )osM Ma",a +osa to +odol#o Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG CI !ould like to thank Oma" Acha #o" d"a!ing my attention to this lette"D. (he list o# usages o# bet"ayal as the eA lanati'e #acto" in histo"ical e'ents is otentially endless. ;J>. 8ee the inte"'ie! !ith them in "odo es #istoria, no. BG, )une 4<J>. ;J4. (he edito"ial o# the institute.s bulletin called #o" accom lishing $ou" mission to consolidate the t"uth u to its most eAt"eme limits%, #o" eAam le C+olet<n del nstituto ?uan Manuel de Rosas de nvestigaciones #istricas, no. E, second se"ies, A "il 4<=<, . BD. ;J;. +olet<n del nstituto Rosas, nos. E and F Csecond e"iodD, A "il and May 4<=<. ;JB. La"ge a"ts o# He"nOnde@ A""egui.s best9selle" La %ormacin de la conciencia nacional; 23B>6235> CBuenos Ai"esP Hachea, 4<=>D !e"e de'oted to di##e"entiating "eactiona"y #"om "og"essi'e nationalism. 8ee also Huigg"Is, ,l proletariado en la revolucin nacional, ;nd ed. CBuenos Ai"esP 8udestada, 4<=GD, . EJ9==. ;JE. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. ;JF. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. ;J=. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. ;JJ. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. ;JG. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. ;J<. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. ;G>. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. ;G4. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. ;G;. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. ;GB. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. ;GE. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. ;GF. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ,

. 49B. He

#ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. ;G=. O"tega He*a and Luhalde, )elipe *arela, . 4==. ?o" thei" c"iticism o# the izquierda nacional see +olet<n del nstituto Rosas, no. F Csecond e"iodD, May 4<=<, . ;E. ;GJ. )osM Ma",a +osa to +odol#o Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG. ;GG. Mundo Nacionalista, no. B, F 8e tembe" 4<=<. ;G<. +osa to Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG. ;<>. )osM Ma",a +osa, #istoria del revisionismo y otros ensayos CBuenos Ai"esP Me"l,n, 4<=GD,

. 4>944.

(he eA "ession $inte"nal con#"ontation% su osedly "e#e""ed to a con#"ontation !ithin one count"y. ;<4. On the eAclusion o# mate"ial conside"ations #o" the cha"acte"isation o# the oliga"chy in 4<B>s "e'isionism, he"e in the in#luential "e'isionist book by the I"a@usta b"othe"s, La &rgentina y el imperialismo britAnico, see (ulio Hal e",n Longhi, $A"gentines onde" the bu"den o# the ast,% inP )e"emy Adelman Ced.D, Colonial legacies/ the problem o% persistence in Latin &merican history CKe! Ro"k and LondonP +outledge, 4<<<D, . 4F494JB, . 4=F.

;<;. He"nOnde@ A""egui, Nacionalismo y liberacin CBuenos Ai"esP Hachea, 4<=<D, . 4<. ;<B. (he "es ecti'e 8 anish titles !e"eP Revolucin y contrarrevolucin en la &rgentina/ las masas en nuestra historia C+amos, 4<F=D, $ueblo y oligarqu<a CHuigg"Is, 4<=<D, Las izquierdas y el problema nacional CHuigg"Is, 4<=JD. ;<E. He"nOnde@ A""egui, $eronismo y socialismo, . 4=, . J> and . =J. ;<F. Cooke, &puntes, . EJ. ;<=. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . ;4. ;<J. He"nOnde@ A""egui, $eronismo y socialismo, . J>. ;<G. +odol#o O"tega He*a and Edua"do Luis Luhalde, )elipe *arela contra el mperio britAnico- Las masas de la Unin &mericana en%rentan a las potencias europeas CBuenos Ai"esP 8udestada, 4<==D, . 4=F9 4==. ;<<. Cooke, &puntes, . E4. (his assage bo"e "ema"kable simila"ities to the histo"ical &usti#ications that the le#t9He"onist gue""illa g"ou Montone"os ublished in 4<J> C$Hablan los Montone"os,% Cristianismo y Revolucin, no. ;=, Ko'embe"NLecembe" 4<J>, . 44D. B>>. +amos, Revolucin y contrarrevolucin, 'ol. ;, . J and =<G.

B>4. )au"etche, $ol<tica nacional C4<F<D, . ;B9;F. B>;. 8ee #o" eAam le )osM Ma",a +osa to +odol#o Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG CI !ould like to thank Oma" Acha #o" d"a!ing my attention to this lette"D. (he list o# usages o# bet"ayal as the eA lanati'e #acto" in histo"ical e'ents is otentially endless. B>B. 8ee the inte"'ie! !ith them in "odo es #istoria, no. BG, )une 4<J>. B>E. (he edito"ial o# the institute.s bulletin called #o" accom lishing $ou" mission to consolidate the t"uth u to its most eAt"eme limits%, #o" eAam le C+olet<n del nstituto ?uan Manuel de Rosas de nvestigaciones #istricas, no. E, second se"ies, A "il 4<=<, . BD. B>F. +olet<n del nstituto Rosas, nos. E and F Csecond e"iodD, A "il and May 4<=<. B>=. La"ge a"ts o# He"nOnde@ A""egui.s best9selle" La %ormacin de la conciencia nacional; 23B>6235> CBuenos Ai"esP Hachea, 4<=>D !e"e de'oted to di##e"entiating "eactiona"y #"om "og"essi'e nationalism. 8ee also Huigg"Is, ,l proletariado en la revolucin nacional, ;nd ed. CBuenos Ai"esP 8udestada, 4<=GD, . EJ9==. B>J. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. B>G. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>.

B><. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. B4>. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. B44. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. B4;. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. B4B. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. B4E. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. B4F. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. B4=. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. B4J. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. B4G. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. B4<. O"tega He*a and Luhalde, )elipe *arela, . 4==. ?o" thei" c"iticism o# the izquierda nacional see +olet<n del nstituto Rosas, no. F Csecond e"iodD, May 4<=<, . ;E. B;>. )osM Ma",a +osa to +odol#o Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG. B;4. Mundo Nacionalista, no. B, F 8e tembe" 4<=<. B;;. +osa to Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG. B;B. )osM Ma",a +osa, #istoria del revisionismo y otros ensayos CBuenos Ai"esP Me"l,n, 4<=GD,

. 4>944.

(he eA "ession $inte"nal con#"ontation% su osedly "e#e""ed to a con#"ontation !ithin one count"y. B;E. "rinchera, no. B, Octobe" 4<=>. (he #ilm by Getino and 8olanas ado ted many moti#s #"om "e'isionism. One o# the #i"st 3uotes in the #i"st a"t is by 8calab"ini, statingP $(he histo"y they taught us is !"ong.%

B;F. He"nOnde@ A""egui, $eronismo y socialismo, . F4. B;=. Huigg"Is, $ueblo y oligarqu<a, . 4B and his Las izquierdas, . 4GJ. B;J. He"nOnde@ A""egui, DEu1 es el ser nacionalF, . 4;. B;G. On the eAclusion o# mate"ial conside"ations #o" the cha"acte"isation o# the oliga"chy in 4<B>s "e'isionism, he"e in the in#luential "e'isionist book by the I"a@usta b"othe"s, La &rgentina y el imperialismo britAnico, see (ulio Hal e",n Longhi, $A"gentines onde" the bu"den o# the ast,% inP )e"emy Adelman Ced.D, Colonial legacies/ the problem o% persistence in Latin &merican history CKe! Ro"k and LondonP +outledge, 4<<<D, . 4F494JB, . 4=F.

B;<. He"nOnde@ A""egui, Nacionalismo y liberacin CBuenos Ai"esP Hachea, 4<=<D, . 4<. BB>. (he "es ecti'e 8 anish titles !e"eP Revolucin y contrarrevolucin en la &rgentina/ las masas en nuestra historia C+amos, 4<F=D, $ueblo y oligarqu<a CHuigg"Is, 4<=<D, Las izquierdas y el problema nacional CHuigg"Is, 4<=JD. BB4. He"nOnde@ A""egui, $eronismo y socialismo, . 4=, . J> and . =J. BB;. Cooke, &puntes, . EJ. BBB. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . ;4. BBE. He"nOnde@ A""egui, $eronismo y socialismo, . J>.

BBF. +odol#o O"tega He*a and Edua"do Luis Luhalde, )elipe *arela contra el mperio britAnico- Las masas de la Unin &mericana en%rentan a las potencias europeas CBuenos Ai"esP 8udestada, 4<==D, . 4=F9 4==. BB=. Cooke, &puntes, . E4. (his assage bo"e "ema"kable simila"ities to the histo"ical &usti#ications that the le#t9He"onist gue""illa g"ou Montone"os ublished in 4<J> C$Hablan los Montone"os,% Cristianismo y Revolucin, no. ;=, Ko'embe"NLecembe" 4<J>, . 44D. BBJ. +amos, Revolucin y contrarrevolucin, 'ol. ;, . J and =<G.

BBG. )au"etche, $ol<tica nacional C4<F<D, . ;B9;F. BB<. 8ee #o" eAam le )osM Ma",a +osa to +odol#o Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG CI !ould like to thank Oma" Acha #o" d"a!ing my attention to this lette"D. (he list o# usages o# bet"ayal as the eA lanati'e #acto" in histo"ical e'ents is otentially endless. BE>. 8ee the inte"'ie! !ith them in "odo es #istoria, no. BG, )une 4<J>. BE4. (he edito"ial o# the institute.s bulletin called #o" accom lishing $ou" mission to consolidate the t"uth u to its most eAt"eme limits%, #o" eAam le C+olet<n del nstituto ?uan Manuel de Rosas de nvestigaciones #istricas, no. E, second se"ies, A "il 4<=<, . BD. BE;. +olet<n del nstituto Rosas, nos. E and F Csecond e"iodD, A "il and May 4<=<. BEB. La"ge a"ts o# He"nOnde@ A""egui.s best9selle" La %ormacin de la conciencia nacional; 23B>6235> CBuenos Ai"esP Hachea, 4<=>D !e"e de'oted to di##e"entiating "eactiona"y #"om "og"essi'e nationalism. 8ee also Huigg"Is, ,l proletariado en la revolucin nacional, ;nd ed. CBuenos Ai"esP 8udestada, 4<=GD, . EJ9==. BEE. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. BEF. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. BE=. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. BEJ. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. BEG. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. BE<. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. BF>. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. BF4. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. BF;. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. BFB. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. BFE. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. BFF. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. BF=. O"tega He*a and Luhalde, )elipe *arela, . 4==. ?o" thei" c"iticism o# the izquierda nacional see +olet<n del nstituto Rosas, no. F Csecond e"iodD, May 4<=<, . ;E. BFJ. )osM Ma",a +osa to +odol#o Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG. BFG. Mundo Nacionalista, no. B, F 8e tembe" 4<=<. BF<. +osa to Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG.

B=>. )osM Ma",a +osa, #istoria del revisionismo y otros ensayos CBuenos Ai"esP Me"l,n, 4<=GD,

. 4>944.

(he eA "ession $inte"nal con#"ontation% su osedly "e#e""ed to a con#"ontation !ithin one count"y. B=4. On the eAclusion o# mate"ial conside"ations #o" the cha"acte"isation o# the oliga"chy in 4<B>s "e'isionism, he"e in the in#luential "e'isionist book by the I"a@usta b"othe"s, La &rgentina y el imperialismo britAnico, see (ulio Hal e",n Longhi, $A"gentines onde" the bu"den o# the ast,% inP )e"emy Adelman Ced.D, Colonial legacies/ the problem o% persistence in Latin &merican history CKe! Ro"k and LondonP +outledge, 4<<<D, . 4F494JB, . 4=F.

B=;. He"nOnde@ A""egui, Nacionalismo y liberacin CBuenos Ai"esP Hachea, 4<=<D, . 4<. B=B. (he "es ecti'e 8 anish titles !e"eP Revolucin y contrarrevolucin en la &rgentina/ las masas en nuestra historia C+amos, 4<F=D, $ueblo y oligarqu<a CHuigg"Is, 4<=<D, Las izquierdas y el problema nacional CHuigg"Is, 4<=JD. B=E. He"nOnde@ A""egui, $eronismo y socialismo, . 4=, . J> and . =J. B=F. Cooke, &puntes, . EJ. B==. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . ;4. B=J. He"nOnde@ A""egui, $eronismo y socialismo, . J>. B=G. +odol#o O"tega He*a and Edua"do Luis Luhalde, )elipe *arela contra el mperio britAnico- Las masas de la Unin &mericana en%rentan a las potencias europeas CBuenos Ai"esP 8udestada, 4<==D, . 4=F9 4==. B=<. Cooke, &puntes, . E4. (his assage bo"e "ema"kable simila"ities to the histo"ical &usti#ications that the le#t9He"onist gue""illa g"ou Montone"os ublished in 4<J> C$Hablan los Montone"os,% Cristianismo y Revolucin, no. ;=, Ko'embe"NLecembe" 4<J>, . 44D. BJ>. +amos, Revolucin y contrarrevolucin, 'ol. ;, . J and =<G.

BJ4. )au"etche, $ol<tica nacional C4<F<D, . ;B9;F. BJ;. 8ee #o" eAam le )osM Ma",a +osa to +odol#o Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG CI !ould like to thank Oma" Acha #o" d"a!ing my attention to this lette"D. (he list o# usages o# bet"ayal as the eA lanati'e #acto" in histo"ical e'ents is otentially endless. BJB. 8ee the inte"'ie! !ith them in "odo es #istoria, no. BG, )une 4<J>. BJE. (he edito"ial o# the institute.s bulletin called #o" accom lishing $ou" mission to consolidate the t"uth u to its most eAt"eme limits%, #o" eAam le C+olet<n del nstituto ?uan Manuel de Rosas de nvestigaciones #istricas, no. E, second se"ies, A "il 4<=<, . BD. BJF. +olet<n del nstituto Rosas, nos. E and F Csecond e"iodD, A "il and May 4<=<. BJ=. La"ge a"ts o# He"nOnde@ A""egui.s best9selle" La %ormacin de la conciencia nacional; 23B>6235> CBuenos Ai"esP Hachea, 4<=>D !e"e de'oted to di##e"entiating "eactiona"y #"om "og"essi'e nationalism. 8ee also Huigg"Is, ,l proletariado en la revolucin nacional, ;nd ed. CBuenos Ai"esP 8udestada, 4<=GD, . EJ9==. BJJ. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. BJG. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. BJ<. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. BG>. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. BG4. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. BG;. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. BGB. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F.

BGE. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. BGF. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. BG=. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. BGJ. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. BGG. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. BG<. O"tega He*a and Luhalde, )elipe *arela, . 4==. ?o" thei" c"iticism o# the izquierda nacional see +olet<n del nstituto Rosas, no. F Csecond e"iodD, May 4<=<, . ;E. B<>. )osM Ma",a +osa to +odol#o Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG. B<4. Mundo Nacionalista, no. B, F 8e tembe" 4<=<. B<;. +osa to Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG. B<B. )osM Ma",a +osa, #istoria del revisionismo y otros ensayos CBuenos Ai"esP Me"l,n, 4<=GD, (he eA "ession $inte"nal con#"ontation% su

. 4>944.

osedly "e#e""ed to a con#"ontation !ithin one count"y.

B<E. He"nOnde@ A""egui, DEu1 es el ser nacionalF, . 4;. B<F. On the eAclusion o# mate"ial conside"ations #o" the cha"acte"isation o# the oliga"chy in 4<B>s "e'isionism, he"e in the in#luential "e'isionist book by the I"a@usta b"othe"s, La &rgentina y el imperialismo britAnico, see (ulio Hal e",n Longhi, $A"gentines onde" the bu"den o# the ast,% inP )e"emy Adelman Ced.D, Colonial legacies/ the problem o% persistence in Latin &merican history CKe! Ro"k and LondonP +outledge, 4<<<D, . 4F494JB, . 4=F.

B<=. He"nOnde@ A""egui, Nacionalismo y liberacin CBuenos Ai"esP Hachea, 4<=<D, . 4<. B<J. (he "es ecti'e 8 anish titles !e"eP Revolucin y contrarrevolucin en la &rgentina/ las masas en nuestra historia C+amos, 4<F=D, $ueblo y oligarqu<a CHuigg"Is, 4<=<D, Las izquierdas y el problema nacional CHuigg"Is, 4<=JD. B<G. He"nOnde@ A""egui, $eronismo y socialismo, . 4=, . J> and . =J. B<<. Cooke, &puntes, . EJ. E>>. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . ;4. E>4. He"nOnde@ A""egui, $eronismo y socialismo, . J>. E>;. +odol#o O"tega He*a and Edua"do Luis Luhalde, )elipe *arela contra el mperio britAnico- Las masas de la Unin &mericana en%rentan a las potencias europeas CBuenos Ai"esP 8udestada, 4<==D, . 4=F9 4==. E>B. Cooke, &puntes, . E4. (his assage bo"e "ema"kable simila"ities to the histo"ical &usti#ications that the le#t9He"onist gue""illa g"ou Montone"os ublished in 4<J> C$Hablan los Montone"os,% Cristianismo y Revolucin, no. ;=, Ko'embe"NLecembe" 4<J>, . 44D. E>E. +amos, Revolucin y contrarrevolucin, 'ol. ;, . J and =<G.

E>F. )au"etche, $ol<tica nacional C4<F<D, . ;B9;F. E>=. 8ee #o" eAam le )osM Ma",a +osa to +odol#o Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG CI !ould like to thank Oma" Acha #o" d"a!ing my attention to this lette"D. (he list o# usages o# bet"ayal as the eA lanati'e #acto" in histo"ical e'ents is otentially endless. E>J. 8ee the inte"'ie! !ith them in "odo es #istoria, no. BG, )une 4<J>. E>G. (he edito"ial o# the institute.s bulletin called #o" accom lishing $ou" mission to consolidate the t"uth u to its most eAt"eme limits%, #o" eAam le C+olet<n del nstituto ?uan Manuel de Rosas de nvestigaciones

#istricas, no. E, second se"ies, A "il 4<=<, . BD. E><. +olet<n del nstituto Rosas, nos. E and F Csecond e"iodD, A "il and May 4<=<. E4>. La"ge a"ts o# He"nOnde@ A""egui.s best9selle" La %ormacin de la conciencia nacional; 23B>6235> CBuenos Ai"esP Hachea, 4<=>D !e"e de'oted to di##e"entiating "eactiona"y #"om "og"essi'e nationalism. 8ee also Huigg"Is, ,l proletariado en la revolucin nacional, ;nd ed. CBuenos Ai"esP 8udestada, 4<=GD, . EJ9==. E44. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. E4;. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. E4B. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. E4E. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. E4F. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. E4=. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. E4J. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. E4G. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. E4<. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. E;>. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. E;4. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. E;;. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. E;B. O"tega He*a and Luhalde, )elipe *arela, . 4==. ?o" thei" c"iticism o# the izquierda nacional see +olet<n del nstituto Rosas, no. F Csecond e"iodD, May 4<=<, . ;E. E;E. )osM Ma",a +osa to +odol#o Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG. E;F. Mundo Nacionalista, no. B, F 8e tembe" 4<=<. E;=. +osa to Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG. E;J. )osM Ma",a +osa, #istoria del revisionismo y otros ensayos CBuenos Ai"esP Me"l,n, 4<=GD,

. 4>944.

(he eA "ession $inte"nal con#"ontation% su osedly "e#e""ed to a con#"ontation !ithin one count"y. E;G. On the eAclusion o# mate"ial conside"ations #o" the cha"acte"isation o# the oliga"chy in 4<B>s "e'isionism, he"e in the in#luential "e'isionist book by the I"a@usta b"othe"s, La &rgentina y el imperialismo britAnico, see (ulio Hal e",n Longhi, $A"gentines onde" the bu"den o# the ast,% inP )e"emy Adelman Ced.D, Colonial legacies/ the problem o% persistence in Latin &merican history CKe! Ro"k and LondonP +outledge, 4<<<D, . 4F494JB, . 4=F.

E;<. He"nOnde@ A""egui, Nacionalismo y liberacin CBuenos Ai"esP Hachea, 4<=<D, . 4<. EB>. (he "es ecti'e 8 anish titles !e"eP Revolucin y contrarrevolucin en la &rgentina/ las masas en nuestra historia C+amos, 4<F=D, $ueblo y oligarqu<a CHuigg"Is, 4<=<D, Las izquierdas y el problema nacional CHuigg"Is, 4<=JD. EB4. He"nOnde@ A""egui, $eronismo y socialismo, . 4=, . J> and . =J. EB;. Cooke, &puntes, . EJ.

EBB. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . ;4. EBE. He"nOnde@ A""egui, $eronismo y socialismo, . J>. EBF. +odol#o O"tega He*a and Edua"do Luis Luhalde, )elipe *arela contra el mperio britAnico- Las masas de la Unin &mericana en%rentan a las potencias europeas CBuenos Ai"esP 8udestada, 4<==D, . 4=F9 4==. EB=. Cooke, &puntes, . E4. (his assage bo"e "ema"kable simila"ities to the histo"ical &usti#ications that the le#t9He"onist gue""illa g"ou Montone"os ublished in 4<J> C$Hablan los Montone"os,% Cristianismo y Revolucin, no. ;=, Ko'embe"NLecembe" 4<J>, . 44D. EBJ. +amos, Revolucin y contrarrevolucin, 'ol. ;, . J and =<G.

EBG. )au"etche, $ol<tica nacional C4<F<D, . ;B9;F. EB<. 8ee #o" eAam le )osM Ma",a +osa to +odol#o Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG CI !ould like to thank Oma" Acha #o" d"a!ing my attention to this lette"D. (he list o# usages o# bet"ayal as the eA lanati'e #acto" in histo"ical e'ents is otentially endless. EE>. 8ee the inte"'ie! !ith them in "odo es #istoria, no. BG, )une 4<J>. EE4. (he edito"ial o# the institute.s bulletin called #o" accom lishing $ou" mission to consolidate the t"uth u to its most eAt"eme limits%, #o" eAam le C+olet<n del nstituto ?uan Manuel de Rosas de nvestigaciones #istricas, no. E, second se"ies, A "il 4<=<, . BD. EE;. +olet<n del nstituto Rosas, nos. E and F Csecond e"iodD, A "il and May 4<=<. EEB. La"ge a"ts o# He"nOnde@ A""egui.s best9selle" La %ormacin de la conciencia nacional; 23B>6235> CBuenos Ai"esP Hachea, 4<=>D !e"e de'oted to di##e"entiating "eactiona"y #"om "og"essi'e nationalism. 8ee also Huigg"Is, ,l proletariado en la revolucin nacional, ;nd ed. CBuenos Ai"esP 8udestada, 4<=GD, . EJ9==. EEE. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. EEF. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. EE=. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. EEJ. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. EEG. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. EE<. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. EF>. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. EF4. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. EF;. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. EFB. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. EFE. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. EFF. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. EF=. O"tega He*a and Luhalde, )elipe *arela, . 4==. ?o" thei" c"iticism o# the izquierda nacional see +olet<n del nstituto Rosas, no. F Csecond e"iodD, May 4<=<, . ;E. EFJ. )osM Ma",a +osa to +odol#o Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG.

EFG. Mundo Nacionalista, no. B, F 8e tembe" 4<=<. EF<. +osa to Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG. E=>. )osM Ma",a +osa, #istoria del revisionismo y otros ensayos CBuenos Ai"esP Me"l,n, 4<=GD, (he eA "ession $inte"nal con#"ontation% su

. 4>944.

osedly "e#e""ed to a con#"ontation !ithin one count"y.

E=4. He"nOnde@ A""egui, DEu1 es el ser nacionalF, . 4;. E=;. On the eAclusion o# mate"ial conside"ations #o" the cha"acte"isation o# the oliga"chy in 4<B>s "e'isionism, he"e in the in#luential "e'isionist book by the I"a@usta b"othe"s, La &rgentina y el imperialismo britAnico, see (ulio Hal e",n Longhi, $A"gentines onde" the bu"den o# the ast,% inP )e"emy Adelman Ced.D, Colonial legacies/ the problem o% persistence in Latin &merican history CKe! Ro"k and LondonP +outledge, 4<<<D, . 4F494JB, . 4=F.

E=B. He"nOnde@ A""egui, Nacionalismo y liberacin CBuenos Ai"esP Hachea, 4<=<D, . 4<. E=E. (he "es ecti'e 8 anish titles !e"eP Revolucin y contrarrevolucin en la &rgentina/ las masas en nuestra historia C+amos, 4<F=D, $ueblo y oligarqu<a CHuigg"Is, 4<=<D, Las izquierdas y el problema nacional CHuigg"Is, 4<=JD. E=F. He"nOnde@ A""egui, $eronismo y socialismo, . 4=, . J> and . =J. E==. Cooke, &puntes, . EJ. E=J. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . ;4. E=G. He"nOnde@ A""egui, $eronismo y socialismo, . J>. E=<. +odol#o O"tega He*a and Edua"do Luis Luhalde, )elipe *arela contra el mperio britAnico- Las masas de la Unin &mericana en%rentan a las potencias europeas CBuenos Ai"esP 8udestada, 4<==D, . 4=F9 4==. EJ>. Cooke, &puntes, . E4. (his assage bo"e "ema"kable simila"ities to the histo"ical &usti#ications that the le#t9He"onist gue""illa g"ou Montone"os ublished in 4<J> C$Hablan los Montone"os,% Cristianismo y Revolucin, no. ;=, Ko'embe"NLecembe" 4<J>, . 44D. EJ4. +amos, Revolucin y contrarrevolucin, 'ol. ;, . J and =<G.

EJ;. )au"etche, $ol<tica nacional C4<F<D, . ;B9;F. EJB. 8ee #o" eAam le )osM Ma",a +osa to +odol#o Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG CI !ould like to thank Oma" Acha #o" d"a!ing my attention to this lette"D. (he list o# usages o# bet"ayal as the eA lanati'e #acto" in histo"ical e'ents is otentially endless. EJE. 8ee the inte"'ie! !ith them in "odo es #istoria, no. BG, )une 4<J>. EJF. (he edito"ial o# the institute.s bulletin called #o" accom lishing $ou" mission to consolidate the t"uth u to its most eAt"eme limits%, #o" eAam le C+olet<n del nstituto ?uan Manuel de Rosas de nvestigaciones #istricas, no. E, second se"ies, A "il 4<=<, . BD. EJ=. +olet<n del nstituto Rosas, nos. E and F Csecond e"iodD, A "il and May 4<=<. EJJ. La"ge a"ts o# He"nOnde@ A""egui.s best9selle" La %ormacin de la conciencia nacional; 23B>6235> CBuenos Ai"esP Hachea, 4<=>D !e"e de'oted to di##e"entiating "eactiona"y #"om "og"essi'e nationalism. 8ee also Huigg"Is, ,l proletariado en la revolucin nacional, ;nd ed. CBuenos Ai"esP 8udestada, 4<=GD, . EJ9==. EJG. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. EJ<. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. EG>. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. EG4. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D.

EG;. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. EGB. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. EGE. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. EGF. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. EG=. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. EGJ. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. EGG. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. EG<. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. E<>. O"tega He*a and Luhalde, )elipe *arela, . 4==. ?o" thei" c"iticism o# the izquierda nacional see +olet<n del nstituto Rosas, no. F Csecond e"iodD, May 4<=<, . ;E. E<4. )osM Ma",a +osa to +odol#o Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG. E<;. Mundo Nacionalista, no. B, F 8e tembe" 4<=<. E<B. +osa to Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG. E<E. )osM Ma",a +osa, #istoria del revisionismo y otros ensayos CBuenos Ai"esP Me"l,n, 4<=GD,

. 4>944.

(he eA "ession $inte"nal con#"ontation% su osedly "e#e""ed to a con#"ontation !ithin one count"y. E<F. On the eAclusion o# mate"ial conside"ations #o" the cha"acte"isation o# the oliga"chy in 4<B>s "e'isionism, he"e in the in#luential "e'isionist book by the I"a@usta b"othe"s, La &rgentina y el imperialismo britAnico, see (ulio Hal e",n Longhi, $A"gentines onde" the bu"den o# the ast,% inP )e"emy Adelman Ced.D, Colonial legacies/ the problem o% persistence in Latin &merican history CKe! Ro"k and LondonP +outledge, 4<<<D, . 4F494JB, . 4=F.

E<=. He"nOnde@ A""egui, Nacionalismo y liberacin CBuenos Ai"esP Hachea, 4<=<D, . 4<. E<J. (he "es ecti'e 8 anish titles !e"eP Revolucin y contrarrevolucin en la &rgentina/ las masas en nuestra historia C+amos, 4<F=D, $ueblo y oligarqu<a CHuigg"Is, 4<=<D, Las izquierdas y el problema nacional CHuigg"Is, 4<=JD. E<G. He"nOnde@ A""egui, $eronismo y socialismo, . 4=, . J> and . =J. E<<. Cooke, &puntes, . EJ. F>>. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . ;4. F>4. He"nOnde@ A""egui, $eronismo y socialismo, . J>. F>;. +odol#o O"tega He*a and Edua"do Luis Luhalde, )elipe *arela contra el mperio britAnico- Las masas de la Unin &mericana en%rentan a las potencias europeas CBuenos Ai"esP 8udestada, 4<==D, . 4=F9 4==. F>B. Cooke, &puntes, . E4. (his assage bo"e "ema"kable simila"ities to the histo"ical &usti#ications that the le#t9He"onist gue""illa g"ou Montone"os ublished in 4<J> C$Hablan los Montone"os,% Cristianismo y Revolucin, no. ;=, Ko'embe"NLecembe" 4<J>, . 44D. F>E. +amos, Revolucin y contrarrevolucin, 'ol. ;, . J and =<G.

F>F. )au"etche, $ol<tica nacional C4<F<D, . ;B9;F. F>=. 8ee #o" eAam le )osM Ma",a +osa to +odol#o Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG CI !ould like to thank Oma" Acha #o" d"a!ing my attention to this lette"D. (he list o# usages o# bet"ayal as the eA lanati'e #acto" in histo"ical e'ents is otentially endless.

F>J. 8ee the inte"'ie! !ith them in "odo es #istoria, no. BG, )une 4<J>. F>G. (he edito"ial o# the institute.s bulletin called #o" accom lishing $ou" mission to consolidate the t"uth u to its most eAt"eme limits%, #o" eAam le C+olet<n del nstituto ?uan Manuel de Rosas de nvestigaciones #istricas, no. E, second se"ies, A "il 4<=<, . BD. F><. +olet<n del nstituto Rosas, nos. E and F Csecond e"iodD, A "il and May 4<=<. F4>. La"ge a"ts o# He"nOnde@ A""egui.s best9selle" La %ormacin de la conciencia nacional; 23B>6235> CBuenos Ai"esP Hachea, 4<=>D !e"e de'oted to di##e"entiating "eactiona"y #"om "og"essi'e nationalism. 8ee also Huigg"Is, ,l proletariado en la revolucin nacional, ;nd ed. CBuenos Ai"esP 8udestada, 4<=GD, . EJ9==. F44. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. F4;. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. F4B. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. F4E. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. F4F. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. F4=. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. F4J. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. F4G. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. F4<. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. F;>. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. F;4. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. F;;. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. F;B. O"tega He*a and Luhalde, )elipe *arela, . 4==. ?o" thei" c"iticism o# the izquierda nacional see +olet<n del nstituto Rosas, no. F Csecond e"iodD, May 4<=<, . ;E. F;E. )osM Ma",a +osa to +odol#o Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG. F;F. Mundo Nacionalista, no. B, F 8e tembe" 4<=<. F;=. +osa to Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG. F;J. )osM Ma",a +osa, #istoria del revisionismo y otros ensayos CBuenos Ai"esP Me"l,n, 4<=GD,

. 4>944.

(he eA "ession $inte"nal con#"ontation% su osedly "e#e""ed to a con#"ontation !ithin one count"y. F;G. On the eAclusion o# mate"ial conside"ations #o" the cha"acte"isation o# the oliga"chy in 4<B>s "e'isionism, he"e in the in#luential "e'isionist book by the I"a@usta b"othe"s, La &rgentina y el imperialismo britAnico, see (ulio Hal e",n Longhi, $A"gentines onde" the bu"den o# the ast,% inP )e"emy Adelman Ced.D, Colonial legacies/ the problem o% persistence in Latin &merican history CKe! Ro"k and LondonP +outledge, 4<<<D, . 4F494JB, . 4=F.

F;<. He"nOnde@ A""egui, Nacionalismo y liberacin CBuenos Ai"esP Hachea, 4<=<D, . 4<. FB>. (he "es ecti'e 8 anish titles !e"eP Revolucin y contrarrevolucin en la &rgentina/ las masas en nuestra historia C+amos, 4<F=D, $ueblo y oligarqu<a CHuigg"Is, 4<=<D, Las izquierdas y el problema nacional CHuigg"Is, 4<=JD.

FB4. He"nOnde@ A""egui, $eronismo y socialismo, . 4=, . J> and . =J. FB;. Cooke, &puntes, . EJ. FBB. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . ;4. FBE. He"nOnde@ A""egui, $eronismo y socialismo, . J>. FBF. +odol#o O"tega He*a and Edua"do Luis Luhalde, )elipe *arela contra el mperio britAnico- Las masas de la Unin &mericana en%rentan a las potencias europeas CBuenos Ai"esP 8udestada, 4<==D, . 4=F9 4==. FB=. Cooke, &puntes, . E4. (his assage bo"e "ema"kable simila"ities to the histo"ical &usti#ications that the le#t9He"onist gue""illa g"ou Montone"os ublished in 4<J> C$Hablan los Montone"os,% Cristianismo y Revolucin, no. ;=, Ko'embe"NLecembe" 4<J>, . 44D. FBJ. +amos, Revolucin y contrarrevolucin, 'ol. ;, . J and =<G.

FBG. )au"etche, $ol<tica nacional C4<F<D, . ;B9;F. FB<. 8ee #o" eAam le )osM Ma",a +osa to +odol#o Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG CI !ould like to thank Oma" Acha #o" d"a!ing my attention to this lette"D. (he list o# usages o# bet"ayal as the eA lanati'e #acto" in histo"ical e'ents is otentially endless. FE>. 8ee the inte"'ie! !ith them in "odo es #istoria, no. BG, )une 4<J>. FE4. (he edito"ial o# the institute.s bulletin called #o" accom lishing $ou" mission to consolidate the t"uth u to its most eAt"eme limits%, #o" eAam le C+olet<n del nstituto ?uan Manuel de Rosas de nvestigaciones #istricas, no. E, second se"ies, A "il 4<=<, . BD. FE;. +olet<n del nstituto Rosas, nos. E and F Csecond e"iodD, A "il and May 4<=<. FEB. La"ge a"ts o# He"nOnde@ A""egui.s best9selle" La %ormacin de la conciencia nacional; 23B>6235> CBuenos Ai"esP Hachea, 4<=>D !e"e de'oted to di##e"entiating "eactiona"y #"om "og"essi'e nationalism. 8ee also Huigg"Is, ,l proletariado en la revolucin nacional, ;nd ed. CBuenos Ai"esP 8udestada, 4<=GD, . EJ9==. FEE. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. FEF. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. FE=. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. FEJ. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. FEG. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. FE<. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. FF>. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. FF4. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. FF;. )au"etche, $Lon )uan Manuel,% . ;>, . 4G and . ;4. FFB. He"nOnde@ A""egui, mperialismo y cultura, . 4F and . ;>. FFE. Cooke, $Locumentos, ca"tas, discu"sos,% Crisis, no. < C4<JED, . E9F. FFF. Columnas del Nacionalismo Marxista de Liberacin Nacional , no. B, 4 8e tembe" 4<FJ, . 49B. He #ully elabo"ated his "eading o# +osas in his book Rosas/ bases del nacionalismo popular CBuenos Ai"esP A. He*a Lillo, 4<=>D. FF=. O"tega He*a and Luhalde, )elipe *arela, . 4==. ?o" thei" c"iticism o# the izquierda nacional see

+olet<n del nstituto Rosas, no. F Csecond e"iodD, May 4<=<, . ;E. FFJ. )osM Ma",a +osa to +odol#o Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG. FFG. Mundo Nacionalista, no. B, F 8e tembe" 4<=<. FF<. +osa to Huigg"Is, Mad"id, 4E Ma"ch 4<FG. F=>. )osM Ma",a +osa, #istoria del revisionismo y otros ensayos CBuenos Ai"esP Me"l,n, 4<=GD,

. 4>944.

(he eA "ession $inte"nal con#"ontation% su osedly "e#e""ed to a con#"ontation !ithin one count"y. F=4. 8ee on O"tega He*a and LuhaldeP A"iel Eidelman, Militancia e historia en el peronismo revolucionario de los a'os 5>/ Ortega $e'a y @uhalde CBuenos Ai"esP Cent"o Cultu"al de la Coo e"aciIn, ;>>ED. F=;. +olet<n del nstituto Rosas, no. F Csecond e"iodD, May 4<=<, . ;4. (hat Castellani mistakenly called the "e'ie!ed book ,.1rcito y pol<tica instead o# ,.1rcito y semi6colonia sho!s to !hat eAtent he !as out o# touch !ith Ma"Aist 'ocabula"y and, by im lication, !ith debates in the social sciences and among intellectuals in gene"al. On He"nOnde@ A""egui and the Montone"os see +icha"d Gilles ie, 7oldiers o% $ern/ &rgentina:s Montoneros COA#o"dP Cla"endon H"ess, 4<G;D, . G>. F=B. In B"a@il, because Cat least be#o"e 4<=ED this le#t9!ing nationalism #ound its niche in state institutions, notably the Instituto 8u e"io" de Estudios B"asilei"os, #ounded in 4<FF by "esidential dec"ee Csee Caio Ka'a""o de (oledo, 7,+/ %Abrica de ideologias /8Zo HauloP Utica, 4<JJ1D. F=E. 8and"a McGee Leutsch, Las @erechas/ "he ,xtreme Right in &rgentina; +razil; and Chile; 2=3>623B3 C8tan#o"dP 8tan#o"d 7ni'e"sity H"ess, 4<<<D, . B;J9B;G. F=F. ?e"nando Le'oto, $+e#leAiones en to"no de la i@3uie"da nacional y la histo"iog"a#,a a"gentina,% in Le'oto and Hagano Ceds.D, #istoriogra%<as acad1mica y militante, . 4>J94B4.

F==. Clar<n, 4 Octobe" 4<G<.

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