FLUID MECHANICS 1 CHE210

Lifeng Zhang Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan

Liz795@mail.usask.ca

Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

Introduction to Fluid Mechanics (Chapter 1)

Mechanics: study of force and motions Fluid Mechanics is that disciplines within the broad field of applied mechanics concerned with the behavior of liquids and gases at rest or in motion.

River Hydraulic

Aerodynamics

Meteorology

Cyclone

Hydrology

Applications of Fluid Mechanics in Chemical Engineering

Fluid flow through the pipes, channels, pumps, turbines Combination of fluid flow and chemical reactions in combustion systems and reactors Fluid flow around the particles(dust setting, slurries, fluidizedbeds, capture of air pollutant particles) Design of pumps, compressors, pipelines, cyclones, hydrocyclones, filtration systems.

What is Fluid?
Liquid
Molecules close together by significant attraction Molecules move slower Greater density, hard to compress Free surface

Gas

Molecules far apart Molecules move faster Lower density, easier to compress Fills container, lower viscosity

Forces and Stress Tensile force: a force that tends to pull things apart Tensile stress: tensile force divided by the area over which the force is exerted.

Forces and Stress

Compressive force: a force that tends to press and crush the object Compressive stress: compressive force divided by the area over which the force is exerted (Force/area).

Forces and Stress Shear force: a force that tends to make one surface side Shear stress: shear force divided by the area over which the force is exerted.

Solids vs Fluids
Solids:
Has a given shape Deflects due to shear stress

Fluids: substance which can not permanently resist a shear force no matter how small the force is.

Basic Ideas in Fluid Mechanics

The principle of the conservation of mass The first law of thermodynamics The second law of thermodynamics Newtons second law of motion

Properties of Fluids
Mass, M Moles, N Volume, V Density,
Specific density SG

kg mol m3 kg/m3 Pa K J N

Pressure, P Temperature, T Energy, E Force, F

Properties of Fluids
Viscosity ( ) : a measure of internal, frictional resistance to flow.
y=y0 y=0 V0

Stationary plate, V=0

=
dV = dy Newtonian Fluids

F A

Shear stress

dV V0 = dy y0

Shear rate

dV / dy

Viscosity (N.s/m2)

Non-Newtonian Fluids
Pseudoplastic fluids: an apparent viscosity decreases with increasing velocity gradient. Examples: slurries, polymer solutions, solutions of natrual gums, and blood. Bingham fluids: resists a small shear stress indefinitely but flow easily under larger shear stress. Examples: bread dough, toothpaste, applesauce, some paints, jellies and some slurries. Dilatant fluids: a viscosity increases with increasing velocity gradient. Examples: starch suspensions and some muds.

Dependence of Viscosity on Time

Time-independent fluids: the viscosity remains constant with time. Thixotropic fluids: the viscosity decreases with time. Rheopectic fluids: the viscosity increases with time. Viscoelastic fluids: fluids which can show elastic properties which allows them to spring back when the applied shear force is released. A viscoelastic fluid can be Newtonian, nonNewtonian, time-independent or time-dependent. Examples: cookie dough, rubber cement, egg white.

Kinematic viscosity

v=

(m2/s)

Surface Tension()
Surface tension():Liquid droplets behaves likes small spherical balloons filled with liquid. They behave as if they were surrounded by a skin that tends to shrink. Surface tension is the force that causes this phenomena. Surface tension is caused by the attractive forces in liquids. (Fig1.10)
F = l
(N/m)

Important Effects of Surface Tension

Capillary rise of liquids in small tubes and porous wicks. The tendency of jets of liquid to break up into drops.

Measurement of Surface Tension Capillary-rise method Droplet weight method Ring tensionmeter
Figure 14.3

Figure 14.4

Figure 14.6

Pressure and Its Unit

Pressure (compressive force): a normal (perpendicular) force per unit area
F (N/m2, or Pa) P= A Absolute pressure: pressure relative to a compressive stress of zero Gauge pressure: pressure relative to the local atmospheric pressure
Pabs = Pgauge + Patm

Force, Mass, and Weight Mass: an indication of how much matter is present. Weight: the force that a body exerts due to acceleration of gravity.

Units and Systems of Units

Physical quantities are characterized by dimension. The magnitudes assigned to the dimensions are called units. Unit systems: English system and the metric SI (International System). In this course, SI units are used. Useful tips:
Always include the dimensions with any engineering quantity in your calculations. Convert dimensions by multiplying or dividing by 1.

 References N. De Nevers, Fluid Mechanics for Chemical Engineers, 3rd ed., McGraw Hill(2005).