Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Overview
Return to Fundamentals of High-Speed Digitizers This tutorial recommends tips and techniques for using National Instruments high-speed digitizers to build the most effective data sampling system possible. In this tutorial, you will learn fundamental information about the underlying theory of sampling with a high speed digitizer and various methods to optimize the performance of your data sampling. This section of the tutorial covers the topics below.
Table of Contents
1. Why Do We Need Frequency Domain Analysis? 2. What is FFT and Where Does It Come From? 3. The Power Spectrum
(1) where x(t) is the time domain signal, X(f) is the FFT, and ft is the frequency to analyze. Similarly, the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) maps discrete-time sequences into discrete-frequency representations. DFT is given by the following equation:
(2) where x is the input sequence, X is the DFT, and n is the number of samples in both the discrete-time and the discrete-frequency domains. Direct implementation of the DFT, as shown in equation 2 above, requires approximately n^2 complex operations. However, computationally efficient algorithms can require as little as n log2(n) operations. These algorithms are FFTs, as shown in equations 4, 5, and 6. When you use the DFT, the Fourier transform of any sequence x, whether it is real or complex, always results in a complex output sequence X of the following form:
1/2
www.ni.com
(4) where the (n-i)^th element of X contains the result of the -i^th harmonic. Furthermore, if x is real, the i^th harmonic and the -i^th harmonic are complex conjugates: (5) Consequently, (6) and (7) These symmetrical Fourier properties of real sequences are referred to as conjugate symmetric (equation 5), symmetric or even-symmetric (equation 6), and anti-symmetric or odd-symmetric (equation 7). The use of the FFT for frequency analysis implies two important relationships. 1. The first relationship links the highest frequency that can be analyzed (Fmax) to the sampling frequency (fs) (see discussion of the Nyquist theorem).
(8) 1. The second relationship links the frequency resolution (f) to the total acquisition time (T), which is related to the sampling frequency (fs) and the block size of the FFT (N).
(9)
The FFT spectrum output is complex; that is, every frequency component has a magnitude and phase. The phase is relative to the start of the time record, or relative to a cosine wave starting at the beginning of the time record. Single-channel phase measurements are stable only if the input signal is triggered. Dual-channel phase measurements compute phase differences between channels so that if the channels are simultaneously sampled, triggering is usually not necessary. Applications that use FFT analysis are quite extensive. Those applications requiring fast response times, such as transient analysis, vibration and shock testing use FFT analysis. Preventative maintenance and structural dynamics testing also use FFT analysis primarily in their applications. Link to Begin the FFT Tutorial now See Also: Using Fast Fourier Transforms and Power Spectra in LabVIEW The Fundamentals of FFT-Based Signal Analysis and Measurement in LabVIEW and LabWindows/CVI Spectrum Analyzer Determined by Choice of Measurements
2/2
www.ni.com