Category MLA APA CMS General Approach: Citing Books

1he urdue CWL: ClLaLlon CharL
1
Category MLA AA CMS
Genera| Approach 1he Modern Language AssoclaLlon
(MLA) provldes a meLhod for source
documenLaLlon LhaL ls used ln mosL
humanlLles courses. 1he humanlLles
place emphasls on auLhorshlp, so mosL
MLA clLaLlon lnvolves recordlng Lhe
auLhor's name ln Lhe physlcal LexL. 1he
auLhor's name ls also Lhe flrsL Lo appear
ln Lhe Works ClLed" page aL Lhe end of
an essay. 1he mosL recenL MLA
formaLLlng can be found ln Lhe sevenLh
edlLlon of Lhe MLA manual.
1he Amerlcan sychologlcal AssoclaLlon
(AA) provldes a meLhod for source
documenLaLlon LhaL ls used ln mosL
soclal sclences courses. 1he soclal
sclences place emphasls on Lhe daLe a
work was creaLed, so mosL AA clLaLlon
lnvolves recordlng Lhe daLe of a
parLlcular work ln Lhe physlcal LexL. 1he
daLe ls usually placed lmmedlaLely afLer
Lhe auLhor's name ln Lhe 8eferences"
page aL Lhe end of an essay. 1he mosL
recenL AA formaLLlng can be found ln
Lhe slxLh edlLlon of Lhe AA manual.
1he Chlcago Manual of SLyle (CMS) provldes a
meLhod for source documenLaLlon LhaL ls used
ln mosL hlsLory courses. PlsLory places much
emphasls on source orlglns, so fooLnoLes and
endnoLes are used Lo demonsLraLe on-page
where a parLlcular plece of lnformaLlon was
derlved from. ln CMS, a number ls asslgned Lo
a parLlcular facL ln Lhe LexL, and a fooLnoLe or
endnoLe wlll appear aL Lhe boLLom of Lhe page
llnklng Lhe source Lo Lhe LexL. 1he mosL recenL
CMS formaLLlng can be found ln Lhe slxLeenLh
edlLlon of Lhe CMS manual.
cltloq 8ooks 8ook clLaLlons ln MLA generally requlre
Lhe auLhor name, work LlLle,
publlcaLlon clLy, publlsher, year
publlshed, and an lndlcaLlon of Lhe
publlcaLlon medlum, such as prlnL.
8ook clLaLlons ln AA generally requlre
auLhor name, publlcaLlon year, work
LlLle, publlcaLlon clLy, and publlsher.
8ook clLaLlons ln CMS sLyle generally requlre
Lhe auLhor name, work LlLle, publlcaLlon clLy,
publlsher, and publlcaLlon year.
Genera| book
format
ollan, Mlchael. 1be Omolvotes
ullemmo. new ?ork: enguln Croup,
2006. rlnL.
ollan, M. (2006). 1be omolvotes
Jllemmo. new ?ork, n?: enguln
Croup.
ollan, Mlchael. 1be Omolvotes ullemmo.
new ?ork: enguln Croup, 2006.
S|ng|e author ollan, Mlchael. ollan, M. (2006). ollan, Mlchael.
1wo or three
authors
8ell, !ames k., and Adrlan A. Cohn. 8ell, !.k.., & Cohn A. (1968).

8ell, !ames k. and Adrlan A. Cohn.
More than
three authors
kernls, Mlchael. eL al. kernls, M. P., Cornell, u. ., Sun, C. 8.,
8erry, A., Parlow, 1., & 8ach, !. S.
(1993).
kernls, Mlchael and CLhers,
More than
seven authors
kernls, Mlchael. eL al. kernls, M. P., Cornell, u. ., Sun, C. 8.,
8erry, A., Parlow, 1., & 8ach, !. S.lost
Aotbots Nome (1993).
kernls, Mlchael and CLhers,
Corporate]
Crgan|zat|on
author
Amerlcan sychlaLrlc AssoclaLlon. Amerlcan sychlaLrlc AssoclaLlon.
(2003).
Amerlcan sychlaLrlc AssoclaLlon.

2
Unknown
author
OxfotJ sseotlol wotlJ Atlos. OxfotJ esseotlol wotlJ otlos. (2001). Cxford LssenLlal World ALlas.
1wo or more
works by the
same author
no change Lo name formaL, change
noLed by LlLle.
SlechLy, . C. (1997).

SlechLy, . C. (2001).
no change Lo name formaL.
1wo or more
works by the
same author
|n the same
year.
no change Lo name formaL, change
noLed by LlLle.
SlechLy, . C. (1997a).

SlechLy, . C. (1997b).
no change Lo name formaL.
Author w|th
an ed|tor
osLon, 1ed. A utoft of nlstoty. Ld.
kaLhleen A. Pauke.
osLon, 1. (2000). A Jtoft of blstoty k.A.
Pauke, (Ld.).
osLon, 1ed. A utoft of nlstoty. LdlLed by
kaLhleen A. Pauke.
Author w|th a
trans|ator
Laplace, .S. A lbllosopblcol ssoy oo
ltobobllltles. 1rans. l. W. 1ruscoLL
and l. L. Lmory.
Laplace, . S. (1931). A pbllosopblcol
essoy oo ptobobllltles. (l. W. 1ruscoLL
& l. L. Lmory, 1rans.).
.S. Laplace. A hllosophlcal Lssay on
robablllLles. 1ranslaLed by l. W. 1ruscoLL
and l. L. Lmory.
Ld|tor w|th no
author
coosepoeoces of Ctowloq up loot. Lds.
C.!. uuncan and !. 8rooks-Cunn.
uuncan, C. !., & 8rooks-Cunn, !. (Lds.).
(1997). coosepoeoces of qtowloq op
poot.
uuncan, C.!. and !. 8rooks-Cunn, eds.
Work |n an
antho|ogy
Parrls, Murlel. "1alk Lo Me: Lngaglng
8elucLanL WrlLers." A 1otot's ColJe.
nelploq wtltets Ooe to Ooe. Ld. 8en
8afoLh. orLsmouLh, nP: Pelnemann,
2000. 24-34. rlnL.
Parrls, Murlel. (2000). 1alk Lo me:
Lngaglng relucLanL wrlLers. ln 8en
8afoLh (Ld.), A totots qolJe. nelploq
wtltets ooe to ooe (pp. 24-34).
orLsmouLh, nP: Pelnemann.
Parrls, Murlel. "1alk Lo Me: Lngaglng
8elucLanL WrlLers." ln A 1otot's ColJe.
nelploq wtltets Ooe to Ooe, edlLed by 8en
8afoLh, 24-34. orLsmouLh, nP:
Pelnemann, 2000.
Ld|t|on other
than f|rst
Pelfer, M.S., 8.S. keme, and 8.u.
urugman. 1be 8otteteJ cbllJ. 3
Lh
ed.
Pelfer, M. S., keme, 8. S., & urugman, 8.
u. (1997). 1be botteteJ cbllJ (3Lh ed.).
Pelfer, M.S., 8.S. keme, and 8.u. urugman.
1be 8otteteJ cbllJ. 3
Lh
ed.
Mu|t|vo|ume
work
ulctloooty of tbe nlstoty of lJeos. Ld. .
Wlener. 4 vols.
Wlener, . (Ld.). (1973). ulctloooty of
tbe blstoty of lJeos (vols. 1-4).
Welner, ., ed. ulctloooty of tbe nlstoty of
lJeos. 4 vols.
Lncyc|oped|a]
D|ct|onary
osner, 8ebecca. 8omance
Languages." 1be ocyclopeJlo
8tltooolco: MoctopeJlo. 13
Lh
ed.
1987. rlnL.
osner, 8. (1987). 8omance Languages.
ln 1be eocyclopeJlo 8tltooolco:
moctopeJlo (13
Lh
ed.).
C|ted |n endnotes on|y.
1. 1be ocyclopeJlo 8tltooolco. MoctopeJlo,
13
Lh
ed., s.v. 8omance Languages."
Ioreword,
|ntroduct|on,
uuncan, Pugh ualzlel. lnLroducLlon.
letmooeoce ooJ cbooqe. Ao
uuncan, P. u. lnLroducLlon. ln k. 8urke,
letmooeoce ooJ cbooqe. Ao
uuncan, Pugh ualzlel. lnLroducLlon Lo
letmooeoce ooJ cbooqe. Ao Aootomy of

3
preface, or
afterword
Aootomy of lotpose. Aootomy of lotpose (xlll-xllv).
unlLed SLaLes: 1he 8obbs-Merrlll
Company, lnc.
lotpose.
Attlcles lo letloJlcols AlLhough perlodlcals are clLed slmllarly
Lo mosL book sources, MLA's sevenLh
edlLlon makes some dlsLlncLlons
speclflc Lo perlodlcals.
ln AA perlodlcal clLaLlon, auLhors are
named by Lhelr lasL name followed by
lnlLlals, Lhe publlcaLlon year goes
beLween parenLheses and ls followed by
a perlod. 1he LlLle of Lhe arLlcle ls
wrlLLen ln senLence-case, ln whlch only
Lhe flrsL word and proper nouns are
caplLallzed. 1he perlodlcal LlLle ls wrlLLen
ln LlLle case and ls followed by Lhe
volume number, whlch, wlLh Lhe LlLle, ls
also lLallclzed or underllned.
CMS perlodlcal clLaLlons lnclude auLhor name,
arLlcle LlLle, publlcaLlon LlLle, publlcaLlon daLe,
and lssue lnformaLlon. CMS also requlres
clLaLlon of a u8L lf Lhe [ournal was accessed
onllne.
Magaz|ne onlewozlk, !ames. "1v Makes a 1oo-
Close Call." 1lme 20 nov. 2000: 70-71.
rlnL.
onlewozlk, !. (2000, november). 1v
makes a Loo-close call. 1lme, 20, 70-71.
onlewozlk, !ames. "1v Makes a 1oo-Close
Call." 1lme, november 20, 2000.
Iourna|
pag|nated by
|ssue
8agchl, Alaknanda. "ConfllcLlng
naLlonallsms: 1he volce of Lhe
SubalLern ln MahasweLa uevl's 8osbol
1oJo." 1olso 5toJles lo womeo's
lltetotote 13.1 (1996): 41-30. rlnL.
8agchl, A. (1996). ConfllcLlng
naLlonallsms: 1he volce of Lhe
subalLern ln MahasweLa uevl's 8osbol
1oJo. 1olso 5toJles lo womeos
lltetotote (13.1), 41-30.
8agchl, Alaknanda. "ConfllcLlng naLlonallsms:
1he volce of Lhe SubalLern ln MahasweLa
uevl's 8osbol 1oJo." 1olso 5toJles lo
womeos lltetotote 13.1 (1996): 41-30.
Da||y
newspaper
krugman, Andrew. "lear of LaLlng."
New otk 1lmes 21 May 2007. A1.
rlnL.
krugman, A. (2007, May 21). lear of
eaLlng. New otk 1lmes, pp. A1.
krugman, Andrew. "lear of LaLlng." new ?ork
1lmes, May 2007.
Ld|tor|a| |n
newspaper
"Cf Mlnes and Men." LdlLorlal. woll
5tteet Iootool easL. ed. 24 CcL. 2003:
A14. rlnL.
Cf mlnes and men (2003, CcL 24).
[LdlLorlal] 1be woll 5tteet Iootool eost,
p. A14.
C|ted |n notes on|y.
1. LdlLorlal, woll 5tteet Iootool, CcLober 24,
2003.
Letter to the
ed|tor
Pamer, !ohn. LeLLer. Ametlcoo
Iootoollsm kevlew uec. 2006/!an.
2007: 7. rlnL.

Pamer, !. (2006/2007,
uecember/!anuary). [LeLLer Lo Lhe
edlLor]. Ametlcoo Iootoollsm kevlew,
7.
C|ted |n notes on|y.
1. !ohn Pamer, leLLer Lo Lhe edlLor,
Ametlcoo Iootoollsm kevlew, uecember
2006/!anuary 2007.
8ook or f||m
rev|ew
SelLz, MaLL Zoller. "Llfe ln Lhe Sprawllng
Suburbs, lf ?ou Can 8eally Call lL
SelLz, M. Z. (2007, May 30). Llfe ln Lhe
sprawllng suburbs, lf you can really call
SleLz, MaLL Zoller. 8evlew of koJloot clty,
ulrecLed by Cary 8urns and !lm 8rown.

4
Llvlng." 8ev. of koJloot clty, dlr. Cary
8urns and !lm 8rown. New otk 1lmes
30 May 2007 laLe ed.: L1. rlnL.
lL llvlng [8evlew of Lhe fllm koJloot
clty, dlrecLed by Cary 8urns and !lm
8rown]. New otk 1lmes, laLe ed.: L1.
New otk 1lmes, May 30, 2007, LaLe
edlLlon.
Oolloe 5ootces MLA guldellnes for mosL onllne sources
were developed under Lhe assumpLlon
LhaL conLenL can be found onllne as
long as lnformaLlon, such as auLhor and
LlLle, were lncluded. 1herefore, MLA
does noL tepolte a u8L llsLlng. MLA
clLaLlon of onllne sources does,
however, ask for a publlsher or sponsor
of Lhe webpage. AuLhors for webslLes
are ofLen corporaLlons, or governmenLs
(Packer).
ln AA clLaLlon, onllne sources ofLen
lnclude whaL are known as uCls, or
dlglLal ob[ecL ldenLlflers. lf a uCl ls
avallable, lL ls used ln place of a u8L. 1he
uCl ls a serlal number LhaL ldenLlfles Lhe
source regardless of u8L changes, and lL
can ofLen be found on Lhe flrsL page of
an onllne source. 8eyond Lhe uCl, AA
generally clLes auLhor, daLe, page LlLle,
slLe LlLle, avallable page numbers, and a
u8L or uCl.
CMS clLaLlon requlres Lhe u8L Lo be llsLed aL
Lhe end of Lhe clLaLlon buL noL Lhe daLe Lhe
conLenLed was accessed. lf Lhe lnLerneL source
ls Llme senslLlve, lnclude Lhe daLe of access
afLer Lhe u8L llsLlng ln parenLhesls. CMS
documenLaLlon ofLen lncludes Lhe use of uCls.
Genera|
format
AuLhor. 1ltle of 5lte. Sponsor, uaLe
creaLed (use n.d. lf noL glven).
Medlum. uaLe accessed.
AuLhor. (?ear [use n.d. lf noL glven]).
ArLlcle or page LlLle. lotqet lobllcotloo
1ltle, volume or lssue number.
8eLrleved from hLLp://url address
AuLhor. uocumenL 1lLle. u8L or uCl.
Lnt|re
Webs|te
unlLed SLaLes LnvlronmenLal roLecLlon
Agency. utlokloq wotet 5tooJotJs.
LA, 8 !uly 2004. Web. 24 !an. 2006
Agency. (2004, !uly). utlokloq wotet
stooJotJs. 8eLrleved from uS LA
webslLe hLLp://waLer.epa.gov/drlnk
Agency. utlokloq wotet 5tooJotJs.
hLLp://waLer.epa.gov/drlnk.
age from
Webs|te
Shlva, vandana. 8loeLhlcs: A 1hlrd
World lssue." Notlveweb. naLlveweb,
n.d. Web. 22 leb. 2006.
Shlva, v. (2006, lebruary). 8loeLhlcs: A
Lhlrd world lssue. Notlveweb.
8eLrleved from
hLLp://www.naLlveweb.org/pages/lega
l/shlva.hLml

Shlva, vandana. 8loeLhlcs: A 1hlrd World
lssue." Notlveweb.
hLLp://www.naLlveweb.org/pages/legal/shl
va.hLml.
age from
Webs|te w|th
unknown
author
Medla ClanLs." ltootlloe: 1be
Metcboots of cool. 8S Cnllne, 2001.
Web. 7 leb. 2006.
Medla glanLs. (2001). ltootlloe. 1be
Metcboots of cool. 8eLrleved from 8S
Cnllne
hLLp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/fron
Lllne/shows/cool/glanLs/
Medla ClanLs." ltootlloe: 1be Metcboots of
cool.
hLLp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/fronLllne/
shows/cool/glanLs.
Image from a Coya, lranclsco. 1be lomlly of cbotles Coya, l. (1800). 1he famlly of Charles lv. Coya, lranclsco. 1be lomlly of cbotles lv.

3
Webs|te lv. 1800. Museo naclonal del rado,
Madrld. Moseo Notloool Jel ltoJo.
Web. 22 May 2006.

Moseo Notloool Jel ltoJo. 8eLrleved
from
hLLp://www.meLmuseum.org/Loah/hd
/goya/hd_goya.hLm
Museo naclonal del rado, Madrld, 1800.
alnLlng.
hLLp://www.meLmuseum.org/Loah/hd/goy
a/hd_goya.hLm
Cn||ne book MllLon, !ohn. lotoJlse lost. 8ook l.
loettyfoooJotloo.otq. oeLry
loundaLlon, 2008. Web. 14 uec.
2008.
MllLon, !. (1667). aradlse losL: 8ook l.
loetty loooJotloo. 8eLrleved from
hLLp://www.poeLryfoundaLlon.org/arc
hlve/poem.hLml?ld=174002
MllLon, !ohn. lotoJlse lost. ClLy and uaLe of
Crlglnal ubllcaLlon.
hLLp://www.poeLryfoundaLlon.org/archlve/
poem.hLml?ld=174002
ort|on of an
on||ne book
Adams, Penry. ulplomacy." 1be
Jocotloo of neoty AJoms. 8y Adams.
8osLon: PoughLon, 1918. n. pag.
8ottleby.com. Cteot 8ooks Oolloe.
Web. 8 !an 2007.
Adams, P. (1918). ulplomacy." 1he
educaLlon of henry adams.
8ottleby.com. Cteot 8ooks Oolloe.
8eLrleved from
hLLp://www.barLleby.com/139/8.hLml
Adams, Penry. ulplomacy." 1be Jocotloo of
neoty AJoms. 8eprlnL of Lhe 1918 edlLlon,
8arLleby.com: CreaL 8ooks Cnllne.
hLLp://www.barLleby.com/139/8.hLml
Art|c|e |n an
on||ne [ourna|
8enL, Penry L. "rofesslonallzaLlon of
Lhe h.u. uegree." 1be Iootool of
nlqbet Jocotloo J0.3 (1939): 140-
143. Web. 3 uec. 2008.
8enL, P. (1939). rofesslonallzaLlon of
Lhe h.u. degree. 1be Iootool of nlqbet
Jocotloo, 30.3, 140-143.
hLLp://dx.dol.org/10.2307/1978286.
8enL, Penry L. "rofesslonallzaLlon of Lhe
h.u. uegree." 1he !ournal of Plgher
LducaLlon 30, no. 3 (1939): 140-143.
Accessed uecember 3, 2008.
hLLp://www.[sLor.org/sLable/1978286.
Art|c|e |n an
on||ne
magaz|ne]
newspaper
8ernsLeln, Mark. "10 1lps on WrlLlng
Lhe Llvlng Web." A llst Apott. lot
leople wbo Moke websltes. A LlsL
AparL Mag., 16 Aug. 2002. Web. 4
May 2009.
8ernsLeln, M. (2002). 10 Llps on wrlLlng
Lhe llvlng web. A llst Apott. lot leople
wbo Moke websltes. 8eLrleved from
hLLp://www.allsLaparL.com/arLlcles/wr
lLellvlng
8ernsLeln, M. 10 1lps on WrlLlng Lhe Llvlng
Web." A llst Apott Moqozloe. AugusL 16,
2002.
hLLp://www.allsLaparL.com/arLlcles/wrlLellv
lng
Lnt|re b|og Mayer, Carollne. 1be cbeckoot.
WashlngLon osL, 10 !an. 2007. Web.
19 !an. 2007.
Mayer, C. (2007, !anuary 10). 1he
checkouL. [Web log posL]. 8eLrleved
from
hLLp://blog.washlngLonposL.com/Lhec
heckouL/
Mayer, Carollne. 1be cbeckoot (blog).
hLLp://blog.washlngLonposL.com/Lhechecko
uL/
kesponse |n a
b|og
LdlLor, screen name, auLhor, or
compller name (lf avallable). osLlng
1lLle." Nome of 5lte. verslon number
(lf avallable). name of
lnsLlLuLlon/organlzaLlon afflllaLed wlLh
Lhe slLe (sponsor or publlsher).
WrlLer's name. (uaLe of posL). Sub[ecL of
posL. [Web log commenL]. 8eLrleved
from: u8L or uCl
8log name, LnLry 1lLle," blog enLry by
WrlLer's name, uaLe of posL.

6
Medlum of publlcaLlon. uaLe of
access.
CD-kCM lmpernel." 1be Ametlcoo netltoqe
ulctloooty of tbe oqllsb looqooqe.
4
Lh
ed. 8osLon, PoughLon, 2000. Cu-
8CM.
lmpernel. (2000). [Cu-8CM].1be
Ametlcoo netltoqe ulctloooty of tbe
oqllsb looqooqe. 4
Lh
ed.
lmpernel." 1be Ametlcoo netltoqe
ulctloooty of tbe oqllsb looqooqe. 4
Lh
ed.
8osLon, PoughLon, 2000. Cu-8CM.
L-ma|| kunka, Andrew. "8e: ModernlsL
LlLeraLure." Message Lo Lhe auLhor.
13 nov. 2000. L-mall.
Not |nc|uded |n references. C|ted |n notes on|y.
1. Andrew kunka, e-mall message Lo
auLhor, november 13, 2000.
MoltlmeJlo 5ootces MLA formaL for mulLlmedla sources
requlres a medlum descrlpLlon aL Lhe
end of Lhe clLaLlon. lllm, uvu, radlo,
Web, a performance, and oLher
descrlpLlons should be used Lo lndlcaLe
Lhe Lype of mulLlmedla LhaL ls belng
referenced.
LlecLronlc sources ln AA formaL may
lnclude a dlglLal ob[ecL ldenLlfler (uCl)
number. When a uCl ls evldenL, lL may
be used ln place of a u8L address. An
onllne source should lnclude elLher a
uCl or a u8L.
When clLlng an lnLerneL source ln CMS formaL,
lnclude as much lnformaLlon as ls avallable
regardlng auLhor, slLe LlLle, slLe sponsor, and
any avallable u8L. An access daLe ls noL
needed ln CMS formaLLlng.
V|deo or f||m Ao locooveoleot 1totb. ulr. uavld
Cuggenhelm. narr. Al Core.
aramounL, 2006. uvu.
Cuggenhelm, u. (ulrecLor), & 8ender, L.
(roducer). (2006). Ao locooveoleot
ttotb [uvu]. unlLed SLaLes: aramounL
Pome LnLerLalnmenL.
Ao locooveoleot 1totb. unlLed SLaLes:
aramounL Pome LducaLlon, 2006. uvu, 94
mln.
odcast]
ou1ube
Murphy, 8eLh. 1lps for a Cood roflle
lece." ltoject. kepott. ?ou1ube, 7
SepL. 2008. Web. 19 SepL. 2008.
Murphy, 8. (2008, SepLember 19). 1lps
for a good proflle plece." [?ou1ube].
ltoject. kepott. 8eLrleved from
hLLp://www.youLube.com/waLch?v=cu
A2vcdq89k/
Murphy, 8eLh. 1lps for a Cood roflle lece."
ltoject. kepott. ?ou1ube.
hLLp://www.youLube.com/waLch?v=cuA2vc
dq89k/
Lecture]
ub||c address
1eplln, Llnda A. eL. al. Larly vlolenL
ueaLh ln uellnquenL ?ouLh: A
rospecLlve LonglLudlnal SLudy."
Annual MeeLlng of Lhe Amerlcan
sychology-Law-SocleLy. La !olla,
Callfornla. March, 2003. resenLaLlon.
1eplln, L. A., McClelland, C. M., Abram,
k. M., & Washburn, !. !. (2003). Larly
vlolenL deaLh ln dellnquenL youLh: a
prospecLlve longlLudlnal sLudy.
[resenLaLlon]. lopet pteseoteJ ot tbe
Aooool Meetloq of tbe Ametlcoo
lsycboloqy-low-5oclety. La !olla, CA.
1eplln, Llnda A., Cary M. McClelland, karen M.
Abram, and !ason !. Washburn. Larly
vlolenL ueaLh ln uellnquenL ?ouLh: A
rospecLlve LonglLudlnal SLudy." aper
presenLed aL Lhe Annual MeeLlng of Lhe
Amerlcan sychology-Law-SocleLy, La !olla,
CA, March 2003.
Otbet 5ootces
1he urdue 8rlzee, Allen, and Llyssa 1ardlff. lour 8rlzee, A., & 1ardlff, L. (2010, Aprll 7). 8rlzee, Allen, and Llyssa 1ardlff. lour Maln

7
CWL Maln ComponenLs for LffecLlve
CuLllnes". lotJoe Oolloe wtltloq lob.
urdue unlverslLy, 7 Aprll, 2010. Web.
20 uec. 2010.
lour maln componenLs for effecLlve
ouLllnes. lotJoe Oolloe wtltloq lob.
8eLrleved from
hLLp://owl.engllsh.purdue.edu/owl/res
ource/344/01/
ComponenLs for LffecLlve CuLllnes". lotJoe
Oolloe wtltloq lob. urdue unlverslLy.
hLLp://owl.engllsh.purdue.edu/owl/resourc
e/344/01/
Government
pub||cat|on
ConLlnenLal Congress. Iootools of tbe
cootloeotol cooqtess, 1774-1789.
WashlngLon uC. 1904-1937.
ConLlnenLal Congress. (1774-1789).
!ournals of Lhe conLlnenLal congress.
WashlngLon, uC. 1904-1937.
ConLlnenLal Congress, Iootools of tbe
cootloeotol cooqtess, 1774-1789, LdlLed by
WorLhlngLon C. lord eL al. 34 vols.
WashlngLon, uC, 1904-37.
D|ssertat|on Chol, Mlhwa. ConLesLlng lmoqlootles
ln ueaLh 8lLuals durlng Lhe norLhern
Song uynasLy." ulss. unlverslLy of
Chlcago, 2008. Web. ConLesLlng
lmoqlootles ln ueaLh 8lLuals durlng
Lhe norLhern Song uynasLy."
Chol, M. (2008). ConLesLlng lmaglnarles
ln deaLh rlLuals durlng Lhe norLhern
song dynasLy (uocLoral dlsserLaLlon).
Avallable from roCuesL daLabase.
(AA1 3300426).
Chol, Mlhwa. ConLesLlng lmoqlootles ln ueaLh
8lLuals durlng Lhe norLhern Song uynasLy."
hu dlss., unlverslLy of Chlcago, 2008.
roCuesL (A A1 3300426).
In-1ext C|tat|ons
cltloq 8ooks

Llke mosL source documenLaLlon
sysLems, MLA uses ln-LexL clLaLlons Lo
glve readers lnformaLlon and dlrecLs
readers Lo Lhe more speclflc Works
ClLed page should a reader wanL Lo
pursue a source furLher. Cenerally, MLA
ln-LexL clLaLlon requlres an auLhor name
and a page number where Lhe
lnformaLlon belng clLed can be found.
ClLaLlons can be formaLLed ln a varleLy
of ways.
AA adds Lo MLA sLyle by lncludlng an
auLhor name(s), page number(s), and
daLe. 1he daLe ls generally provlded
parenLheLlcally whenever Lhe
auLhor's(s') name(s) ls(are) glven whlle
page numbers always appear aL Lhe end
of Lhe senLence. 1he daLe ls lmporLanL
ln soclal sclence because lL helps
demonsLraLe Lhe relevance (newness)
of Lhe work belng clLed.
looLnoLes or endnoLes are used when clLlng
wlLhln Lhe LexL of a CMS formaLLed documenL.
1hese noLes do noL Lake Lhe place of Lhe flnal
blbllography page, lnsLead, endnoLes and
fooLnoLes work Lo sLrengLhen a documenL's
credlblllLy by provldlng speclflc source
lnformaLlon aL Lhe boLLom of Lhe page or ln a
separaLe noLes secLlon for readers Lo revlew.
looLnoLes ln CMS sLyle generally lnclude Lhe
auLhor name, Lhe publlcaLlon LlLle, publlcaLlon
daLe and publlsher lnformaLlon (lf belng clLed
for Lhe flrsL Llme), as well as a page number.
Author named
|n a s|gna|
phrase
hllosopher SLephen C. epper refers Lo
Lhls phenomenon as a cumulaLlve
collaboraLlon of evldence" (49).
hllosopher SLephen C. epper (1961)
refers Lo Lhls phenomenon as a
cumulaLlve collaboraLlon of evldence"
(p. 49).
hllosopher SLephen C. epper refers Lo Lhls
phenomenon as a cumulaLlve collaboraLlon
of evldence."
12

(MaLch number (12) Lo endnoLe aL Lhe boLLom
of Lhe page)

8
12. SLephen C. epper, wotlJ nypotbeses
(Los Angeles: unlverslLy of Callfornla ress,
1961), 49.
Author not
named |n a
s|gna| phrase
1hls phenomenon ls besL referred Lo as
a cumulaLlve collaboraLlon of
evldence" (epper 49).
evldence" (epper, 1961, p. 49).
1hls phenomenon ls besL referred Lo as a
cumulaLlve collaboraLlon of evldence."
12

12. SLephen C. epper, wotlJ nypotbeses
1961), 49.
Unknown
author
evldence" (wotlJ nypotbeses 49).
evldence" (wotlJ nypotbeses, 1961, p.
49).
12

12. wotlJ nypotbeses, (Los Angeles:
unlverslLy of Callfornla ress, 1961), 49.
Unknown
page number
evldence" (epper).
evldence" (epper, Lvldence and
CorroboraLlon secLlon, para. 22).
12

12. SLephen C. epper, wotlJ nypotbeses,
1961).
More than
one work by
the same
author
collaboraLlon of evldence" (wotlJ
nypotbeses 49), whlch he hlnLs Loward
ln earller work as well (Lmergence"
241).
collaboraLlon of evldence" (wotlJ
nypotbeses, 1961, p. 49), whlch he hlnLs
Loward ln earller work as well
(Lmergence", 1926, p. 241).
hllosopher SLephen C. epper refers Lo Lhls
phenomenon as a cumulaLlve collaboraLlon
of evldence,"
12
whlch he hlnLs Loward ln
earller work as well.
13

12. SLephen C. epper, wotlJ nypotbeses,
1961), 49.

13. SLephen C. epper, Lmergence," 1he
Iootool of lbllosopby 23, no. 9 (1926).
1wo or three
authors
Shlrley k 8ose and lrwln Welser noLe ln
Coloq lobllc Lhe lmporLance of
redeflnlng expecLaLlons for faculLy work
8ose and Welser (2010) noLe Lhe
lmporLance of redeflnlng expecLaLlons
for faculLy work (p. 3).
Shlrley k 8ose and lrwln Welser noLe ln Coloq
lobllc Lhe lmporLance of redeflnlng
expecLaLlons for faculLy work.
6

9
(3). 6. Shlrley k 8ose and lrwln Welser, Coloq
lobllc, (uLah: unlverslLy ress, 2010).
Iour or more
authors
Some sLudles LhaL focus speclflcally on
undergraduaLe perspecLlves of
academlc wrlLlng found a varleLy of
approaches (Anderson eL al. 11).
ln 1990, Anderson, 8esL, 8lack, PursL,
Mlller, and Mlller produced a sLudy LhaL
focused speclflcally on undergraduaLe
perspecLlves of academlc wrlLlng, and
Lhey found a varleLy of approaches ln
place (p. 11).
Some sLudles LhaL focus speclflcally on
undergraduaLe perspecLlves of academlc
wrlLlng found a varleLy of approaches.
2

2. WorLh Anderson and CLhers, Cross-
Currlcular underllfe: A CollaboraLlve 8eporL
on Ways wlLh Academlc Words," colleqe
composltloo ooJ commoolcotloo 41, no. 1.
Corporate
author
1he Amerlcan sychologlcal
AssoclaLlon's sLudy demonsLraLed Lhe
slgnlflcanL role of prayer as a coplng
mechanlsm for healLh (67).
1hls sLudy demonsLraLed Lhe slgnlflcanL
role of prayer as a coplng mechanlsm
for healLh (Amerlcan sychologlcal
AssoclaLlon, 2011, p. 67).
1hls sLudy demonsLraLed Lhe slgnlflcanL role of
prayer as a coplng mechanlsm for healLh.
9

9. Amerlcan sychologlcal AssoclaLlon,
naLlonal 1rends ln rayer use as a Coplng
Mechanlsm for PealLh Concerns: Changes
from 2002 Lo 2007," lsycboloqy of kellqloo
ooJ 5pltltoollty.
Authors w|th
the same |ast
name
use Lhe flrsL lnlLlal Lo dlfferenLlaLe (A.
SmlLh 19).
use Lhe flrsL lnlLlal Lo dlfferenLlaLe (A.
SmlLh, 2009, p. 19).
uoes noL apply because endnoLes wlll
dlfferenLlaLe.
Lncyc|oped|a 8omance languages have a curlous
hlsLory (8omance Languages").
8omance languages have a curlous
hlsLory (osner, 1987).
use endnoLe only, does noL appear ln
blbllography.

1. 1be ocyclopeJlo 8tltooolco.
MoctopeJlo, 13
Lh
ed., s.v. 8omance
Languages."
Mu|t|vo|ume
work
use Lhe volume number followed by Lhe
page number ln Lhe clLaLlon, e.g., (2:
119).
use Lhe page number and daLe, lndlcaLe
Lhe volume ln Lhe reference secLlon
only.
10. hllllp . Welner, ulctloooty of tbe
nlstoty of lJeos, 6 vols, (Charles Scrlbner and
Sons, 2004).
1wo or more
works |n the
same
parentheses
Many 19
Lh
cenLury Amerlcan auLhors
noLed Lhe lmporLance of rellglon ln
concelvlng naLure (Lmerson 1123,
1horeau 1994).
Many 19
Lh
cenLury Amerlcan auLhors
noLed Lhe lmporLance of rellglon ln
concelvlng naLure (Lmerson 1836,
1horeau, 1862).
Many 19
Lh
cenLury Amerlcan auLhors noLed
Lhe lmporLance of rellglon ln concelvlng
naLure.
22


10
22. Penry uavld 1horeau, Walklng," 1862,
8alph Waldo Lmerson, naLure," 1836.
An ent|re
work
1horeau's Walklng" demonsLraLes a
fasclnaLlon wlLh saunLerlng.
1horeau's Walklng" (1862)
demonsLraLes a fasclnaLlon wlLh
saunLerlng.
1horeau's Walklng" demonsLraLes a
fasclnaLlon wlLh saunLerlng.
22

22. Penry uavld 1horeau, Walklng," 1862.
Work |n an
antho|ogy
use Lhe selecLlon's name and page
number, noL Lhe edlLor.

1he llfe of poverLy ln Lhe souLh ls
capLured by PursLon's candld
auLoblography, lrom uusL 1racks on a
8oad" (336).
ClLe Lhe speclflc work only, noL Lhe
anLhology or lLs edlLor.

1he llfe of poverLy ln Lhe souLh ls
capLured by PursLon's candld
auLoblography, lrom uusL 1racks on a
8oad" (1942).
19. Zora neale PursLon, lrom uusL 1racks
on a 8oad," ln 1be Nottoo 8ook of Ametlcoo
Aotobloqtopby, ed. !ay arlnl (new ?ork:
norLon, 1999), 336.
MoltlmeJlo 5ootces
V|deo or f||m ClLe as ln-LexL documenL uslng release
daLe.

1he role of lrlsh folklore ls deplcLed ln
conLemporary fllms such as !ohn
Sayles's, 1be 5ectet of kooo lolsb.

ClLe as ln-LexL documenL uslng release
daLe.

1he role of lrlsh folklore ls deplcLed ln
conLemporary fllms such as !ohn
Sayles's, 1be 5ectet of kooo lolsb
(1993).
43. 1be 5ectet of kooo lolsb, uvu, dlrecLed
by !ohn Sayles (1993, Culver ClLy, CA:
Columbla 1rlsLar Pome vldeo, 2000).
odcast]
ou1ube
use vldeo auLhor/podcasL name and
glven LlLle.

1he qulrks of spendlng become obvlous
when llsLenlng Lo producLlons such as
uavld keseLenbaum's podcasL, A 8lg
8rldge ln Lhe Wrong lace," on llooet
Mooey.
use vldeo/podcasL auLhor name, lf
known, LlLle, and posLlng daLe.

1he qulrks of spendlng become obvlous
when llsLenlng Lo producLlons such as
uavld keseLenbaum's podcasL, A 8lg
8rldge ln Lhe Wrong lace," on llooet
Mooey (2011).
1reaL as a documenL from a webslLe.

31. uavld kesLenbaum, A 8lg 8rldge ln Lhe
Wrong lace," llooet Mooey loJcost,
naLlonal ubllc 8adlo,
hLLp://www.npr.org/blogs/money
Lecture]
ub||c address
1he problem of vlolenL deaLh among
dellnquenL youLhs was carefully
documenLed by 1eplln eL al. ln an
address dellvered ln 2003 aL Lhe Annual
MeeLlng of Lhe Amerlcan sychology-
1he problem of vlolenL deaLh among
dellnquenL youLhs was carefully
documenLed by 1eplln eL al. ln an
address dellvered aL Lhe Annual
MeeLlng of Lhe Amerlcan sychology-
lf uslng an unpubllshed lecLure or address, clLe
ln wrlLlng only.

resldenL Cbama noLed durlng an address on
AugusL 1, 2011 LhaL . . .

11
Law-SocleLy. Law-SocleLy (2003). lf uslng a publlshed lecLure or address, follow
Lhls example:

41. Llnda A. 1eplln and CLhers, Larly
vlolenL ueaLh ln uellnquenL ?ouLh: A
rospecLlve LonglLudlnal SLudy," aper
presenLed aL Lhe Annual MeeLlng of Lhe
Amerlcan sychology-Law-SocleLy, La !olla,
CA, March 2003.
Otbet 5ootces
1he urdue
CWL
karl SLolley and Allen 8rlzee wrlLe ln Lhe
Cnllne WrlLlng Lab aL urdue unlverslLy,
8esearch-based wrlLlng ln Amerlcan
lnsLlLuLlons, boLh educaLlonal and
corporaLe, ls fllled wlLh rules LhaL
wrlLers, parLlcularly beglnners, aren'L
aware of or don'L know how Lo follow"
(Avoldlng laglarlsm").
karl SLolley and Allen 8rlzee (2011)
wrlLe ln Lhe Cnllne WrlLlng Lab aL
urdue unlverslLy, 8esearch-based
wrlLlng ln Amerlcan lnsLlLuLlons, boLh
educaLlonal and corporaLe, ls fllled wlLh
rules LhaL wrlLers, parLlcularly
beglnners, aren'L aware of or don'L
know how Lo follow."
karl SLolley and Allen 8rlzee noLe,
8esearch-based wrlLlng ln Amerlcan
lnsLlLuLlons, boLh educaLlonal and corporaLe,
ls fllled wlLh rules LhaL wrlLers, parLlcularly
beglnners, aren'L aware of or don'L know how
Lo follow."
23

23. karl SLolley and Allen 8rlzee, Avoldlng
laglarlsm," lotJoe Oolloe wtltloq lob,
urdue unlverslLy,
hLLp://owl.engllsh.purdue.edu/owl/resource/
389/01/
Government
pub||cat|on
Accordlng Lo Lhe ennsylvanla
ueparLmenL of ConservaLlon and
naLural 8esources, Lhe Lmerald Ash
8orer lnvaslon ln ennsylvanla has led
Lo dozens of counLy quaranLlnes ln
recenL years.
1he Lmerald Ash 8orer lnvaslon ln
ennsylvanla has led Lo dozens of
counLy quaranLlnes ln recenL years
(ennsylvanla uCn8, 2011).
27. ennsylvanla ueparLmenL of
ConservaLlon and naLural 8esources, 8oteoo
of lotestty lobllcotloos: coleopteto.
8optestlJoe. Aqtllos ploolpeools loltmolte,
2011.

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