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Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences Vol. 5, No.

2, 73-77, 2009

ISSN: 1814-8085

ESTIMATION OF GLOBAL AND DIFFUSE SOLAR RADIATION FOR HYDERABAD, SINDH, PAKISTAN
M. Akhlaque Ahmed, Firoz Ahmad1 and M. Wasim Akhtar2 Basic and Applied Science, Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan 1 Energy and Environment Research Group, Department of Physics, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan 2 Usman Institute of Technology, Karachi, Pakistan ABSTRACT Solar radiation studies have been carried out to asses the feasibility of solar Energy utilization at Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan(Latitude25 35 N). The result obtained shows the variation of Direct and Diffuse component of solar radiation in summer and winter months. The contribution of diffuse solar radiation is high during the monsoon months (July and August) whereas sky condition are clear during winter months. From the estimated values it is found that with the exception of monsoon month, solar energy can be utilized very efficiently throughout the year. Keywords: Direct and Diffuse radiation, Sky Condition, Clearness Index, Hyderabad Sindh Pakistan. INTRODUCTION With the rapid depletion of fossil fuel reserves, it is feared that the world will soon run out of its energy resources. This is a matter of concern for the developing countries whose economy heavily leans on its use of energy. Under the circumanstances it is highly desirable that alternate energy resources should be utilized with maximum conversion efficiency to cope with the ever increasing energy demand. Among the non-conventional energy resources, solar energy, wind energy and Biomas has emerged as most prospective option for the future. Detailed information about the availability of solar radiation on horizontal surface is essential for the optimum design and study of solar energy conversion system. For a country like Pakistan, the economical and efficient application of solar energy seems inevitable because of abundant sunshine available throughout the year. Solar radiation data are available for most part of the world, but is not available for many countries which can not afford the measurement equipment and techniques involved. Global solar radiation in Pakistan are measured at five stations namely Karachi, Lahore, Multan, Quetta and Islamabad, while diffuse solar radiation are not observed experimentally in any Meteorological station of the country. Therefore, it is rather important to develop method to estimate the global and diffuse solar radiation using climatological parameters. Several empirical formula have been developed to calculate the global solar radiation using various parameters. These parameters includes i) The sunshine hours (Angstrom, A 1924, Black, T.N et al., 1954,Glove et al., 1958) ii) The relative humidity and sunshine hours (Gopi Nathan 1988), the declination angle and the latitude(Liu, H et al., 1960), The no of rainy days , sunshine hours latitude and locations(Ready, 1977), sunshine duration, Relative humidity max. temperature, latitude, altitude and location(Sabbagh et al. 1977) and the total ppt, water, turbidity and surface albedo(Hoyt 1978). Besides this many other workers have reported the estimation of Global and Diffuse solar radiation employing various climatological parameters (Abdullah et al., 1988, Chandal et al., 2005,Ahmad et al., 2004, Udo 2002, Togrul 2002). In the present work, solar radiation estimation have been done for the first time for Hyderabad Sindh, to utilize solar energy for useful purpose. Prior to this work, estimation of wind energy potential has also been reported (Ahmad et al., 2004). The Hyderabad city has an area of 5519 sq.Km. It is located at latitude (=25.35 N) and longitude 68o16/. east. It is the second largest city of Sindh province having a population of 2.9 million people. About 50 percent of this population lives in villages. The city is famous for its Wind Catch Chimmnies over the houses for intercepting wind, since old days. This work will help the energy strategist and planners to utilize the wind and solar energy potential to solve the energy deficit in this city of abundant sunshine and strong wind, throughout the year. METHODS OF PREDICTION Among the above mentioned empirical models, the most popular is the regression equation of the Angstrom type [1]. H/H0 = a + b ( n/N) (1)

Where H is the monthly average daily global solar radiation falling on a horizontal surface at a particular

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J. basic appl. sci. parameters the regression constant a and b are evaluated as a=0.323 and b=0.470. Inserting these values in equation (1) the monthly average daily Global solar radiation H is estimated (Fig. 1). The value of H, KT, and Hd for Hyderabad obtained through various correlation are shown in Table 2. Also shown in this table is the ratio D/H0 which shows that for Hyderabad the fraction of diffuse radiation to Extraterrestrial radiation is not more than 15 percent, with the exception of July-August. Diffuse Solar Radiation The diffuse solar radiation for Hyderabad is estimated by Page and Liu and Jorden method, as no station in Pakistan measures Diffuse solar radiation. From the estimated results it is seen that contribution of diffuse solar radiation is very low throughout the year with the exception of monsoon months. The Liu and Jordan method predicts lower values than the Page correlation. In the absence of measured values of diffuse radiation it is difficult to establish the superiority of one over the other. The contribution of diffuse radiation is below 25 percent. The availability of direct radiation is therefore very encouraging from utilization point of view. The transmission of Hd in Extrateresterial radiation is only 16 percent which rises to 20 percent in July-August. From the observation of clearness index and ratio of diffuse to global we conclude that presence of clouds is very rare even in the monsoon months. This is the most favourable condition for solar energy utilization. Fig. 1 presents the plot of global solar radiation at Hyderabad along with the sunshine Hour and the diffuse solar radiation estimated by Liu and Jorden and Page method. A dip is seen for the months of August for n(Sunshine hour) and hence in the value of H, the global solar radiation.
Fig: 1 Monthly variation of H,n.Hd (Page and LJ method) for Hyderabad Sindh.

location. Ho is the monthly mean daily radiation on a horizontal surface in the absence of atmosphere. n is the monthly mean daily number of hour of observed sunshine hours , N is the monthly mean value of day length at a particular location. a and b are climatologically determined regression constant. n/N is often called the percentage of possible sunshine hour. Regression coefficient a and b have been obtained from the relationship given as(Tiwari & Sangeeta 1977) and also confirmed by Frere et al. method[Frere et al.1980]. a=-0.110+0.235 cos +0.323(n/N) b=1.449-0.553 cos -0.694 (n/N)

(2)

whereas there are many methods to evaluate these constants (Ulfat et al., 2005). For equation (1) the value of H0 is determined using equation (1.8.3) of Duffi and Beckman (Duffie & Backman 1991).

Ho = 24/ Isc ( [1+0.033cos (360n/365)][ cos cos sinws +2 ws /360sin sin] (3) Where Isc is the solar constant, is the latitude, is the solar declination, ws is the sunset hour angles where =23.45 sin{360*248+n/365} and { cosws= -tan tan } (4) (5)

Prediction of Diffuse Solar Rdiation.Hd The diffuse solar radiation Hd can be estimated by an empirical formula which correlates the diffuse solar radiation component Hd to the daily total radiation H. The correlation equation which is widely used is developed by Page (Page, Jk 1964). Hd /H= 1.00-1.13KT (6)

30 25 20
H mjmd
H n Hd Page Hd LJ

Where Hd is the monthly mean of the daily Diffuse solar radiation and KT =H/H0 is the clearness index. Another commonly used correlation is due to Liu and Jordan (1960) and developed by Klein (Klein SA, 1977) and is of the form Hd /H = 1.390-4.027 KT +5.53 ( KT )2 -3.108 ( KT )3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The input parameter for the estimation of monthly average daily global solar radiation at Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan are shown in Table 1. From this it is observed that sunshine duration is above 70 percent throughout the year; with the exception of July-August. Employing these (7)

15 10 5 0
Ja n Fe b M ar ch Ap ril M ay Ju ne Ju ly Au gu . Se pt . O ct No v. De c.
Months

Fig. 1. Monthly variation of H,n,Hd (Page and Liu and Jorden method) for Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan.

Ahmed et al. The transmission through the atmosphere KT alongwith the percent of diffuse radiation in global radiation is shown in Fig. 2. The dip in the value of KT is in accordance with the high value of Hd /H for the same month. The sky is fairly clear during winter months when solar radiation is in demand for utilization purpose.
Fig:2 Plot of Monthly variation of clearness index KT Hd/H Page,Hd/H for LJ and Hd/H0 for Hyderabad, Sindh. 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 Ratios 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 March April Aug. Sept. Nov. Jan Jun July Feb Dec. May Oct

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Statistical Data of Global Solar Radiation Jan-April May-Jun Jul-Aug (Monsoon) Sept-December Above 67 percent Above 60 percent Above 50 percent Above 65 percent

Kt Hd/Hpage Hd/H LJ D/H

Months

Fig. 2. Plot of Monthly variation of clearness index KT , Hd /H, (Page and LJ) and Hd /H0 for Hyderabad Sindh, Pakistan. Sky Condition: Hyderabad The transparency of the atmosphere is indicated by fraction of Extraterrestrial radiation that reaches the earth surface as global solar radiation. It is a measure of the degree of clearness of the sky. Clearness index is given as KT =H/ H0 Where KT is clearness index, H is the global solar radiation and H0 is the Extraterrestrial insolation. From the estimated value of H for Hyderabad, KT is calculated and it is very encouraging to note that the sky over Hyderabad is very clear almost throughout the year with exception of Jul-Aug. where KT <0.50 (i.e 50 percent). Statistical Distribution Shown below is the statistical distribution of global solar radiation which indicates that the availability of global solar radiation at Hyderabad is well above 70 percent during summer and winter months while it is only 50 percent in months of July-August which is the monsoon period in this region.

Variation of Direct and Diffuse Solar Radiation: Monthly Variation A large variation in the intensities of Direct and Diffuse radiation due to cloudiness have been indicated as stated earlier. The result of the variation is plotted in Fig. 3 to exhibit the trend of percentage variation of direct and diffuse solar radiation. The maxima of direct radiation for the month of April and Nov. are quite appreciable. The percentage of diffuse radiation contributing to global radiation is low during winter months (bright clear sky) and does not exceed 40 percent even in the worst sky condition. This is confirmed with the low values of KT and high values of Hd /H (Fig. 2). The result obtained for Hyderabad Sindh is in accordance with the results of the earlier work done for Karachi, Pakistan (Ahmad et.al.1981). The presence of direct radiation in April and Nov. will be very useful for utilizing it for solar concentrators, solar cookers and solar furnaces etc. The Angstrom model for determination of Global solar radiation and Liu and Jorden model for the estimation of Diffuse solar radiation exhibits the validity of estimation for the location under study.
Fig:3 Percentage variation of Direct and Diffuse radiation at Hyderabad, Sindh,Pakistan.

90 80
Percentage of radiation.

70 60 50 40 30 20 10
May July
Direct Diffuse

0
Jan March April Feb

June

Augu.

Sept.

Nov.

Months

Fig. 3. Percentage variation of Direct and Diffuse radiation at Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. CONCLUSION The work reported in this paper indicates that the solar energy utilization has bright prospects in Hyderabad. Sindh, Pakistan. The estimated values of global and

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Table 1. Input Parameters for Estimation of Monthly Average Global Solar Radiation at Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec n (Monthly mean sunshine Hour) 7.7 8.7 8.89 9.95 9.06 8.41 7.07 4.77 7.72 8.69 8.89 7.96 N (Monthly Average Day length) 10.62 11.16 11.85 12.61 13.24 13.54 13.41 9.17 12.14 11.40 10.76 10.46 n/N(Percentage of possible sunshine hour) o.725 0.779 0.750 0.789 0.684 0.621 0.527 0.520 0.636 0.763 0.826 0.761

Table 2. Solar Radiation Data for Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Hest MJm2d 15.73 19.24 22.17 25.68 25.34 24.62 22.56 18.75 21.24 19.96 17.93 15.30 Ho MJm2d23.70 27.93 32.83 37.01 39.32 40.04 39.53 37.70 34.16 29.28 24.63 22.49 KT=H/H0 0.663 0.688 0.675 0.693 0.644 0.604 0.570 0.497 0.621 0.681 0.727 0.680 Hd / H Page 0.250 0.222 0.237 0.216 0.272 0.307 0.355 0.438 0.298 0.230 0.192 0.231 Hd / H LJ 0.243 0.225 0.234 0.222 0.256 0.246 0.318 0.377 0.277 0.228 0.196 0.238 Hd Page MJm2d 3.93 4.27 5.25 5.54 6.89 7.66 8.00 8.21 6.33 4.59 3.38 3.53 Hd LJ MJm2d3.82 4.33 5.18 5.70 6.48 6.05 7.17 7.00 5.88 4.55 3.45 3.64 Hd /H0 0.163 0.153 0.159 0.151 0.169 0.169 0.191 0.201 0.178 0.156 0.127 0.159

diffuse radiation reveals that solar radiation can be very efficiently used to compensate for the energy deficit. For the estimation of diffuse radiation Page and Liu and Jordan methods are in very good agreement whereas Angstrom equation calculates the monthly average daily global solar radiation. Since no research regarding the potential of solar energy has been done prior to this work, this work will be very helpful to use these resources at Hyderabad Sindh. Since the experimental data of Global and diffuse solar radiation is not available for Hyderabad, Sindh, the estimation has to be done employing sunshine hours of the location. Linear and quadratics regression could be developed, if the measured data for the location under study is available. However the present work employing Angstrom-model and Page and Liue and Jorden model for Global and diffuse solar radiation for Hyderabad Sindh, serves the purpose very effectively. The wind energy potential is also encouraging as stated earlier. Therefore a combination of solar and wind energy availability will be very helpful in future to use this

tremendous amount of sunshine and high wind energy potential. REFERENCES Abdullah, YAG. and Farugh, GM. 1988. Contribution to the study of solar radiation in Abu Dhabi. Energy Conv. and Management. 28(1): 63-67. Ahmad, Firoz, Hussain, SA., Naqvi, SMMR. and Akhtar, M. Wasim. 1981.Characteristic Distribution of Total, Direct and Diffuse solar radiation at Karachi, Pak. Jour. Sci & Res. 24(5-6): 171. Ahmad, Firoz and Ulfat Intikhab. 2004. Emperical model for the correlation of Monthly Average Daily Global Solar Radiation with hours of sunshine on a horizontal surface at Karachi, Pakistan. Turkish J. Physics. 28: 301307. Ahmed, Akhlaque M. and Ahmad, Firoz. 2004. Wind Energy potential and its characteristics distribution for

Ahmed et al. power generation at Hyderabad Sindh, Pakistan. Kar. Univ. Jour. Sci. 32(1 &2): 21-26. Angstrom, A. 1924. Solar and terrestrial radiation Q.J.R. Met. Soc. 50: 121-126. Black, JN., Bonython, CW. and Prescett, JA. 1954. Solar radiation and duration of Sunshine, Q.J.R Metero. Soc. 80: 231-235. Chandal, SS., Agarwal, RK., Pandey, AN. 2005. New correlation to estimate Global Solar Radiation on Horizontal Surface using sunshine Hours and Temperature data for Indian Cities. Jour. of Solar Energy Engineering. 127: 417-420. Duffie, JA. and Beckman, WA., 1991. Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes. John-Wiley & Sons, New York. Frere et al. 1980. Graphs given in A.A Flocas paper Estimation and prediction of Global Solar Radiation over Greece. Solar Energy. 24: 63-70. Glover, J. and McCulloch, F. 1958. The empirical relationship between solar radiation and hours of sunshine. Q.J.R. Met. Soc. 84(359): 56-60. Gopinathan, KK. 1988. A new model for estimating total solar radiation. Solar and Wind technology. 5(1): 107109. Hoyt, DV., 1978. A model for the calculation of solar global insolation. Solar Energy. 21: 27-35 Klien, SA. 1977. Calculation of monthly average insolation on tilted surface. Solar Energy. 9: 325. Liu, YH. and Jordan, RC. 1960. The inter relationship and characteristic distribution of direct, diffuse and total solar radiation from metrological data. Solar Energy. 4: 1-19. Page, JK. 1964. The estimation of monthly mean values of daily short wave radiation on vertical and inclined surface from sunshine records of latitude 40 degree N to 40 degree S. Proc. of UN-Conf. on New Sources of Energy. l:4 paper s/98. 378 Reddy, SJ. 1971. An empirical method for the estimation of net radiation intensity Solar Energy. 13: 291-292. Sabbagh, JA., Sayigh, AAM. and El-Salam, EMA. 1977. Estimation of the total solar radiation from meteorological data. Solar Energy.19: 307-311. Tiwari, GN. and Suleja, Sangeeta. 1997. Solar Thermal Engineering System, Narosa Publishing House, New Dehli, India. Togral, IT. and Hasan, Togrul. 2002. Global solar radiation over Turkey. Comparison of predicted and measured data. Renewable Energy. 25: 55 Udo, SO. 2002. Contribution to the relationship between Solar Radiation and sunshine duration in the tropics: A

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study case of experimental data at Illorin, Nigeria. Turkish J. Physics. 26: 229. Ulfat, Intikhab, Ahmad, Firoz, Siddiqui, Imran. 2005. Determination of Angstrom coefficient for the prediction of monthly average daily Gobal Solar Radiation Horizontal surface at Karachi, Pakistan. Kar. Univ. Jour. Sci. 33(1 & 2): 7-11.

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