CS125: Programming Fundamentals

Lab No. 13 Templates & STL

Objective
1. 2. 3. 4. Function Templates Class Templates Standard Template Library Lists

Simple Template Function

Our first example shows how to write our absolute-value function as a template, so that it will work with any basic numerical type. This program defines a template version of abs()and then, in main(), invokes this function with different data types to prove that it works.

#include <iostream> using namespace std; //-------------------------------------------------------------template <class T> //function template T abs(T n) { return (n < 0) ? -n : n; } //-------------------------------------------------------------int main() { int int1 = 5; int int2 = -6; long lon1 = 70000L; long lon2 = -80000L; double dub1 = 9.95; double dub2 = -10.15; //calls instantiate functions cout << "\nabs(" << int1 << ")=" << abs(int1); //abs(int) cout << "\nabs(" << int2 << ")=" << abs(int2); //abs(int) cout << "\nabs(" << lon1 << ")=" << abs(lon1); //abs(long) cout << "\nabs(" << lon2 << ")=" << abs(lon2); //abs(long) cout << "\nabs(" << dub1 << ")=" << abs(dub1); //abs(double) cout << "\nabs(" << dub2 << ")=" << abs(dub2); //abs(double) cout << endl; return 0; }

Function Templates with Multiple Arguments

Lets look at another example of a function template. This one takes three arguments: two that are template arguments and one of a basic type. The purpose of this function is to search an array for a specific value. The function returns the array index for that value if it finds it, or 1 if it cant find it. The arguments are a pointer to the array, the value to search for, and the size of the array. In main()we define four different arrays of different types, and four values to search for. We treat type char as a number. Then we call the template function once for each array. Lab No. 13: Templates & STL

CS125: Programming Fundamentals

#include <iostream> using namespace std; //-------------------------------------------------------------//function returns index number of item, or -1 if not found template <class atype> int find(atype* array, atype value, int size) { for(int j=0; j<size; j++) if(array[j]==value) return j; return -1; } //-------------------------------------------------------------char chrArr[] = {1, 3, 5, 9, 11, 13}; //array char ch = 5; //value to find int intArr[] = {1, 3, 5, 9, 11, 13}; int in = 6; long lonArr[] = {1L, 3L, 5L, 9L, 11L, 13L}; long lo = 11L; double dubArr[] = {1.0, 3.0, 5.0, 9.0, 11.0, 13.0}; double db = 4.0; int main() { cout << "\n 5 in chrArray: index=" << find(chrArr, ch, 6); cout << "\n 6 in intArray: index=" << find(intArr, in, 6); cout << "\n11 in lonArray: index=" << find(lonArr, lo, 6); cout << "\n 4 in dubArray: index=" << find(dubArr, db, 6); cout << endl; return 0; }

Exercise 1
Write a template function that returns the average of all the elements of an array. The arguments to the function should be the array name and the size of the array (type int). In main(), exercise the function with arrays of type int, long, double, and char.

Class Templates
The template concept can be extended to classes. Class templates are generally used for data storage (container) classes.
#include <iostream.h> using namespace std; const int MAX = 100; //size of array //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// template <class Type> class Stack { private: Type st[MAX]; //stack: array of any type int top; //number of top of stack public: Stack(){ top = -1; } //Constructor void push(Type var){ st[++top] = var; } //put number on stack Type pop(){ return st[top--]; } //take number off stack };

Lab No. 13: Templates & STL

CS125: Programming Fundamentals

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// int main() { Stack<float> s1; //s1 is object of class Stack<float> s1.push(1111.1F); //push 3 floats, pop 3 floats s1.push(2222.2F); s1.push(3333.3F); cout << 1: << s1.pop() << endl; cout << 2: << s1.pop() << endl; cout << 3: << s1.pop() << endl; Stack<long> s2; //s2 is object of class Stack<long> s2.push(123123123L); //push 3 longs, pop 3 longs s2.push(234234234L); s2.push(345345345L); cout << 1: << s2.pop() << endl; cout << 2: << s2.pop() << endl; cout << 3: << s2.pop() << endl; return 0; }

Standard Template Library (STL)

The STL contains several kinds of entities. The three most important are containers, algorithms, and iterators. Containers: A container is a way that stored data is organized in memory. Algorithms : Algorithms in the STL are procedures that are applied to containers to process their data in various ways. Iterators: Iteratorsare a generalization of the concept of pointers: they point to elements in a container. You can increment an iterator, as you can a pointer, so it points in turn to each element in a container. Iterators are a key part of the STL because they connect algorithms with containers.

Lab No. 13: Templates & STL

CS125: Programming Fundamentals

Lists
// constructing lists #include <iostream> #include <list> using namespace std; int main () { // constructors used in the same order as described above: list<int> first; // empty list of ints list<int> second (4,100); // four ints with value 100 list<int> third (second.begin(),second.end()); // iterating through second list<int> fourth (third); // a copy of third // the iterator constructor can also be used to construct from arrays: int myints[] = {16,2,77,29}; list<int> fifth (myints, myints + sizeof(myints) / sizeof(int) ); cout << "The contents of fifth are: "; for (list<int>::iterator it = fifth.begin(); it != fifth.end(); it++) cout << *it << ' '; cout << '\n'; return 0; }

Final Exercise
Start with a list of int values. Use two normal (not reverse) iterators, one moving forward through the list and one moving backward, in a whileloop, to reverse the contents of the list.You can use the swap()algorithm to save a few statements. (Make sure your solution works for both even and odd numbers of items.) To see how the experts do it, look at the reverse() function in your compilers algorithm header file.

Checked By:

Date: September 3 , 2013

Lab No. 13: Templates & STL