1-4244-1291-9/07/$25.

00 2007 IEEE 1
Application of Buck Zero-Current-Switching Pulse-Width-Modulated Converter
in Battery Chargers

Yu-Lung Ke

Senior Member, IEEE
Ying-Chun Chuang


Shao-Wei Huang


Department of Electrical Engineering
Kun Shan University
No. 949, Da-Wan Road
Yung-Kang City, Tainan Hsien 71003
Taiwan, R.O.C.
yulungke@ms25.hinet.net

Abstract - This paper applies a buck zero-current-switching
pulse-width-modulated converter in battery chargers to achieve
low switching losses, high charging efficiency and small circuit
volume. The developed novel battery charger circuit has the
advantages of the hard-switching and resonant converters with
constant-frequency control, lowered resonant time and the
operation of all switching components under the
zero-current-switching condition. Practical experimental
results demonstrate the theoretical effectiveness of the
developed charging circuit. A practical mean charging
efficiency of over 90% is attained and the developed circuit is
awfully fit for high-frequency operations.

I ndex Terms - zero-current-switching (ZCS), battery charger,
pulse-width-modulated (PWM), converter.

I. INTRODUCTION
Batteries are extensively adopted in various applications,
such as telecommunication power supply, electric vehicles,
uninterruptible power supplies, photovoltaic systems and
portable electronics products. The charge mode significantly
influences the battery life and capacity. To provide a normal
electricity supply to a load, charging methods replenish the
energy to a battery to continue a normal power supply. The
conventionally adopted battery charger with a large volume
engendering power dissipation during charging is
well-known to have low efficiency. The charging technique
is critical for increasing the charging efficiency and
extending the battery life. The traditional battery charger
with a buck converter has a simple structure and high
efficiency in low-frequency switching, but suffers large
switching losses in high-frequency switching. The buck ZCS
converter is used to resolve the high-frequency switching
losses, and also to reduce the circuit volume.
This paper uses a buck ZCS PWM converter in battery
chargers. Figure 1 displays the basic configuration of the
developed charger circuit, including (1) a dc source, (2) a
PWM control circuit to control the switching of switches in
the buck converter, and (3) a buck ZCS resonant converter.
In addition to having safe operation and small-sized circuit
volume, the developed novel charger has a very high
efficiency, and controls the resonance time without restraint
at a constant frequency.

Fig. 1. The whole block diagram for the proposed battery charger

II. BUCK CONVERTERS
Figure 2 shows the circuit diagram of a buck converter [1].
The principal function of the MOSFET switch and flywheel
diode Dm is to control the delivery of source energy, and the
inductive element Lo is used to deliver and store the energy
and filter the noise of the ac current. Moreover, the principal
function of the capacitive element Co is to deliver and store
the energy, and to filter the noise of the ac voltage. The Dr is
the reverse diode paralleled to the switch.

Fig. 2. A buck converter
As the term suggests, the buck converter converts the
high- level input voltage into low-level output voltage. The
main applications of the buck converter are dc source
suppliers and dc motor speed control. The advantages of the
buck converter [2] include: (1) it is highly efficient, since it
has a simple structure needing one MOSFET switch and
without any transformers to drop the voltage, and (2) the
load current rate di/dt can be limited and protected by
inductance Lo. The power transistor in traditional buck
converters is operated in its saturation and cut-off regions as
a switching switch for controlling the duty cycle of the
switch to reduce the voltage. The buck converter even
improves the low efficiency shortcoming of the conventional
linear converter. However, raising the switching frequency
also raises the switching losses, electromagnetic interference
(EMI) and switching stress [3, 4], thus reducing the volume
and weight of the converter to raise the power density.
Therefore, a resonant converter is proposed to solve all

defects in high-frequency operations.

III. BUCK ZERO-CURRENT-SWITCHING
RESONANT CONVERTERS
The resonant converter circuit adopts the serial or parallel
connection of inductors and capacitors to enable the switch
for achieving zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) or ZCS under
resonance condition, further effectively settling the
switching losses, switching stress and EMI problems. These
switches are also called soft switches. The output voltage
across the resonant converter can be controlled through
switching frequency. The switching resonant converter
controls the output voltage via the switching frequency, and
can broadly be divided into two classes: (1) ZCS converter
and (2) ZVS converter.
Figure 3 shows the circuit diagram of a buck ZCS
converter [1, 5, 6], which includes further components L
r

and C
r
in addition to those in Fig. 2. The operations of
turn-on and cut-off of switch S in the converter are under
zero current. D
r
denotes the reverse diode paralleled to the
switch.

Fig. 3. A buck ZCS converter
The advantages of this converter are: (1) low switching
losses in high-frequency operations due to resonance
technique, good efficiency and smaller volume; (2) easy
drive on switches, (3) low stress on switching elements.
However, the circuit has the following shortcomings: (1)
unnecessary action occurs if applied to charge batteries (2) a
working temperature crisis of switching components exceeds
its safe rating under a high charging current.

IV. A NOVEL BUCK ZERO-CURRENT-SWITCHING
PULSE-WIDTH-MODULATED CONVERTER
FOR BATTERY CHARGERS [7, 8]
This paper develops a novel high efficiency battery
charger using a buck ZCS PWM converter (herein called the
novel charger) to resolve these disadvantages. The resonance
technology is based on the buck ZCS converter. This paper
uses the presented circuit shown in Fig. 4 for designing and
implementing a high efficiency battery charger. The
proposed novel charger, unlike the buck ZCS converter,
includes auxiliary switch S
1
in series connection with the
resonant capacitance Cr, and its Dr
1
is the reverse diode,
which is paralleled to the auxiliary switch S
1.

Fig. 4. Circuit diagram of a novel buck ZCS PWM converter
for battery chargers
The advantages of the presented circuit for battery
chargers over the traditional buck ZCS converter are: (1)
constant-frequency resonance operation (2) substantial
resonance reduction, low stress on switches (3) small-sized
resonant components (4) small circuit volume (5) highly
suitability for high-frequency switching and (6) avoidance of
unnecessary charging actions: A loop occurs as shown in Fig.
5. As long as a battery can also be used as a source in case
the battery is charged by a traditional buck ZCS converter.
The battery and the resonant capacitor C
r
form a charging
loop before the switch S is turned on. A residual voltage
already remains on the resonant capacitor C
r
once the switch
once has been turned on. The residual voltage affects the
accuracy of the resonant circuit. The proposed novel charger
adds an auxiliary switch, as shown in Fig. 6, without a loop
to charge the resonant capacitor before switch S is turned on.

Fig. 5. Pre-action state circuit of the buck ZCS battery charger

Fig. 6. Pre-switching state circuit of the novel charger

Circuit Analyses of the Novel Charger
Before analyzing the operation modes of the presented
circuit, the circuit parameters are defined as follows.
resonant capacitance, C
r

resonant inductance, L
r

characteristic impedance, Z
O
= (L
r
/C
r
)
1/2

resonant angular frequency, e
O
= 1/(L
r
C
r
)
1/2

resonant frequency, f
r
= e
O
/2t
switching period, T
S

Several assumptions are made for the analyses in Fig. 4.
(1) All semiconductor elements are ideal and without time
delay during switching. No forward voltage drop during
the turn-on condition and no leakage current under
turn-off situation of switch elements is produced.
(2) The inductance and capacitance in the resonant circuit
have no internal resistance.
(3) The filter inductance L
o
is much larger than the resonant
inductance L
r
. The filter capacitance C
o
is much larger
than the resonant capacitance C
r
. Therefore, the cut-off
frequency of the current low-pass filter composed of the
load and the filter capacitance C
o
is far lower than the
resonant angular frequency caused by the resonant
inductor L
r
and

capacitor C
r
. Consequently, the filtering
circuit formed by the filter inductance L
o
, filter
capacitance C
o
and load can be regarded as a constant
current Io or a constant voltage Vo compared to the

resonant circuit. Figure 7 shows the simplified
equivalent circuit.

Fig. 7. The simplified equivalent circuit of the novel charger

(a) Mode I: inductor in the charging stage (between t
0
and t
1
)
Before t
0
, the power switch S and the auxiliary switch S
1
are both off, and the flywheel diode D
m
is forward conducted
via the output current Io. At t
0
, the main switch S is
conducted due to the pulse trigger signal. The resonant
inductance current i
Lr
linearly increases until i
Lr
reaches Io at
t
1
. Figure 8 show the equivalent circuit. In this mode, the
resonant voltage v
Cr
across the capacitor is zero, and the
resonant voltage v
Lr
across the inductor equals the input
voltage Vs.
dt
di
L v V
Lr
r L S
= =

The current in the inductor can be computed by rewriting
Eq. (1).
( ) t
L
V
t i
r
S
Lr
=

The flywheel diode Dm is maintaining turned on as long
as the inductor current i
Lr
is lower than the output current Io
and the resonant voltage v
cr
across the capacitor still remains
zero. At t = t
1
, i
Lr
=I
O
, namely
1
t
L
V
I
r
S
O
=

The working time of Mode I can be determined from Eq.
(3).
S
O r
V
I L
t t = = A
1 1


Fig. 8. The Mode I equivalent circuit of the novel charger

(b) Mode II, diode in open circuit stage (between t
1
and t
2
)
In this case, i
Lr
=I
O
at t = t
1
, such that the flywheel diode
Dm becomes reverse-biased and turned off. L
r
and C
r
do not
resonate as long as the auxiliary switch S
1
is not yet
conducted by the trigger signal. The advantage of the
presented circuit is that the resonance time can be
determined by the pulse trigger signal of the auxiliary switch
S
1
, but does not enter the resonant mode automatically when
i
Lr
> I
O
. Figure 9 shows the equivalent circuit of Mode II.
The trigger signal time can be determined voluntarily during
Mode II. The working time during Mode II is found to equal
the time during Mode I in this study, namely
1 2
t t A = A (5)
O Lr
I t i = ) (
(6)
Therefore, the opening time of the auxiliary switch can be
calculated by Eq. (7).
1 2 2
t t t A =
(7)

Fig. 9. The Mode II equivalent circuit of the novel charger

(c) Mode III, resonant stage (between t
2
and t
3
)
The resonant capacitor C
r
is being charged at t
2
when the
switch S
1
is turned on as a result of the pulse signal. A
resonance is generated by the pair of L
r
and C
r
. Figure 10
shows the equivalent circuit of Mode III.

Fig. 10. The Mode III equivalent circuit of the novel charger

Let ( )
2
t t = o . The following equations can be obtained
from Kirchhoff voltage law (KVL) and Kirchhoff current
law (KCL).
Cr
Lr
r S
v
d
di
L V + =
o

O
Cr
r Lr
I
d
dv
C i + =
o

Equation (10) is obtained by substituting Eq. (9) into Eq.
(8).
Cr O
Cr
r r S
v I
d
dv
C
d
d
L V +
(

+ =
o o

r r
Cr Cr
r r
S
C L
v
d
v d
C L
V
+ =
2
2
o

( ) ( ) | | ( ) | |
S O O Cr
V t t B t t A t v + + =
2 2
sin cos e e

( ) ( ) ( ) | | { }
2
cos 1 t t V t v t v
O S Dm Cr
= = e

( ) ( ) | |
O O
O
S
Lr
I t t
Z
V
t i + =
2
sin e

The maximum resonant inductor current i
Lr
(t) that occurs
at '
MAX
t is determined by Eq. (14), namely
(8)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(1)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)

( )
O
O
S
MAX Lr
I
Z
V
i + =

The maximum resonant capacitor voltage v
Cr
(t) that
occurs at
' '
MAX
t
is determined by Eq. (15), namely
( )
S MAX Cr
V v 2 =

The working interval during Mode III can be expressed
as Eq. (16) when the resonant inductor current i
Lr
decreases
to zero.
( )
(

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
= A

t
e
S
O O
O
V
Z I
t t t
1
2 3 3
sin
1

(d) Mode IV, resonant capacitor C
r
during discharging
(between t
3
and t
4
)
The resonant inductor current i
Lr
is zero at t
3
, and the
power switch S and auxiliary switch S
1
are simultaneously
cut off because of the pulse signal for achieving
zero-current-switching to decrease the switching losses. The
voltage across the resonant capacitor Cr can be discharged
via the reverse diode D
r1
parallel to the auxiliary switch, and
the flywheel diode Dm is cut off since V
Cr
> 0. Figure 11
shows the equivalent circuit of Mode IV.

Fig. 11. The Mode IV equivalent circuit of the novel charger

Mode IV is sustained until the voltage v
Cr
(t
3
) across
resonant capacitor is discharged to zero. The current
equation of resonant capacitor is given by Eq. (17).
dt
dv
C i I
Cr
r Cr O
= =

( ) ( ) ( )
3 3
t v t t
C
I
t v
Cr
r
O
Cr
+

=

( ) ( ) | | { }
2 3 3
cos 1 t t V t t
C
I
v
o S
r
O
Cr
+

= e

The resonant capacitor voltage decreases to zero at time t
4
,
namely,
( ) ( ) | |
2 3 3 4
cos 1 t t t t
C V
I
O
r S
O
= e


( ) ( ) | | { }
2 3 3 4
cos 1 t t
I
V C
t t
O
O
S r
= e

The time interval during Mode IV can be computed by Eq.
(19b).
( ) ( ) | | { }
2 3 3 4 4
cos 1 t t
I
V C
t t t
O
O
S r
= = A e

(e) Mode V, diode turned on stage (between t
4
and Ts)
The two switches remain cut-off in this mode. The
flywheel diode is turned on at t
4
, while Mode V is continued
and output current flows through the diode as long as the
switch remains cut off. Figure 12 shows the equivalent
circuit of Mode V, in which the inductor current and
capacitor voltage are both zero. The switches are retriggered
by the pulse signal at T
S
,

and the overall charging process
proceeds from Model I to Model V repeatedly. The working
interval A t
5
= T
S
- A t
1
- A t
2
-A t
3
-A t
4
during Mode V can be
computed.

Fig. 12. The Mode V equivalent circuit of the novel charger

Output Voltage of the novel charger
The total input energy is obtained by Eq. (21).
} =
S
T
t S S S
dt V I W
0

The mean input current I
S
is equal to the i
Lr
(t) takes the
mean in an integrated operating period, Eq. (21) can be
rewritten as Eq. (22).
( ) ( ) ( ) dt V t i dt V t i dt V t i W
S
t
t
Lr S
t
t
Lr S
t
t
Lr S
} } } + + =
3
2
2
1
1
0

Equation (23) is obtained by substituting Eqs. (2), (6), and
(13) into Eq. (22).
( ) ( ) ( ) | | { }
)
`

+ + + =
2 3 2 3 1 2
2
1
cos 1
2
t t
Z
V
t t I t t I t
L
V
V W
O
O O
S
O O
r
S
S S
e
e

Equation (34) is obtained by substituting Eqs. (3), (6), and
(19a) into Eq. (23).
( ) ( )
( )
)
`

+ + + =
S r
O
O O
S
O O O S S
V C
t t I
Z
V
t t I t t I I
t
V W
3 4
2 3 1 2
1
2 e

Equation (25) is obtained by substituting Z
o
e
o
=1/C
r
into
Eq. (24).
( ) ( ) ( )
)
`

+ + + =
3 4 2 3 1 2
1
2
t t t t t t
t
I V W
O S S

The total output energy is given as follows.
S O O
S
T
O O O
T V I dt V I W = =
}
0

( ) ( ) ( )
)
`

+ + + =
3 4 2 3 1 2
1
2
t t t t t t
t
I V T V I
O S S O O

( ) ( ) ( )
)
`

+ + + =
3 4 2 3 1 2
1
2
1
t t t t t t
t
T V
V
S S
O

Equation (28) indicates the output voltage V
o
is a function
of switching frequency f
S
. The output voltage V
o
rises as the
switching frequency f
S
rises. The switching period T
S
must
exceed t
3
,

and the output voltage V
o
must exceed the input
voltage V
S
. The output voltage is related to the load. The
switching frequency f
S
must be adjusted to maintain the fixed
output voltage V
O
when the load changes.

(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19a)
(19b)
(20)
(21)
(22)
(24)
(23)
(25)
(26)
(27)
(28)

Normalized Voltage Gain Analysis of the Novel Charger
The normalized voltage equation can be obtained by
substituting Eqs. (4), (5), (16), and (20) into Eq. (28).
| |
)
`

+ + = o o
t
cos 1
2
3
2 M
Q
Q
M f
M
ns

o t = +
|
|
.
|

\
|

Q
M
1
sin

The normalized load characteristic curve shown in Fig.
13 can be obtained by using Eq. (29) alongside MATLAB
simulation software. The parameter values of the resonant
inductor L
r
and capacitor C
r
can be further computed by
determining the resonant frequency f
o
,

and choosing the
power quality factor of the fixed switching frequency f
S
.

Fig. 13. Normalized load characteristic curve of the novel charger.

V. DESIGN OF THE NOVEL CHARGER
Figure 14 demonstrates the practical circuit of the
proposed novel charger with circuit parameters. The
proposed novel charger adds an auxiliary switch in series
with the resonant capacitor in the buck ZCS converter. A
lead-acid battery with rated 12V, 48Ah and internal
resistance about 0.1, was chosen as a load for practical
experiments. The battery was first discharged to under 10V,
then charged to 15V. The circuit parameters were listed in
Table I.

Table I. Circuit parameters
input voltage 20V
resonant inductor L
r
2.492H
resonant capacitor C
r
0.47F
switching frequency f
s
105kHz
resonant frequency f
r
147.066kHz
charging voltage 15V
charging current 7A
output ripple inductor L
o
105H
output ripple capacitor C
o
330F
internal resistance of the battery 0.1O
f
s
/f
r
0.714

Fig. 14. Practical circuit of the developed novel charger

The related working time during various modes in the
practical novel charger are calculated as follows according
to the chosen circuit parameters.
kHz f
o
o
066 . 147
2
10 47 . 0 10 492 . 2
1
2
6 6
=

= =

t t
e

O =

= =

302 . 2
10 47 . 0
10 492 . 2
6
6
r
r
O
C
L
Z

s
V
I L
t t
S
O r
872 . 0
20
7 10 492 . 2
6
1 1
=

= = = A


At
2
= t
2
t
1
= At
1
= 0.872s
t
2
= At
2
+ t
1
= 1.744s (Time for turning on the switch S
1
)
( ) s t t t t
t
415 . 4
20
302 . 2 7
sin
10 066 . 147 2
1
1
3
2 3 3
=
(

+ |
.
|

\
|

= A

t
3
= At
3
+ t
2
= 4.415s + 1.744s = 6.159s
t
3
is the cut-off time for switches S and S
1
, and is also the
taken time for zero-current-switching.
The total period is obtained.
T
s
= 1/f
s
= 1/105x10
3
= 9.523s
The duty cycle of switch S is obtained.
646 . 0
10 523 . 9
10 1596 . 6
6
6
3
=

= = =

S S
ON
T
t
T
t
D

The duty cycle of switch S
1
is computed.
463 . 0
10 523 . 9
10 744 . 1 10 1596 . 6
6
6 6
2 3
1
=

=


S
T
t t
D

The discharging time interval of capacitor is calculated.
( ) | | { } s t t t t 147 . 2 10 415 . 4 10 066 . 147 2 cos 1
7
20 10 47 . 0
6 3
6
3 4 4
=

= = A

t
4
= At
4
+ t
3
= 8.306s (Time for completing the discharging
of capacitor)
The design is still within a reasonable range because t
4
<
T
s
.
VI. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Figure 15 shows the trigger signal on the switches, where
V
GS
denotes the trigger signal on switch S, and V
GS1
denotes
the trigger signal on switch S
1
. The total realistic time
interval of V
GS
was approximately 7.3s, but V
GS1
was
triggered behind V
GS
by 2.4s. The calculated time interval
was 1.744s. Thus, to increase the charging current, the
trigger was delayed by 0.656s.
(29)


Fig. 15. Waveforms of trigger signal on switches

Figure 16 shows the waveforms of diode voltage v
Dm
and
resonant capacitor voltage v
Cr
. The voltage across the diode
was 20V in the time period of 0.7s-2.5s. The diode
voltage was equal to the resonant capacitor voltage after
2.5s, since V
GS2
triggered the auxiliary switch causing a
resonance. The peak voltage was about 40V, and the
capacitor voltage completed the discharging at 8.752s.

Fig. 16. Waveforms of diode voltage v
Dm
and resonant
capacitor voltage v
Cr

Figure 17 shows the waveforms of diode voltage v
Dm
and
resonant inductor current i
Lr
. The inductor current i
Lr
increased from 0A to 7A during 0-0.7s, and maintained a
constant value during 0.7s-2.5s. The resonance then began
when the auxiliary switch was turned on after 2.5s. The
current i
Lr
declined to zero at 7.3s when the switch was cut
off, thus successfully achieving zero-current-switching.

Fig. 17. Waveforms of diode voltage v
Dm
and resonant
inductor current i
Lr


Figure 18 shows the waveforms of switch signal V
GS
and
resonant inductor current i
Lr
. The current i
Lr
declined to zero
at time 7.3s when the switch was cut off. Consequently, the
switch can be cut off and turned on without retaining current,
achieving zero-current-switching with low switching losses.

Fig. 18. Waveforms of switch signal V
GS and resonant inductor current i
Lr


Figure 19 shows the switch signal waveforms V
GS
and
V
DS
. The signal V
GS
on the switch closed at 7.3s, and was
re-triggered after 9.5s. The measured voltage V
DS
was
equal the input voltage V
S
during this time period.

Fig. 19. Switch signal waveforms V
GS
and V
DS


Figure 20 shows the switch signal waveforms V
GS1
and
V
DS1
. The voltage V
DS1
equals zero during 0-0.7s when the
resonant inductor was being charged. When i
Lr
=I
O
, the diode
D
m
was cut off due to the reverse bias voltage, and the status
of short-circuit resonant capacitor Cr and switch S
1
became
open circuits. Consequently, the measured voltage V
DS1
equaled the input voltage during V
S
during the period
0.7s-2.4s.

Fig. 20. Switch signal waveforms V
GS1
and V
DS1


Figure 21 shows the waveforms of the diode voltage v
Dm

and diode current i
Dm
. The diode current i
Dm
fell from 7A to

zero during 0-0.7s when the inductor current i
Lr
was being
charged. The diode D
m
was cut off when i
Lr
=I
O
due to the
reverse bias voltage, and the current remained at zero after
0.7s. The diode D
m
was then turned on again, and the diode
current i
Dm
rose from 0A to 7A until 8.752s when the
resonant capacitor finished the discharging.

Fig. 21. Waveforms of diode voltage v
Dm
and diode current i
Dm


Figure 22 shows the waveforms of the resonant capacitor
voltage v
Cr
and current i
Cr
. The resonant capacitor began to
be charged once the switch was triggered at 2.4s. The
switch S
1
was then closed at 7.3s, and the resonant
capacitor current i
Cr
discharged to zero via the reverse diode
parallel to the switch S
1
.

Fig. 22. Waveforms of resonant capacitor voltage v
Cr
and current i
Cr


Charging Voltage, Charging Current and Charging
Efficiency Curve
A lead-acid battery with a rated 12V and 48Ah was
chosen for practical experiments. The saturated voltage for
charging the battery was about 15V. The battery was
discharged to below 10V and then charged to about 12.8V
because of the internal chemical medicament in the lead-acid
battery. The terminal voltages across the battery, terminal
voltage across the charger, charging current and output
power were recorded every 30 seconds. Figure 23 shows the
variation curve of terminal voltage of the battery showing
that charging the battery from 12.8V to 15V takes about 360
minutes.

Fig. 23. Terminal voltage across the battery

Figure 24 shows the variation curve of terminal voltage
across the novel charger. Although the charged voltage was
designed at 15V. However, the load of a battery is varied.
The terminal voltage of the charger rose from about 14.8V.
The terminal voltage of the charger also rose to approximate
16.8V, as the increase of the loading when the terminal
voltage of the battery rises to 15V.

Fig. 24. Terminal voltage across the charger

Figure 25 shows the charging current variation curve of
the novel charger. The maximal charging current was
approximately 7.3A, and the minimal charging current was
about 4.77A. The mean charging current was about 6.668A.

Fig. 25. Charging current variation curve



Figure 26 shows the practical charging efficiency
variation curve of the novel charger. The maximal efficiency
was approximately 91.5%. The charging time interval was
360 minutes and the mean efficiency was about 90.59%.

Fig. 26. Charging efficiency curve

VII.CONCLUSIONS
This paper has developed a practical battery charger
circuit with a buck ZCS PWM converter to improve the
efficiency and performance of battery chargers. The
charging experimental results on a lead-acid battery
demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology
showing that the two switches in the presented novel charger
are indeed operated under zero-current-switching.
Constant-frequency operation, resonance time reduction,
small components and small circuit volumes can thus be
achieved. The large working temperature reduction of the
switches, significant heat loss reduction and substantial
charging efficiency promotion are achieved by lowering the
resonant time. Based on the charging efficiency curve, the
overall mean charging efficiency attained 90.5% outstanding
performance, high speed charging, and precise operations.

REFERENCES
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[4] K. C. Shi, "Design and Implementation of Battery Charger with
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Master thesis, Dept. Electrical Eng., Kun Shan University, July 2005.
[5] Ned Mohan, Tore M. Undeland, and William P. Robbins, Power
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BIOGRAPHIES
Yu-Lung Ke (M98-SM06) was born in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, on July
13, 1963. He received his B.S. degree in control engineering from National
Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu City, Taiwan, in 1988. He received his
M.S. degree in electrical engineering from National Taiwan University,
Taipei City, Taiwan, in 1991.He received his Ph.D. degree in electrical
engineering from National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung City,
Taiwan, in 2001. Since August 1991, he has been at the Department of
Electrical Engineering, Kun Shan University, Yung-Kang City, Tainan
Hsien, Taiwan. He is presently a full Professor. His research interests
include power systems, distribution automation, energy management, power
quality, renewable energy and power electronics. Since 2002, Dr. Ke has
served as a reviewer for IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, IEE Proceedings Generation,
Transmission and Distribution, International Journal of Electrical Power &
Energy Systems and International Journal of Power and Energy Systems.
Dr. Ke is a registered professional engineer in Taiwan.

Ying-Chun Chuang received his B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering
from National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei,
Taiwan, in 1988. He received his M S. degree in Electrical Engineering.
from National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan, in 1990. He
took his Ph..D. degree in Electrical Engineering from National Sun Yat-Sen
University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, in 1997. Since August 1990, he has
been at the Department of Electrical Engineering, Kun Shan University,
Yung-Kang City, Tainan Hsien, Taiwan. He is presently an associate
professor. His research interests include power systems, and power
electronics.

Shao-Wei Huang received his B.S. and M. S. degree in Electrical
Engineering from Kun Shan University, Tainan, Taiwan, in June 2004 and
July 2006, respectively.