Prepared by Zafar Ali Abro

zafar.abro1@gmail.com

Cell Division
The process in which the cell divided and replicate, on the basis for growth and replication There are two main types mitosis or Karyokinesis meiosis MITOSIS It is a type of cell division which involves the splitting of the chromosomes, in this parent cell divided into two daughter cells, the numbers of chromosomes are same as in the parent cell Stages of mitosis Prophase irst phase of mitosis, in which the !"# molecules of the chromosomes condense and outer boundary of the cell is weak$ %haracteristics The nucleus of cell is disappears The nucleus membrane disappears

Metaphase second stage of mitosis, during this phase the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell , become a pair of identical chromosomes , the chromatids become un coiled and apart from each other #naphase Third phase during this phase each set of chromosomes moves towards the opposite end of the cell Talophase ourth phase during this stage following events happen & The spindle fiber disappear & The nucleus membrane appears & The cells divided into two daughter cells$ & "ucleus re'appears & The chromosomes re appear and no longer visible Significance of mitosis ($ it is main source of reproduction )$ mitosis is very important for wound healing which needs rapid mitosis *$ it is important for restoring the worn out cells of blood and skin, etc +$ It is the process in which a single ,ygote is converted into large number of cells, these cells latter on form tissues and again tissues form organs and organs form a body$ Meiosis The cell division in which the number of chromosomes are reduced to half of the number of the mother cell This type of reduction takes place in se-ual reproduction at the time of formation of male and female gametes

Mother cells has )" or diploid number of chromosomes, one set from mother side one set from father side Two haploid (" gametes will unite to farm the same diploid )" ,ygote or embryo .ere are two consecutive division takes place reductional or meiotic ordinary or vegetative or mitosis .ence at the end of the meiosis we get four haploid cells ollowing steps are present Prophase ( Mere lengthy than ordinary prophase of mitosis, it has five stages ($ leptotene "ucleus increases in si,e due to absorption of water /hydrogen0 1 %hromosomes become long, uncoiled threads 1chromosomes become more visible and large )$ 2ygotene Similar chromosomes attract each other and form a pair, as the chromosomes have two chromatids, therefore in synapses there are four chromatids *$ Patehytene /(0 The chromosomes become condense due to widening of coil /)0 They farm chaismata i'e cross each other in double nature or bivalents +$ !iplotene .omologous chromosomes go apart from each other e-cept at chaismata %hromosomes become more short and thicker "ucleus and nuclear membrane are still present 3$ dikinisis The bivant become more apart %hromosomes become deeply stained

"ucleus and " membrane disappear and spindles become distinct Metaphase The chromosomes now rearrange themselves in an e4uatorial line, spindles to the %entro some of the chromosome #naphase ( "ow spindles start to contract and try to split the tetrahedral chromosome into chromatides towards each pole due to repulsion Talophase ( "ow on each pole chromosomes of double nature come to daughter nuclei$ "uclear propane and nucleus reappear, it will act as prophase ) and second consecutive division starts prophase ) .ere the chromatin network breaks into double /bivalent0 chromosome$ "uclear membrane and nucleus disappear metaphase ) !ouble nature chromosome rearrange in e4uatorial line, two poles and spindles are formed anaphase ) Spindle starts to contract, they try to split the chromosomes longitudinally into two chromatids, and each chromatid will travel towards the pole Talaohase ) 5ach chromatids now called as daughter chromosome reach up to poles, spindles disappear, and nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear6 now + "uclei are formed as a result of meiosis

Importance of meiosis It has great significance in those plants and animals which reproduce se-ually The process of meiosis creates the genetic variation in species$ It creates hybrid vigour$ That it brings reduction in number of chromosomes i'e from diploid )" to haploid ("

The %SS Preparation Point www$csspoint$weebly$com