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CIVL 232 Design of Structural Concrete

Solution to Assignment 1
1. Solution (a) Two principal types of limited state: Ultimate limit state: The whole structure or its components should not collapse, overturn or buckle when subjected to design loads. Serviceability limit state: The structure should not become unfit for use due to excessive deflection, cracking, vibration and so on. (b) m takes the account of: i. Uncertainties in strength ii. Uncertainties in the accuracy of the methods of analysis f takes the account of: i. ii. iii. iv. Possible increase in loads Inaccurate assessment of the effects of loads Unforeseen stress redistribution Constructional inaccuracies

2. Solution (a) The weight of foundation at A can be determined by considering the following load arrangement:
1.4Gk + 1.6Qk = 46.2 kN/m 1.0Gk = 25 kN/m

1.6Qk = 192 kN

4m

2m

Take moment about B,


25 4 2 + 4 A 46.2 2 1 192 2 = 0 R A = 69.1 kN

(b) Loading case 1: 1.4Gk + 1.6 Qk on span AB and 1.0 Gk on span BC


1.4Gk + 1.6Qk = 46.2 kN/m 1.0Gk = 25 kN/m

4m

2m

Loading case 1

The reaction force at A = 79.9 kN (upward) The reaction force at B = 154.9 kN (upward) The maximum moment location =
79.9 = 1.73 m 46.2

Consider the free body from A to the 1.73 m from A,


79.9 1.73 + 46.2 M max = 69.11 kNm 1.73 2 + M max = 0 2

79.9

50

-50

-104.9 Shear Force Diagram

69.11 Moment Diagram

Loading case 2: 1.4Gk + 1.6 Qk on span AB and 1.0 Gk on span BC 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk = 46.2 kN / m 1 Gk = 25 kN / m 1.6Qk = 192 kN C 2m

4m

Loading case 2 The reaction force at A = 69 kN (downward) The reaction force at B = 64.5 kN (upward)

There is no sagging moment within the span AB -476 192

284.4

-69 -169 Shear Force Diagram Moment Diagram

Loading case 3: 1.4Gk + 1.6 Qk on all spans 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk = 46.2 kN / m 1.6Qk = 192 kN A B C 2m

4m

The reaction force at A = 26 kN (downward) The reaction force at B = 495.9 kN (upward) There is no sagging moment within the span AB -476 192

284.4

26.7 -211.5 Shear Force Diagram Moment Diagram

Shear Envelope: 284.4 79.9 50 26.7 69 -104.9 -169 -211.5 Moment Envelope: -476 Envelope is the largest value for a particular region 192 Envelope is the largest value for a particular region

-50

69.11

3. Solution (1) Loading case 1: 1.4Gk + 1.6 Qk on span AB and CD; 1.0 Gk on span BC

1.4Gk + 1.6Qk = 52kN / m

1 G k = 20 kN / m

1.4Gk + 1.6Qk = 52kN / m

6m 0.385 -156 44 -78 43.6 127.2 0.615 41.7 70.3 -35.2 69.6 127.2

5m 0.615 -41.7 -70.3 35.2 -69.6 -127.2 0.385 156 -44 78 -43.6 127.2

6m
3 1 = 4 6 = 0.385 3 1 1 + 4 6 5

FEM Balanced Carry over

156 -156

-156 156

DFBA

DFBC = 1 0.385 = 0.615

The reaction at A = 134.8 kN (upward) The reactin at B = 227.2 kN (upward) At outer span, the location for maximum moment =
134.8 = 2.6 m 52

The value of M max = 134.8 2.6 52

2.6 2 = 174.7 kNm 2

At inner span, the location for maximum moment = 2.5 m The value of M max = 127.2 20

2.5 2 + 50 2.5 = 64.7 kNm 2

The corresponding Moment diagram is that: -127.2 -64.7 -127.2

174.7

174.7

Loading case 2: 1.4Gk + 1.6 Qk on span BC; 1.0 Gk on span AB and BC

1.4Gk + 1.6Qk = 52kN / m

1 G k = 20 kN / m

1 G k = 20 kN / m

1 G

25 kN /

FEM Balanced Carry over

60 -60

0.385 -60 -18.6 -30 5.8 -100.2

0.615 108.3 -29.7 14.9 9.3 100.2

0.615 -108.3 29.7 -14.9 -9.3 -100.2

0.385 60 18.6 30 -5.8 100.2

-60 60

DFBA

3 1 = 4 6 = 0.385 3 1 1 + 4 6 5

DFBC = 1 0.385 = 0.615

The reaction at A = 43.3 kN (upward) The reactin at B = 206.7kN (upward) At outer span, the location for maximum moment = 43.3 = 2.16 m 20

The value of M max = 43.3 2.16 20

2.16 2 = 46.9 kNm 2

At inner span, the location for maximum moment = 2.5 m The value of M max = 100.2 52 2.5 2 + 130 2.5 = 62.3 kNm 2

The corresponding Moment diagram is that: -100.2 -100.2

46.9

62.3

46.9

Loading case 3: 1.4Gk + 1.6 Qk on all spans

1.4G k + 1.6Q k = 52 kN / m

FEM Balanced Carry over

156 -156

0.385 -156 18.4 -78 35.7 -164.2

0.615 108.3 29.3 -14.7 57 164.2

0.615 -108.3 -29.3 14.7 -57 -164.2

0.385 156 -18.4 78 -35.7 164.2

-156 156

DFBA =

3 1 4 6 = 0.385 3 1 1 + 4 6 5

DFBC = 1 0.385 = 0.615

The reaction at A = 128.6 kN (upward) The reactin at B = 313.4 kN (upward) At outer span, the location for maximum moment = 128.6 = 2.47 m 52

The value of M max = 128.6 2.47 52

2.47 2 = 159 kNm 2

At inner span, the location for maximum moment = 2.5 m The value of M max = 164.2 52 2.5 2 + 130 2.5 = 1.7 kNm 2

The corresponding Moment diagram is that: -164.2 -1.7 -164.2

159 From BS 8110, the design moment is as follows:

159

0.11FL

0.08FL

0.08FL

0.11FL

0.09FL

0.07FL

0.09FL

The corresponding values are:


0.11FL = 0.11 [(1.4 20 + 1.6 15) 6] 6 = 205.9 kNm 0.09 FL = 0.09 [(1.4 20 + 1.6 15) 6] 6 = 168.5 kNm 0.08 FL = 0.08 [(1.4 20 + 1.6 15) 5] 5 = 104 kNm 0.07 FL = 0.07 [(1.4 20 + 1.6 15) 5] 5 = 91 kNm

The values of span and support moment is compared as follows:

Span

Max Sagging Moment (structural analysis)

Max Sagging Moment (BS8110)

Maximum Hogging Moment (structural analysis)

Maximum Hogging Moment (BS8110)

AB BC CD supports

174.7 62.3 174.7 -

168.5 91 168.5 -

64.7 164.2

205.9

Comments on the values determined from BS 8110 and structural analysis:

The method presented in BS 8110 requires that the spans differ by no more than 15 per cent of the longest span. However, in the homework, the difference between two spans is 1 m and the corresponding percentage difference is 1/6 = 16.67%.

Under this condition, BS 8110 method may not predict the possible occurrence of the hogging moment in the middle span and it seems that it is unconservative for the outer span design moment. Nevertheless, the values are still conservative for inner span and supports.

4. Solution

y 32 m

B: 10k 15 m A: 5k 20 m

D: 10k

+
Centre of rotation

E: 15k

C: 5k x 20 m F = 100 kN

(1) The relative stiffnesses of the walls orientated in x and y directions are

k
x=

= 5 + 10 + 15 = 30 ;

= 10 + 5 = 15

Taking moments of kx about the axis y-y of Wall A,

( k x ) = 5 0 + 10 32 + 15 40 = 30.67 m 30 k
x x

Taking moments of ky about the axis x-x of Wall C,


y=

( k y ) = 10 15 + 5 0 = 10 m 15 k
y y

The location of the centre of rotation ( x , y ) = (30.67m,10m) . (2) The torsional moment is M t = F ( x 20) = 100 (30.67 20) = 1067 kNm (clockwise) (3) Calculation of applied forces in Walls B and D:

(kr

) = 5 30.67 2 +10 (15 10) 2 + 5 102

+ 10 (32 30.67)2 + 15 (40 30.67)2 = 6776.67 k B rB PB = Pd + Pr = 0 + M t (kr 2 )


10 (15 10) = 7.87 kN 6776.67 k k D rD PD = Pd + Pr = F D M t k (kr 2 ) = 0 + 1067

= 100

10 10 (32 30.67) 1067 = 31.24 kN 30 6776.67


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