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Solution to Assignment 1
1. Solution (a) Two principal types of limited state: Ultimate limit state: The whole structure or its components should not collapse, overturn or buckle when subjected to design loads. Serviceability limit state: The structure should not become unfit for use due to excessive deflection, cracking, vibration and so on. (b) m takes the account of: i. Uncertainties in strength ii. Uncertainties in the accuracy of the methods of analysis f takes the account of: i. ii. iii. iv. Possible increase in loads Inaccurate assessment of the effects of loads Unforeseen stress redistribution Constructional inaccuracies
2. Solution (a) The weight of foundation at A can be determined by considering the following load arrangement:
1.4Gk + 1.6Qk = 46.2 kN/m 1.0Gk = 25 kN/m
1.6Qk = 192 kN
4m
2m
4m
2m
Loading case 1
The reaction force at A = 79.9 kN (upward) The reaction force at B = 154.9 kN (upward) The maximum moment location =
79.9 = 1.73 m 46.2
79.9
50
-50
Loading case 2: 1.4Gk + 1.6 Qk on span AB and 1.0 Gk on span BC 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk = 46.2 kN / m 1 Gk = 25 kN / m 1.6Qk = 192 kN C 2m
4m
Loading case 2 The reaction force at A = 69 kN (downward) The reaction force at B = 64.5 kN (upward)
284.4
Loading case 3: 1.4Gk + 1.6 Qk on all spans 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk = 46.2 kN / m 1.6Qk = 192 kN A B C 2m
4m
The reaction force at A = 26 kN (downward) The reaction force at B = 495.9 kN (upward) There is no sagging moment within the span AB -476 192
284.4
Shear Envelope: 284.4 79.9 50 26.7 69 -104.9 -169 -211.5 Moment Envelope: -476 Envelope is the largest value for a particular region 192 Envelope is the largest value for a particular region
-50
69.11
3. Solution (1) Loading case 1: 1.4Gk + 1.6 Qk on span AB and CD; 1.0 Gk on span BC
1 G k = 20 kN / m
6m 0.385 -156 44 -78 43.6 127.2 0.615 41.7 70.3 -35.2 69.6 127.2
5m 0.615 -41.7 -70.3 35.2 -69.6 -127.2 0.385 156 -44 78 -43.6 127.2
6m
3 1 = 4 6 = 0.385 3 1 1 + 4 6 5
156 -156
-156 156
DFBA
The reaction at A = 134.8 kN (upward) The reactin at B = 227.2 kN (upward) At outer span, the location for maximum moment =
134.8 = 2.6 m 52
At inner span, the location for maximum moment = 2.5 m The value of M max = 127.2 20
174.7
174.7
1 G k = 20 kN / m
1 G k = 20 kN / m
1 G
25 kN /
60 -60
-60 60
DFBA
3 1 = 4 6 = 0.385 3 1 1 + 4 6 5
The reaction at A = 43.3 kN (upward) The reactin at B = 206.7kN (upward) At outer span, the location for maximum moment = 43.3 = 2.16 m 20
At inner span, the location for maximum moment = 2.5 m The value of M max = 100.2 52 2.5 2 + 130 2.5 = 62.3 kNm 2
46.9
62.3
46.9
1.4G k + 1.6Q k = 52 kN / m
156 -156
-156 156
DFBA =
3 1 4 6 = 0.385 3 1 1 + 4 6 5
The reaction at A = 128.6 kN (upward) The reactin at B = 313.4 kN (upward) At outer span, the location for maximum moment = 128.6 = 2.47 m 52
At inner span, the location for maximum moment = 2.5 m The value of M max = 164.2 52 2.5 2 + 130 2.5 = 1.7 kNm 2
159
0.11FL
0.08FL
0.08FL
0.11FL
0.09FL
0.07FL
0.09FL
Span
AB BC CD supports
168.5 91 168.5 -
64.7 164.2
205.9
The method presented in BS 8110 requires that the spans differ by no more than 15 per cent of the longest span. However, in the homework, the difference between two spans is 1 m and the corresponding percentage difference is 1/6 = 16.67%.
Under this condition, BS 8110 method may not predict the possible occurrence of the hogging moment in the middle span and it seems that it is unconservative for the outer span design moment. Nevertheless, the values are still conservative for inner span and supports.
4. Solution
y 32 m
B: 10k 15 m A: 5k 20 m
D: 10k
+
Centre of rotation
E: 15k
C: 5k x 20 m F = 100 kN
(1) The relative stiffnesses of the walls orientated in x and y directions are
k
x=
= 5 + 10 + 15 = 30 ;
= 10 + 5 = 15
( k x ) = 5 0 + 10 32 + 15 40 = 30.67 m 30 k
x x
( k y ) = 10 15 + 5 0 = 10 m 15 k
y y
The location of the centre of rotation ( x , y ) = (30.67m,10m) . (2) The torsional moment is M t = F ( x 20) = 100 (30.67 20) = 1067 kNm (clockwise) (3) Calculation of applied forces in Walls B and D:
(kr
= 100