Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

2. 2.1 1.

FORCE AND MOTION ANALYSING LINEAR MOTION Types of physical quantity: (i) (ii) Scalar quantity: . Vector quantity: istance: isplacement: The followin" dia"ram shows the location of &ohor 'ahru and esaru. (ou can tra)el by car usin" e%istin" road )ia *ota Tin""i+ or tra)el by a small plane alon" strai"ht path. ,alculate how far it is from &ohor 'ahru to esaru if you tra)eled by: a. The car b. The plane *ota Tin""i #1 0m .! 0m

Distance and displacement

2.

The difference between distance and displacement: (i) (ii)

!. #.

istance always lon"er than displacement. $%ample:

Solution:

&ohor 'ahru

2/ 0m

esaru

Speed and velocity 1. 2. !. #. .. Speed is .. Velocity is: ..... -)era"e of speed: -)era"e of )elocity: ... $%ample:

-n aeroplane flies from - to '+ which is located !// 0m east of -. 1pon reachin" '+ the aeroplane then flies to ,+ which is located #// 0m north. The total time of fli"ht is # hours.

20 0 2 = 10 m s-2

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

,alculate i. The speed of the aeroplane ii. The )elocity of the aeroplane iii. Acceleration and deceleration Study the phenomenon below3

1.

/ m s71

2/ m s71

#/ m s71

4bser)ation: 2. !. -cceleration is+ . Or, a v u Then+ a 5 t $%ample of acceleration3 t52s t52s

' ,

/ m s71 ,alculate the acceleration of car3 i) ii) #. .. from - to ' 6rom ' to ,

2/ m s71

#/ m s71

eceleration happens ... $%ample of deceleration3 - lorry is mo)in" at !/ m s71+ when suddenly the dri)er steps on the bra0es and it stop . seconds later. ,alculate the deceleration of lorry.

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

Analysing o motion 1. 8inear motion can be studied in the laboratory usin" a tic0er timer and a tic0er tape. 9efer te%t boo0 photo picture 2.# pa"e 22. (i) etermination of time:

(ii)

% y (iii)

etermination of displacement as the len"th of tic0er tape o)er a period of time.

. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . .
...

etermine the type of motion3

(i))

etermination of )elocity

.
)

displacement 5 Velocity+ ) ;
<

time 5 ..

())

etermine the acceleration 2 8en"th:cm

. # ! 2 1 / u

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

T!e e"#ation o motion 1. 2.

tic0s

The important symbols : .. The list of important formula3

!.

$%ample 1 : - car tra)elin" with a )elocity of 1/ m s71 accelerates uniformly at a rate of ! m s72 for 2/ s. ,alculate the displacement of the car while it is acceleratin".

$%ample 2 : - )an that is tra)elin" with )elocity 12 m s71 decelerates until it comes to rest. =f the distance tra)eled is ; m+ calculate the deceleration of the )an.

E$ecise 2.% 1.

8en"th : cm 6i"ure 2.1 shows a tape chart consistin" of .7tic0 strip. escribe 12 the motion represented by -' and ',. =n each case+ determine the 3 12 (a) displacement ; # # / ' , Time:s

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

(b)

a)era"e )elocity 6i"ure 2.1

(c)

acceleration

2.

- car mo)in" with constant )elocity of #/ ms71 . The dri)er saw and obtacle in front and he immediately stepped on the bra0e pedal and mana"ed to stop the car in ; s. The distance of the obstacle from the car when the dri)er spotted it was 1;/ m. >ow far is the obstacles from the car has sttoped.

2.2

ANA&'SIN( MOTION (RA)*S

/m /s

1//m 1/s

2//m 2/s

!//m !/s

#//m #/s

.//m ./s

displacement time

The data of the motion of the car can be presented. T!e displacement+time (rap! a) displacement (m) ?raph analysis: time (s) . ...

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

b)

displacement (m)

?raph analysis: .. time (s) . ?raph analysis: .

c)

displacement (m)

time (s) d) isplacement (m)

.. ?raph analysis: . ..

time (s) e) displacement (m)

?raph analysis: .. .. ..

time (s) .. f) displacement (m) ' ?raph analysis: .. .. 4 , time (s) 2

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

T!e velocity+time (rap! a) ): m s71 ?raph analysis: .. .. t b) ): m s71 t :s ?raph analysis: .... t t :s

c)

) (m s71)

?raph analysis: ...

t1 d) ) (m s71)

t2

t (s) ?raph analysis: ....... .. t (s) ....

e)

) (m s71)

?raph analysis: ...... .

..

<

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

t (s) E$amples 1. s:m

P Q

,alculate:7 (i) Velocity o)er 4@+ A9 and 9S (ii) isplacement Solution :

;
S

t:s

2.

):m s71 1/ .
P

,alculate:7 (i) acceleration+a o)er 4@+ @A and A9 (ii) isplacement

Q

Solution :

1/

t:s

E$cercise 2.2 1. (a) s:m (b) s:m 1/ t:s 7. / 71/ 6i"ure 2.21 escribe and interpret the motion of a body which is represented by the displacement time "raphs in 6i"ure 2.21 2 # t:s t:s (c) s:m

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

2.

escribe and interpret the motion of body which is represented by the )elocity7time "raphs shown in fi"ure 2.22. =n each case+ find the distance co)ered by the body and its displacement (a) ):m s71 (b) ):m s71 1/ t:s 7. / 71/ 6i"ure 2.22 2 # t:s

2., 1. 2. !. #.

-NDERSTANDIN( INERTIA Beanin" of inertia : ...

Idea o inertia

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

Mass and inertia 1. The child and an adult are "i)en a push to swin". (i) (ii) 2. !. which one of them will be more difficult to be mo)ed ... which one of them will be more difficult to stopD .

The relationship between mass and inertia : . .. The lar"er mass .

E ects o inertia 1. @ositi)e effect : (i) (ii) (iii) 2. (i) ...

Ee"ati)e effect : .

.. (ii) (iii) (i)) E$ecise 2., 1. Fhat is inertiaD oes 2 0" roc0 ha)e twice the inertia of 1 0" roc0D 2.

1/

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

6i"ure 2+! - wooden dowel is fitted in a hole throu"h a wooden bloc0 as shown in fi"ure 2.!1. $%plain what happen when we (a) stri0e the top of the dowel with a hammer+ (b) hit the end of the dowel on the floor. 2.. 1. 2. !. ANA&'SIN( MOMENT-M Fhen an obGect ic mo)in"+ ... The amount of momentum ... Bomentum is defined.

Idea o moment#m

Conservation o moment#m

11

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion mg

mb

vb

vg = 0

(mb H m") Startin" position before she catches the ball Receiving a massive ball

vb&g

vb mb Startin" position before she throws the ball

vg m"

Throwing a massive ball

T!e principle o conservation o moment#m / 1. $lastic collision ... u1 m1 u2 m2 m1 )2 m2

'efore collision 2.

after collision

=nelastic collision :... u1 12

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

m1

u2 5 / m2

) m1 H m2

'efore collision !. e%plosion :

after collision

........ )1 )2 m2

(m1 H m2)+ u 5 /

'efore e%plosion

after e%plosion

$%ample 1 :

,ar -

,ar '

,ar - of mass 1// 0" tra)elin" at !/ m s71 collides with ,ar ' of mass C/ 0" tra)elin" at 2/ m s71 in front of it. ,ar - and ' mo)e separately after collision. =f ,ar - is still mo)in" at 2. m s71 after collision+ determine the )elocity of ,ar ' after collision. Solution :

1!

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

$%ample 2 : ,ar - of mass 1// 0" tra)elin" at !/ m s71 collides with ,ar ' of mass C/ 0" tra)elin" at 2/ m s71 in front of it. ,ar - is pulled by ,ar ' after collision. etermine the common )elocity of ,ar - and ' after collision. Solution :

$%ample ! : - bullet of mass 2 " is shot from a "un of mass 1 0" with a )elocity of 1./ m s71 . ,alculate the )elocity of the recoil of the "un after firin". Solution :

E$ercise 2.. 1. -n arrow of mass 1./ " is shot into a wooden bloc0 of mass #./ " lyin" at rest on a smooth surface. -t the moment of impact+ the arrow is tra)ellin" horiIontally at 1. ms71. ,alculate the common )elocity after the impact.

2.

- riffle of mass ../ 0" fires a bullet of mass ./ " with a )elocity of ;/ m s71 .,alculate the recoil )elocity. $%plain why the recoil )elocity of a riflle is much less than the )elocity of the bullet.

2.0

-NDERSTANDIN( T*E EFFECT OF A FORCE 1#

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

Idea o orce 1. Fhat will happen when force act to an obGectD Idea o 1alanced orces 1. -n obGect is said to be in balance when it is: 2. Stationary obGect Stationary obGect e%planation : ... !. -n obGect mo)in" with uniform )elocity .. ... e%planation : ..

.. .. .. .. ...

1.

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

Idea o #n1alanced orces 1. 2. A body is said to be in unbalanced .. .. Relations!ip 1et2een orces3 mass and acceleration 4F 5 ma6 !"periment 2 2 page 2# -im : To in)esti"ate the relationship between acceleration and force applied on a constant mass. !"periment 2 $ page $% -im: To in)esti"ate the relationship between mass and acceleration of an obGect under constant force. 1. 9efer to the result of e%periment 2.2 and 2.!+ 2. 1 newton (6 5 1 E) is defined as the force required to produce an acceleration of 1 m s72 (a51 m s72) when its actin" on an obGect of mass 1 0" ( m 5 1 0") So+ $%ample 1 : ,alculate 6+ when a 5 ! m s72 dan m 5 1/// 0" $%planation3

!.

$%ample 2 : m 5 2. 0" 6 5 2// E

12

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

,alculate the acceleration+ a of an obGect.

E$ercise 2.0 1. - trolley of mass !/ 0" is pulled alon" the "round by horiIontal force of ./ E. The opposin" frictional force is 2/ E. ,alculate the acceleration of the trolley.

2.

- 1/// 0" car is tra)ellin" at <2 0m h71 when the bra0es are applied. =t comes to a stop in a distance of #/ m. Fhat is the a)era"e bra0in" force of the carD

2.7

ANA&'SIN( IM)-&SE AND IM)-&SI8E FORCE =mpulse is . =mpulsi)e force is 6ormula of impulse and impulsi)e force: 9efer+ 6 5 ma

Imp#lse and imp#lsive orce 1. 2. !.

$%ample 13

1<

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

wall =f 3 u 5 1/ m s71 + ) 5 7 1/ m s71 + m 5 . 0" =mpulse+ 6t 5 $%ample 23 ) u and t 5 1 s and impulsi)e force+ 6 5

Fall with a soft surface =f 3 u 5 1/ m s71 + ) 5 7 1/ m s71 + m 5 . 0" =mpulse+ 6t 5 #. and t 5 2 s and impulsi)e force+ 6 5

The relationship between time of collision and impulsi)e force.

E$ercise 2.7 1. - force of 2/ E is applied for /.; s when a football player throws a ball from the sideline. Fhat is the impulse "i)en to the ballD

2.

- stuntman in a mo)ie Gumps from a tall buildin" an falls toward the "round. - lar"e can)as ba" filled with air used to brea0 his fall. >ow is the impulsi)e force reducedD

1;

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

2.9 :EIN( A;ARE OF T*E NEED FOR SAFET' FEAT-RES IN 8E*IC&ES Safety features in vehicles $ein%orced passen!er compartment "ead rest indscreen Crumple #ones Anti-lock brake system (ABS) Traction control

Crash resistant door pillars

Air ba!s

bumpers

Importance o sa ety eat#res in ve!icles Sa ety eat#res @added dashboard 9ubber bumper Shatter7proof windscreen -ir ba" Safety seat belt Importance &ncreases the time interval o' collision so the impulsive 'orce produced during an impact is thereby reduced Absorb impact in minor accidents( thus prevents damage to the car Prevents the windscreen 'rom shattering Acts as a cushion 'or the head and body in an accident and thus prevents in)uries to the driver and passengers Prevents the passengers 'rom being thrown out o' the car *lows down the 'orward movement o' the passengers when the car stops abruptly Prevents the collapse o' the 'ront and bac+ o' the car into the passenger compartment Also gives good protection 'rom a side,on collision

Side bar in doors

1C

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

E$ercise 2.9 1. 'y usin" physics concepts+ e%plain the midifications to the bus that help to impro)e that safety of passen"ers and will be more comfortable. -NDERSTANDIN( (RA8IT' -n obGect will fall to the surface of the earth because... The force of "ra)ity also 0nown ... Fhen an obGect falls under the force of "ra)ity only+ ... #. .. The acceleration of obGects fallin" freely The ma"nitude of the acceleration due to "ra)ity depends ... (ravitational ield 1. 2. !. #. .. 2. <. The re"ion around the earth is . The obGect in "ra)itational field The "ra)itational field stren"th is defined .. The "ra)itational field stren"th+ " can be calculate as3 -t the surface of the earth+ . .. This means .. $%ample 1. ,an you estimate the "ra)itational force act to your bodyD mass 5 2/ 0"+ " 5 C.; E 0"71+ 6 5 D

2.< 1. 2. !.

Acceleration d#e to gravity.

$%ample 2+ - satellite of mass 2// 0" in orbit e%periences a "ra)itational force of #;// E. ,alculate the "ra)itational field stren"th.

2/

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

$%ample !+ - stone is released from rest and falls into a well. -fter 1.2 s+ it hits the bottom of the well. (a) Fhat is the )elocity of the stone when it hits the bottomD (b) ,alculate the depth of the well.

;eig!t 1. 2. The wei"ht of an obGect is defined .. 6or an obGect of mass m+ the wei"ht can be calculate as :

$%ample :

The mass of a helicopter is 2// 0". Fhat is the wei"ht of the helicopter when it land on the pea0 of a mountain where the "ra)itational field is C.<; E 0"71D

E$ercise 2.< 1. S0etch the followin" "raphs for an obGect that fallin" freely. (a) (b) (c) isplacement7time "raph+ Velocity7time "raph -cceleration7time "raph

21

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

2.

The followin" data was obtained from an e%periment to measure the acceleration due to "ra)ity. Bass of steel bob 5 2// "+ distance co)ered 5 !./ m+ time of fall 5 /.<C s. ,alculate the acceleration due to "ra)ity of steel bob. ?i)e the e%planation why your answer different with the constant of "ra)itational acceleration+ " 5 C.; m s72.

2.= 1. 2.

IDEA OF E>-I&I:RI-M FORCES

-n obGect is in e"#ili1ri#m when :

stationary obGect

-n obGect mo)in" with uniform )elocity

22

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

Addition o Force 1. -ddition of force is defined as ..... !"amples : the 'orces are acting in one direction 61 5 1/ E 62 5 . E 9esultant force+ 6 !"ample : the 'orces are acting in opposite directions 61 5 1/ E 62 5 . E 9esultant force+ 6 !"ample : the 'orces are acting in di''erent directions 62 5 . E .// 61 5 1/ E

@arallelo"ram method: 1. 2. !. raw to scale. raw the line parallel with 61 to the ed"e of 62+ and the line parallel with 62 to the ed"e of 61 ,onnect the dia"onal of the parallelo"ram startin" from the initial point.

2!

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

#.

Beasure the len"th of the dia"onal from the initial point as the )alue of the resultant force. 62

61 Trian"le method 1. 2. !. raw to scale. isplace one of the forces to the ed"e of another force. ,omplete the trian"le and measure the resultant force from the initial point. $%ample 1: urin" Sport ay two teams in tu" of war competition pull with forces of 2/// E and .!// E respecti)ely. Fhat is the )alue of the resultant forceD -re the two team in equilibriumD

$%ample 2:

- boat in a ri)er is pulled horiIontally by two wor0men. For0men pulls with a force of 2// E while wor0men while wor0men ' pulls with a force of !// E. The ropes used ma0e an an"le 2./ with each other. raw a parallelo"ram and label the resultant force usin" scale of etermine the ma"nitude of resultant force. 1 cm : ./ E.

2#

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

Resol#tion o a orce 1. 9esolution of a force is

9efer to tri"onometric formula:

$%ample :

The fi"ure below shows -li moppin" the floor with a force ./ E at an an"le of 2// to the floor.

6 5 ./ E

$%ample of resolution and combination of forces

F=?

200 N 400

2.

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

)ro1lem solving 1. 2. !. Fhen a system is in equilibrium+ . =f all forces actin" at one point are resol)ed into horiIontal and )ertical components+ $%ample 13 Show on a fi"ure3 a) the direction of tension force+ T of strin" b) the resultant force act to lamp c) calculate the ma"nitude of tension force+ T
T

700

700

a)T

b) TJ

mlamp 5 1.. 0" Flamp 5 1#.< E E$ercise 2.= 1. Two force with ma"nitude 1; E and 2 E act alon" a strai"ht line. Fith the aid of dia"rams+ determine the ma%imun possible )alue and the minimum possible )alue of the resultant force.

2.

- football is 0ic0ed simultaneously by two players with force 22/ E and 2// E respecti)ely+ as shown in 6i"ure 2.C. ,alculate the ma"nitude of the resultant force.

22/ E C// 2// E

22

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

2.%?

-NDERSTANDIN( ;OR@3 ENER(' AND EFFICIENC' For0 is done+ .. F49* is the product.. The formulae of wor03

;orA 1. 2. !.

#.

$%ample 13

6orce+ 6 s

$%ample 23 ;/ E 2// s5 .m

2<

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

$%ample !3

$%ample #3 6 5 2// E

S 5 /.; m Energy 1. 2. !. #. $ner"y is ................................................................................................................. $ner"y cannot be .................................................................................................... $%ist in )arious forms such as ... $%ample of the ener"y transformation3

2;

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

..

$%ample :

;orA done and t!e c!ange in Ainetic energy Force, F

s 1. 2. *inetic ener"y is 9efer to the fi"ure abo)e+ Throu!h, v& ' u& (&as u') and, as ' * v&

!.

$%ample 13

- small car of mass 1// 0" is mo)in" alon" a flat road. The resultant force on the car is 2// E. a) Fhat is its 0inetic ener"y of the car after mo)in" throu"h 1/ mD b) Fhat is its )elocity after mo)in" throu"h 1/ mD

;orA done and gravitational potential energy

h 5 1.. m

2C

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

1.

?ra)itational potential ener"y is...

2. 9efer to the fi"ure abo)e3 !. $%ample3 =f m 5 1/ 0"

)rinciple o conservation o energy ,arry out hands7on acti)ity 2.1/ on pa"e !; of the practical boo0. To show the principle of conser)ation of ener"y. 1. 2. $ner"y cannot be $%ample : a thrown ball upwards will achie)e a ma%imum hei"ht before chan"in" its direction and falls

!.

$%ample in calculation : - coconut falls from a tree from a hei"ht of 2/ m. Fhat is the )elocity of coconut Gust before hittin" the earthD

)o2er 1. @ower is

!/

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

2.

- wei"htlifter lifts 1;/ 0" of wei"hts from the floor to a hei"ht of 2 m abo)e his head in a time of /.; s. Fhat is the power "enerated by the wei"htlifter durin" this timeD " 5 C.; ms72)

E iciency 1. 2. efined... 6ormulae of efficiency :

!.

-nalo"y of efficiency3

Device/ mec i!e

$ner"y transformation #. $%ample3 -n electric motor in a toy crane can lift a /.12 0" wei"ht throu"h a hei"ht of /.# m in . s. urin" this time+ the batteries supply /.; & of ener"y to the motor. ,alculate (a) The useful of output of the motor. (b) The efficiency of the motor

!1

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

E$ercise 2.%? 1. Fhat is the wor0 done by a man when he pushes a bo% with a force of C/ E throu"h a distance of 1/ mD State the amount of ener"y transferred from the man to the force.

2.

- sales assistant at a shop transfers ./ tins of mil0 powder from the floor to the top shelf. $ach tin has a mass of !./ 0" and the hei"ht of thee top shelf is 1.. m. (a) ,alculate the total wor0 done by the sales assistant.

(b)

Fhat is his power if he completes this wor0 in 2./ sD

2.%%

A))RECIATIN( T*E IM)ORTANCE OF MABIMISIN( T*E EFFICIENC' OF DE8ICES urin" the process of transformation the input ener"y to the useful output ener"y+ .. ... $%ample of wastin" the ener"y3 ..

1. 2. !.

!2

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

=nput ene"y from the petrol

output ener"y

. . .... .... #. .. .. .. . . . .

The world we are li)in" in face acute shorta"e of ener"y. =t is )ery important that a de)ice ma0es

;ays o increasing t!e e iciency o devices 1. 2. >eat en"ines .. $lectrical de)ices. ......

!!

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

Operation o electrical devices 1. 2. !. 2.%2 1. 2. !. The electrical de)ices increase the efficiency. @roper mana"ement ..... .. -NDERSTANDIN( E&ASTICIT' $lasticity is ... 6orces between atoms .. 6orces between atoms in equilibrium condition
Force o" &''r&c'io! Force o" re#$%sio! Force o" re#$%sio!

,arry out >ands7on acti)ity 2.12 pa"e #/ of the practical boo0.

$%planation : #. 6orces between atoms in compression compressi)e force 6orce of repulsion $%planation 3 .. 6orces between atoms in tension force of attraction compressi)e force 6orce of repulsion

!#

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

stretchin" force $%planation 3

stretchin" force

,arry out $%periment 2.# on pa"e #1 of the practical boo0 To in)esti"ate the relationship between force and e%tension of a sprin" *ooAeCs &a2 1. 2. !. >oo0eJs 8aw states $lastic limit of a sprin" is defined. The sprin" is said to ha)e a permanent e%tension+... #. The elastic limit is not e%ceeded+.

..

?raf 6 a"ainst % 6: E
+ Q P

( )cm*

2.

Sprin" ,onstant+ 0 !.

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

6:E /.;

/ $%ample 13

%:cm

- sprin" has an ori"inal len"th of 1. cm. Fith a load of mass 2// " attached+ the len"th of the sprin" is e%tend to 2/ cm. a. ,alculate the sprin" constant. b. Fhat is the len"th of the sprin" when the load is in increased by 1./ "D Kassume that g 5 1/ E 0"71L

$%ample 23
F )N* , 7 . 4 / 2 1 0 /.1 /.2 /.! /.# /.. Q

?raph 6 a"ainst % of sprin" @ and sprin" A

P

The "raph shows the relationship between the stretchin" force+ 6 and the sprin" e%tension+ %. (a) ,alculate the sprin" constant of @ and A. (b) 1sin" the "raph+ determine the stretchin" force acts to sprin" @ and sprin" A+ when their e%tension are /.. cm

% (cm)

Elastic potential energy 1. $lastic potential ener"y .. sprin" with the ori"inal len"th

!2

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

6 compression % % sprin" compressed 6 % 5 compression 6 sprin" e%tended % 5 e%tension 6+ e%tension % %

4ther situation where the sprin" e%tended and compressed Relations!ip 1et2een 2orA and elastic potential energy
F/N F (

?raph 6 a"ainst %

( / cm

$%ample 3

. 0g

1. cm

, cm

Factors t!at e ect elasticity >ands7on acti)ity 2.1! on pa"e #2 the practical boo0 to in)esti"ate the factors that affect elasticity.

Type of material iameter of sprin" wire iameter of sprin" 8en"th of sprin"

different same same same

same different same Same

same same different same

same same same different

Summarise the four factors that affect elasticity 6actor 8en"th iameter of sprin" ,han"e in factor Shorter sprin" 8on"er sprin" Smaller diameter 8ar"er diameter !< $ffect on elasticity 8ess elastic Bore elastic 8ess elastic Bore elastic

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

iameter of sprin" wire Type of material E$ercise 2.%2 1.

Smaller diameter Bore elastic 8ar"er diameter 8ess elastic the elasticity chan"es with the type of materials

- 2 E force on a sprin" produces an e%tension of 2 cm. Fhat is the e%tension when the force is increased to 1; ED State any assumption you made in calculatin" your answer.

2.

=f a 2/ E force e%tends a sprin" from . cm to C cm+ (a) what is the force constant of the sprin"D

(b)

,alculate the elastic potential ener"y stored in the sprin".

!;

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

Rein orcement C!apter 2 )art A / O1Dective >#estions 1. Fhen a coconut is fallin" to the "round+ which of the followin" quantities is constantD -. '. ,. . 2. Velocity Bomentum -cceleration *inetic ener"y
.1

Fhich of the followin" dia"rams shows a body mo)in" at constant )elocityD -. '. ,. 2E 12 E 12 E 2/ E 2E <E 1# E 1< E

=n an inelastic collision+ which of the followin" quantities remains constant before and after the collisionD -. Total acceleration '. Total )elocity ,. Total momentum . Total 0inetic ener"y ,alculate the wei"ht of a stone with mass 2/ " on the surface of the moon. (The "ra)itational acceleration of the moon is 1:2 that of the $arth.) -. '. ,. . $. /.1 E /.2 E /.# E /.2 E /.; E

. 2.

The "raph below shows the motion of a trolley with mass 1.. 0". Velocity : ms71 #

!.

/ 2 # 2 Time : s ,alculate the momentum of the trolley from t 5 2s to t 5 #s. -. '. ,. . $. <. 1.. 0" m s71 !./ 0" m s71 #./ 0" m s71 2./ 0" m s71 <.. 0" m s71

#.

The momentum of a particle is dependent on -. '. ,. mass and acceleration wei"ht and force mass and )elocity

This fi"ure shows an aircraft flyin" 8ift in the air. Thrust Fei"ht -ir friction

!C

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

The aircraft abo)e accelerates if -. '. ,. . ;. 8ift > Fei"ht Thrust > 8ift 8ift > -ir friction Thrust > -ir friction m 5 /.! 0" .m

C.

- bi" ship will 0eep mo)in" for some distance when its en"ine is turned off. This situation happens because the ship has -. '. ,. . "reat inertia "reat acceleration "reat momentum "reat 0inetic ener"y -n iron ball is dropped at a hei"ht of 1/ m from the surface of the moon. ,alculate the time needed for the iron ball to land. (?ra)itational acceleration of the moon is 1:2 that of the $arth and " 5 C.; E 0"72) ' , $ /.2 s 1.# s 1.< s !.. s 12./ s

1/. Fhat is the momentum of the stone Gust before it hits the "roundD -. '. ,. . $. /.1. 0" m s71 /.! 0" m s71 1.. 0" m s71 !./ 0" m s71 1../ 0" m s71

Solution :

)art : / Str#ct#re >#estions 1.

(i) ,ar ia"ram 1.1

(ii) ,ar '

ia"ram 1.1(i) and (ii) show two methods used by the mechanic to mo)e a brea0down car. - constant force+ 6 5 .// E is used to push and pull the car in method - and '. (a) (i) Fhich method is easier to mo)e the carD (ii) State a reason for your answer in (a)(i). #/

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

(b) The frictional force actin" between the car and trac0 surface in both methods is 2// E. ,alculate+ the (i) horiIontal resultant force in method -.

(ii)

horiIontal resultant force in method '.

(iii)

acceleration of the car in method '.

(c)

Su""est a method to mo)e ,ar ' so that the acceleration produced is equal to that of method -. ..

..

2.

ceilin"

Tin @ (i) a) A

water ia"ram 2.1

E (ii)

hand

ia"ram 2.1(i) shows tin @ that is empty and tin A that is filled with water. student find difficult to pushed tin A. Frite the inference about the obser)ation. ia"ram 2.1(ii) shows a tin bein" released from the different positions B and E. The hand of a student at position 9 needs "reater force to stop the motion of the tin fallin" from position B. $%plain this obser)ation.

b)

#1

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

c) 'ased on the obser)ation (i) and (ii)+ state two factors that affect the ma"nitude of the momentum of the obGect. =f water flows out from a hole at the bottom of the tin A+ how would the inertia of Tin A depends on time D !. @ !./ m 2 ms71 iron ball ( 2 0" ) S smooth surface 1./ m A ia"ram ! 9 9ou"h surface 2./ m T

d)

The fi"ure shows a iron ball that is rolled throu"h @A9ST. The rou"h surface of A9 has frictional force of # E. a) ,alculate (i) the 0inetic ener"y of the iron ball at @.

(ii)

the potential ener"y of the iron ball at @.

(iii)

the total of ener"y of the iron ball at @.

b) c)

(i) (ii)

,alculate the total of ener"y of the iron ball when it reaches at A D ,alculate the wor0 done a"ainst friction alon" A9.

d)

,alculate the total 0inetic ener"y of the iron ball at S.

#2

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

e)

,alculate the speed of the ball at position T.

)art C / Essay >#estions 1.

(ii) ia"ram 1.1 ia"ram 1.1(i) shows the condition of a car mo)in" at hi"h )elocity when it suddenly crashes into a wall. ia"ram 1.1(ii) shows a tennis ball hit with racquet by a player. a) (i) Fhat is the meanin" of momentumD (ii) 'ased on the obser)ations of ia"ram (i) and (ii)+ compare the characteristics of car when it crashes into the wall and the tennis ball when it is hit with a racquet. >ence+ relate these characteristics to clarify a physics concept+ and name this concept. $%plain why a tennis player uses a taut racquet when playin". =n launchin" a roc0et+ a few technical problems ha)e to be o)ercome before the roc0et can mo)e upri"ht to the s0y. 'y usin" appropriate physics concepts+ describe the desi"n of a roc0et and the launch techniques that can launch the roc0et upri"ht. .i.iimomentum is product o' mass and velocity , The shape o' car changed but the shape o' wall remained , The shape o' ball remained but the shape o' the rac/uet string was changed .The rac/uet string is elastic but the wall is harder, The time ta+en o' collision between the ball and rac/uet string more than the time ta+en when the car hit the wall , The impulsive 'orce will decrease when the time o' collision increased

(i)

b) c)

Answer a-

#!

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

, The concept is the impulsive 'orce b, To decrease the time o' collision between the ball and the rac/uet string , &mpulsive 'orce will be increased , The 'orce act to the ball will be increased , The velocity o' ball will be increased , Ma+e a gradually narrower at the 'ront shape .tapering: To decrease air 'riction , Made by the high strength and high rigidity o' materials : To decrease the probability to become dented .+emi+, Made by the low density o' material : To reduce the mass0weight , The structure is 'ractional engine : The mass will be decreased and the velocity will increase , Made by the high o' heat capacity o' materials : &t will be high heat resistance

c-

2.

@roperties 'rand

9eaction time : s /.! /.. /.2 /.2

Bass : 0" 1.. 1.; /.C 2..

' ,

$n"ine thrust force : E 1/./ 12.. 2.. 12./

9esistance force : E #./ 2.# 2.2 2..

=n a radio7controlled car racin" competition+ # mini7cars branded -+ '+ , and too0 part. The information of the # cars is "i)en in the table abo)e. etails of the abo)e information are "i)en as below3 9eaction time 7 uration between the moment the radio7controlled is switched on and the moment the car starts mo)in". 9esistance 7 -)era"e )alue of opposin" forces includes the friction between wheels and trac0+ and air resistance. (a) Fhat is the meanin" of accelerationD

##

Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 : Force and Motion

(b)

(c)

(c)

raw a "raph of )elocity a"ainst time that shows a car mo)in" initially with constant acceleration+ then mo)in" with constant )elocity and followed by constant deceleration until it stops. $%plain the suitability of the properties in the abo)e table in constructin" a radio7 controlled car racin" purpose. >ence+ determine which brand of car will win the ./7metre race. =f ,ar ' in the abo)e table is mo)ed up the plane at the an"le of !/o to the horiIon+ (i) Show that the car is able to mo)e up the plane. (ii) etermine the acceleration of the car.

#.