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This document discusses the concept of urban acupuncture and its potential application in Indonesia. It begins by describing acupuncture in traditional Chinese medicine, where the human body is seen as an energy system and acupuncture involves inserting needles to unblock energy flows. It then draws an analogy between this and urban acupuncture, where a city is viewed as an energy system and small, targeted interventions can improve energy flows and address issues. The document examines examples of urban acupuncture projects and concludes that various cities around the world have successfully applied it, suggesting it could also be applied in Indonesian cities to help address problems in a minimally invasive way.
Descrizione originale:
This paper intends to study the concept of urban acupuncture and its application to deal with urban problems. Urban acupuncture basically is a philosophy that is used to solve social problems in urban areas. In urban acupuncture, a city regarded as the human body. The physical structures that exist in a city such as buildings, public spaces and streets regarded as Zang-Fu in Chinese Traditional Medicine system, while the pattern of activity and movement of people in the city regarded as Qi, energy that flow in the body. The main purpose of urban acupuncture is to maintain energy flows in the body (city) so it can work properly.
At the beginning of the paper will described the origin of urban acupuncture concept and it application in urban design. Some examples of urban acupuncture project will be studied so we can see the basic requirements to conduct some urban acupuncture projects. At the end of the paper we can concluded whether it is possible to conduct urban acupuncture project in Indonesia as an alternative strategy for city improvement.
From some examples of urban acupuncture projects that has been studied, it can be concluded that there are no physical prerequisites that must be met to be able to implement an urban acupuncture project, both in terms of scale, location, population, and cultural values or social community. Urban acupuncture basically can be applied in accordance with the conditions of any physical, political, economic, social and cultural society.
Titolo originale
Arte-Polis 4_UrbUrban Acupuncture: Application Prospects in Indonesia
Case Study : Barrio Caracas
an Acupuncture
This document discusses the concept of urban acupuncture and its potential application in Indonesia. It begins by describing acupuncture in traditional Chinese medicine, where the human body is seen as an energy system and acupuncture involves inserting needles to unblock energy flows. It then draws an analogy between this and urban acupuncture, where a city is viewed as an energy system and small, targeted interventions can improve energy flows and address issues. The document examines examples of urban acupuncture projects and concludes that various cities around the world have successfully applied it, suggesting it could also be applied in Indonesian cities to help address problems in a minimally invasive way.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Scarica in formato PDF, TXT o leggi online su Scribd
This document discusses the concept of urban acupuncture and its potential application in Indonesia. It begins by describing acupuncture in traditional Chinese medicine, where the human body is seen as an energy system and acupuncture involves inserting needles to unblock energy flows. It then draws an analogy between this and urban acupuncture, where a city is viewed as an energy system and small, targeted interventions can improve energy flows and address issues. The document examines examples of urban acupuncture projects and concludes that various cities around the world have successfully applied it, suggesting it could also be applied in Indonesian cities to help address problems in a minimally invasive way.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Formati disponibili
Scarica in formato PDF, TXT o leggi online su Scribd
Arte-Polis 4 Intl Conference - Creative Connectivity and the Making of Place: Living Smart by Design 1
Urban Acupuncture: Application Prospects in Indonesia
Case Study : Barrio Caracas
Khaerani ADENAN Magister Student of Architecture Institut Teknologi Bandung INDONESIA khaerani.adenan@gmail.com
Ratih Ayuningtyas HARIYANTO Architect Eng.Ing.Eng INDONESIA ratih.hariyanto@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
This paper intends to study the concept of urban acupuncture and its application to deal with urban problems. Urban acupuncture basically is a philosophy that is used to solve social problems in urban areas. In urban acupuncture, a city regarded as the human body. The physical structures that exist in a city such as buildings, public spaces and streets regarded as Zang-Fu in Chinese Traditional Medicine system, while the pattern of activity and movement of people in the city regarded as Qi, energy that flow in the body. The main purpose of urban acupuncture is to maintain energy flows in the body (city) so it can work properly.
At the beginning of the paper will described the origin of urban acupuncture concept and it application in urban design. Some examples of urban acupuncture project will be studied so we can see the basic requirements to conduct some urban acupuncture projects. At the end of the paper we can concluded whether it is possible to conduct urban acupuncture project in Indonesia as an alternative strategy for city improvement.
From some examples of urban acupuncture projects that has been studied, it can be concluded that there are no physical prerequisites that must be met to be able to implement an urban acupuncture project, both in terms of scale, location, population, and cultural values or social community. Urban acupuncture basically can be applied in accordance with the conditions of any physical, political, economic, social and cultural society.
Keywords: Urban Acupuncture, Indonesia, Urban Design, Planning Policies
ACUPUNTURE AS CURATIVE METHODS
The word acupuncture comes from the Latin acus, "needle", and pungere, "to prick". Acupuncture has been known as one of the traditional medicinethat originated from East Asia, although in Europe also found Otzi the Iceman, a Urban Acupuncture : Application in Indonesia. Case Study : Caracas Barrio, ADENAN, HARIYANTO Arte-Polis 4 Intl Conference - Creative Connectivity and the Making of Place: Living Smart by Design 2 mummified 5000-year-old with tattoos on his body which lay in places where the point of acupuncture treatment in the present. Written evidence of acupuncture is found in China, in the form of a hieroglyphic which comes from the Shang Dynasty (1600-1100BCE). After that also found the literature on the theory of the use of acupuncture in China, J apan and Korea . In Traditional Chinese Medicine theory, the human body is considered as a whole system consisting of multiple-function systemknown as Zang-Fu. Zang represent solid body systems, for example, organs such as liver and heart, while Fu system related to the hollow organs such as colon.
Zang-Fu system in the body covering 12 main channels, namely: lung, colon, stomach, spleen, heart, small intestine, bladder, kidney, pericardium, bladder, liver and intangibles organ , San J iao. There is an energy that flow called Qi in the system of Zang-Fu the. Qi is the energy or life force that governs a person's spiritual, emotional, mental, and physical health. Qi flows in a fixed path or channel called Meridian. When the Qi is not flowing smoothly, there will be interference with the human condition. Healing someone with acupuncture at a point in clogged meridian with a tool, so the flow of Qi will return normally and the condition of the body also restored.
In order to reach a point in Meridian takes appropriate action of acupuncture. Pressure exerted on the surface should be small, resembling a point. Certain point in the flow of Qi in Meridian has a different effect on the body; therefore it is used in the treatment of acupuncture needles that have hit the surface resembling a point.
In addition to the concept of Qi and Meridian, the theory of traditional Chinese medicine also uses Yin-Yang principle, the concept of two opposing forces but complementary. Yin represents the cold nature, slow, or passive, while Yang represents hot, excited, or active. Yin represents the energy flow of Qi and blood, while Yang is the cavity or where the flow path. In principle, a person's health is achieved when there is a balance between Yin and Yang. When there is an imbalance, then the condition of the body will decrease. Therefore acupuncture means to smooth the flow of energy.
There are standard rules regarding the way the energy flows in the Zang-Fu system. Qi energy always flow orderly moving from place to place. If in a function-body systems Qi energy flow does not run properly, it will affect the function, and the system will affected. Interruption in the flow of Qi cannot be seen directly by the acupuncturist. An acupuncturist can only see the physical symptoms of disease appear. With the guidance of physical symptoms, the acupuncturist will look for the disturbed flow, to determine the main cause of the disease. When the cause is known, the acupuncturist will find which of the point that must be punctured and how these puncture deliver maximum results for their patients.
The theory of traditional Chinese medicine, including acupuncture, is still regarded as a pre-paradigm in contemporary medicine. Although many people who use acupuncture as an alternative treatment, but the principles of traditional Chinese medicine is still difficult to put into the understanding of contemporary medical science. The main principle of acupuncture that is not yet understood by contemporary medical science is the existence of Qi and Meridian. Meridian and Qi energy flow is not tangible, and is regarded as something that is not visible and therefore cannot be proven its existence.
Urban Acupuncture : Application in Indonesia. Case Study : Caracas Barrio, ADENAN, HARIYANTO Arte-Polis 4 Intl Conference - Creative Connectivity and the Making of Place: Living Smart by Design 3
ACUPUNCTURE ANALOGY IN URBAN DESIGN
In urban acupuncture, the city considered as a human body. The body consists of various energy systems that sustain life. Physical structures that exist in a city, buildings, public spaces and streets are an analogy to Zang-Fu System, while the activity patterns and population movements are an analogy to the flow of Qi, energy flowing in the body. J ust as the principles of acupuncture, which became a major interest in urban design is to keep the flow of Qi energy running smoothly. The main purpose of acupuncture is that the urban area can run all its activities and functions well.
J aime Lerner presents his analogies; he said that cars in the city streets as an 'urban cholesterol'. If the roads are the arteries and veins of the body, the car depicted as cholesterol that clogs. With this analogy, Lerner encouraged more people to use public transport. (Lerner, 2003).
Many people choose acupuncture as a treatment method, because acupuncture can make things better around the body with just a pin prick in one small spot on the body, no treatment is required, such as a large and risky surgery. The human body is just like a city that has been built in hundreds of years old, very difficult to do large-scale improvements. Therefore, one alternative strategy to improve the city is to use urban acupuncture. With urban acupuncture, improvements at some point of the city are expected to give effect to all parts of the city.
To be able to take small actions that have a positive effect to all parts of the city, one need to understand the analogy and principles of acupuncture treatment. Acupuncturist should be able to determine the exact point to be able to heal the body of the patient. Similarly, in urban design, an urban designer should be able to determine the right location to improve that will provide benefits to all parts of the city. To determine the location, the acupuncturist should know the symptoms, causes, and determine the patient's illness.
Symptoms of the disease in the city can be diagnosed by observing the daily activities of residents. A common problem in a city is congestion, air pollution, waste, slums, and the problems of lack of public space for residents. Problems faced by every city might be the same, but the cause of the problem is not necessarily the same. Two different cities that have public transportation problems could have a different approach to problem solving. The first city problem could possibly solved by building a subway, while the second city problem may not necessarily solve the problem the same way, in different reasons of financial, geographical, or social behaviors, the same solution will become useless. Urban designer as an acupuncturist should be able to read the symptoms and determine the cause of the disease, so it can push the needle in the right place.
THE CONCEPT OF URBAN ACUPUNCTURE
Urban acupuncture is basically a philosophy that is used to solve social problems that exist in urban areas. The term 'Urban Acupuncture' was first stated by Manuel de Sola-Morales. (Shieh, 2006). Through the concept of urban acupuncture, Manuel Urban Acupuncture : Application in Indonesia. Case Study : Caracas Barrio, ADENAN, HARIYANTO Arte-Polis 4 Intl Conference - Creative Connectivity and the Making of Place: Living Smart by Design 4 de Sola-Morales tried to solve urban problems through projects of strategic architecture. The concept of urban acupuncture refers to urban interventions that are healing, can be built in a short time and spontaneously able to improve the surrounding environment.
In contrast to the view of Sola-Morales, urban acupuncture developed by a Finnish architect, Professor Marco Casagrande, more inclined to the establishment of a sustainable ecological environment. According to Casagrande, urban design is a very complex process, so it takes a long time and cannot produce immediate effects, while urban acupuncture offers an effective process and requires a relatively short time for planning and application. In accordance with the principles of acupuncture, urban acupuncture requires pressure on the right point to produce a rapid effect to all parts of the city. With the concept of urban acupuncture, Casagrande developed a technique to suppress the points where the of urban energy flows to encourage the development of ecological and sustainable city.
Urban acupuncture is an important theory of urban development in science today, especially for old cities that have old-structured as European cities, where there is not possible to do large scale environmental changes. What can be done is a careful act of small-scale planning, with major impact on improving environmental quality. A small-scale urban planning acupuncture is called Point Operation.
The main objective to be achieved from urban acupuncture is 'Cities for People' . According to J aime Lerner (2003), the cities of today are not designed for human comfort, but for the circulation of cars, and lots of private spaces are provided over the public space. Many cities have lost the element of its humanity, when they began to modify the three public spaces, namely the rivers, streets and town square. (Lerner, 2003).
Urban acupuncture in view of Lerner not only concerned with the formation of the physical aspects of a city, but also the formation of human culture of its inhabitants. Citizens must learn to understand the city, so they can appreciate the city. If citizens can appreciate their own city, then they will be able to start understanding the neighborhood. There is no one understood the potential of an environment, but those who live in it.
Urban acupuncture, operating in urban environments which scale is relatively small. Therefore we need a deep and close understanding of the object. There is no standard theory in urban acupuncture, since all the urban problems of the system depend on shared values of its citizens . If the design is based on local cultural and social values, then there will be an opportunity to see the problem in a more inclusive, pluralistic and democratic. Without an understanding of the social values of local culture, policy making will not reach the level of detail required by the urban acupuncture. Any decision must also consider the value systems, in order to set the proper acupuncture points. (Landry, 2005)
URBAN ACUPUNCTURE PROJECT EXAMPLE : CARACAS BARRIO
Informal settlements are one characteristic of developing countries. This area is arising as a result of poor control of the growth of society. Caracas barrio is one example of the growing squatter settlements that happens because of social Urban Acupuncture : Application in Indonesia. Case Study : Caracas Barrio, ADENAN, HARIYANTO Arte-Polis 4 Intl Conference - Creative Connectivity and the Making of Place: Living Smart by Design 5 segregation and indifference to the city government. Poverty and poor environmental quality leads to high rates of violence and crime in this neighborhood. Physical conditions are very dense settlements, and limited transportation routes also complicate the process of improving the environment, because basically it is difficult to hold a major planning in informal settlement area without displacing people's homes.
Caracas is the capital and largest city in Venezuela. The city is famous for its high violence and crime. Almost every day wars between gangs happen in this city. In the year 1950 - 1970, there was a modernization program in the city that attracted many new entrants and increased the number of squatter around Caracas. Uncontrolled numbers of settlers made the area increasingly crowded. Currently area of Caracas Barrio reached 4x wide limits that had been set by the city of Caracas in 1950. 60% of the Caracas city population lives in this dense area. No infrastructure is prepared to build housing in this area. Barrio residents always have difficulty to obtain clean water or electricity.
For nearly 40 years, Caracas Barrio area is considered as not part of the city. In 1989, the city government began to acknowledge the existence of Caracas Barrio. With the physical state of a very dense settlement, basically it is difficult to hold a major planning in this area without displacing people's homes. Therefore, the government had only provided some social assistance. For example, lowering the price of food, making some kitchen program, providing supply of electricity and providing supply for building materials.
An NGO called Caracas Think Tank tries to provide the best solution for the Barrio area. The NGO is driven by a firm of architects called the Urban Think Tank. Urban Think Tank began this project by organizing discussion forums with the local barrio community. Next they make research and propose design solutions. The results were presented to the design of institutions and politicians that the parties are able to fund and realize the project. Urban Think Tank also brought many issues that raised in Caracas Barrio to many International seminars, and invite a lot of researchers to provide solutions in the planning area of Barrio. Some project funds are obtained from the National Foundation for Art and Culture of the Federal Republic of Germany, and partly from the Caracas Government.
Vertical Gymnasium to Reduce Crime (2001-2004)
Crime is a major problem Caracas. To overcome the problem of crime is not enough to rely on the police. Urban Think Tank made further observations to find the cause. They concluded that the lack of community activities to do in the dense area is one of the factors that cause high rates of violence. Poverty, the physical state of the dense settlements, and the lack of public open land, make social activities is limited, and limited social activities lead to criminal acts. Criminal acts are threat to the comforts of life not only for barrio community but also for the city of Caracas as a whole.
Urban Think Tank designed a Vertical Gymnasium in Barrio La Cruz area, an area which has the highest rates of violence. Because of limited land, the Gymnasium is made vertical. Building area is 2500m2 and consists of four floors. The Gymnasium has some facilities such as; the basketball court, dance studio, jogging track, weight lifting room, soccer field and swimming pool at the top of the building. This Urban Acupuncture : Application in Indonesia. Case Study : Caracas Barrio, ADENAN, HARIYANTO Arte-Polis 4 Intl Conference - Creative Connectivity and the Making of Place: Living Smart by Design 6 structure also allows the building to be used for music concerts or conference events.
The Vertical Gymnasium is open for free for seven days a week from morning until late at night. According to city statistics, since this place opened, the rate of robberies, murders and other crimes decreased by approximately 30%. Although no hard data that says that the Vertical Gymnasium decline is a major cause of crime, but the area of Barrio La Cruz barrio has become a relatively safe when compared to the other barrio in Caracas.
Metro Cable Station
Caracas Barrio areas are located on hill slope. The houses stood leaning against the hill, without a stable foundation, so a transportation is a major problem. Barrio residents have to walk for 2.5 hours to reach the Caracas city center, because vehicles cannot enter the barrio solid region. In 1993, the Caracas city government planned to make roads by displacing 1/3 barrio area and create about 50,000 residents homeless. This plan raised the anger of the Barrio community. Urban Think tank suggested to make the Metro Cable System which can link the five barrios with the downtown area of Caracas.
After a thorough research and planning, this project began in April 2007. There were 5 stations that planned to be built with for 2.1 km cable car route. The route starts and stops relatively near to public transport in the formal City. With the cable car, a trip that normally can be reached in 2.5 hours on foot can be reached in 20 minutes. The station buildings were lifted, so not many houses are demolished for building the stations. Each station will have health care, day care, supermarkets, recreation areas, open space and public space. Each station is designed to have a public space and facilities in different activities. In addition, as a passenger transit, the stations also serve as a community center for the barrio
In February 2010 one of the routes of the station has just opened, and still under evaluation. The project is expected to eliminate the segregation of the population between Barrio community and the community who live in the city center. With this mode of transportation, Barrio residents can save a lot of time to travel, and increase productive time to work and could eventually have an impact on improving the economy for the barrio.
CONCLUSION
Area settlements and problems are part of the city. City governments in developing countries often adopted a policy to displace the stretcher area as measures to eliminate the problems of the city. But evictions without providing a new place will not eliminate the social problems facing society. They will remain poor, stupid and even worse they do not have a place to stay and will eventually lead to new settlements.
Any informal areas in the cities in developing countries have distinctive features and problems of each. Because of this growing area informally, then there is no fixed rule to handle it. From the two examples above projects can be concluded that to address social problems in the slum area to do a more thorough examination of Urban Acupuncture : Application in Indonesia. Case Study : Caracas Barrio, ADENAN, HARIYANTO Arte-Polis 4 Intl Conference - Creative Connectivity and the Making of Place: Living Smart by Design 7 the social, economic and environmental areas. That way the disease can be known or actual problems and appropriate action can be taken.
From the urban acupuncture examples that already exist, it can be concluded that no physical prerequisites that must be met to be able to implement urban acupuncture, both in terms of scale, location, population, and cultural or social values. Urban acupuncture can be applied in accordance with the conditions of any physical, political, economic, social and cultural societies.
The main thing that is required in the urban acupuncture is the same as the the treatment of acupuncture, which is a thorough examination. In acupuncture treatment, acupuncturist should be able to recognize the symptoms of the disease. Acupuncturist, just as a doctor, must knowing the patient's medical history,taking feedback from the patient, paying attention to physical symptoms that occur, finding the main cause, trying to find a correlation between aspects of one another, so it can be determined what steps to take for a well functioning system.
People suffering from fever, the cause can vary. Fever is only the physical appearance of symptoms of various diseases that become major problems.The analogy of diseases physical symptom can be applied to problems of transportation in the city. Various policies have been taken to tackle traffic congestion in Jakarta, some of which are adopted from the successful policies implemented in the cities of Curitiba and Bogota, such as car-free day, bus rapid transit system, the system 3-in-1, construction of flyovers, as well as the monorail system that is still uncertain. Congestion is a symptom of physical appearance, the cause of this disease must be diagnosed with certainty because the problems that appeared are not always the real problem.
In Indonesia, the government policies are quite less supportive to the paradigm of "Cities for People '. Each part of the city is still not well connected. The lack of public transport, pedestrian paths that are not well maintained and unsafe bicycle lanes makes people prefer to use private vehicles. Too many vehicles that are used make the streets became crowded and often cause traffic.
From the precedent of existing projects, it can be concluded that urban acupuncture not always have to be done by policy makers, but can also be initiated by the community. An example that can be done as urban acupuncture in the city is the area under the Pasopati flyover, which at present are use as homeless shelter, junk disposal, and illegal parking spot. The situation makes the area is dark and dangerous at night. The provision of lighting will encourage community activism in the area at night, so the benefits and environmental quality under the bridge Pasopati can be improved.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Urban Acupuncture : Application in Indonesia. Case Study : Caracas Barrio, ADENAN, HARIYANTO