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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Introduction Can your fingerprints be changed or stolen? How long do fingerprints last? Pattern of fingerprints and fingerprint characters What is a Latent Fingerprint? Constituents of sweat Chemical techniques of fingerprinting 7.1 Ninhydrin Reagent 7.2 Iodine Fuming 7.3 Iodocamphor 7.4 Cyanoacrylate Fuming Method 7.5 Silver Nitrate 7.6 Eosin-blue dye and Erythrosin-B dye 7.7 Rose Bengal 7.8 Triazine Reagent 7.9 Small Particle Reagent Formation 7.10 Nanoparticles 8. Experiments performed 8.1 Experiment 1 8.2 Experiment 2 8.3 Experiment 3 9. Conclusion 10. Bibliography
man in Lawrence, Mass., tried to hide hids identity by cutting and stitching up all ten of his fingertips (fortunately, a police officer recognized his face). But as fingerprint technology becomes a common form of authentication from bank vaults to luxury cars, law enforcement officials worry that would-be criminals might try to steal entire fingers for the prints. In one case, robbers in Malaysia cut off a mans fingers so they could steal his Mercedes. Companies that make biometric security realize the potential dangers of this system, and are now creating scanners that detect blood flow to make sure the finger is still alive.
8.2 Experiment 2
Aim To carry out Iodine Fuming technique. To investigate its advantages and disadvantages. Materials Required Iodine crystals, starch, container, water bath, paper specimens. Experiment 1. Choose a fuming chamber (kitchen container) about the size of your specimen. 2. Sprinkle a few pieces of iodine in it. 3. Place the specimen in the chamber. 4. Cover the chamber with a lid. 5. Apply heat on the container. 6. Take out the specimen 5-10 mins and sprinkle starch solution on it. Observations Violet Iodine vapours fill the chamber. The specimen has dark brown fingerprints. On applying starch solution, prints turn blue black in colour. Conclusion I found that iodine fuming was a really effective method on semiporous materials like glossy cardboard, etc and paper where fuming with super glue or Ninhydrin treatment doesnt work. Best used for porous surfaces such as paper. Advantages Simple, cost effective, non destructive, reversible. Disadvantages Iodine is volatile, the prints evaporate in a matter of hours/days. I had to apply starch to fix them to make them last longer. Precautions Cover your work surface with newspapers as iodine stains anything it comes in contact with.
8.3 Experiment 3
Aim To carry out the Super Glue Fuming technique. Materials Requires Super Glue, Sodium Hydroxide, container, glass slide, water Experiment 1. Choose a fuming chamber (kitchen container) the size of your specimen. 2. Put a paper in it and put some water in it to provide humidity. 3. Make a small aluminium foil boat to contain the super glue and place that in the fuming chamber. 4. Put a microscope slide in the container. 5. Put a drop or two of super glue on a pad. 6. Put a drop or two of 0.5 molar Sodium Hydroxide to accelerate the process. 7. Take out the specimen after 5-10 minutes. Observations Fingerprints are developed as white crystalline traces. Conclusion I found that Super Glue Fuming was a really effective method on non porous materials like glassware, plastics, metalware, etc. Advantages Simple, cost effective.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Journals by Prof. GS Sodhi, SGTB College, DU 2. Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia 3. How Stuff Works website 4. FBI, Recording Legible Fingerprints 5. Onin.com 6. ochemonline.wordpress.com 7. leefofland.com 8. Bombay Hospital Journal 9. NCBI, Pub Med 10. Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences 11. youtube.com
Aim of the investigatory project To carry out a scientific investigation involving laboratory testing and collecting information from other sources on Application of Chemistry in Fingerprinting. To investigate various chemical techniques of fingerprinting. To carry out fingerprinting exercise using powder method on a variety of media. To perform techniques like Iodine Fuming and Super Glue Fuming in the laboratory.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
A good teacher is like a candle it consumes itself to light the way for others. A big thanks to Tina Pratap Maam for her incessant support and encouragement. Maam is very helpful and has always been there for her help, support and always kept my spirits high. I would also like to express my gratitude for our Chemistry Lab Assistant Mr. Dinesh Sir. He has always allowed to work in the lab and he was always there to help. Big thanks to our Principal Maam, Mrs. Geeta Parashar for being encouraging and supporting. Digvijay Das XII-A
An average fingerprint has 85 such characters (island, hook, bifurcation, etc.). Its interesting to note that not all fingers on a given hand will bear the same pattern.
In fingerprinting we compare position of fingerprint characters ( island, loop, hook, ridge pattern, etc.). According to Indian Law at least 8 characters should be same and at the same position. 1/10th of fingers print is enough to detect crime.
when the sweat pores of the papillary ridges leave a deposit of perspiration on a surface with which the finger has been brought into contact.
6. Constituents of sweat
Water 99% Inorganic ions 0.5% (eg. Pottasium, Magnesium, Sulphate, Calcium) Organic compounds 0.5% (eg. Amino acids, Fatty acids, Ammonia and Urea)
Advantage Ninhydrin reagent may be used for developing prints as old as 15 years.
It is a modified method of iodine fuming in which the coloured prints do not evaporate. Advantages Can be used to detect fingerprints having SOOT on them.
To enable such a reaction to take place, the cyanoacrylate must be in its gaseous form. If any latent fingerprints exist anywhere inside the tank, they will eventually be exposed to the gaseous cyanoacrylate. Advantages The super glue technique produces outstanding results on all non-porous surfaces like metal, glass and plastic.
7.10
Nanoparticles
Criminal investigations may benefit from new forensic methods based on nanoparticles. A technique using gold nanoparticles in combination with antibodies has shown promising results for enhancing fingerprints that are over a week old. Nanoparticles have excellent adsorption power. Nanoparticles of Alumina are also used. Xanthe Spindler at the University of Technology Sydney in Australia and colleagues now report a technique that targets amino acids present ubiquitously in sweat and thus in most fingerprints. They linked amino acid-binding antibodies to gold nanoparticles and applied them to fingerprints. To develop and image the prints, they used red flouroscent secondary antibodies that would stick to the nanoparticle-bound antibodies.
Antibodies bound to nanoparticles can bind to amino acids in fingerprints that are over 12 months old. Advantages They give sharp detail and we get lots of antibodies across the surface of the fingerprint, which then when we put the dye on would mean a much higher dye response.
Disadvantage The new nanoparticle-based method performed well for prints made more than
a week previously. However, conventional fingerprint enhancing techniques still work better for fresh prints.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Digvijay Das of class xii-B, Roll no. 9, Modern Convent School, has successfully completed his investigatory project on Applications of Chemistry in Fingerprinting, in the academic session 2012-2013.