CHAPTER 4

EMPIRICAL FINDINGS

Introduction

All the data for 170 sets of questionnaires recoded, an analysis of empirical findings

through SPSS program had been done. Analysis was followed by the sequence of hypotheses

building, empirical findings, than results and interpretation. T-test, ANOVA, and Correlation

analysis methods are used to obtain the empirical findings.

Empirical Finding 1

Hypothesis null:

No significant difference for the mean of financial behavior between male and female in the

sample (H0: μ1 –μ2 = 0).

Hypothesis alternative:

There is significant difference for the mean of financial behavior between male and female in the

sample (H1: μ1 –μ2 ≠ 0).

Alpha, α = 0.05

Group Statistics

Std. Error
What is your gender N Mean Std. Deviation Mean
behaviournew Male 90 2.8889 .62611 .06600
Female 80 3.2125 .66929 .07483
 In d e p e n d e n t S a m p le s T e s t

L e v e n e 's T e s t fo r
E q u a lity o f V a ria n c e s t -te s t fo r E q ua lit y o f M e a n s
9 5% C o n fid e n c e
In te rv a l o f th e
M ean S t d. E rro r D iffe re n c e
F S ig . t df S ig . (2 -t a ile d )D iffe re n c e D iffe ren c e L o w e r U pper
b e h av io u rn e wE q u a l v a ria n c e s
2 .4 4 1 .1 20 -3 .2 5 6 168 .0 0 1 -.3 2 3 6 1 .0 9 9 3 8 -. 5 1 98 1 -.1 2 7 4 1
a s s u m ed
E q u a l v a ria n c e s
-3 .2 4 3 1 6 2. 4 5 3 .0 0 1 -.3 2 3 6 1 .0 9 9 7 7 -. 5 2 06 3 -.1 2 6 5 9
not as s um ed

Result:

The output from SPSS shows the significant is (0.001) less than the alpha (α/2 =.025), therefore

hypothesis null rejected. Evidence shows that μ1 ≠ μ2. Hence, there is significant difference for

the mean of financial behavior between male and female. Mean for female is greater than mean

for male, meaning that the female is doing better in the financial behavior. Result was made in

the level of significant, α = .05 (5%) or level of confidence (95%). mean

Empirical Finding 2

Hypothesis null:

No significant difference for the mean of financial situation between male and female in the

sample (H0: μ1 –μ2 = 0).

Hypothesis alternative:

There is significant difference for the mean of financial situation between male and female in the

sample (H1: μ1 –μ2 ≠ 0).

Alpha, α = 0.05
 Group Statistics

Std. Error
What is your gender N Mean Std. Deviation Mean
situationnew Male 90 2.6889 .85649 .09028
Female 80 2.9000 .85091 .09513

In d ep en d en t S am p les T est

Lev ene's T es t for

E quality of V a rianc es t-tes t for E quality of M eans
95% C onfidenc e
Interv al of the
M ean S td. E rror D ifferenc e
F S ig . t df S ig. (2-tailed) Differenc e Differenc e Lower U pper
s ituationnew E qual v arianc es
1.580 .211 -1.609 168 .109 -.21111 .13121 -.47013 .04791
as s um ed
E qual v arianc es
-1.610 165.918 .109 -.21111 .13115 -.47006 .04784
not as s um ed

Result:

The output from SPSS shows the significant is (0.109) greater than the alpha (α/2 =.025),

therefore hypothesis null fail to reject. Evidence shows that μ1 = μ2. Hence, there is no significant

difference for the mean of financial situation between male and female. Although the mean for

female is higher than male, the difference is not significant. This shows that there are no

difference in financial situation between female and male. Result was made in the level of

significant, α = .05 (5%) or level of confidence (95%). min

Empirical Finding 3

Hypothesis null:

No significant difference for the mean of financial behavior between educational level in the

sample (H0: μ1 = μ2 = μ3 = μ4 = μ5 = μ6).

Hypothesis alternative:

There is significant difference for the mean of financial behavior between educational level in

the sample (H0: μ1 ≠ μ2 ≠ μ3 ≠ μ4 ≠ μ5 ≠ μ6).

Alpha, α = 0.05

ANOVA

behaviournew
Sum of
Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 1.256 5 .251 .561 .730
Within Groups 73.456 164 .448
Total 74.712 169

Result:

The output from SPSS shows that there are not significant, where 0.730 > 0.05. Therefore, fail to

reject hypothesis null. There are no significant difference for the mean of financial behavior

between educational level in the sample (H0: μ1 = μ2; H0: μ1 = μ3; H0: μ2 = μ3).

Empirical Finding 4

Hypothesis null:

No significant difference for the mean of financial situation between educational level in the

sample (H0: μ1 = μ2 = μ3 = μ4 = μ5 = μ6).

Hypothesis alternative:

There is significant difference for the mean of financial situation between educational level in the

sample (H0: μ1 ≠ μ2 ≠ μ3 ≠ μ4 ≠ μ5 ≠ μ6).

Alpha, α = 0.05
 ANOVA

situationnew
Sum of
Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 3.365 5 .673 .912 .475
Within Groups 121.011 164 .738
Total 124.376 169

Result:

The output from SPSS shows that there are not significant, where 0.475 > 0.05. Therefore, fail to

reject hypothesis null. There are no significant difference for the mean of financial situation

between educational level in the sample (H0: μ1 = μ2 = μ3 = μ4 = μ5 = μ6).

Empirical finding 5

Hypothesis null:

No significant difference for the mean of financial behavior between ethnicity in the sample (H 0:

μ1 = μ2 = μ3 = μ4 = μ5).

Hypothesis alternative:

There is significant difference for the mean of financial behavior between ethnicity in the sample

(H0: μ1 ≠ μ2 ≠ μ3 ≠ μ4 ≠ μ5).

Alpha, α = 0.05

ANOVA

behaviournew
Sum of
Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 5.101 3 1.700 4.055 .008
Within Groups 69.611 166 .419
Total 74.712 169
 D es c rip tiv e s

b e h av io u rn e w
9 5 % C o nfid e n c e In te rv a l fo r
M ea n
N M e a n S td . D e v ia tio nS td . E rro r L o w e r B ou n dU p p er B o un d M in im u m M a x im u m
M u s lim B um ip u tra 68 2 .8 9 71 . 6 01 9 8 .0 7 3 0 0 2 .7 5 1 3 3 .0 4 28 2 .0 0 4 .0 0
N o n -M u s lim B u m ip u tra 66 3 .1 3 64 . 6 29 6 9 .0 7 7 5 1 2 .9 8 1 6 3 .2 9 12 2 .0 0 4 .0 0
C h ine s e 34 3 .2 0 59 . 7 69 8 6 .1 3 2 0 3 2 .9 3 7 3 3 .4 7 45 2 .0 0 4 .0 0
In d ian 2 2 .0 0 00 . 0 00 0 0 .0 0 0 0 0 2 .0 0 0 0 2 .0 0 00 2 .0 0 2 .0 0
T o t al 170 3 .0 4 12 . 6 64 8 9 .0 5 0 9 9 2 .9 4 0 5 3 .1 4 18 2 .0 0 4 .0 0

Result:

The value of significant from the SPSS is (.008) less than the alpha (.05), therefore hypothesis

null rejected. There are significant for the mean of financial behaviour between ethnicity in the

sample (H0: μ1 ≠ μ2 ≠ μ3 ≠ μ4 ≠ μ5). The mean for Chinese is highest followed by Non- Muslim

Bumiputra, Muslim Bumiputra, Indian.

Empirical Finding 6

Hypothesis null:

No significant difference for the mean of financial situation between ethnicity in the sample (H 0:

μ1 = μ2 = μ3 = μ4 = μ5).

Hypothesis alternative:

There is significant difference for the mean of financial situation between ethnicity in the sample

(H0: μ1 ≠ μ2 ≠ μ3 ≠ μ4 ≠ μ5).

Alpha, α = 0.05
 ANOVA

situationnew
Sum of
Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 4.893 3 1.631 2.266 .083
Within Groups 119.484 166 .720
Total 124.376 169

Result:

The output from SPSS shows that there are not significant, where 0.083 > 0.05. Therefore, fail to

reject hypothesis null. There are no significant difference for the mean of financial situation

between ethnicity in the sample (H0: μ1 = μ2 = μ3 = μ4 = μ5).

Empirical Finding 7

Hypothesis null:

No significant linear relationship between financial behavior and financial situation (H0: ρ = 0).

Hypothesis alternative:

There is significant linear relationship between financial behavior and financial situation (H0: ρ ≠

0).

Alpha, α = 0.05

Descriptive Statistics

Mean Std. Deviation N

situationnew 2.7882 .85788 170
behaviournew 3.0412 .66489 170

Correlations
 situationnew behaviournew
situationnew Pearson Correlation 1 .378(**)
Sig. (1-tailed) .000
N 170 170
behaviournew Pearson Correlation .378(**) 1
Sig. (1-tailed) .000
N 170 170
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (1-tailed).

Result:

The value of significant from the SPSS is (.000) less than the alpha (.05), therefore hypothesis

null was rejected. Evidence ρ > 0 shows there is a significant positive linear relationship between

financial behavior and financial situation. It means good financial behavior lead to good financial

situation.